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Research Article
Cincticostella ebura sp. nov., a new species of mayfly (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae) from Thailand
expand article infoChonlakran Auychinda, Michel Sartori§|, Boonsatien Boonsoong#
‡ Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
§ Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland
¶ Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
# Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract

A new species of ephemerellid mayfly, Cincticostella ebura sp. nov., is described based on larvae collected in a stream from Nan Province, Thailand. This new species is classified in the nigra complex of the genus Cincticostella based on morphological and COI phylogeny evidence. The new species is closely related to C. nigra (Uéno, 1928) and C. funki Martynov, Selvakumar, Palatov & Vasanth, 2021 based on body colour pattern. Investigation of the chorionic structure of the new species showed similar details to those of other species within this species complex. The phylogeny also placed this species into a monophyletic group with C. nigra (Uéno, 1928), C. elongatula (McLachlan, 1875) and C. fusca Kang & Yang, 1995.

Keywords

COI, ephemerellid mayfly, insolta complex, integrative taxonomy, nigra complex

Introduction

The genus Cincticostella was established by Allen (1971) as a subgenus of Ephemerella Walsh, 1862, and was subsequently raised to generic level (Allen 1980). Cincticostella species are distributed in the eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions. The larvae are characterised by 1) anterolateral projections of the pronotum and mesonotum rounded and flat (contrary to sharp and acute projections in Ephacerella), and 2) a widened and flattened maxillary canine with reticulated ventral margin (Kluge 2004) or reduced to a denticulate blade (Jacobus and McCafferty 2008). Within the genus, some characters were used to distinguish and classify the different species into several species groups. For example, Allen (1975) divided the genus into two species complexes consisting of insolta and nigra complexes. These two species complexes are differentiated by a head with a pair of tubercles and expansion of the mid and hind femora with chalazae in the insolta complex, characters which are absent in the nigra complex. Allen (1980) proposed the subgenus Rhionella to accommodate the insolta complex, but this was refuted by Jacobus and McCafferty (2008) based on their phylogenetic reconstruction.

Recently, Martynov et al. (2021) proposed a gosei complex, separated from the nigra complex by several characters, such as segments I and II of the labial palp relatively narrow and elongated, moderate anterolateral emargination of the labrum and especially, the maxillary palp absent. Therefore, three species complexes are currently considered: the nigra, insolta and gosei complexes.

Currently, 22 species are recognised in the world, of which 17 are found in the Oriental region (Xie et al. 2009; Martynov et al. 2019; Auychinda et al. 2020a; Martynov et al. 2021). According to Martynov et al. (2021) the insolta complex comprises eight species, the nigra complex 13 species, and the gosei complex a single species. The genus Cincticostella has the highest diversity of the family Ephemerellidae in the Oriental region, but only three species are currently known in Thailand: C. femorata (Tshernova, 1972) and C. insolta (Allen, 1971) that belong to the insolta complex and C. gosei (Allen, 1975) from the gosei complex (Martynov et al. 2021).

In 2019, we collected larval material from Nan Province, Thailand. These specimens were morphologically identified and were found to share many characters with the East Palearctic species, C. nigra (Uéno, 1928) and Oriental species, C. funki Martynov, Selvakumar, Palatov & Vasanth, 2021. However, some characters were different and together with the distinct geographic or ecological distribution, we therefore classified these specimens as a new species and the first recorded species of the nigra complex in Thailand. The morphological characters of the mature larvae are described, including the chorionic structures, which were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the COI gene of the new species was sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using our sequences and some Cincticostella COI sequences available in the GenBank database. Species delimitation was also based on the genetic distances using Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) analysis (Alexander et al. 2009; Tenchini et al. 2018).

Materials and methods

Specimen analysis

Larvae were collected using a D-frame kick net in the riffles of fast-flowing areas. The specimens were preserved in 95% ethanol and a whole larva was selected and dissected for morphological observation. The morphological characters were observed by permanent slide preparation using Euparal as a medium and observed by light microscopy. The eggs were also dissected from a late female larva. The chorionic structure was investigated by drying the eggs, coating them with gold, and observing them by SEM with a FEI Quanta 450. Final plates were prepared with Adobe Photoshop® CC 2020. Holotype and paratype specimens of the new species are deposited in the collections of the Zoological Museum at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand [ZMKU] and the Museum of Zoology in Lausanne, Switzerland [MZL].

Molecular analysis

Thoracic muscles were dissected for DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was extracted with a genomic DNA extraction kit (NucleoSpin, Macherey-Nagel, Germany) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The COI amplification was performed using LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions and procedure were performed as described previously (Auychinda et al. 2020c). Purification and sequencing were conducted by Macrogen, Inc. (South Korea). A Bayesian tree for ephemerellid mayflies was constructed for Teloganopsis spp., Torleya spp., available Cincticostella species (GenBank and BOLD system) and our sequences (658 bp) for the new species (MW633484), and one specimen of C. insolta (MW633483). We also added a specimen of C. femorata (Tshernova, 1972) from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand that was deposited in MZL (GBIFCH00763740_A01), and its COI was also extracted, sequenced, analysed and deposited in the GenBank database (MW633485). Teloganella umbrata Ulmer, 1939 was used as an outgroup. The protocol for tree construction follows Auychinda et al. (2020c).

Taxonomy

Order Ephemeroptera

Family Ephemerellidae Klapálek, 1909

Genus Cincticostella Allen, 1971

Cincticostella ebura sp. nov.

Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6c

Material examined

Holotype : Male mature larva in ethanol, Thailand, Nan Province, Bo Kluea District, Mae Nam Wa stream, 19°16'22.6"N, 101°10'48.2"E, 848 m, 26.XI.2019, C. Auychinda leg. [ZMKU]. Paratypes: 30 larvae in ethanol, one on slide, same data as holotype [ZMKU]; 4 larvae in ethanol, same data as holotype [MZL GBIFCH00977588].

Description

Mature larva (in alcohol, Fig. 1; living, Fig. 6c). Body length (without cerci) 5.5–6.0 mm; cerci 6.0–8.5 mm; body brownish-black with a conspicuous dorsal median pale line from the head to tergum X (Figs 1a, 6c).

Figure 1. 

Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. a larval habitus in dorsal view b in lateral view and c in ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Head. Black without tubercles, prominent bright ocelli; antennae three times longer than head length. Labrum densely covered with long fine setae, apicolateral angles rounded; apicomedially with deep emargination; ratio of emargination length to maximum labrum length = 1: 4.7 (Fig. 2a). Mandibles stout with numerous, hair-like setae on 2/3 proximal of dorsal and lateral surfaces (Fig. 2b, c). Left mandible: outer incisor composed of three acute teeth; inner incisor with one main stout and one inner vestigial tooth; prostheca with a bunch of hair-like setae on the inner side (Fig. 2b). Right mandible: outer incisor composed of two pointed teeth; inner incisor composed of two apically pointed teeth, orientated perpendicularly to the outer incisor; prostheca consisting of numerous hair-like setae (Fig. 2c) Hypopharynx: lingual surface covered with short setae, most abundant in apical part; superlinguae with numerous hair-like setae, apices rounded, posterolateral part concave (Fig. 2d). Labium with narrow elliptical glossae, almost four times longer than broad and covered with numerous short fine setae; paraglossae broad, semicircular, with surfaces covered with numerous simple setae. Labial palp three-segmented; segments I and II stout and equal in length, outer margin covered with hair-like setae, segment III spine-like in shape, 2.5 times longer than broad at the base (Fig. 2e). Maxillae slender; maxillary palpi long (0.46 mm), covered with tiny setae and three-segmented, length ratio from basal to apical segments = 4: 4: 1 (Fig. 2f), apex of segment II with long hair-like setae, segment III cone-shaped and with tiny short setae apically (Fig. 2h); apex of maxilla widened, surface with numerous long, hair-like setae; maxillary canine reduced to a small denticulated blade and less than half as long as crown, inner margin of galea-lacinia with 3–4 rows of simple setae (Fig. 2f, g).

Figure 2. 

Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. a labrum b left mandible c right mandible d hypopharynx e labium f maxilla g galea-lacinia h segment III of maxillary palp. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (a–f); 0.05 mm (g); 0.035 mm (h).

Thorax. Black with distinct white median line. Pronotum rectangular without clear anterolateral projections. Mesonotum with rounded anterolateral projections, outer margins not notched (Fig. 1a); mounted on slide, this character looks more angular (Fig. 4a); a pair of sub-median tubercles in the middle, a single posterior prominent median tubercle (Fig. 1b), posteriorly between fore wing pads with a pair of well-developed projections, angular with deep cleft (Figs 1a, 4a–b). Prothoracic sternum trapezoidal, mesothoracic basisternum rectangular, mesothoracic furcastemum broader than basisternum, oval transversely (Fig. 3a). Forefemora moderately dilated, ventral margin with fine setae, dorsal margin with spatulate setae most abundant in distal part, distal part of the dorsal surface with a transversal discontinuous row of 6–8 spatulate setae perpendicular to the femur (Fig. 4 c, i, j). Midfemora moderately expanded, dorsal margin smooth and with a row of short stout setae abundant in distal part (Fig. 4e). Hind femora moderately expanded, longer than mid femora, dorsal margin smooth, with a row of short stout setae from median to distal part (Fig. 4f). All claws similar, strongly hooked without apical setae, each with an acute basal and subapical tooth (Fig. 4d).

Figure 3. 

Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. a prosternum and mesosternum b pairs of tubercles (arrow) on mesothorax of early stage; c–f gills of segment III–VI g ventral lamella of gill of segment VII h ventral lamella of gill of segment VI. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 4. 

Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. a thorax in dorsal view, a pair of tubercles was indicated by arrows b posterior projection of mesonotum c foreleg d foretarsal claw e mid-femur f hind-femur g abdominal terga V–VII h abdominal terga VIII–X i, j setae on apically dorsal forefemoral surface k setae on posterior margin of abdominal terga. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (a, b, c, e, f, g, h); 0.05 mm (d, j); 0.01 mm (k).

Abdomen. Terga I–X each with a pair of posteromedian projections, well developed into strong tubercles of terga IV–VIII (Figs 1b, 4g); posterolateral projections of tergum VIII less developed (Fig. 4h); posterior margins of each tergum with bifurcate stout setae (Fig. 4k). Gills present on segments III–VII (Fig. 3c–h), all gills consistent with the diagnostic character of the genus Cincticostella: gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; ventral lamella of gills III–V bifurcated (Fig. 3c–e), gill VI–VII non-bifurcate with marginal processes (Fig. 3f–h). Caudal filaments with whorls of dense setae on each segment.

Eggs. Dissected from mature larva (Fig. 5). Ovoid, length ca 125 µm, width ca 110 µm; one pole covered with a dome-shaped polar cap, chorionic surface reticulated, almost hexagonal in formation, with a central spot (Fig. 5a, b). Equator with 4–6 micropyles, sperm guide circular and smooth (Fig. 5c). Rounded knob terminated coiled threads (KCT) especially abundant at the part opposite the polar cap (Fig. 5d).

Figure 5. 

Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. a an overview of egg b chorionic surface c chorionic surface with micropyles d chorionic surface with KCT. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (a); 0.01 mm (b–d).

Adults. Unknown.

Remarks

The pair of sub-median tubercles in the middle of mesonotum of early stages is prominent and variable in number, 2 or 4 tubercles (Fig. 3b) which is similar to other Ephemerellidae such as Notacanthella commodema (Allen, 1971) in which the tubercle numbers reduce and are more flattened in later stages (Auychinda et al. 2020b). On the contrary, the posterior median tubercle is distinct in all larval stages of the new species. Although, C. funki has no distinct prominent tubercle on their posterior median mesothorax in later stages, this tubercle is distinct in the small larval stages (A. Martynov, pers. comm.)

Diagnosis

The larva of Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. has a well-marked white median line along its body that can be used to separate it from other Cincticostella species. However, this pattern is also present in C. nigra (Uéno, 1928) and C. funki Martynov, Selvakumar, Palatov & Vasanth, 2021, and the body shape is quite similar (Uéno 1928; Ishiwata 2003; Martynov et al. 2021). Although, claws of C. ebura sp. nov. and C. funki are hooked with an acute basal and subapical tooth, this character is absent in C. nigra, where a row of 6–8 teeth of unequal size can be found (Uéno 1928, fig. 9h–i) or 5–8 denticles of tarsal claws (Ishiwata 2003). In addition, the dorsal surface of the mid- and hind femora of C. ebura sp. nov. possess clavate setae while in C. nigra, these setae are absent (Ishiwata 2003, figs 48, 52). Furthermore, C. ebura sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. nigra and C. funki based on the combination of following characteristics: 1) small denticulate blade maxillary canine; 2) maxillary palp segment III cone-shaped; 3) all abdominal terga with long pairs of tubercles, especially on terga IV to VIII, on tergum X small and pointed; 4) anterolateral projection of the pronotum absent; 5) mature larvae length is almost less than two times of C. funki; 6) mesonotum with single prominent median posterior tubercle and posteriorly with a pair of well-developed angular projections; and 7) a transverse discontinuous row of stout setae and without extra setae on surface of forefemora.

Etymology

The specific epithet ‘ebura’, which means ivory, is a reference to the pairs of long and curve tubercles on the abdominal posteromedian margins.

Habitat and ecology

The type locality of Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. is the Mae Nam Wa stream, Nan Province, Thailand (Fig. 6a). The larvae were collected by handpicking and D-frame net kicking methods from cobble and pebbles within moderate- to fast-flowing current of run/riffle areas (Fig. 6b). This study site also shows a high taxa richness of Ephemerelloidea larvae, as other species, including C. insolta (Allen, 1971), Notacanthella quadrata (Kluge & Zhou, 2004), N. commodema (Allen, 1971), Dudgeodes sp. and Vietnamella nanensis Auychinda, Sartori & Boonsoong, 2020, co-occurred with the larvae of C. ebura sp. nov.

Figure 6. 

a The Mae Nam Wa stream, Bo Kluea district, Nan Province b microhabitat of the larvae of Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. c Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. larva (living).

Distribution

Nan Province, northern Thailand.

Molecular analysis

The Bayesian phylogenetic tree reconstruction of COI showed that Cincticostella forms a monophyletic lineage which is distinctly separated from the other ephemerellid mayflies, with high probability branch support (Fig. 7). Our reconstruction contained ten species of Cincticostella, and the interspecific genetic distances ranged from 15–26%. Cincticostella ebura sp. nov. differed from other species by a range of 21 to 26% (Table 1).

Table 1.

Pairwise genetic distances (COI) between species of Cincticostella using the Kimura 2-parameter.

Species K2P genetic distances
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. C. ebura sp. nov.
2. C. nigra 0.22
3. C. elongatula 0.24 0.15
4. C. levanidovae 0.24 0.24 0.24
5. C. tornata 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.26
6. C. femorata 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.16
7. C. gosei 0.23 0.21 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.23
8. C. insolta 0.22 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
9. C. orientalis 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.23 0.23
10. C. fusca 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.23
Figure 7. 

Bayesian inference of COI sequences of some ephemerellid mayflies including Teloganopsis, Torleya and Cincticostella with probability branch support and GenBank accession numbers, or BOLD numbers, in brackets. The color bars indicate the species complex of the genus Cincticostella. The first column (#1) is the species complex following Martynov et al. (2021): red = nigra complex, blue = gosei complex and green = insolta complex. The second column (#2) follows Kluge (2021): sky blue = Cincticostella/g4, black = Rhionella and blank box = uncertain placement (Ephemerella/fg3 INCERTAE SEDIS). Teloganella umbrata (Ephemerelloidea; Teloganellidae) was chosen as an outgroup.

Discussion

Our morphological evaluation of C. ebura sp. nov, especially body coloration, revealed some similarities with C. nigra and C. funki. However, these three species inhabit different geographic areas, as C. nigra is only reported from the East Palaearctic (Uéno 1928; Ishiwata 2003), while C. funki and C. ebura sp. nov. both have an Oriental distribution in northern India and northern Thailand, respectively. In addition, ecological factors are also different between the habitats of C. ebura sp. nov. and C. funki. The larvae of C. ebura sp. nov. were collected from a stream which temperature was 18–20 °C in sampling period at 848 m a.s.l. Cincticostella funki inhabits in lower water temperature and higher altitude, 12 °C in the sampling period and 1285 m a.s.l. (Martynov et al. 2021).

The egg chorionic structure shows a similar pattern to that of the other Cincticostella species, including C. levanidovae, C. elongatula, C. nigra, C. fusca, C. orientalis, C. colossa and C. femorata (Kang and Yang 1995; Ishiwata 2003; Jacobus and McCafferty 2008; Zheng and Zhou 2021). It has hexagonal ridges with marks at the centre; the marks vary both in shape and in number therefore can be used to identify species complex of this genus. The dichotomous key to species using chorionic structure is presented below. However, C. ebura sp. nov. cannot be separated from C. colossa, C. fusca and C. orientalis by the shape and number of the marks. The egg size can be helpful because C. ebura sp. nov. has the smallest egg compared to the others.

From our results, C. ebura sp. nov. belongs to the nigra complex according to Martynov et al. (2021), or Cincticostella/g4 sensu Kluge (2021) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Although this genus has a high number of species, only four of them are found in Thailand, C. ebura sp. nov. being the first species from the nigra complex to be reported from Thailand.

Our molecular results support the placement of C. ebura sp. nov. into the nigra complex. In addition, our analysis supports the placement of C. elongatula (McLachlan, 1875) by Martynov et al. (2021) into the nigra complex. Our tree topology displays several polytomies and did not show the species complexes proposed by both Kluge (2021) and Martynov et al. (2021). However, our reconstruction (Fig. 7) seems to indicate that the insolta complex may well be a monophyletic lineage corresponding to the subgenus Rhionella.

In our reconstruction, C. orientalis (Tshernova, 1952) was recovered as the sister clade of all Cincticostella species, whereas Martynov et al. (2021) include it in the nigra complex. Our results also support C. orientalis as a valid species and not a synonym of C. levanidovae (Tshernova, 1952) as proposed by Tshernova et al. (1986) and by Kluge (2021). The species complexes relationship may be solved when more molecular data, both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, becomes available (Ogden et al. 2019).

Key to the mature nymphs of Cincticostella species in Thailand

1 Mid- and hind femora expanded; head with a pair of tubercles 2
Mid- and hind femora not expanded; head without tubercles 3
2 Pronotum with broad and extended anterolateral projection around head capsule C. femorata
Pronotum with moderately anterolateral projection… C. insolta
3 Body black without median pale line; maxillary without palpi C. gosei
Body black with median pale line along the body; maxillary with three-segmented palpi C. ebura sp. nov.

Key to known egg structures of Cincticostella species (excluding C. gosei)

1 Chorion covered with broken reticulation (Ishiwata, 2003, figs 7, 8) C. levanidovae
Chorion covered with not broken reticulation 2
2 Chorionic surface with one tubercle (rarely two) at the centre of hexagonal ridge 3
Chorionic surface with a variety of tubercles (1–5) at the centre of hexagonal ridge (Kang and Yang 1995, figs 11, 12, 14, 15; Ishiwata 2003, figs 15, 16) C. colossa , C. fusca , C. orientalis and C. ebura sp. nov.
3 Egg relatively large, surface seems to be rough (length 162–168 µm, width 116–120 µm) (Ishiwata 2003, figs 3, 4, 11, 12) C. elongatula and C. nigra
Egg relatively small, surface seems to be smooth (length 152 µm, width 114.6 µm) (Zheng and Zhou 2021, fig. 8) C. femorata

Acknowledgements

This research has been supported by the Centre of Excellence on Biodiversity (BDC) Office of Higher Education Commission (BDC-PG2-161004). This research was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand under Project number ACKU61-SCI-028. We would like to thank Dr. Jean-Luc Gattolliat who provided us with the COI sequence of C. femorata in the difficult situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. We are most grateful to Dr. Alexander V. Martynov who provided good suggestions about the related species, Cincticostella funki also, our colleagues for their assistance during field trips. We would like to thank the Department of Zoology and the Faculty of Science at Kasetsart University in Bangkok for their assistance and use of their facilities.

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