Research Article |
Corresponding author: Cornelis van Achterberg ( kees@vanachterberg.org ) Academic editor: Andreas Köhler
© 2023 Cornelis van Achterberg, John T. Smit, Toshko Ljubomirov.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
van Achterberg C, Smit JT, Ljubomirov T (2023) Review of the European Eumenes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) using morphology and DNA barcodes, with an illustrated key to species. ZooKeys 1143: 93-163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1143.94951
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The European species of the potter wasp genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 (Vespidae, Eumeninae) are illustrated and a new illustrated key to the 13 recognised species is presented. Eumenes mediterraneus aemilianus Guiglia, 1951 is synonymised with E. papillarius (Christ, 1791) (syn. nov.), E. obscurus André, 1884 and E. andrei Dalla Torre, 1894 with E. pedunculatus (Panzer, 1799) (syn. nov.) and E. crimensis Blüthgen, 1938 with E. sareptanus André, 1884 (syn. nov.).
Biology, COI barcode, Eumeninae, new synonymy, potter wasp, systematics, taxonomy, variation
The potter wasp genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 (Vespidae, Eumeninae) is distributed nearly worldwide and one of the most common genera of Eumeninae foraging on small flowers with easily accessible nectar in southern Europe. The genus currently includes ca. 106 described species (plus 46 subspecies) divided into two subgenera: subgenus Eumenes Latreille (including all European species) and the small Neotropical subgenus Zeteumenoides Giordani Soika, 1972 with very slender first metasomal tergite (
The setosity of body parts is used extensively in existing literature. However, this is a variable and, therefore, rather problematic character, augmented by wear of the setae in aged specimens and concealed setae in wet and/or dirty specimens. In one species (E. pomiformis) the regularity of the setosity on the propleuron remains essential for separating it from the very similar E. subpomiformis. For all other species additional, though also variable, characters are presented. In most cases a reliable identification will be possible when several complete specimens of each sex of a population are available.
Females build nests consisting of one or several jug like mud cells (Fig.
Identified material was used from the following collections: Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden;
DNA extraction was conducted on single legs, using the NucleoMag 96 Tissue kit by Macherey-Nagel on a Thermo Scientific KingFisher Flex magnetic bead extraction robot, with a final elution volume of 150 µl. The standard COI barcoding fragment (
Sampled specimens from
Taxon | ID number | BOLD accession number | Country |
---|---|---|---|
Eumenes coronatus |
|
NLHYM109-12 | Netherlands |
Eumenes “coarctatus” |
|
NLHYM206-12 | Netherlands |
Eumenes coarctatus |
|
NLHYM394-12 | Netherlands |
Eumenes “coarctatus” |
|
NLHYM457-12 | Netherlands |
Eumenes coronatus |
|
NLHYM608-12 | Netherlands |
Eumenes pedunculatus |
|
NLHYM515-12 | Netherlands |
Eumenes coarctatus |
|
NLHYM969-22 | Netherlands |
Eumenes coarctatus |
|
NLHYM970-22 | Netherlands |
Eumenes pedunculatus |
|
NLHYM971-22 | Netherlands |
Eumenes lunulatus |
|
NLHYM973-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes mediterraneus |
|
NLHYM974-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes pomiformis |
|
NLHYM975-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes papillarius |
|
NLHYM976-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes papillarius |
|
NLHYM977-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes coronatus |
|
NLHYM978-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes coronatus |
|
NLHYM979-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes coronatus |
|
NLHYM980-22 | Netherlands |
Eumenes mediterraneus |
|
NLHYM981-22 | France |
Eumenes mediterraneus |
|
NLHYM982-22 | Greece |
Eumenes mediterraneus |
|
NLHYM983-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes subpomiformis |
|
NLHYM984-22 | Bulgaria |
Eumenes pomiformis |
|
NLHYM985-22 | Greece |
Eumenes coarctatus | MZ626999 | ACUFIN803-13 | Finland |
Eumenes coarctatus | MZ627515 | ACUFIN804-13 | Finland |
Ancistrocerus trifasciatus |
|
NLHYM034-12 | Netherlands |
In the Neighbour-Joining tree (using COI sequences) newly barcoded specimens from Bulgaria, France, Greece, and Netherlands are combined with unpublished older sequences from Finland and Netherlands (Fig.
First of all, it is clear that E. mediterraneus is a species complex and the characters used for its recognition seems to be insufficient. The lectotype of E. mediterraneus originates from Croatia (Dalmatia) and is most likely the same species as the sampled specimens from Bulgaria. An extensive survey is necessary to find out what the position of the taxa within this complex is.
Neighbour-Joining tree for barcoded European Eumenes species. Both E. coarctatus specimens (sampled 5 y ago for another project and not available for examination) among E. coronatus are obviously misidentified and, therefore, in quotation marks. The numbers are
The position of the E. coarctatus lunulatus specimen from Bulgaria in the NJ tree indicates that it is different from the sampled N and NW European specimens of E. c. coarctatus (whereas the two colour forms of the latter obviously belong together; Fig.
N.B. Species can only be reliably identified by a combination of characters. Setosity may be worn off in aged specimens or hardly visible in dirty specimens; therefore, aged or dirty specimens are easily misidentified. In addition, there is a considerable intraspecific variation.
Males
Vespa coarctata Linnaeus, 1758: 573.
Eumenes coarctatus coarctatus; Gusenleitner, 1972: 75, 1999: 569;
Eumenes coarctatus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus coarctatus;
Eumenes pomiformis dernaensis
Blüthgen, 1938: 494;
Eumenes lunulatus dernaensis;
Eumenes coarctatus dernansis
(!);
Eumenes coarctatus dernaensis;
Eumenes pomiformis barbatulus
Blüthgen, 1943: 303;
Eumenes pedunculata var. punctata
Hellén, 1944: 11;
Eumenes pedunculatus var. turaniformis
Blüthgen, 1959: 13;
Eumenes coarctatus turaniformis;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus turaniformis;
Eumenes coarctatus corsicus
Gusenleitner, 1972: 77, 1999: 569 (as synonym of E. coarctatus);
Eumenes coarctatus maroccanus
Gusenleitner, 1972: 76–77, 1999: 569, 2013: 26;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus maroccanus;
Eumenes coarctatus nugaricus
Giordani Soika, 1986: 123;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus nuragicus;
The holotype female of E. coarctatus is heavily damaged (e.g., antenna completely missing) but the metasoma is preserved showing the robust first tergite in lateral view (https://linnean-online.org/16751/) and the second sternite lacks long setae (see
The dark typical form is mostly boreo-alpine of distribution and occurs in Scandinavia (up to S Finland and SE Sweden), UK (England and Wales) and mountainous regions in Central Europe (reaching 1550 m altitude in Switzerland). The pale typical form (= f. barbatulus Blüthgen, 1943) occurs in mainly C and SW Europe and is often the most common species. Outside Europe known from N Africa and the East Palaearctic region up to China and Japan. Only breeding species in UK where it is considered a most threatened species and is known as the Heath Potter Wasp (https://naturebftb.co.uk/artwork/heath-tiger-beetle-alex-hyde/pots-of-the-heath-potter-wasp-eumenes-coarctatus/).
Eumenes lunulata
Fabricius, 1804: 290;
Eumenes lunulatus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) lunulatus lunulatus;
Eumenes lunulatus lunulatus;
Eumenes coarctatus lunulatus;
Eumenes pomiformis ordubadensis
Blüthgen, 1938: 493;
Eumenes (Eumenes) lunulatus ordubadensis;
Eumenes lunulatus ordubadensis;
Eumenes coarctatus ordubadensis;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus ordubadensis;
Eumenes pomiformis limissicus
Blüthgen, 1938: 493;
Eumenes lunulatus limissicus; Gusenleitner 1970: 163, 1972: 80–81.
Eumenes (Eumenes) lunulatus limissicus;
Eumenes coarctatus limissicus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus limissicus;
Eumenes lunulatus var. tenebricosus
Gusenleitner, 1972: 79;
Eumenes lunulatus tenebricosus;
Eumenes lunulatus var. balcanicus
Gusenleitner, 1972: 79;
Eumenes coarctatus;
The holotype female of E. lunulatus was digitally examined by using photographs kindly supplied by Sree Gayathree Selvantharan and Lars Vilhelmsen (NHMD). Unfortunately, the head is missing, but the remaining body parts agree with the current interpretation.
Eumenes coarctatus coarctatus (Linnaeus), Netherlands (Otterloo), female 4 metasoma lateral 5 first metasomal tergite dorsal 6 first tergite ventral 7 mesosoma dorsal 8 second metasomal tergite latero-dorsal 9 head anterior 10 head and propleuron lateral 11 antenna 12 hind tarsal claw.
Eumenes coarctatus coarctatus (Linnaeus), Netherlands (Otterloo), male 13 metasoma lateral 14 first metasomal tergite dorsal 15 first tergite ventral 16 mesosoma dorsal 17 second metasomal tergite dorsal 18 head anterior 19 head and propleuron lateral 11 apical half of antenna 12 apical hook of antenna lateral.
Eumenes coarctatus lunulatus Fabricius, Bulgaria, male 31 metasoma lateral 32 first metasomal tergite dorsal 33 first tergite ventral 34 head and mesosoma dorsal 35 second metasomal tergite dorso-lateral 36 head anterior 37 head and propleuron lateral 38 apical hook of antenna lateral 39 hind coxa dorsal.
SE and C Europe, NW Asia. Examined specimens originating from Austria (type locality), Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia (but most specimens from these countries in collections belong to E. coarctatus sensu stricto), Italy, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece (in Peloponnesus the most common species according to
Vespa coronata Panzer, 1799: (6) 64: 12, pl. 12.
Eumenes (Eumenes) coronatus coronatus;
Eumenes coronatus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coronatus;
Eumenes coronatus coronatus;
Eumenes atricornis
Fabricius, 1804: 289;
Eumenes costata
(!) Lucciani, 1845: CX;
Eumenis
(!) mediterranea var. neesi Kriechbaumer, 1879: 88;
Eumenes coarctatus var. opulenta
Blüthgen, 1938: 482–483;
Eumenes coarctatus detonsus
Blüthgen, 1943: 297;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coronatus detonsus;
Eumenes coarctatus ab. nigrotibia
Hellén, 1944: 11;
Eumenes coarctatus var. niger
Szulczewski, 1950: 8 (invalid homonym; as synonym of E. coronatus);
Eumenes coarctatus ibericus
Blüthgen, 1956: 2;
Eumenes coronatus corruetus
Gusenleitner, 1972: 87, 1999: 570–571, 2013: 26;
Eumenes (Eumenes) coronatus corruetus;
Males from the Balkan Peninsula have the apical half of antennal hook distinctly flattened, different from the wider apical half in Central European males (Fig.
Rather common in most of Europe (including southern Scandinavia;
Eumenes cyrenaicus Blüthgen, Italy (Sardinia), female 55 metasoma lateral 56 first metasomal tergite dorsal 57 first tergite ventral 58 mesosoma dorsal 59 mesoscutum and scutellum lateral 60 head anterior 61 head and propleuron lateral 62 hind tarsal claw 63 antenna 64 second metasomal tergite dorso-lateral.
Eumenes cyrenaicus Blüthgen, Morocco, male 65 metasoma lateral 66 first metasomal tergite dorsal 67 first tergite ventral 68 head and mesosoma dorsal 69 head posteriorly and propleuron lateral 70 mesoscutum and scutellum lateral 71 head anterior 72 head and mesosoma lateral 73 antenna 74 apical hook of antenna lateral.
Eumenes dubius cyrenaicus Blüthgen, 1938: 464, 468.
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius cyrenaicus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) cyrenaicus cyrenaicus;
Eumenes dubius cyrenaicus var. congruens
Blüthgen, 1938: 464;
Eumenes dubius dubius var. pseudogermanica Blüthgen, 1938: 464.
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius pseudogermanicus;
Eumenes cyrenaicus pseudogermanicus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) cyrenaicus pseudogermanicus;
Eumenes cyrenaicus is similarly coloured as E. dubius f. palaestinensis Blüthgen, 1938 from Asia Minor, but E. cyrenaicus has the yellow stripe of the eye incision narrow or absent (wide in E. dubius f. palaestinensis) and the clypeus sparser setose (densely silvery setose in E. dubius f. palaestinensis). Males can be separated by the shape of the antennal hook (in ventral view normal in E. cyrenaicus and widened in E. dubius f. palaestinensis) and sculpture of fifth sternite (distinctly punctate in E. cyrenaicus and punctulate in E. dubius f. palaestinensis). Typical E. dubius f. palaestinensis has the apical lamella of the second tergite yellow and in E. cyrenaicus light brown or yellowish (Fig.
North Africa, South Europe (*Spain, *Portugal, Italy (Sardinia, Sicily), *N Macedonia, *Bulgaria, *Greece) and *Turkey.
Eumenes dubia de Saussure, 1852: 32 (depository of type series unknown).
Eumenes dubius;
Eumenes dubius dubius;
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius dubius;
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius;
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius dubius var. palaestinensis
Blüthgen, 1938: 467;
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius palaestinensis;
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius dubius var. macedonica
Blüthgen, 1952: 5, 15;
Eumenes (Eumenes) dubius macedonicus;
Rarely collected species in C and S Europe, but common in Spain and Portugal (
Eumenes dubius de Saussure, Bulgaria, female 75 metasoma lateral 76 first metasomal tergite dorsal 77 first tergite ventral 78 mesosoma dorsal 79 second metasomal tergite latero-dorsal 80 head anterior 81 head and propleuron lateral 82 antenna 83 hind tarsal claws 84 mesoscutum and scutellum lateral.
Eumenes dubius de Saussure, Bulgaria, male 85 metasoma lateral 86 first metasomal tergite dorsal 87 first tergite ventral 88 head and mesosoma dorsal 89 apical hook of antenna lateral 90 head anterior 91 head and propleuron lateral 92 apical hook of antenna latero-ventral 93 mesoscutum and scutellum lateral.
Asia, Central and South Europe. Absent in Switzerland according to
Eumenis (sic!) mediterraneus Kriechbaumer, 1879: 85.
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus mediterraneus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus;
Eumenes mediterraneus;
Eumenes mediterraneus mediterraneus;
Eumenes affinissima race quettaensis
Cameron, 1907: 132–133;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus quettaensis;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus quettaensis;
Labus superbus
Meade-Waldo, 1910: 36;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus superbus;
Eumenes mediterraneus bengasinus
Blüthgen, 1938: 487;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus bengasinus;
Eumenes mediterraneus cypricus
Blüthgen, 1938: 488;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus cypricus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) houskai
Giordani Soika, 1952a: 17;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus anatolicus
Giordani Soika, 1952b: 376;
Eumenes mediterraneus manchurianus
Giordani Soika, 1971: 70;
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus manchurianus;
Eumenes mediterraneus var. opacus
Gusenleitner, 1972: 92;
Eumenes mediterraneus filitosa
Gereys, 2011: 224–225, 2016: 132;
This species is in need of a critical revision; the few molecular data indicate that several cryptic species may be included under E. mediterraneus (Fig.
Eumenes mediterraneus Kriechbaumer, Bulgaria, male 103 metasoma lateral 104 first metasomal tergite dorsal 105 first tergite ventral 106 head and mesosoma dorsal 107 propodeum dorsal 108 head anterior 109 head and mesosoma lateral 110 antenna anterior 111 apical hook of antenna lateral.
Mediterranean, Balkan Peninsula, rarely in Central Europe (e.g., Switzerland only in Ticino and Valais and late in season (July–October;
Sphex papillarius Christ, 1791: 325.
Eumenes papillarius;
Eumenes (Eumenes) papillarius papillarius;
Eumenes papillarius papillarius;
Eumenes (Eumenes) papillarius;
Eumenes bipunctis
de Saussure, 1852: 33;
Eumenes bimaculatus
André, 1884: 645;
Eumenes papillarius var. baltica
Blüthgen, 1938: 485;
Eumenes (Eumenes) papillarius balticus;
Eumenes papillarius balticus;
Eumenes mediterraneus aemilianus Guiglia, 1951: 28. Syn. nov.
Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus aemilianus;
Eumenes aemilianus;
Eumenes papillarius monticola
Blüthgen, 1956: 2;
Eumenes papillarius rubricornis
Giordani Soika (in Gusenleitner), 1972: 90;
Eumenes (Eumenes) papillarius rubricornis;
Large specimens (fore wing length about 10 mm) have frequently a pair of yellow patches on the mesoscutum antero-laterally; the patches vary from minute to large. The photographs of the female holotype kindly supplied by Roberto Poggi (
Eumenes papillarius (Christ), France, female 112 metasoma lateral 113 first metasomal tergite dorsal 114 first tergite ventral 115 head and mesosoma dorsal 116 second tergite latero-dorsal 117 head anterior 118 head and pronotum lateral 119 antenna anterior 120 hind tarsal claw 121 hind tibia lateral.
Eumenes papillarius (Christ), France, male 122 metasoma lateral 123 first metasomal tergite dorsal 124 first tergite ventral 125 head and mesosoma dorsal 126 second tergite dorsal 127 hind tibia lateral 128 head anterior 129 head and mesosoma lateral 130 antenna anterior 131 apical hook of antenna lateral.
Widespread in most of Europe, but considered absent from UK (only known as vagrant in England;
Vespa pedunculata Panzer, 1799: (6) 63: 8, pl. 8.
Eumenes (Eumenes) pedunculatus pedunculatus;
Eumenes pedunculatus;
Eumenes pedunculatus pedunculatus;
? Eumenes marginella Herrich-Schäffer, 1841: 44, pl. 179-8.
? Eumenes (Eumenes) marginellus;
Eumenes obscurus André, 1884: 636–637. Syn. nov.
Eumenes andrei
Dalla Torre, 1894: 17 (new name for junior homonym E. obscurus André);
Eumenes eburneopictus
Giordani Soika, 1940: 97;
Eumenes (Eumenes) eburneopictus;
Eumenes pedunculatus eburneopictus;
Eumenes pedunculatus turanus
Blüthgen, 1943: 302;
Eumenes (Eumenes) pedunculatus turanus;
Eumenes pedunculata var. lapponica
Hellén, 1944: 11;
Eumenes karafutonis
Yamane, 1977: 61–62;
The depository of the female holotype of E. obscurus André (= E. andrei Dalla Torre) is unknown, but the extensive description allows identification. The robust posterior part of the first tergite (in dorsal view campaniform), the entirely dark antenna, the black clypeus except for a yellow dorsal linear patch and the shiny and very finely punctate second tergite points to E. pedunculatus (Panzer). The type series of E. marginellus is lost; the more or less yellow scape, the black scutellum, the narrow yellow patch of the pronotum and narrow yellow posterior patch of the first tergite are similar to some examined specimens of E. pedunculatus.
Widely distributed in Europe but relatively rare in collections from NW and S Europe (e.g., only Eumenes sp. known from Norway, absent from UK and Corsica, in S Europe rare and restricted to montane habitats (
Eumenes pedunculatus (Panzer), Netherlands (Helenaveen), male 140 metasoma lateral 141 first metasomal tergite dorsal 142 first tergite ventral 143 head and mesosoma dorsal 144 second tergite dorsal 145 scape anterior 146 head anterior 147 head and mesosoma lateral 148 antenna anterior 149 apical hook of antenna lateral.
Vespa pomiformis Fabricius, 1781: 467.
Eumenes pomiformis pomiformis;
Eumenes pomiformis;
Eumenes (Eumenes) pomiformis;
? Vespa histrio de Villers, 1789: 282–283. Type series lost.
? Eumenes (Eumenes) histrio;
Eumenis
(sic!) mediterranea var. heri Kriechbaumer, 1879: 88;
Eumenes fastidiosissimus
Giordani Soika, 1943: 29;
Eumenes pomiformis turcicus
Giordani Soika, 1952: 367;
The female lectotype of E. pomiformis was examined digitally by photographs kindly supplied by Sree Gayathree Selvantharan and Lars Vilhelmsen (NHMD), as the male holotype of E. heri (photographs kindly supplied by Stephan and Olga Schmidt (
One of the common species in S Europe, reaching Germany (but very rarely collected) and Belarus. Known from Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Malta (
Eumenes pomiformis (Fabricius), Italy, male 159 metasoma lateral 160 first metasomal tergite dorsal 161 first tergite ventral 162 head and mesosoma lateral 163 second tergite dorso-lateral 164 antenna 165 head anterior 166 head and mesosoma lateral 167 head and mesosoma dorsal 168 hind femur and tibia lateral 169 apical hook of antenna lateral.
Eumenes robusta Kostylev, 1940: 141 (primary homonym; not E. robustus Isely, 1917).
Eumenes (Eumenes) robustus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) punctaticlypeus
Giordani Soika, 1943: 29;
Eumenes punctaticlypeus punctaticlypeus; Gusenleitner, 1999: 573.
Eumenes punctaticlypeus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) calabricus
Giordani Soika, 1943: 31; Giordani Soika 1956: 316;
Eumenes kostylevi
Kurzenko, 1976: 437 (replacement name for E. robusta);
Eumenes kostylevi kostylevi;
Eumenes kostylevi punctaticlypeus;
Eumenes punctaticlypeus kostylevi;
As shown by the short setae of the hind coxa, the robust posterior part of the first metasomal tergite and frequently present moon-shaped yellow patch of the clypeus in females of both E. punctaticlypeus and E. lunulatus, the first one could be considered a large form of the latter. We recognise E. punctaticlypeus as a separate species because of the dark brown antennal hook of the males (yellow in E. lunulatus), differences in sculpture (but part may be the result of the larger body size) and the presence of a pair of large yellow spots on the mesoscutum of females (but the latter is variable in E. papillarius and this may be also the case in this species).
Examined specimens are from Spain, France, Bulgaria, and Turkey. This rarely collected species is also reported from Albania, Italy (type series), Greece and Ukraine (Crimea).
Eumenes sardous
Guiglia, 1951: 27;
Eumenes (Eumenes) sardous;
Similar to E. subpomiformis according to
Eumenes punctaticlypeus Giordani Soika, France, female 170 metasoma lateral 171 first metasomal tergite dorsal 172 first tergite latero-ventral 173 head and mesosoma dorsal 174 second tergite latero-dorsal 175 hind tarsal claw 176 head anterior 177 head and pronotum lateral 178 antenna anterior 179 propodeum dorsal.
Eumenes sardous Guiglia, France (Corsica), female 189 metasoma lateral 190 first metasomal tergite dorsal 191 first tergite ventral 192 head and mesosoma dorsal 193 second tergite latero-dorsal 194 head anterior 195 head and mesosoma lateral 196 antenna anterior 197 hind tarsal claw.
Eumenes sardous Guiglia, France (Corsica), male 198 metasoma lateral 199 first metasomal tergite dorsal 200 first tergite ventral 201 head and mesosoma dorsal 202 second tergite dorso-lateral 203 head anterior 204 head and mesosoma lateral 205 antenna anterior 206 apical hook of antenna lateral 207 id. of other antenna.
An endemic species of Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France), occurring from sea level up to 1600 m altitude in Corsica (
Eumenes sareptanus
André, 1884: 638;
Eumenes (Eumenes) sareptanus sareptanus;
Eumenes sareptanus sareptanus;
Eumenes (Eumenes) sareptanus;
Eumenes pomiformis f. insolata
Müller, 1923: 627;
Eumenes (Eumenes) sareptanus insolatus;
Eumenes sareptanus insolatus;
Eumenes dubius sareptanus var. germanica
Blüthgen, 1938: 469, 474, 495;
Eumenes dubius crimensis
Blüthgen, 1938: 468–469;
Eumenes (Eumenes) crimensis;
Eumenes sareptanus scabrosus;
Eumenes sareptanus André, Bulgaria, male 216 metasoma lateral 217 first metasomal tergite dorsal 218 first tergite ventral 219 mesosoma dorsal 220 second tergite latero-dorsal 221 mesoscutum and scutellum lateral 222 head anterior 223 head and mesosoma lateral 224 apical hook of antenna ventral 225 setosity of head latero-dorsal 226 antennal hook lateral.
Unfortunately, the original description does not include any remarks on the shape of the apical antennal segment of the male. The males should have the apical antennal segment narrower basally and less curved than in typical E. dubius according to Gusenleitner (1972). Michael Greeff (
A comparatively rarely collected species in C and S Europe as well in NW Asia. The typical form occurs in southern European Russia up to western Siberia. In Switzerland occurring between 255 and 1250 m altitude (
Eumenes subpomiformis
Blüthgen, 1938: 480, 496;
Eumenes (Eumenes) subpomiformis;
Eumenes subpomiformis subpomiformis;
Eumenes subpomiformis crassipunctatus
Blüthgen, 1956: 3;
As pointed out by
Specimens in
C and S Europe, but unknown from Sardinia (
Sphex tripunctatus Christ, 1791: 317 (type series lost).
Eumenes (Eumenes) tripunctatus;
Eumenes tripunctatus;
Vespa trimaculata
Lichtenstein, 1796: 202;
Eumenes venusta
Fischer-Waldheim, 1843: 1, pl. 122;
Conspicuous orange species only recently known to occur in Europe (
Central Asia, European Russia, Ukraine (Crimea).
Eumenes tripunctatus (Christ), Kazakhstan, female 244 metasoma lateral 245 first metasomal tergite dorsal 246 first tergite ventral 247 head and mesosoma dorsal 248 second metasomal tergite dorso-lateral 249 head anterior 250 head and mesosoma lateral 251 detail head and propleuron lateral 252 hind tarsal claw.
Eumenes tripunctatus (Christ), Kazakhstan, male 253 metasoma lateral 254 first metasomal tergite dorsal 255 first tergite ventral 256 head and mesosoma lateral 257 apical hook of antenna lateral 258 head anterior 259 head and propleuron lateral. 260 second metasomal tergite dorso-lateral 261 antenna.
We are very grateful for photographs of Fabricius, Kriechbaumer, Blüthgen and Guiglia types kindly supplied by Lars Vilhelmsen and Sree Gayathree Selvantharan (Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen), Stephan and Olga Schmidt (Zoologische Staatssammlung, München), Michael Greeff (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich) and Roberto Poggi (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genoa), respectively.
We thank Frederique Bakker (