Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ke-Ke Liu ( liukeke_1986@126.com ) Academic editor: Charles Haddad
© 2020 Ke-Ke Liu, Hui-Pu Luo, Yuan-Hao Ying, Yu-Xin Xiao, Xiang Xu, Yong-Hong Xiao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Liu K-K, Luo H-P, Ying Y-H, Xiao Y-X, Xu X, Xiao Y-H (2020) A survey of Phrurolithidae spiders from Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China. ZooKeys 947: 1-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.947.51175
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Phrurolithidae spiders were collected from Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China, during the past six years. The new genus Alboculus Liu, gen. nov., with the type species Phrurolithus zhejiangensis Song & Kim, 1991, is described, and its previously unknown male is described for the first time. Furthermore, seven new species of Otacilia are described: O. acutangula Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. bijiashanica Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. longtanica Liu, sp. nov. (♀), O. ovoidea Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. shenshanica Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. subovoidea Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), and O. xiaoxiica Liu, sp. nov. (♀). All species are illustrated with photographs and their distributions are mapped.
Taxonomy, new species, Alboculus gen. nov., Otacilia
Otacilia was established by Thorell (1897), with the type species O. armatissima Thorell, 1897 from Myanmar (Burma). In the past ten years, the total number of species in this genus has increased greatly, approximately tripling, with many new species being discovered particularly from China (
Even in 2020, there is no clear way of differentiating between the genera Otacilia and Phrurolithus, although some taxonomists have tried to do so (e.g., Wang et al. 2015; Fu et al. 2016;
While studying spiders from Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China, we found several phrurolithid spiders belonging to unknown species or undescribed sexes in the past six years. The male of Otacilia zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) was firstly recognised as the undescribed conspecific sex of this species. Alboculus Liu gen. nov. is proposed here based on the male and female of O. zhejiangensis. Furthermore, seven new Otacilia species are described in the present study.
Specimens were examined using a Zeiss Stereo Discovery V12 stereomicroscope with a Zoom Microscope System. Both male palps and female copulatory organs were detached and examined in 75% ethanol, using a Zeiss Axio Scope A1 compound microscope with a KUY NICE CCD. The epigynes were digested and cleared with pancreatin. Specimens including detached male palps and epigynes were stored in 80% ethanol after examination. All the specimens are deposited in Animal Specimen Museum, Life Science of College, Jinggangshan University (ASM-JGSU).
Somatic morphological measurements were taken with the ImageView CM2000 software and given in millimetres. The body length of all specimens excludes the chelicerae and spinnerets. Terminology of the male and female genitalia follows
Leg measurements are given as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Leg spines are documented by dividing each leg segment into two aspects, prolateral (p) and retrolateral (r), and indicating the ventral (v) spines as single (1) or paired (2), e.g., femur I pv1111; tibia I v2222.
The abbreviations used in the text are as follows:
Eyes
ALE anterior lateral eye;
AME anterior median eye;
MOA median ocular area;
PLE posterior lateral eye;
PME posterior median eye.
Chelicerae
PES promarginal escort seta;
PRS promarginal rake setae;
RES retromarginal escort seta;
SS slit sensillum;
WS whisker setae.
Legs
LO lyriform organ;
MTS metatarsal stopper;
TO tarsal organ.
Male palp
DTA dorsal tibial apophysis;
dTA distal tegular apophysis;
E embolus;
FA femoral apophysis;
RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis;
rTA retrolateral tegular apophysis;
SD sperm duct.
Epigyne
B bursa;
CD copulatory duct;
CO copulatory opening;
CT connecting tube;
FD fertilisation duct;
GA glandular appendage;
MS median septum;
SP spermathecae.
Comments. Phrurolithidae spiders are mainly distributed in Asia, North America and Europe. Half of them are found from Asia. Four phrurolithid genera are Asian endemics, i.e., Abdosetae Fu, Zhang & MacDermott, 2010, Bosselaerius Zamani & Marusik, 2020, Otacilia Thorell, 1897 and Plynnon Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001. Only one genus, Phrurolithus, is widely distributed in Asia, America and Europe. Currently, more than 80 known species in the four former genera have been reported from China. The total number of known Phrurolithidae species from China will rapidly rise to 100 with the addition of seven new species described in the present paper and the future descriptions of additional new species from the country.
The new genus differs from other Phrurolithidae by the oval PME without a layer of black pigment around the eye cup (Figs
Alboculus zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) comb. nov., male A habitus, dorsal view, white arrows show the light-coloured, oval posterior median eyes B same, ventral view C same, lateral view, black arrows showing the long trichobothria on metatarsi II and IV D carapace, dorsal view, white arrows show the light-coloured, oval posterior median eyes, black arrow shows the long trichobothrium on metatarsus II E right leg I, prolateral view, black arrows showing the dark annulations. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.5 mm (C, E), 0.1 mm (D).
Otacilia zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991).
The genus name is formed from two Latin words albus and oculus, alluding to the light-coloured posterior median eyes; the gender is masculine.
The type species O. zhejiangensis was first described by Song and Kim (1991) as a new species of Phrurolithus based on a single female specimen from Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang province, China. Recently, it was transferred to Otacilia by
Alboculus zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) comb. nov., male palp A palp, prolateral view B same, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D femur, prolateral view E same, ventral view F same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Alboculus zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) comb. nov., female A habitus, dorsal view, black arrows show the light-coloured, oval posterior median eyes B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view, black arrow shows the detail of spermathecal tail. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, SP – spermathecae.
Small, body length 1.8‒2.8 mm. Eyes: AME rounded, PME oval, light-coloured, without black pigment, anterior eye row straight, posterior eye row procurved. Each chelicera with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Femur I with wo spines, tibia I with five pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with three pairs of ventral spines. Abdomen without dorsal scutum in females, covering entire dorsum in males.
Male palp : femur with large ventral extension; tibia with long, sharply-pointed retroventral tibial apophysis, without dorsal apophysis; bulb without median apophysis or conductor; sperm duct long, reaching middle part of the tegulum, narrowed near base of embolus; base of embolus slightly narrowed, embolus very small, hook-shaped, directed antero-prolaterally, embolus accompanied by thick, short distal terminal apophysis (TA) (larger than embolus). Epigyne with clear copulatory atrium medially; glandular appendages slender, located on anterior of connecting tubes; spermathecae rounded, with clavate-like tail.
China (Map
SEM micrographs of Alboculus zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) comb. nov., male chelicera A frontal view B detail of promargin, frontal view C posterior view, slightly retrolateral. Abbreviations: PES – promarginal escort seta, PRS – promarginal rake setae, RES – retromarginal escort seta, SS – slit sensillum, WS – whisker setae.
Phrurolithus zhejiangensis Song & Kim, 1991: 23, figs 16–18 (♀); Song et al. 1999: 412, fig. 240E–F (♀).
Otacilia zhejiangensis Zamani & Marusik, 2020: 312.
China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City. 2♂, Dalong Town, Yuantou Village, 26°37'40.8"N, 114°6'21.6"E, 906 m, 5 April 2014, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 1♀, Longshi Town, Maoping, Shenshan Village, Shenshan, 26°38'49.2"N, 114°4'26.4"E, 798 m, 8 August 2015, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al.
These two collection localities of males and a female of this species are very close and located on both sides of Shenshan Mt. They are assigned in different two adjacent towns in Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China. Meanwhile, one sub-adult male was also collected on 8 August 2015, which has the same habitus as the males collected on April 5 2014. These males are therefore recognised as corresponding to the conspecific female.
This species is easily distinguished from other Phrurolithidae spiders by the following combination of morphological characteristics: (1) lacking a layer of black pigment around the PME (Figs
Male. Habitus as in Fig.
SEM micrographs of Alboculus zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) comb. nov., male legs A right leg I, prolateral view B same, tarsus, prolateral view C same, tarsal slit sensillum, prolateral view D same, tarsal claw and claw tuft setae, prolateral view E left leg IV, prolateral view F same, metatarsus, white arrow shows the long trichobothrium, prolateral view G same, metatarsus-tarsus joint, prolateral view H same, tarsus, prolateral view I same, tarsal claw and claw tuft setae, prolateral view J right tarsal claw I and claw tuft setae, retrolateral view K left tarsus IV, detail of tarsal organ, dorsal view J left tarsal claw IV and claw tuft setae, dorsal view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ, MTS – metatarsal stopper, TO – tarsal organ.
Colouration
(Fig.
Palp
(Figs
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known from Zhejiang and Jiangxi (Map
SEM micrographs of Alboculus zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) comb. nov., male palp A ventral view, showing detail of retrolateral tibial apophysis B same, ventro-retrolateral view C same, detail showing embolus and distal tegular apophysis D same, detail showing retrolateral tibial apophysis E palpal femur, prolateral view F same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, E), 10 µm (C, D), 20 µm (F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis.
Currently, there are 99 species included in this genus, with 74 recorded from China. In the last five years, the total number of species from the country has increased considerably, due to the considerable attention paid to them by many arachnologists. They are widely distributed in southern China, such as Hainan (six species), Taiwan (two species), Zhejiang (four species), Yunnan (ten species), Guangxi (two species), Guizhou (five species), Sichuan (eight species), Chongqing (nine species), Hunan (19 species), Hubei (four species) and Jiangxi (seven species) provinces.
Holotype : ♂, China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Ciping Town, Dajing Village, Jingzhushan Scenic Spot, 26°31'33.37"N, 114°06'30.34"E, 786 m, 1 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 2♀, with same data as holotype; 1♂, 1♀, same locality, Lingxiufeng Scenic Spot, 26°34'16.72"N, 114°07'00.56"E, 971 m, 1 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 1♂, same locality, Xiaojing Village, Longtan Scenic Spot, 26°35'33.08"N, 114°08'18.50"E, 909 m, 1 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 1♂, same locality, Bijiashan Scenic Spot, Hongjun Road, 26°36'25.88"N, 114°11'43.07"E, 549 m, 3 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.
The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective acutangulus, referring to the bent retrolateral tibial apophysis that forms an angle of ca. 45° with its transverse base; adjective.
Otacilia acutangula sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA –retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
The new species differs from O. daweishan Liu, Xu, Xiao, Yin & Peng, 2019 by an oval distal tegular apophysis (Fig.
Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Palp
(Fig.
Otacilia acutangula sp. nov., female paratype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, SP – spermathecae.
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Map
Holotype : ♂, China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Ciping Town, Bijiashan Scenic Spot, Hongjun Road, 26°36'25.88"N, 114°11'43.07"E, 549 m, 3 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 3♂, 1♀, same locality as holotype, Luofu Town, Xiangzhou Village, Fengshuping Group, 26°36'10.31"N, 114°06'34.69"E, 364 m, 5 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu and Hui-Pu Luo; 1♂, Ciping Town, Huangyangjie Scenic Spot, 26°37'22.8"N, 114°7'1.2"E, 1055 m, 5 April 2014, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Bijiashan; adjective.
The new species differs from O. fabiformis Liu, Xu, Xiao, Yin & Peng, 2019 and O. hippocampa Jin, Fu, Yin & Zhang, 2016 by the short hook-shaped embolus (Figs
Otacilia bijiashanica sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view, slightly retrolateral. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: DTA – dorsal tibial apophysis, E – embolus, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Palp
(Figs
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Otacilia bijiashanica sp. nov., female paratype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, SP – spermathecae.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Map
SEM micrographs of Otacilia bijiashanica sp. nov., palp of male paratype A ventral view B same, detail of bulb C dorsal view, detail of tibia apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: DTA – dorsal tibial apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Holotype : ♀, China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Ciping Town, Xiaojing Village, Longtan Scenic Spot, 26°35'56.4"N, 114°8'24.0"E, 838 m, 31 May 2014, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Longtan; adjective.
The female of this species is similar to that of O. fujiana Fu, Jin & Zhang, 2014 but differs by the chelicerae having two retromarginal teeth (Fig.
Otacilia longtanica sp. nov., female holotype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, SP – spermathecae.
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Map
Holotype : ♂, China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Ciping Town, Dajing Village, Jingzhushan Scenic Spot, 26°32'39.69"N, 114°06'34.96"E, 1130 m, 1 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 7♂, 1♀, with same data as holotype; 1♂, 26°31'33.37"N, 114°06'30.34"E, 786 m, other data as holotype; 2♂, 26°32'39.69"N, 114°06'34.96"E, 1130 m, other data as holotype; 9♂, Ciping Town, Wuzhifeng Scenic Spot, 26°31'59.07"N, 114°08'28.47"E, 735 m, 2 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 9♂, Ciping Town, Liping Village, around the Shiyan Cave, 26°36'10.43"N, 114°12'46.35"E, 955 m, 6 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu and Hui-Pu Luo; 1♂, Luofu Town, Xiangzhou Village, Fengshuping Group, 26°36'10.31"N, 114°06'34.69"E, 364 m, 5 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu and Hui-Pu Luo.
The specific name is derived from the Latin word ovoideus, referring to the ovoid terminal apophysis of the male palp; adjective.
This species can be easily recognised by the palp (Fig.
Otacilia ovoidea sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Palp
(Fig.
Otacilia ovoidea sp. nov., female paratype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, SP – spermathecae.
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Map
Holotype : ♂, China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Dalong Town, Yuantou Village, 26°37'55.2"N, 114°06'21.6"E, 1029 m, 5 April 2014, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al. Paratypes: ♀, with same data as holotype; 1♂, 2♀, 26°37'33.6"N, 114°06'21.6"E, 791 m, other data as holotype; 1♀, Longshi Town, Maoping, Shenshan Village, Shenshan, 26°38'13.2"N, 114°06'39.6"E, 1099 m, 6 April 2014, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Shenshan; adjective.
The new species differs from O. hengshan (Song, 1990) by the bend of the RTA with a strong basal apophysis (Figs
Otacilia shenshanica sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral-distal view E same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Palp
(Figs
Otacilia shenshanica sp. nov., female paratype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, SP – spermathecae.
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Map
SEM micrographs of Otacilia shenshanica sp. nov., palp of male paratype A proventral view B same, detail showing embolus C retrolateral view D same, detail of conductor, embolus and tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C), 20 µm (B, D). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis , RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Holotype : ♂, China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Ciping Town, Liping Village, Citic Sewage Treatment Plant, 26°35'28.93"N, 114°12'46.82"E, 810 m, 6 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu and Hui-Pu Luo. Paratypes: 6♂, 3♀, with same data as holotype; 4♂, 5♀, Liping Village, around the Shiyan Cave, 26°36'13.60"N, 114°12'35.91"E, 927 m, other data as holotype; 2♂, 2♀, Dajing Village, Lingxiufeng Scenic Spot, 26°34'16.72"N, 114°07'00.56"E, 971 m, 1 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 5♂, Xiaojing Village, Longtan Scenic Spot, 26°35'33.08"N, 114°08'18.50"E, 909 m, 1 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 2♂, 3♀, Wuzhifeng Scenic Spot, 26°31'59.07"N, 114°08'28.47"E, 735 m, 2 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 3♀, Jingzhushan Scenic Spot, 26°32'39.69"N, 114°06'34.96"E, 1130 m, 1 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.; 2♂, 3♀, Wuzhifeng Scenic Spot, 26°32'48.23"N, 114°09'10.61"E, 811 m, 2 October 2018, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.
The specific name is derived from that of a similar species, O. ovoidea sp. nov.; adjective.
The new species differs from O. ovoidea sp. nov. by the relatively longer spine-like tip of embolus (Figs
Otacilia subovoidea sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–E). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Figs
Palp
(Figs
Otacilia subovoidea sp. nov., female paratype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, SP – spermathecae.
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Map
SEM micrographs of Otacilia subovoidea sp. nov., male paratype A palp, prolateral view B same, ventral view C same, ventral view, detail of conductor, embolus and tegular apophysis D same, retrolateral view F same, retrolateral view, detail of embolus and tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, D), 20 µm (C), 40 µm (E). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Holotype : ♂, China: Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Huangao Town, Xiaoxi Forest Farm, 26°28'8.4"N, 114°12'36.0"E, 365 m, 30 May 2017, leg. Ke-Ke Liu et al.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Xiaoxi Forest Farm; adjective.
The female of this species differs from these of O. fujiana and O. taiwanica (Hayashi & Yoshida, 1993) by the chelicerae with three retromarginal teeth (Fig.
Otacilia xiaoxiica sp. nov., female holotype A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilisation ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, SP – spermathecae.
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration
(Fig.
Epigyne
(Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Map
This paper is greatly benefited from Charles R. Haddad (subject editor) (Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa), Yuri Marusik (Magadan, Russia) and Alireza Zamani (Turku, Finland) for their helpful comments. We thank Zhan-Feng Wang, Zhi-Wu Chen, Ze-Yuan Meng, Xiao-Ping Huang, Yu-Bao Tang, Wen Sun, Wen-Jun Xie, Sha Wu, Ce Xu, Shi-Cong He, Yi-Fan Zhao (all from Jinggangshan University) and Wen Sun (Jinggangshan economic and trade school) for their assistance during the fieldwork. We also thank Nathalie Yonow and Ujjwal Malik for improving the English of the manuscript. This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20181BAB214008), the Science and Technology Innovation Project for College Students, the Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education (GJJ160753), and the Natural Science Foundation of China (31560592/31772423).