Research Article |
Stephen Cairns‡
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Corresponding author: Stephen Cairns ( cairnss@si.edu ) Academic editor: Bert W. Hoeksema
© 2016 Stephen Cairns.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Cairns SD (2016) A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species. ZooKeys 562: 1-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.7310
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Abstract
The transversely-dividing flabellids consist of five genera (Truncatoflabellum, Placotrochides, Blastotrochus, Placotrochus, and Falcatoflabellum) and 45 species. A dichotomous key is provided for these five genera as well as the species of the genus Truncatoflabellum and Placotrochides, the other three genera being monotypic. A tabular key is also provided for the 38 species of Truncatoflabellum. Two new combinations are suggested (T. gambierense and T. sphenodeum) and two new species are described (T. duncani and T. mozambiquensis). All but one species are illustrated and accompanied by their known distribution and a guide to the pertinent literature for the species. New records of 19 of the 45 species are listed. The transversely-dividing flabellids range from the Middle Eocene to the Recent at depths of 2–3010 m, and constitute 60% of the 65 known extant species of transversely-dividing Scleractinia.
Keywords
Flabellidae , Truncatoflabellum , Placotrochides , Blastotrochus , Placotrochus , Falcatoflabellum , transversely dividing, key, asexual reproduction
Introduction
Confronted with a large collection of Truncatoflabellum during a recent (2014) trip to Taiwan, it became apparent that the literature on the species of this genus was scattered and not well organized. Although there were some keys to the species, they were regional in nature, i.e., Philippine region (
Fossil Truncatoflabellum: Because of the easily diagnosed aspect of the anthocyathus basal scar, fossil Truncatoflabellum are easily distinguished, even though most have been attributed to the genus Flabellum. Most fossil flabellids cannot be correlated to Recent species, but on the other hand, several have been described as discrete species. The earliest record of a transversely-dividing fossil flabellid was that of
It should be noted that in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia using the CO1 gene (Kitahara et al. 2010), in which 65 additional deep-water species were included to the data base, Truncatoflabellum was found to be polyphyletic and always ancestral to species within the genus Flabellum. Both genera have their earliest records in the Eocene.
Methods
This is not a taxonomic revision or a phylogenetic or morphometric analysis. It is a key to facilitate identification of a species-rich group, accompanied with a guide to the literature. The synonymies are not exhaustive, but include the original description and those papers that were found useful in identification of the species, especially those that contain useful illustrations, descriptions and/or extended synonymy. Furthermore, the key incorporates exclusively fossil species that occur in the respective genera. Since the key is intended to serve a practical purpose and include fossil species, molecular sequencing was not employed.
In an effort to discuss and illustrate morphologically similar species in adjacent text, and to facilitate their identification through keys, the text and illustrations are arranged in the order in which they occur in the key.
The key is based primarily on the morphology of the (free-living) anthocyathus stage of each species, the founding (attached) anthocaulus stage rarely being collected and usually of generic morphology. The shape of the anthocyathus contains the primary distinguishing set of characters for these genera, the shape most accurately defined by the thecal edge and face angles (Fig.
Of the 45 species of truncate flabellids, 41 are represented in the
Abbreviations used in the text include
AUC
Auckland
EAN Edge Angle: angle formed by two lateral edges of an anthocyathus (Fig.
FAN Face Angle: angle formed by two faces of an anthocyathus (Fig.
GCD Greater calicular diameter of anthocyathus (Fig.
GCD:LCD Ratio of greater calicular diameter to lesser calicular diameter of an anthcyathus
GNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
GSD Greater scar diameter of anthocyathus (Fig.
GSD:GCD Ratio of basal greater scar diameter to greater calicular diameter of anthocyathus
H Height of corallum (Fig.
H:GCD Ratio of corallum height to greater calicular diameter (Fig.
IWP Indo-West Pacific
LCD Lesser calicular diameter of anthocyathus (Fig.
LSD Lesser scar diameter of anthocyathus (Fig.
NZGS New Zealand Geological Survey (now the GNS), Lower Hutt, New Zealand
SIPHILEXP
SWIO Southwest Indian Ocean
Sx, Cx, Px Cycle of septa, costae, or pali, respectively, designated by numerical subscript
Sx>Sy In the context of a septal formula, septa of cycle x are wider than those of cycle y
Sx°>Sy° In the context of a septal formula, septa size class x are wider than those of size class y
TIUS
Key to the Transversely-Dividing Flabellid Genera
| 1 | Columella rudimentary (trabecular) or absent | 2 |
| 1’ | Columella lamellar or fascicular | 4 |
| 2 | Anthocyathus buds only from a basal anthocaulus | 3 |
| 2’ | Anthocyathi bud from basal anthocaulus (transverse division) and from lateral edges of anthocaulus (forming anthoblasts) | Blastotrochus (1 species) |
| 3 | Anthocyathus usually fan-shaped with divergent thecal edges, but if compressed-cylindrical in shape, the latter bear edge spines; base of anthocaulus not stereome-reinforced | Truncatoflabellum (38 species) |
| 3’ | Anthocyathus compressed-cylindrical in shape (edge angle 0-5°), lacking lateral spines; base of anthocaulus stereome-reinforced | Placotrochides (4 species) |
| 4 | Columella lamellar | Placotrochus (1 species) |
| 4’ | Columella fascicular | Falcatoflabellum (1 species) |
Guide to the literature, distribution, and remarks
Family Flabellidae Bourne, 1905
Truncatoflabellum
Flabellum:
Truncatoflabellum Cairns, 1989b: 60–61; 1994: 75; 1995: 113.—
Diagnosis
Asexual reproduction by apical transverse division of corallum, resulting in distal anthocyathus and basal anthocaulus. Corallum usually laterally compressed and fan shaped, having one or more pairs of thecal edge spines or crests; some species compressed-cylindrical in shape but these always laterally spinose, whereas some fan-shaped coralla lack spines and crests. Columella absent or represented by a fusion of the lower, axial edges of larger septa. Anthocaulus not stereome-reinforced.
Discussion
The taxonomic history of this genus extends long before it was officially described, and is recounted and discussed by
Transversely dividing flabellids, arranged by predominant geographic region (+ = fossil).
| Philippines and Indonesia |
| Truncatoflabellum Cairns, 1989 (38 spp, including 6 exclusively fossil) |
| compressum (Lamarck, 1816) |
| =stokesii (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) |
| =Flabellum oweni Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| spheniscus (Dana, 1846) |
| =Flabellum debile Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =Flabellum affine Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =Flabellum bairdi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =Flabellum profundum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =Flabellum sumatrense Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =Flabellum crenulatum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =Flabellum elongatum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =+variabilesensu Gerth, 1921 (new synonymy) |
| aculeatum (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) |
| =?Flabellum spinosum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =?Flabellum variabile Semper, 1872 |
| crassum (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) |
| candeanum (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) |
| =Flabellum elegans Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| cumingi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) |
| =F. irregulare Tenison-Woods, 1878: 313 (junior homonym of Semper’s 1872, but no need of new name since it is a junior synonym) |
| irregulare (Semper, 1872) |
| paripavoninum (Alcock, 1894) |
| dens (Alcock, 1902) |
| incrustatum Cairns, 1989 |
| =+irregularesensu Gerth, 1921:402 (new synonymy) |
| formosum Cairns, 1989 |
| =T. sp. n. sensu Cairns, 1989:73 |
| pusillum Cairns, 1989 |
| carinatum Cairns, 1989 |
| ?+variablealta Gerth, 1921, if so, name is altum |
| angustum Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997 |
| Central and eastern Pacific |
| trapezoideum (Keller, 1981) |
| truncum (Cairns, 1982) |
| Vanuatu, Wallis andFutuna, New Caledonia |
| martensii (Studer, 1878) |
| =+paripavoninumsensu Wells, 1984 |
| mortenseni Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997 |
| vanuatu (Wells, 1984) |
| vigintifarium Cairns, 1999 |
| New Zealand and Kermadecs |
| arcuatum Cairns, 1995 |
| phoenix Cairns, 1995 |
| =T. sp. B sensu Cairns, 1994 |
| Western Australia |
| angiostomum (Folkeson, 1919) |
| australiensis Cairns, 1998 |
| veroni Cairns, 1998 |
| macroeschara Cairns, 1998 |
| Western Indian Ocean/S. Africa |
| stabile (Marenzeller, 1904) |
| =Truncatoflabellum sp. A sensu Cairns, 1994: 79 |
| =?T. sp. Zibrowius & Gili, 1990 |
| inconstans (Marenzeller, 1904) |
| gardineri Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993 |
| zuluense Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993 |
| multispinosum Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993 |
| mozambiquensis sp. n. |
| South Australian exclusively fossil species |
| +victoriae (Duncan, 1864) |
| =?F. simplex Tenison-Woods, 1878 |
| +gambierense (Duncan, 1864) (new combination) |
| +corbicula (Tenison-Woods, 1880) |
| +sphenodeum (Tension Woods, 1880) (new comb.) |
| +?Flabellum attenuatum Tenison-Woods, 1880 |
| +gippslandicum (Dennant, 1899) |
| +duncani sp. n. |
| =candeanumsensu |
| Blastotrochus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| nutrix Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| +proliferus d’Archiardi, 1866 (= ?Cladocora) |
| Placotrochides Alcock, 1902 |
| scaphula Alcock, 1902 |
| =+Flabellum elongatum Hu, 1987 (junior homonym of ME and H, 1848) |
| frustum Cairns, 1979 |
| cylindrica Cairns, 2004 |
| minuta Cairns, 2004 |
| =minima (lapsus calumni) sensu Cairns, 2006 |
| Placotrochus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| laevis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =P. candeanus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 |
| =P. pedicellatus Tenison-Woods, 1879 |
| Falcatoflabellum Cairns, 1995 |
| rauolensis Cairns, 1995 |
Distribution
Middle Eocene (Bortonian) of New Zealand to Recent: cosmopolitan, except for the Antarctic, northeast Pacific and western Atlantic (generally low species diversity in Atlantic), 2–3010 m.
Type species
Euphyllia spheniscus Dana, 1846, by original designation.
Key to the species of Truncatoflabellum (characteristics pertain to the anthocyathus stage unless otherwise stated; + exclusively fossil species)
| 1 | One or more pairs of thecal edge spines present | 2 |
| 1’ | Thecal edge spines not present | 28 |
| 2 | Corallum compressed-cylindrical (edge angle 0–15°) | 3 |
| 2’ | Corallum compressed-conical or fan-shaped (edge angle >15°) | 5 |
| 3 | Corallum small (GCD < 4.5 mm); rejuvenescence common, resulting in a high H:GCD (e.g., up to 4.3); corallum brown; 32 or less septa |
T. phoenix (Fig. |
| 3’ | Corallum larger (GCD >10 mm); rejuvenescence not common (H:GCD = 1–2); corallum white; 48 or more septa | 4 |
| 4 | Corallum with more than 48 septa (e.g., 76) | +T. gippslandicum (Fig. |
| 4’ | Corallum with 48 septa | +T. victoriae (Fig. |
| 5 | GCD < 12 mm | 6 |
| 5’ | GCD > 12 mm | 9 |
| 6 | Tendency for anthocyathus to remain attached to anthocaulus | 7 |
| 6’ | Anthocyathus and anthocaulus always detached | 8 |
| 7 | Thecal face angle low (14–18°), resulting in a high GCD:LCD (1.7–2.3); bimodal edge angle; IWP in distribution |
T. dens (Fig. |
| 7’ | Face angle higher (18–22°), resulting in a lower GCD:LCD (1.4–1.8); angle of thecal edges not bimodal; SWIO |
T. zuluense (Fig. |
| 8 | Thecal edge angle low (14–18°), resulting in a small GCD:LCD (e.g., 1.4–1.7) |
T. pusillum (Fig. |
| 8’ | Thecal edge angle higher (28–52°), resulting in a higher GCD:LCD (e.g., 1.85–2.3) |
T. angustum (Fig. |
| 9 | One (basal) pair of thecal edge spines present | 10 |
| 9’ | Two or three pairs of thecal edge spines present | 19 |
| 9’’ | Four of more pairs of thecal edge spines present | 26 |
| 10 | Thecal edge angle >80°; upper calicular edge strongly arched; S7 often present | 11 |
| 10’ | Thecal edge angle 15–80°; calicular edge not strongly arched; S7 never present | 13 |
| 11 | Basal scar quite small (less than 4.3 mm in length), GSD:GCD < 0.1 |
T. angiostomum (Fig. |
| 11’ | Basal scar large (up to 30 mm in length), GSD:GCD = 0.35–0.55 | 12 |
| 12 | Thecal edge angle small (55–85°); GCD:LCD = 2.5–3.1 |
T. macroeschara (Fig. |
| 12’ | Thecal edge angle larger (95–127°); GCD:LCD = 3.0–4.8 |
T. veroni (Fig. |
| 13 | H:GCD > 1; thecal edge angle 15–30° | 14 |
| 13’ | H:GCD <1; thecal edge angle 30–80° | 17 |
| 14 | Anthocaulus and anthocyathus remain attached to each other; anthocaulus elongate, narrow, and often bent; Miocene of S. Australia and Victoria | +T. gambierense (Fig. |
| 14’ | Anthocaulus and anthocyathus detach from each other; anthocaulus not elongate; Recent of IWP | 15 |
| 15 | Septa hexamerally arranged in three or four size classes (S1–2>S2>S4>S5); upper outer septal margin not notched | 16 |
| 15’ | Septa arranged in three size classes, but not hexamerally (e.g., 16–18: 16–18: 32–36); upper outer septal margin slightly notched |
T. irregulare (Fig. |
| 16 | Scar diameter up to 10 mm; Lower Miocene to Recent |
T. incrustatum (Fig. |
| 16’ | Scar diameter less than 4 mm; Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene | +T. sphenodeum (Fig. |
| 17 | GSD:GCD <0.3 |
T. crassum (Fig. |
| 17’ | GSD:GCD >0.3 | 18 |
| 18 | Corallum white; GSD up to 15 mm |
T. aculeatum (Fig. |
| 18’ | Corallum striped reddish-brown; GSD less than 7 mm |
T. mortenseni (Fig. |
| 19 | Calicular margin scalloped | 20 |
| 19’ | Calicular margin straight (not scalloped) | 21 |
| 20 | Basal scar large (up to 8.6 in GSD); thecal face angle low (18–28°), resulting in a large GCD:LCD (1.9–2.4); Western Australia |
T. australiensis (Fig. |
| 20’ | Basal scar smaller (less than 5.7 mm in GSD); thecal face angle higher (30–41°), resulting in a lower GCD:LCD (1.6–2.0); IWP |
T. candeanum (Fig. |
| 21 | Septal symmetry hexameral, up to sixth cycle | 22 |
| 21’ | Septal symmetry not hexameral, but in three size classes | 24 |
| 22 | Basal scar large (up to 13.7 mm in length); GSD:GCD > 0.35; theca white |
T. compressum (Fig. |
| 22’ | Basal scar smaller (less than 10 mm in length); GSD:GCD < 0.3; theca blackish | 23 |
| 23 | GSD:GCD = 0.28–0.30; three pairs of thecal edge spines; thecal edges acute; H:GCD = 0.83–1.0 |
T. martensii (Fig. |
| 23’ | GSD:GCD = 0.19–0.26; one (often two) short thecal edge spines; thecal edges rounded; H:GCD = 1.0–1.4 |
T. mozambiquensis (Fig. |
| 24 | Septal symmetry in multiples of 20; theca striped reddish-brown; GSD:GCD <0.15 |
T. vigintifarium (Fig. |
| 24’ | Septal symmetry in multiples of 16 or 18; theca white; GSD:GCD >0.3 | 25 |
| 25 | GCD:LCD = 2.3–3.6 thecal edge angle 82–90° |
T. spheniscus (Fig. |
| 25’ | GCD:LCD = 1.8–2.0; thecal edge angle 31–44° |
T. cumingi (Fig. |
| 26 | Thecal edge angle 41–56°; H:GCD < 1.0; theca brown; axial edges of septa sinuous; SWIO | 27 |
| 26’ | Thecal edge angle 20–27°; H:GCD = 1.7–2.0; theca white; central Pacific |
T. vanuatu (Fig. |
| 27 | Upper outer edges of S1–3 attenuate gracefully to meet theca; Miocene of S. Australia | +T. duncani (Fig. |
| 27’ | Upper outer septal edges not attenuate; Recent of IWP |
T. multispinosum (Fig. |
| 28 | Thecal edges rounded or acute, but never crested | 29 |
| 28’ | Thecal edges discontinuously crested | 34 |
| 29 | Thecal edge angle = 65–138°; thecal face angle = 32–82°; axial septal edges straight |
T. paripavoninum (Fig. |
| 29’ | Thecal edge angle < 70°; thecal face angle < 38°; axial septal edges sinuous | 30 |
| 30 | GSD:GCD < 0.2 | 31 |
| 30’ | GSD:GCD >0.25 | 32 |
| 31 | Thecal edge angle 60–90°; H:GCD = 0.7–1.1; deep water (786–3010 m) |
T. stabile (Fig. |
| 31’ | Thecal edge angle 40–50°; H:GCD =1.0–1.5; shallow water (100 m) |
T. inconstans (Fig. |
| 32 | Costae (C1–3) ribbed; thecal edge angle 45–80° | 33 |
| 32’ | Costae not ribbed; thecal edge angle less than 20°; fossil from New Zealand | +T. corbicula (Fig. |
| 33 | H:GCD = 0.9–1.2; C1–3 ribbed; southeastern Pacific |
T. truncum (Fig. |
| 33’ | H:GCD = 0.7; C1–2 ribbed; mid-Pacific | T. trapezoideum |
| 34 | Septal symmetry in multiples of 20 (e.g., 20: 20: 20: 80) |
T. formosum (Fig. |
| 34’ | Septal symmetry hexameral in four to five cycles | 35 |
| 35 | Five cycles of septa and part of sixth; H:GCD <1.2 |
T. carinatum (Fig. |
| 35’ | Four cycles of septa and part of fifth; H:GCD >1.3 | 36 |
| 36 | H:GCD = 1.3–1.9; GCD:LCD = 1.3–1.5 |
T. gardineri (Fig. |
| 36’ | H:GCD = 2.9–3.5; GCD:LCD = 1.8–2.6 |
T. arcuatum (Fig. |
A Truncatoflabellum phoenix, paratypes,
A Truncatoflabellum zuluense, paratype,
A Truncatoflabellum macroeschara, paratype,
A Truncatoflabellum incrustatum, holotype,
A Truncatoflabellum mortenseni,
A Truncatoflabellum martensii,
A Truncatoflabellum cumingi, neotype,
A Truncatoflabellum paripavoninum,
A Truncatoflabellum arcuatum, lateral and calicular views, holotype,
Truncatoflabellum phoenix
Truncatoflabellum sp. B. Cairns, 1994: 75, 79, pl. 33i, l.
Truncatoflabellum phoenix Cairns, 1995: 115–116, pl. 37i, 38a-f.—
New records
Distribution
Late Pleistocene: Vanuatu. Holocene: southern Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia, Kermadec Islands, 18-441 m.
Remarks
This is the smallest of the Truncatoflabellum species, having a GCD rarely more than 5 mm, but capable of multiple apical regeneration (Fig.
Truncatoflabellum gippslandicum
Flabellum gippslandicum Dennant, 1899: 112–113, pl. 2, figs 1a–b.—
Truncatoflabellum gippslandicus (sic):
Distribution
Miocene: Gippsland Lake area of Victoria, Australia; Middle Miocene of Beaumaris, Victoria.
Remarks
The two syntypes of T. gippslandicum were reported by
Tabular key to all species of Truncatoflabellum (pr = pair, NC = New Caledonia; NZ = New Zealand; IWP = Indo-West Pacific)
| Thecal Edge Ornamentation | Edge angle; Face angle | GCD:LCD | H:GCD | GCD max. | Color | GSD:GCD; GSD max. | Septal symmetry (max number of septa) | Upper outer septal margin notched | Unique features | Distribution; depth | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| phoenix | 1–2+ pr spines | 0–10°; 0° | 1.3–2.3 | up to 4.3 | 5.9 mm | Lt. brown | 0.86–1.0; 4.3 mm | S1-2>S3>S4 (24–32) | No | Corallum often elongated by rejuvenescence | Japan to Kermadecs; 18–441 m |
| gippslandicum | 1 basal pr spines | 0–10°; 10° | 2.3 | 1.9 | 16 mm | Fossil | 0.71; 10 mm | S1-3>S4>S5 (76) | No | Miocene: Victoria | |
| victoriae | 1 basal pr spines | 15–20°; 11–16° | 1.4 | 1.3 | 11.8 mm | Fossil | 0.64; 7.6 mm | S1-2>S3>S4 (32–40) | No | Oligocene to M. Miocene: Victoria | |
| dens | Small crests | Bimodal; 14–18° | 1.7–2.3 | 1.5–1.7 | 13.8 mm | Red-brown | 0.18–0.19; 1.6 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (56) | No | Anthocaulus often remains attached | Philippines to NZ; 286–555 m |
| zuluense | 0–1 basal pr spines | 28–38°; 18–22° | 1.4–1.8 | 0.8 | 13.2 mm | Striped | 0.52; 6.5 mm | S1-2>S3>>S4> S5 (56) | No | Anthocaulus often remains attached | South Africa; 62–84 m |
| pusillum | 2–4 pr spines | 14–18°; 18–20° | 1.4–1.7 | 1.5–1.6 | 8.4 mm | Striped | 0.41–0.48; 3.2 mm | S1-2>S3>S4 (32–48) | No | IWP; 85–460 m | |
| angustum | 3–4 pr spines | 28–52°; 17–22° | 1.8–2.3 | 1.2–1.7 | 14 mm | Red-brown basally | 0.3; 2.5 mm | S1-2>S3>S4>S5 (56) | Yes | Philippines to Queensland; 195–530 m | |
| angiostomum | 1 pr basal spines | 105–200°; 15–25° | 2.9–3.2 | 0.67–0.81 | 63 mm | White | 0.08–0.09; 4.3 mm | S1-4>S5>S6>S7 (268) | Yes | Calice arched | North and west Australia; 15–176 m |
| macroeschara | 1 pr basal spines | 55–87°; 22–27° | 2.5–3.1 | 0.64–1.0 | 46 mm | White | 0.35–0.53; 30.4 mm | S1-4>S5>S6>S7 (192) | No | Australia; 18–201 m | |
| veroni | 1 pr basal spines | 94–127°; 23–32° | 3.0–4.8 | 0.5–0.56 | 57 mm | White | 0.33; 27 mm | S1-4>S5>S6>S7 (192–212) | Yes | Australia; 15–176 m | |
| gambierense | 1 pr spines | 30–38°; 15–20° | 1.6–3.2 | 1.4–1.8 | 14.5 mm | Fossil | 0.52–0.67; 7.2 mm | S1-2>S3>S4?S5 (56) | No | Anthocaulus slender, remains attached | Middle Miocene; Victoria |
| incrustatum | 1 pr basal spines | 23–32°; 15–19° | 1.6–2.1 | 1.2–1.5 | 28 mm | Blackish | 0.24–0.38; 10 mm | S1-2>S3>S4>S5 (96) | No | Japan to Philippines; 30–315 m | |
| sphenodeum | 1 basal pr spines | 32°; 18° | 1.67 | 1.33 | 15 mm | Fossil | 0.25–0.33; 3.5 mm | S1-3>S4>S5 (60–75) | No | M. Eocene to M. Miocene: NZ | |
| irregulare | 1 pr basal spines | 36–43°; 19° | 1.6–2.0 | 1.4 | 28 mm | White | 0.32–0.5; 4 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (72–80) | Yes | Japan to Philippines; 11–55 m | |
| crassum | 1 pr basal spines | 40–50°; 18–28° | 1.3–1.8 | 0.75–0.85 | 29 mm | White | 0.21–0.29; 6.3 mm | S1-2>S3>S4> S5>S6 (114) | Yes | IWP: 31–430 m | |
| aculeatum | 1 pr basal spines | 31–82°;17–31° | 1.8–3.7 | 0.56–0.71 | 41 mm | Milky white | 0.35–0.44; 15 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (50–72) | Yes | Japan to w. Australia; 11–132 m | |
| mortenseni | 1 pr spines | 49–61°; 23–31° | 1.65–1.85 | 0.75–0.81 | 23 mm | Striped | 0.32–0.40; 7 mm | S1-3>S4>S5 (96) | Yes | Anthocyathus often remains attached | Philippines to New Caledonia; 50–455 m |
| australiensis | 2–3 pr spines | 44–73°; 18–28° | 1.9–2.4 | 0.64–0.83 | 25 mm | Striped | 0.36–0.48; 8.6 mm | S1-3>S4>S5 (96) | No | W. Australia; 90–220 m | |
| candeanum | 3 long pr spines | 40–80°; 30–41° | 1.6–2.0 | 0.73–0.76 | 32 mm | Striped | 0.26–0.29; 5.7 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (72–96) | No | Japan to Philippines, NC; 70–290 m | |
| compressum | 2–3 pr spines | 53–67°; 24–29° | 1.9–3.1 | 0.6–0.8 | 40 mm | White | 0.37–0.43; 13.7 mm | S1-4>S5>S6 (192) | Yes | Philippines to Indian Ocean; 12–256 m | |
| martensii | 3 pr spines | 40–105°; 14–19° | 2.0–2.4 | 0.83–1.0 | 29 mm | Red or brown | 0.28–0.30; 9.3 mm | S1-3>S4>S5>S6 (126) | No | Thecal edges acute | New Caledonia to Andaman Sea; 139–275 m |
| mozambiquensis | 1–2 pr spines | 39–60°; 22–32° | 1.4–2.2 | 0.97–1.4 | 27 mm | Blackish | 0.19–0.26; 6.9 mm | S1-2>S4>S5 (96) | No | C1–3 ribbed | Mozambique; 106–112 m |
| vigintifarium | 2–3 pr spines | 67–84°; 25–30° | 1.95–2.40 | 0.84–0.91 | 27 mm | Striped | 0.13; 3.6 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (80) | No | New Caledonia, Queensland; 179–1050 m | |
| spheniscus | 1 basal pr spines | 65–118°; 16–31° | 2.8–4.1 | 0.76–0.81 | 50 mm | Striped | 0.22–0.49; 18 mm | 1°>2°>3°>4° (190) | Yes | Calice arched | Japan to Australia; 2–174 m |
| cumingi | 2–3 pr spines | 31–44°; 18–236 | 1.8–2.0 | 1.0–1.13 | 20 mm | White | 0.37–0.41; 9 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (72) | No | Philippines to W. Australia; 46–132 m | |
| vanuatu | 4–5 pr spines | 20–27°; 12–17° | 1.6–1.8 | 1.7–1.9 | 26 mm | White | 0.22–0.29; 4.9 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (80) | No | Axial septal edges straight | Vanuatu, NC; 240–335 m |
| duncani | 5 pr spines | 54–72°; 27° | 1.4–1.7 | 0.93–1.04 | 31 mm | Fossil | 0.27–0.29; 10.5 mm | S1-3>S4>S5>S6 (104) | Attenuate | L. Oligocene-M. Miocene: Victoria | |
| multispinosum | 5–7 pr spines | 41–56°; 19–32° | 1.7–2.1 | 0.93–1.02 | 32 mm | Brown | 0.23–0.30; 7.3 mm | S1-3>S4>S5>S6 (100) | No | W. Indian Ocean, NC; 62–183 m | |
| paripavoninum | None, thecal edges acute | 65–138°; 32–62° | 1.4–2.0 | 0.77–1.0 | 62 mm | Lt brown | 0.17–0.34; 14.5 mm | S1-3>S4>S5>S6 (192) | No | Philippines to Laccadive Sea; 394–1450 m | |
| stabile | None, thecal edges rounded | 59–90°; 40–60° | 1.4–1.7 | 1.0–1.15 | 52 mm | White | 0.14–0.28; 7 mm | S1-3>S4>S5>S6 (104) | No | Costae ribbed | Japan, Mozambique, Cape Verde; 786–3010 m |
| inconstans | None, thecal edges rounded | 38–52°; 25° | 1.5–2.5 | 0.10–1.5 | 44 mm | White | 0.13–0.18; 5 mm | S1-3>S4>S5>S6 (171) | No | C1–3 ribbed | South Africa; 23–130 m |
| corbicula | None, thecal edges rounded | 16–21°; 15° | 1.5–2.2 | 0.97 | 19 mm | Fossil | 0.64–0.67; 12 mm | S1-2>S3>S4 (48) | No | L. Oligocene, New Zealand | |
| truncum | None, thecal edges rounded | 45–70°; 22–38° | 1.4–2.2 | 0.9–1.2 | 38 mm | White | 0.25–0.27; 9.5 mm | S1-3>S4>S5 (96) | No | C1–3 ribbed | Peru to Falklands; 595–1896 m |
| trapezoideum | None, thecal edges rounded | 80°; ? | 1.35 | 0.69 | 28 mm | White | 0.29; 8.1 mm | S1-2>S3>S4>S5 (88) | No | C1–2 ribbed | Marcus-Necker Ridge; 1630 m |
| formosum | 2 pr crests | 37–59°; 18–31° | 1.4–1.9 | 1.05–1.2 | 27 mm | Striped | 0.26; 5.5 mm | S1°>S2°>S3° (80) | Attenuate | Philippines to SW Indian Ocean; 42–933 m | |
| carinatum | Disjunct crests | 35–57°; 18–32° | 1.6–1.9 | 0.88–1.2 | 23 mm | Red-brown | 0.22–0.24; 5.2 mm | S1-3>S4>S5>S6 (104) | No | S. China Sea to Mozambique; 30–274 m | |
| gardineri | Crests | 21–35°; 14–18° | 1.3–1.5 | 1.3–1.9 | 20 mm | White or striped | 0.37–0.49; 5.3 mm | S1-2>S3>S4 (48) | No | Japan, S. Africa; 100–144 m | |
| arcuatum | Low crests | 14–15°; 8–11° | 1.8–2.6 | 2.9–3.5 | 12 mm | White | 0.50–0.55; 5.9 mm | S1-2>S3>S4>S5 (60) | No | Axial septal edges very sinuous | North of New Zealand; 350–364 m |
Truncatoflabellum victoriae
Flabellum victoriae Duncan, 1864: 162–163, pl. 5, fig. 2a–c; 1870: 299, 312, pl. 19, fig. 11.—
?Flabellum simplex Tenison-Woods, 1878: 13.—
Truncatoflabellum victoriae: Cairns, 1989b: 61, pl. 37i.
New records
Muddy Creek, near Hamilton, Victoria, Australia, Balcombian (Middle Miocene), 13 specimens,
Distribution
Late Oligocene (Janjukian), Victoria; Middle Miocene (Balcombian), Muddy Creek, Geelong, Victoria, and Balcombe’s Bay, Victoria.
Truncatoflabellum dens
Flabellum dens Alcock, 1902: 32, pl. 4, figs 30, 30a.—
Truncatoflabellum dens:
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, New Zealand, 286–555 m.
Truncatoflabellum zuluense
Truncatoflabellum zuluense Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993: 267–268, figs 11F–G.—
Distribution
Off Natal, South Africa, 62-84 m.
Truncatoflabellum pusillum
Truncatoflabellum pusillum Cairns, 1989b: 71_72, Table 6, pl. 37a–e.—
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, southwest Indian Ocean off Mozambique, 85-460 m.
Truncatoflabellum angustum
Truncatoflabellum dens:
Truncatoflabellum angustum Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997: 172–173, figs 23c–f.—
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Kermadec Islands, off Queensland, 195–530 m.
Truncatoflabellum angiostomum
Flabellum angiostomum Folkeson, 1919: 5, pl. 1, figs 1-3.
Truncatoflabellum angiostomum:
New records
SIPHILEXP M-21, 8°45'S, 145°05'08"E (off mouth of Fly River, Bramble Island, Papua New Guinea), 55 m,
Distribution
Western and Northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, 15-176 m.
Truncatoflabellum macroeschara
Truncatoflabellum macroeschara Cairns, 1998: 401, Table 4, figs 8d–e, g–1; 2004: 309 (synonymy).—Kitahara et al. 2010: fig. 1.
Distribution
Off Western Australia and Queensland, 18-201 m.
Remarks
T. macroeschara belongs to a group of three western Australian species that have very large coralla, often including some S7, the other two species being T. veroni and T. angiostomum. It differs from those two species as well as all others in the genus by having a very large scar diameter.
Truncatoflabellum veroni
Truncatoflabellum spheniscus: Cairns and Zibrowius: 165–166 (in part:
Truncatoflabellum veroni Cairns, 1998: 400, Figs 7g–i, 8c;
Distribution
Off Western and Northern Australia, off Queensland, 15–176 m.
Truncatoflabellum gambierense , comb. n.
Flabellum gambierense Duncan, 1864: 163, pl. 5, fig. 3a-c; 1870: 299–300, 308, 310, 312, pl. 19, figs 9–10.—
New records
Spined coralla:
Distribution
Middle Miocene: Mount Gambier, S. Australia; Cape Otway, Balcombe’s Bay, Mornington, and Beaumaris, Victoria.
Remarks
In the original description,
Truncatoflabellum irregulare
Flabellum irregulare Semper, 1872: 242–245, figs 1–3, pl. 16, figs 7–17.
Not Flabellum irregulare Tenison-Woods, 1878b: 313, pl. 4, Fig.
Truncatoflabellum irregulare:
New record
Ryukyu Islands, Horseshoe Cliffs (26°30'00"N, 127°50'54"E), 55 m, 1 specimen,
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, Ryukyu Islands, 11-55 m.
Truncatoflabellum incrustatum
Flabellum irregulare:
Truncatoflabellum incrustatum Cairns, 1989b: 68–69, Table 6, pl. 35d–e.—
New record
Tansei Maru KT9202-YT1, 30°14'48"N, 130°46'06"E, 80–88 m, 5 specimens,
Distribution
Lower Miocene of Java (Gerth, 1921). Holocene: Philippines; Indonesia; Ryukyu Islands, Japan, 30-315 m.
Truncatoflabellum sphenodeum , comb. n.
Flabellum sphenodeum Tenison-Woods, 1880: 14, figs 12a-c.—?Hayward, 1977: 105-106, fig. 8.
?Flabellum attenuatum Tenison-Woods, 1880: 15, fig. 15.
Flabellum rubrum sphenodeum:
?Flabellum sp. A Hayward, 1977: 106, fig. 9.
New record
Junction of Porter and Thomas Rivers, New Zealand, S66/74, NZGS 3350, Duntroonian (early Oligocene), 3 specimens,
Distribution
Middle Eocene (Bortonian) to Middle Miocene (Waiauan) of New Zealand (
Remarks
According to the records of
The specimens reported by
Truncatoflabellum crassum
Flabellum crassum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 276–277, pl. 8, figs 8, 8a.
Flabellum stokesi:
Truncatoflabellum crassum:
New records
Albatross 5091, 35°04'10"N, 139°38'12"E, 366 m, 1 specimen,
Distribution
Philippines, Sagami Bay (Japan), Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, Great Nicobar, Andaman Islands, 31–430 m.
Truncatoflabellum aculeatum
Flabellum aculeatum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 272, pl. 8, figs 3, 3a.—
Flabellum spinosum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 271, pl. 8, fig. 4.
Flabellum variable Semper, 1872: 245–251, pl. 17, pl. 18, figs 1–10.
Flabellum rubrum:
Truncatoflabellum aculeatum:
New records
Tansei Maru KT9202, YT1, 30°14'48"N, 130°46'06"E, 80–88 m, 2 specimens,
Distribution
Pleistocene: Indonesia. Holocene: Okinawa, Philippines, Indonesia, Vanuatu, off Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia, 11–132 m.
Truncatoflabellum mortenseni
Truncatoflabellum mortenseni Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997: 171–172, figs 22g-h.—
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia, 50–455 m.
Truncatoflabellum australiensis
Truncatoflabellum australiensis Cairns, 1998: 396–399, Table 4, figs 7d-f, 8b;
Distribution
Western Australia, 90–220 m.
Truncatoflabellum candeanum
Flabellum candeanum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 278, pl. 8, fig. 13.—Not Duncan, 1864: 163 (=T. duncani, herein).
Flabellum elegans Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 277.
Truncatoflabellum candeanum:
Distribution
Southern Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, 70–290 m.
Truncatoflabellum compressum
Fungia compressa Lamarck, 1816: 235; 1827: pl. 483, fig. 2.
Flabellum compressum: Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 273–274 (synonymy).—
Flabellum stokesii Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 278, pl. 8, fig. 12.—
Flabellum oweni Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 279, pl. 8, fig. 9.
Truncatoflabellum stokesi:
Truncatoflabellum compressum:
Distribution
Miocene: Java. Holocene: Philippines, Indonesia, “Indian Ocean” (Lamarck, 1816), 12–256 m.
Remarks
This species, with a name overlooked since 1864, was beautifully illustrated by
Truncatoflabellum martensii
Flabellum martensii Studer, 1878: 630–631, pl. 1, figs 4a-b.
Flabellum paripavoninum:
Truncatoflabellum martensii:
Truncatoflabellum sp. Cairns & Kitahara, 2012, pl. 23, figs C–F.
New records
Anton Bruun 1–22A, 10°39'N, 97°06'E, 275 m, 5 specimens,
Distribution
Late Pleistocene: Vanuatu (Wells, 1984). Holocene: New Caledonia, Vanuatu, off Brisbane, Andaman Sea, 139–275 m.
Truncatoflabellum mozambiquensis sp. n.
Types
Holotype: Anton Bruun 7–372L, 25°07'S, 34°34'E, 112 m, grey sandy mud,
Description
The anthocyathus has straight, rounded thecal edges, having an edge angle of 39–60°; the face angle ranges from 22–28°. The largest specimen has a GCD of 26.5 mm, whereas the holotype measures 23.4 × 11.2 in calicular diameter, 24.5 mm in height, and 5.3 mm in greater scar diameter. The GCD:LCD ratio is 1.4–2.2; the H:GCD is 1.0–1.4; the GSC:GCD is 0.19–0.26, with the GSD up to 6.9 mm in length. One pair of very short (rarely more than 1 mm long) and often broken and worn thecal edges spines occur near the basal scar; another pair often is present more distally. The thecal faces bear low ribbing corresponding to the C1–3. The corallum, although worn, sometimes has a blackish color. The septa are arranged in five cycles: S1–3>S4>S5, mature coralla having 96 septa. The lower axial septal edges are highly sinuous, and merge into a rudimentary elongate columella. The upper outer septal edges are not notched. The fossa is deep and narrow, although almost all coralla examined were partially damaged, making observations of the septa and fossa tentative.
Anthocauli are rare, only four of the 262 (1.5%) specimens representing this juvenile stage. It is small, only about 4.1 mm in height with a circular attached pedicel 2 mm in diameter, and a distal calice 5–6 mm in greater diameter corresponding to the scar diameter of the anthocyathus. It has three cycles of septa.
Distribution
Off southern Mozambique, 106–112 m.
Remarks
As suggested by the key, T. mozambiquensis is most similar to T. martensii, but can be distinguished by its smaller basal scar, higher H:GCD ratio, rounded thecal edges, and tendency to have one (or occasionally two) pairs of thecal edge spines vs. three pairs for T. martensii (Table
Etymology
Named for the country from which it was found.
Truncatoflabellum vigintifarium
Truncatoflabellum vigintifarium Cairns, 1999: 121–122, figs 2c–f; 2004, 309.
Distribution
Vanuatu, New Caledonia, off Queensland, 179–1050 m.
Truncatoflabellum spheniscus
Euphyllia spheniscus Dana, 1846: 160–161, pl. 6, figs 1a–e.
Flabellum sumatrense Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 271.
Flabellum debile Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 274, pl. 8, fig. 2.
Flabellum affine Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 274, pl. 8, fig. 10.
Flabellum bairdi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 274–275.
Flabellum profundum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 276.
Flabellum elongatum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 275, pl. 8, fig. 7.
Flabellum crenulatum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 277.
Flabellum variabile: Gerth, 1921: 401, pl. 57, fig. 30.—
Flabellum rubrum debile: Yabe & Eguchi, 1941: 269, figs 5–6.
Truncatoflabellum bairdi:
Truncatoflabellum profundum:
Truncatoflabellum spheniscus:
New records
Albatross 5483, 10°27'30"N, 125°19'15"E, 135 m, 4 specimens,
Distribution
Pliocene: Java (
Remarks
The name spheniscus, Latin for small wedge, is treated as a noun in apposition and thus does not match gender with the genus.
Truncatoflabellum cumingi
Flabellum cumingii Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 275, pl. 8, fig. 11.
Flabellum irregulare Tenison-Woods, 1878b: 313 (junior homonym of F. irregular Semper, 1872).
Truncatoflabellum cumingi:
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, off New South Wales and Western Australia, 46–132 m.
Truncatoflabellum vanuatu
Flabellum vanuatu Wells, 1984: 215, figs 4 (11–12), 5 (1).
Truncatoflabellum vanuatu:
Truncatoflabellum sp. A: Kitahara et al. 2010: fig. 1.
Truncatoflabellum sp. B: Kitahara et al. 2010: fig. 1.
New records
Kere River, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, Late Pleistocene,
Distribution
Late Pleistocene: Vanuatu. Holocene: Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia, 240–335 m.
Truncatoflabellum duncani sp. n.
Flabellum candeanum:
Truncatoflabellum candeanum:
Types
Holotype:
Description
The anthocyathus has straight rounded thecal edges, with an edge angle of 54–72° and face angle of about 27°. The holotype is 30.8 × 18.1 mm in calicular diameter and 28.5 mm in height, with a greater scar diameter of 8.7 mm, similar in size to the specimen reported by Duncan. The GCD:LCD ratio is 1.5–2.1; the H:GCD = 0.95–1.05; and the GSD:GCD is about 0.27, with the scar reaching as long as 12 mm. Four or five pairs of prominent flattened thecal edge spines are present. The septa are quite regularly arranged in five cycles (S1–3>S4>S5), with one pair of S6 in each of the four end half-systems, resulting in 104 septa. The lower axial edges of the larger septa are only slightly sinuous, whereas the upper outer edges are gracefully attenuate, meeting the upper theca as low lamellae. The fossa is open, bordered by the axial edges of the wide S1–3. The anthocaulus is unknown.
Distribution
Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene, Victoria.
Remarks
As suggested by the key, T. duncani is remarkably similar to T. multispinosum, but can be distinguished by its attenuated upper septal margins. It is also known only from the Oligocene to Miocene of Australia, whereas T. multispinosum is restricted to the Holocene and Late Pleistocene.
Etymology
Named in honor Peter M. Duncan, who first discovered specimens belonging to this species.
Truncatoflabellum multispinosum
Truncatoflabellum multispinosum Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993: 268, 272, figs 11H, 12A–C.
New record
Distribution
Late Pleistocene: Vanuatu. Holocene: western Indian Ocean from South Africa to Tanzania, New Caledonia, 62-183 m.
Truncatoflabellum paripavoninum
Flabellum pari-pavoninum Alcock, 1894: 187.
Flabellum paripavoninum:
Truncatoflabellum paripavoninum:
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Kermadec Islands, Western Australia, Laccadive Sea, 394–1450 m.
Remarks
Truncatoflabellum paripavoninum belongs to a group of six species that lack thecal edge spines and crests (see Key: couplets 28–32). Except for T. inconstans, known only from limited material from 23–130 m, these species have the greatest depth ranges of all the species in the genus often occurring deeper than 1000 m, suggesting that spines are less necessary for life at great depths. This begs the question of the function of the thecal edge spines. Even the relatively shallow species that have edge spines live at hundreds of meters of depth, far below the level at which surface turbulence would affect them. Thus the function of the thecal spines still remains unresolved.
Truncatoflabellum stabile
Flabellum stabile Marenzeller, 1904: 273-274, pl. 17, figs 12a–b.—
Truncatoflabellum stabile:
Truncatoflabellum sp. cf. T. stabile:
Truncatoflabellum sp. A Cairns, 1994: 75, 79, pl. 34c–e.
Distribution
Ryukyu Islands, Vanuatu, off Mozambique, Cape Verde, Madeira, 786–3010 m.
Remarks
This is the deepest living Truncatoflabellum as well as the most geographically widespread.
Truncatoflabellum inconstans
Flabellum inconstans Marenzeller, 1904: 277-280, pl. 17, fig. 11a–h.—
Flabellum harmeri:
Truncatoflabellum inconstans:
Additional record
AFR 985c, 34°47'S, 20°19'E, 80 m, 5.4.1948, 1,
Distribution
Known only from off southern South Africa, 23-130 m.
Remarks
It is tempting to include
Very rarely a pair of very small basal thecal spines may be present, but the species is considered to lack spines for the purpose of the key.
Truncatoflabellum corbicula
Flabellum corbicula Tenison-Woods, 1880: 13, figs 10a–b.—
Truncatoflabellum corbicula:
New record
NZGS 1341, Wharekuri Greensand, Wharekuri, Waitaki Valley, New Zealand, S117/492, Duntroonian (Lower Oligocene), 1 specimen,
Distribution
Port Hills, Nelson, and Waitaki Valley, New Zealand (Duntroonian =Lower Oligocene).
Remarks
The name corbicula, Latin for small basket, is treated as a noun in apposition and thus does not match gender with the genus.
Truncatoflabellum truncum
Flabellum truncum Cairns, 1982: 46, pl. 14, figs 5-8.
Truncatoflabellum truncum:
Distribution
Peru to southern Chile, Falkland Islands, 595–1896 m.
Remarks
This species is known only from its original description.
Truncatoflabellum trapezoideum
Flabellum trapezoideum Keller, 1981: 28, 31, pl. 1, figs 2a–b.
Truncatoflabellum trapezoideum:
Distribution
Marcus-Necker Ridge, central North Pacific, 1630 m.
Remarks
The species is known from only one specimen. It is very similar to T. truncum Cairns, 1982 (see Key and Table
Truncatoflabellum formosum
Truncatoflabellum formosum Cairns, 1989b: 69–70, Table 6, (in part: not Alb 5137, 5162, 5483, 5484), pl. 35j–k, 36a–b (synonymy).—
Truncatoflabellum sp. Cairns, 1989b: 73 (undescribed decameral).
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, Korea Strait, New Caledonia, western Australia, southwest Indian Ocean, 42–933 m.
Truncatoflabellum carinatum
?Flabellum variabile forma alta Gerth, 1921: 401, pl. 57, fig. 16.—
Flabellum rubrum:
Truncatoflabellum carinatum Cairns, 1989b: 73–74, Table 6, pl. 38b–e (synonymy);
Flabellum transversale:
Flabellum rubrum stokesii: Hu 198: 150, in part: pl. 2, figs 12–14.
New records
Anton Bruun 7, 372-J and L, 25°07'S, 34°34'E, 105–112 m, 9 specimens,
Distribution
?Pliocene of Java (
Remarks
If
Truncatoflabellum gardineri
Truncatoflabellum gardineri Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993: 266–267, figs 11B–D.—
Distribution
Off South Africa, Japan, 100–144 m.
Truncatoflabellum arcuatum
Truncatoflabellum arcuatum Cairns, 1995: 116, pl. 38g-i.
Distribution
Norfolk and Kermadec Ridges, 350-364 m.
Blastotrochus
Blastotrochus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 284–285.—
Flabellum (Blastotrochus):
Flabellum:
Diagnosis
Like Truncatoflabellum, but also producing asexual buds (anthoblasts) from thecal edges of anthocyathus. Thecal edges rounded, have a low edge angle, and bear one pair of basal edge spines.
Discussion
The mode of asexual reproduction employed by Blastotrochus, described and illustrated by
Distribution
Philippines, Indonesia, 11-62 m.
Type species
Blastotrochus nutrix Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848, by monotypy.
Blastotrochus nutrix
Blastotrochus nutrix Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 284–285, pl. 8, Fig. 14.—Semper 1872: 238–241, pl. 16, figs 1–6.—
Distribution
As for the genus.
Placotrochides
Placotrochides Alcock, 1902: 33.—
Flabellum:
Diagnosis
Asexual reproduction by apical transverse division of corallum, resulting in distal anthocyathus and basal anthocaulus. Corallum usually laterally compressed and subcylindrical, having a low edge angle; thecal edges rounded and do not bear spines or crests; calicular outline often asymmetrical. Columella absent of represented by a fusion of the lower, axial edges of the larger septa. Anthocaulus stereome-reinforced.
Discussion
Placotrochides differs from Truncatoflabellum by having a non-spinose compressed-cylindrical corallum and a stereome-reinforced anthocaulus.
Distribution
Western and central Pacific, southwestern Indian Ocean, northern and southwestern Atlantic, 80-1628 m.
Type species
P. scaphula Alcock, 1902, by subsequent designation (
Key to the species of Placotrochides (characters pertain to the anthocyathus stage)
| 1 | GCD > 12 mm |
P. scaphula (Fig. |
| 1’ | GCD < 7 mm | 2 |
| 2 | S1>S2; GCD:LCD = 1.07–1.16 (close to circular) |
P. cylindrica (Fig. |
| 2’ | S1=S2; GCD:LCD = 1.19–2.0 (more elliptical) | 3 |
| 3 | GCD rarely greater than 3.5 mm; GCD:LCD = 1.6–2.0; Indo-West Pacific |
P. minuta (Fig. |
| 3’ | GCD about 5 mm; GCD:LCD = 1.2–1.5; amphi-Atlantic |
P. frustum (Fig. |
A Placotrochides cylindrica, holotype, Museum of Tropical Queensland G55627, off Queensland B P. frustum, holotype,
Placotrochides scaphula
Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902: 34, pl. 4, figs 32, 32a.—
Flabellum elongatum Hu, 1987: 44, pl. 3, figs 4, 7–8 (also a junior homonym of F. elongatum Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 275).
Distribution
Plio-Pleistocene: southern Taiwan (
Remarks
A replacement name for junior primary homonym Flabellum elongatum Hu, 1987 is not necessary, as the senior homonym is considered to belong to Truncatoflabellum and Hu’s species to Placotrochides.
Placotrochides cylindrica
Placotrochides cylindrica Cairns, 2004: 305, 307 (key), figs 10B–D.
Distribution
Known only from seamounts off northeastern Australia, 1117–1402 m.
Placotrochides minuta
Placotrochides sp. n. Feinstein & Cairns, 1998: 81, 83, fig. 10.
Placotrochides minuta Cairns, 2004: 305–307 (key), figs 10E–H.
Placotrochides minima:
Distribution
Marion Plateau of Queensland, Indonesia, Hawaii, 119–458 m.
Placotrochides frustum
Placotrochides frusta Cairns, 1979: 152–153, pl. 29, figs 4–6, 8–9, map 43.
Placotrochides frustra:
Placotrochides frustum:
New records
CRYOS, Balgim CP85, 34°24'N, 7°39'W, 1378 m, 15 specimens,
Distribution
Lesser Antilles, off northeastern Brazil, mid-Atlantic Ridge at latitude of Lesser Antilles, off Morocco, 497–2646 m.
Remarks
The specimens reported herein from the mid-Atlantic Ridge are much larger than any previously reported, having a GCD up to 10.2 mm and a height of 13.9 mm, the calice having corresponding more septa, i.e., S1-2>S3>S4, 12:12:12, or 36 septa. The largest previously known specimen was only 5.0 mm in GCD and had 26 septa. They also represent a considerable depth range extension.
Placotrochus
Placotrochus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 282.—
Diagnosis
Asexual reproduction by apical transverse division of corallum, resulting in distal anthocyathus and basal anthocaulus. Corallum laterally compressed and fan shaped, having rounded thecal edges with one pair of basal thecal edge spines. Columella lamellar. Anthocaulus not stereome-reinforced.
Discussion
Seven species of Placotrochus were described from the Australian Eocene-Miocene by
Distribution
Western Pacific, eastern Indian Ocean, 6–289 m.
Type species
Placotrochus laevis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848, by subsequent designation (
Placotrochus laevis
Placotrochus laevis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 283, pl. 8, figs 15, 15a.—Semper 1872: 251–252, pl. 18, figs 11–13.—
Placotrochus candeanus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848: 283–284.
Placotrochus pedicellatus Tenison-Woods, 1879: 134–135, pl. 13, figs 7, 7a.
New record
Alpha Helix M-21: 8°45'S, 144°05.8'E, 55 m, 1 specimen,
Distribution
As for genus.
Falcatoflabellum
Falcatoflabellum Cairns, 1995: 117–118.—
Diagnosis
Asexual reproduction by apical transverse division of corallum, resulting in distal anthocyathus and basal anthocaulus. Corallum compressed-cylindrical, often slightly curved, with rounded thecal edges that lack spines and crests. Columella fascicular; paliform lobes occasionally present before S2. Anthocaulus unknown.
Discussion
Falcatoflabellum is easily distinguished from all other flabellids by its fascicular columella and paliform lobes (P2). The genus is monotypic.
Distribution
Kermadec Islands, 366-402 m.
Type species
Falcatoflabellum raoulensis Cairns, 1995, by original designation.
Falcatoflabellum raoulensis
Falcatoflabellum raoulensis Cairns, 1995: 118, pl. 39b-g.—
Distribution
As for genus.
Remarks
Known only from the type series of 21 specimens from the type-locality.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Robert H. Ford for taking most of photographs for figures 2-12 and arranging them in logical order. I also thank Marianna Terezow (GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand) for the photographs of T. sphenodeum; Frank Holmes (National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne) for the images of T. gippslandicum; and Helmut Zibrowius for the images of the syntypes of F. inconstans. I also thank Georgia Tschen for drafting Figure
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