Research Article |
Corresponding author: José Cerdeña ( cerdenajoseal@yahoo.es ) Academic editor: Erik J. van Nieukerken
© 2020 José Cerdeña, Jackie Farfán, Héctor A. Vargas, Rosângela Brito, Gislene L. Gonçalves, Ana Lazo, Gilson R. P. Moreira.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Cerdeña J, Farfán J, Vargas HA, Brito R, Gonçalves GL, Lazo A, Moreira GRP (2020) Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov.: a new species of leaf-miner associated with Baccharis (Asteraceae) from Southern Peru (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). ZooKeys 996: 121-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.53958
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The southwestern Andes of Peru harbors a hidden taxonomic diversity of Lepidoptera. Here a new leaf-mining species of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) is described, Phyllocnistis furcata Vargas & Cerdeña, sp. nov., from a dry Andean valley of southern Peru, at 2400 m above sea level. The morphological aspects of adults (male and female) and the immature stages associated with Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. (Asteraceae) are given, under optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. DNA barcodes show that its nearest neighbor is the Atlantic Forest species Phyllocnistis ourea Brito & Moreira, 2017 that feeds on Baccharis anomala DC. The importance of morphological characters from immature stages for diagnosis among congeneric species is also discussed. Phyllocnistis furcata represents the fourth species of Phyllocnistis Zeller for Peru, and first record from the south of Peru for the genus.
Andes, Arequipa, barcoding, immature stages, Phyllocnistinae
The Andes region of Peru contains hotspots of biodiversity for plants and animals (
Gracillariidae represents one of the most diverse families of micromoths with 1995 recognized species distributed in more than 100 genera (van
Phyllocnistis Zeller, 1848 is a genus of Gracillariidae with 112 named species distributed in all biogeographic regions except Antarctica (
The hypermetamorphic development of the larvae of Phyllocnistis typically comprises two endophytic forms (e.g.,
A variety of host plants are associated with Phyllocnistis in the Neotropical region, including 15 genera from 13 different plant families (
Recently, as part of an ongoing study on the diversity of microlepidopterans in the Andes in southern Peru, we found a leaf-mining species of Phyllocnistis associated with Baccharis. Comparison at both morphological and molecular levels showed that it does not conform to any known Phyllocnistis species. The morphological description of adults (male and female) and immature stages of this new species is herein given. We also present a preliminary analysis of mitochondrial (COI) DNA sequences including congeneric Neotropical species.
Larvae and pupae found in mines on leaves of Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. (Asteraceae) in the locality of Characato (16°27'S, 71°28'W), 2400 m, Characato Municipality, Arequipa Department, Peru, were collected and reared in plastic cups, at constant abiotic conditions (20 ± 2 °C, 13:11 h photoperiod) in the laboratory of Area de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa city, Peru, during September 2018, April 2019, and November 2019.
In total, 58 specimens have been studied: 23 adults, 17 larvae, 20 pupae. Adults that emerged from the mines were pinned and dried, and immature stages were fixed with Dietrich´s fluid and preserved in 70% ethanol. Genitalia were cleared by heating in hot 10% KOH for ~ 15 minutes. They were subsequently stained with Chlorazol black and Eosin, and then slide-mounted with Euparal.
Morphological observations were performed with the aid of a Zeiss Stemi305, and structures selected to be illustrated were photographed with a Nikon SMZ25 stereomicroscope. Vectorized line drawings were then made with the software CorelDraw X4, using the corresponding digitalized images as a guide. The terminology used for descriptions of adult wing pattern, genitalia and immature stages follows
For scanning electron microscope analyses, specimens were dehydrated in a Bal-tec CPD030 critical-point dryer, mounted with double-sided tape on metal stubs, and coated with gold in a Bal-tec SCD050 sputter coater. They were then examined and photographed in a JEOL JSM6060 scanning electron microscope at the Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica (CME) of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (
For plant anatomical descriptions, field-collected leaf portions (approx. 0.3 cm2) of B. alnifolia containing mines of P. furcata were fixed in FAA (37% formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, and 50% ethanol, 1:1:18, v/v) for 24 h. They were then dehydrated in a series of ethanol (40%, 70%, 90%, 96%); embedded in paraffin and sectioned transversely (7 µm) on a rotary microtome. The sections were adhered to a microscope slide glass, then observed and photographed without staining, by using a Nikon SMZ25 stereomicroscope.
Total genomic DNA was extracted from larval tissue (last sap-feeding instar) of five specimens (H86–H90), using the CTAB method (
Specimens used for molecular analyses of Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov. Both the Sample ID and Process ID codes are unique identifiers linking the record in the BOLD database and the voucher specimen from which the sequence is derived. The asterisk(s) indicates those specimens associated with the Baccharis as host plant: *B. alnifolia, **B. anomala, ***B. trimera.
Species | Sample ID | Process ID | GenBank accession | Reference |
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Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov.* | H86 | MISA051-20 | MT832361 | This study |
Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov.* | H87 | MISA052-20 | MT832362 | This study |
Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov.* | H88 | MISA053-20 | MT832363 | This study |
Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov.* | H89 | MISA054-20 | MT832364 | This study |
Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov.* | H90 | MISA055-20 | MT832365 | This study |
Phyllocnistis hemera | LMCI 292-25C | MISA019-17 | MG264519 |
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Phyllocnistis kawakitai | AK0105 | GRANO105-11 | KF460801 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis norak | CLV1381 | LNOUC318-10 | JN276191 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis ohshimai | CLV1367 | LNOUC304-10 | JN276189 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis ourea** | LMCI 297-15B | MISA013-16 | KY006927 |
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Phyllocnistis petronellii | IO0536 | LEPPC2394-16 | KY682706 |
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Phyllocnistis perseafolia | DDAV-D555 | RDOPO393-10 | HM382096 |
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Phyllocnistis phoebus | LMCI 263-9 | MISA014-16 | KY006929 |
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Phyllocnistis selene | LMCI 263-22 | MISA015-16 | KY006928 |
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Phyllocnistis tethys | LMCI 174-55-1 | GBMIN15477-13 | JX272049 |
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Phyllocnistis sp. 2 | AK0198 | LNOUD2290-12 | KF460914 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 3 | AK0210 | LNOUD2302-12 | KF460586 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 4 | AYK-FG10-135 | LNOUC1229-11 | KF460667 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 5 | CLV1284 | LNOUD1191-12 | KF460613 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 7 | CLV1368 | LNOUC305-10 | JN276190 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 9 | CLV2993 | LNOUD336-11 | KF460927 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 10 | CLV3313 | LNOUD489-11 | KF460904 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 11 | CLV4347 | LNOUD776-12 | KF460865 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 12*** | CLV5900 and CLV5901 | GRPAL1220-13 and GRPAL1221-13 | KY682713 and KF460659 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 13 | CLV5902 | GRPAL1222-13 | KY682713 | Lees et al. 2014 |
Phyllocnistis sp. 15 | LEAFMINE2015-0006 | LEPPC1378-15 | KY682712 |
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Phyllocnistis sp. 16 | LEAFMINE2015-0008 | LEPPC1380-15 | KY682711 |
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Phyllocnistis sp. 17 | LEAFMINE2015-0010 | LEPPC1382-15 | KY682704 |
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Abbreviations for the museum collections and institutions from which specimens were examined are:
LMCI Laboratório de Morfologia e Comportamento de Insetos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
MUSM Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
Peru, Arequipa, Characato [16°27'S, 71°28'W], 2400 m.
Holotype : Peru • ♂; Arequipa, Characato; 16°27'S, 71°28'W; 2400 m a.s.l.; VIII–IX.2018; J. Cerdeña, H. Vargas & J. Farfan leg.; reared from pupae collected on Baccharis alnifolia (Asteraceae); MUSM. Paratypes: same data as for holotype • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; MUSM; • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; MUSA_ENT 015142, 015143; • 2 ♂, 2 ♀; LMCI.
Adults, pinned and dried, 5 ♂, 8 ♀, same data as for holotype, MUSA_ENT 015144, 015145, 015146, 015147, 015148, 015149, 015150, 015151, 015152, 015153, 015154, 015155, 015156. Genitalia preparations (MUSA_Gent_015142, 015143, 015146, 015147, 015148), mounted on slides, with the same collection data. Immature stages (11 sap-feeding larvae, 06 spinning larvae, 20 pupae) preserved in 70% ethanol, with the same collection data, but with dates VIII–IX.2018, IV.2019 or XI.2019,
Adults of P. furcata can be distinguished from all other known species of Neotropical Phyllocnistis in the forewing pattern by a combination of the following characters: ground color silver, four distinct transverse fasciae; transverse fasciae 1 reduced to the costal margin and mesally fused to longitudinal fascia, both not connected to transverse fascia 2; transverse fascia 3 almost reaching the middle portion of the wing. In the male abdomen, by the presence of two pairs of coremata on abdominal segment VIII, one pair consisting of wide rounded flat scales, a character not found in other Neotropical Phyllocnistis. In the female genitalia, by presenting a remarkable forked-shaped signum with four elongated spines on the distal margin. This species is similar to P. wygodzinskyi Hering, 1958 and P. sexangula Meyrick, 1915, in having similar patterns of fasciae. However, P. wygodzinskyi has a large black blotch at the inner border of the longitudinal fascia, and P. sexangula presents a small blotch close to the inner border of the longitudinal fascia, while P. furcata has no additional mark on the forewing.
(Figs
Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov. adult morphology A, B holotype of P. furcata, male, with head in detail, dorsal view (MUSM) C, D paratype of P. furcata, female, with head in detail, dorsal (MUSA_ENT 015143) E detail of right forewing with terminologies adopted, lf: longitudinal fascia; tf (1–4) transverse fascia(e) F lateral view of a male head with labial palpus (indicated by closed arrow head) and antenna (indicated by open arrow head). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, C), 1 mm (E), 0.4 mm (F).
Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov. genital morphology under light microscopy A male genital segments, ventral view B phallus, lateral C male genitalia with phallus removed, ventral D coremata (open arrows indicate wide rounded flat scales) E female genitalia, ventral F female last abdominal segments, in detail (seta points to ostium bursae) G corpus bursae in detail (closed arrows indicate two small signa with minute dark spots). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C, F, G), 0.3 mm (D), 0.4 mm (E). Genitalia slides: MUSA_Gent_015142 (A), MUSA_Gent_015146 (B–D), MUSA_Gent_015148 (E–G).
Male genitalia
: Uncus absent. Tegumen membranous, approximately equal to length of the valva, with spines arranged laterally from the base to the medial region. Saccus V-shaped, well developed, ~0.8 × the size of valva. Valvae digitiform and slightly convergent from the base to the apex, apex with small spine, setae randomly arranged along the valva getting shorter in the distal part (Fig.
Female: Forewing length 3.30–3.41 mm (N = 5). Color and pattern very similar to that of male, but head vestiture with light silvery scales (Fig.
Female genitalia
: Papillae anales slightly sclerotized, covered with hair-like setae. Posterior apophyses ~2.4 × length of anterior apophyses (Fig.
The number of larval instars was not determined, with three sap-feeding instars suspected and one spinning instar.
(Fig.
(Figs
Scanning electron micrographs of P. furcata sp. nov. sap-feeding larva A–C head under dorsal, ventral, and lateral views D labrum, dorsal E labium, ventral F antenna and stemmata (indicated by arrow), ventral G prothoracic shield, dorsal H abdominal spiracle, lateral I last abdominal segment, ventral. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B), 150 µm (C), 50 µm (D, E), 25 µm (F), 100 µm (G, I), 5 µm (H).
(Figs
Scanning electron micrographs of P. furcata sp. nov. spinning larva A–C head under dorsal, ventral, and lateral views respectively D detail of trophic lobe and clypeal region, dorsal E spinneret, (indicated by square in B) F antenna, lateral (indicated by square in C) G mesothoracic ambulatory callus in detail, ventral H abdominal spiracle, lateral I abdominal segment A6, ventral (campaniform sensilla indicated by arrow) J abdominal ambulatory callus in detail, ventral (indicated by square in I) K campaniform sensilla in detail, ventral (indicated by arrow in I) L last abdominal segment, dorsal. Scale bars: 100 µm (A, B), 150 µm (C, I), 25 µm (D, E), 10 µm (F, H, K), 50 µm (G, L), 40 µm (J).
(Figs
Scanning electron micrographs of P. furcata sp. nov. pupa A–C head under dorsal, ventral, and lateral views D cocoon-cutter, ventral E setae on clypeus, ventral (indicated by square in B) F lateral seta on abdominal segment A2, dorsal G detail of abdominal segment A3, dorsal H lateral seta with clavate apex, adjacent to spiracle (indicated by arrow) and close to small spine on abdominal segment A6, dorsal I detail of lateral seta distal portion, with dentate apex from abdominal segment A2, (indicated by square in F) J abdominal spiracle, lateral K, L last abdominal segments, dorsal and ventral, respectively. Scale bars: 200 µm (A–C, G), 50 µm (D), 40 µm (E), 100 µm (F, H, K, L), 10 µm (I, J).
Natural history of P. furcata sp. nov. A type locality in Characato valley, Arequipa, southern Peru (setae point to Baccharis host-plants) B B. alnifolia plant, under close view C egg containing developing embryo D early mine with attached egg shell remains (pointed by arrow head) E sap-feeding larva, dorsal F spinning larva, dorsal view G leaf with a single P. furcata mine on adaxial surface (numbers indicate position of histological sections presented in Fig.
The species name furcata, from the Latin adjective furcatus, furca meaning fork, alludes to the large and prominent form of the signum present in the female genitalia, resembling a garden fork.
(Fig.
Phyllocnistis furcata is known only from the type locality, Characato, Arequipa, Peru (Fig.
(Figs
(Fig.
Transverse histological sections of P. furcata sp. nov. mine on Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. (Asteraceae) leaf A intermediate portion (location indicated by line 1 in Fig.
COI trees showing the specific classification of Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov. (blue), and its position among 23 Neotropical Phyllocnistis lineages A phylogeny inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method with Kimura 2-parameter model. Host plants, when known, are indicated for each species [data were obtained from
Mean genetic distance (minimum – maximum) based on COI sequences using Kimura-2 parameters method for distinct phylogenetic arrangement of Phyllocnistis species, with special reference to Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov. N, number of specimens used in the dataset.
Group | N | Mean (minimum – maximum) |
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All named species of Phyllocnistis | 35 | 15.4% (3.3–22.1) |
Neotropical Phyllocnistis (described + undescribed species) | 29 | 15.3% (8.9–21.6) |
P. furcata vs Neotropical Phyllocnistis | 29 | 14.8% (11.9–18.5) |
P. furcata vs. P. ourea | 6 | 11.9% |
P. furcata vs. Phyllocnistis sp. 12 | 7 | 14.7% |
Phyllocnistis is one of the most species-rich genera of gracillariids, in which a number of taxa were recently described in the Neotropical region, predominantly from tropical and subtropical forests (
Overall, adults of P. furcata resemble the majority of Neotropical Phyllocnistis in general aspects of forewing pattern (
Phyllocnistis ourea clustered in all COI analysis as the closest related to P. furcata, sharing the same genus of host plant (Baccharis anomala), which could indicate a clade which is associated only with Baccharis. However, the undescribed Phyllocnistis sp. 12 (
Interestingly, males of P. furcata possess two pairs of coremata on abdominal segment VIII. Only one pair, formed by long, slender, flattened scales is found generally in species of Phyllocnistis in which the coremata are described (e.g.,
The knowledge of immature stages of Phyllocnistis is also insufficient. In the majority of the species of the genus whose pupal morphology is described, pupae are characterized by a well-developed cocoon cutter and some abdominal terga (generally A2–A7) with a pair of prominent laterally curved spines and many small spines medially (
The few studies in which the damage pattern caused by leaf miner larvae of Gracillariidae has been characterized using histological sections, suggest that its feeding activity can either be restricted to specific tissues throughout the leaf miner stage or the consumed tissues can change with larval ontogeny (
The mines of P. furcata are found on adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf. In contrast, those of P. ourea, another Baccharis-feeding Phyllocnistis, are restricted to the adaxial surface of the leaf of its host B. anomala (
The known distribution of endemic species of Phyllocnistis in the western slopes of Peruvian Andes was previously restricted to the type localities of the two species described at the beginning of the last century by Edward
Thanks are due to staff members of Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica (