Rugitermes ursulae (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae), a new drywood termite from the Caribbean coast of Colombia

Robin Casalla; Rudolf H. Scheffrahn; Judith Korb

doi:10.3897/zookeys.1057.65877

Abstract

Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. is described from a sample collected inside a dead branch in a tropical dry forest of Colombia’s Caribbean coast using molecular information and external morphological characters of the imago and soldier castes. Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. soldiers and imagoes are the smallest among all described Rugitermes species. The imago’s head capsule coloration is dark castaneous, while the pronotum is contrastingly pale yellow. Our description includes soldier characters, such as subflangular elevation and shape of the antennal sockets, that can help in identification of samples lacking imagoes.

Keywords

DNA barcoding, imago, northern Colombian coast, soldier, taxonomy, tropical dry forest

Introduction

Records of termites from Colombia have increased in recent years (Scheffrahn 2010; Casalla et al. 2016a, b; Postle and Scheffrahn 2016; Castro et al. 2018; Pinzón and Castro 2018; Casalla and Korb 2019; Castro and Scheffrahn 2019; Scheffrahn 2019; Pinzón et al. 2020). The “Los Primates” area in the mountains of the municipality of Colosó, Sucre, is one of the best-preserved areas of tropical dry forest on the Colombian Caribbean coast (Pizano and García 2014) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Type localities of Rugitermes species described from Colombia. Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. (red square) and R. tinto (green squares).

Rugitermes Holmgren, 1911, is a genus from the family Kalotermitidae, mainly found in the Neotropics (Krishna et al. 2013; Scheffrahn 2015; Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020). Twelve Rugitermes species are currently known from South America, including the most recently described Rugitermes tinto Scheffrahn & Pinzón, 2020, Rugitermes aridus Scheffrahn, 2020, Rugitermes rufus Scheffrahn, 2020 and Rugitermes volcanensis Scheffrahn, 2020 (Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020; Scheffrahn and Pinzón 2020) from the Andean region (Table 1).

Table 1.

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Comparison of head measurements (mm) and coloration of soldiers and imagoes of different Rugitermes species.

No.	Species	Distribution*	Soldier		Imago				Reference
No.	Species	Distribution*	Head width	Mean	Head width	Mean	Head color	Pronotum color	Reference
1	R. ursulae sp. nov.	SA (Colombia)	1.12–1.22	1.17	1.10–1.20	1.15	Dark castaneous	Pale yellow	This publication
2	R. flavicinctus	SA (Guyana)	1.19–1.35	1.27	1.19	1.19	Black	Yellow	Emerson 1925
3	R. rufus	SA (Bolivia)	1.16–1.56	1.42	1.19–1.26	1.23	Reddish		Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020
4	R. magninotus	SA (Guyana, Peru)	1.38–1.48	1.43	1.25	1.25	Black	Yellow	Emerson 1925
5	R. volcanensis	SA (Bolivia)	1.24–1.88	1.54	1.21	1.21	Black		Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020
6	R. athertoni	OC (Polynesia)	1.47–1.73	1.60	1.26	1.26	Brown/Black		Light 1932
7	R. aridus	SA (Peru)	1.44–1.72	1.60	NA	NA	Black	Yellow	Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020
8	R. niger	SA (Brazil)	1.50–1.80	1.65	1.26–1.34	1.30	Black		Oliveira 1979
9	R. kirbyi	CA (Costa Rica, Panama)	1.65	1.65	1.60	1.60	Black	Yellow	Snyder 1926
10	R. tinto	SA (Colombia)	1.52–1.90	1.72	1.31	1.31	Black	Yellow	Scheffrahn and Pinzón 2020
11	R. unicolor	CA (Honduras)	1.80	1.80	1.60	1.60	Yellow-brown	Yellow	Snyder 1952
12	R. panamae	CA (Panamá)	1.8–2.0	1.90	1.4	1.40	Black	Yellow	Snyder 1925
13	R. bicolor	SA (Guyana)	1.80–2.07	1.94	1.51	1.51	Black	Yellow	Emerson 1925
14	R. occidentalis	SA (Argentina)	2.00	2.00	1.35	1.35	Black	Brown	Silvestri 1901
15	R. laticollis	SA (Bolivia, Ecuador)	1.83–2.43	2.06	1.5–2.00	1.68	Black		Snyder 1957; Scheffrahn 2015
16	R. costaricensis	CA (Costa Rica)	2.10	2.10	1.80	1.80	Yellow-brown	Yellow	Snyder 1926
17	R. nodulosus	SA (Brazil)	NA	NA	NA	NA	Black	Yellow	Hagen 1858
18	R. rugosus	SA (Brazil)	1.21 (1.7?)	NA	NA	NA	Black		Hagen 1858

Rugitermes species have few species-specific diagnostic characters. The dorsal antennal ridge and the anterolateral corner of the frontal ridge of the soldier head, the size of the eyes of imagoes and soldiers as well as the imago’s head shape can provide useful information to describe a new species (Krishna et al. 1961; Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020).

Here, we describe the soldiers and imagoes of Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. from a sample collected inside a dead branch in the tropical dry forest of Colombia’s Caribbean coast. In addition, we performed molecular analyses based on the marker COII (cytochrome oxidase II) and including representatives of other genera of Kalotermitidae to support species description.

Materials and methods

Study sites and sampling

In July 2014, a survey was done in the tropical dry forest of Colombia’s Caribbean coast (Casalla and Korb 2019). One sample of a new Rugitermes species was collected, which was preserved in 100% ethanol for molecular DNA analysis and in 80% ethanol for museum curation.

Identification and genetic analysis

Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. was compared with Rugitermes samples from the University of Florida Termite Collection (UFTC), USA, and with descriptions and measurements from the literature (Hagen 1858; Silvestri 1901; Emerson 1925; Snyder 1925, 1926, 1952, 1957; Light 1932; Oliveira 1979; Scheffrahn 2015, 2020; Scheffrahn and Pinzón 2020). Specimens of R. ursulae were sequenced for a fragment of the molecular marker COII for genetic comparisons. Total DNA was extracted from the heads of pseudergates (‘false workers’) using the CTAB protocol (Fuchs et al. 2003). Due to limited availability of mitochondrial gene sequence data for species of Kalotermitidae at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), we restricted our sequencing to the COII fragment (~740 bp), for which most data were available. We also sequenced a Rugitermes specimen from Colombia (Rugitermes ADD 2015-29), which lacks imagoes. PCRs and sequencing were performed following the protocol in Hausberger et al. (2011).

We considered COII sequences for 26 species of Kalotermitidae (if available three species per genus) and the woodroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus, as an outgroup (Suppl. material 1: Table S1). Thus, we covered 18 of the 22 known genera of Kalotermitidae worldwide. Sequences were aligned at the nucleotide level with the MUSCLE alignment algorithm as implemented in MEGA X v.10.1.8 with default settings (Kumar et al. 2018).

We inferred a phylogenetic tree based on the maximum likelihood (ML) approach. We selected the best fitting model using ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017), which includes the free rate variation as implemented in IQ-TREE v. 1.6.12 (Nguyen et al. 2015). The selected model and parameter setting was TIM2+F+I+G4 according to the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc, Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017). We performed 20 independent ML tree searches, 10 with a random starting tree and 10 with a parsimony starting tree, using the selected model, random seeds, and otherwise defaults settings. We compared the tree topologies among all inferred ML trees using Unique tree v. 1.9 (kindly provided by T. Wong and available upon request, Australian National University) as described in Misof et al. (2014), which resulted in one unique topology among the 20 inferred trees. We selected the ML tree with the best log likelihood value (including branch length). For statistical support, we performed 1000 non-parametric, slow bootstrap (BS) replicates with random starting trees and mapped statistical support onto the best ML tree using IQ-TREE. We ensured bootstrap convergence applying ‘posteriori bootstrap criteria’ (see Pattengale et al. 2010) using majority rule (MR) and 10,000 pseudo-replicates. Convergence was checked in five runs independently with different random seeds, all bootstrap convergence checks were performed with default settings in RaxML v.8.2.11 (Stamatakis 2014). Bootstrap convergence was achieved in each run after 5000 BS replicates. The best ML with statistical BS support tree was visualized using Seaview v.5.0.4 (Gouy et al. 2010).

We calculated p-distances between COII sequences with MEGA X v.10.1.8 (Kumar et al. 2018) using the following parameters: p-distance model, variance estimation model with 10,000 bootstrap replicates; the rate variation among sites (ASRV) was modeled with a gamma distribution (+G).

Imaging and measurements

Specimens were suspended in hand sanitizer and images were taken with a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope coupled to a Leica MC190 HD digital camera. Helicon Focus software was used to stack pictures. Measurements were done following Roonwal (1969).

Results

Taxonomy

Rugitermes ursulae Casalla, Scheffrahn & Korb, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/F5008BCF-2569-4654-81ED-B18815044CF9

Figs 2, 3; Tables 1, 2, 3

Material examined

Holotype soldier. Colombia: Colosó, Sucre (9.5435, -75.34884), 400 meters a.s.l., 11.JUL.2014, R. Casalla, ADD-2014-10A. Paratypes. One additional soldier, 12 pseudergates, a pair of reproductive, same colony sample as holotype ADD-2014-10B. Voucher specimen are held at the Universidad del Norte, Colombia. Holotype soldier (ADD-2014-10A) and one reproductive paratype of Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. (ADD-2014-10B-1) will be deposited at the Natural History Museum of the Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Bogotá (MIAvH, Colombia) and a paratype soldier (ADD-2014-10B-2) and reproductive (ADD-2014-10B-3) at the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. (AMNH, USA). Pseudergates (‘false workers’) of R. ursulae will be part of the collection of termites of the Department of Chemistry and Biology at the University del Norte.

Diagnosis

The soldier of R. ursulae sp. nov. is the smallest of all congeneric soldiers (Fig. 2). The size of the head is remarkably small (Tables 1, 2). The pronotum width is almost twice its length, for both imago and soldier. Antennal sockets are pronounced, protruded, and rectangular in the soldier. The soldier of R. ursulae sp. nov. can be distinguished by its small subflangular elevation.

Table 2.

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Measurements (mm) of Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. soldiers (N = 2).

Character	Holotype	Measurements
Head length with mandibles	2.81	2.81, 2.90
Head length to lateral base of mandibles	1.87	1.87, 1.99
Head width max.	1.12	1.12, 1.22
Head height with postmentum	1.06	1.06, 1.20
Postmentum width min.	0.22	0.22, 0.24
Postmentum length	1.34	1.34, 1.38
Pronotum width	1.27	1.27, 1.39
Pronotum length	0.63	0.63, 0.70
Third antennal article length	0.16	0.16, 0.17
Left mandible length (from dorsal condyle)	1.17	1.17, 1.22
Frontal angle (° degrees)	34	29, 34

Figure 2.

Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. soldier (holotype) head and pronotum A dorsal B lateral C ventral view D frontal view (black arrows mark inconspicuous subflangular elevation, red arrows mark margins of antennal carinae) E anterior dorsal (yellow arrow marks frontolateral ridge).

The imago of R. ursulae sp. nov. is also the smallest of all Rugitermes species (Fig. 3; Tables 1, 3). The imago of R. ursulae sp. nov. has disproportionally large eyes and ocelli in relation to head dimensions, when compared with another small Rugitermes species, R. flavicinctus, which is known from Guyana (Table 1; Fig. 3). Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. is the only Rugitermes imago with a dark-castaneous head capsule and pale-yellow coloration of the pronotum.

Table 3.

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Measurements (mm) of Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. dealated imagoes (N = 2).

Character	Measurements
Eye diameter max.	0.30, 032
Ocellus diameter max.	0.09, 0.10
Head width (max. with eyes)	1.10, 1.20
Head length to tip	1.44, 1.49
Head height	0.78, 0.87
Pronotum width max.	1.25, 1.27
Pronotum length min.	0.64, 0.70

Type locality

“Los primates” Colosó, Sucre, Colombia (Fig. 1, Suppl. material 2: Fig. S1)

Description

Soldier (Fig. 2, Table 2). Head capsule, in dorsal view, light yellowish orange. Occiput and posterior vertex grading from pale orange to yellow orange towards frons. Postmentum concolorous with head capsule; narrowest at posterior third (Fig. 2C). Pronotum pale yellow, nearly transparent toward lateral margins. Mandibles dark reddish brown near base, grading to black from mid-length to tips. Third antennal article clavate, more pigmented than other articles; article formula 2<3>4=5. Pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior margin shallowly concave, anterolateral corners evenly rounded with a few bristles and scattered setae in posterolateral margins. Postmentum concolorous with head capsule; narrowest at posterior third (Fig. 2C). Eye spots barely discernable, forming pale blotches behind antennal carinae. In dorsal view, head capsule rectangular with lateral margins parallel. Frons angled ca 30° below plane of vertex (Fig. 2B); frons weakly concave with undulating rugosity in middle extending to postclypeus (Fig. 2E). In frontal view, shallow elevations on each side of frontal margin; about a dozen medium to long setae above and lateral to each elevation (Fig. 2D). Frontolateral ridges about 85° in dorsal view; corners evenly rounded (Fig. 2E). Antennal carinae with projecting dorsal and posterior margins not exceeding head width; anterior margins below frontolateral ridges. Mandibles with weak basal humps; outer margins of blades straight from humps to distal fourth. First marginal tooth of left mandible three-fourths from tip; directed forward. First marginal tooth of right mandible at basal third.

Imago (Fig. 3, Table 3). Head capsule dark castaneous; pronotum pale yellowish, contrasting sharply with head capsule. Eyes small, ellipsoid. Ocellus hyaline, nearly circular, separated from eye by one-third its diameter. Antennae articles 2–4 pale yellow; first darker, fifth and beyond progressively darker. Antennae with at least 10 articles (broken), formula 1>2=3>4. Head vertex and frons with few short setae. Pronotum twice as wide as long. Pronotum wider than head capsule; anterior margin straight, posterolateral corners evenly rounded with scattered bristles, posterior margin narrowly concave. Legs light brown grading to pale yellow toward tibia. Arolium present.

Figure 3.

Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. imago head and pronotum A dorsal B lateral view.

Distribution and biological observations

‘Los Primates’ is located in the mountains of the municipality of Colosó, Sucre. It is a regional forest reserve created in 1983, containing primary and secondary tropical dry forest. The mean annual temperature is 26.7 °C (min: 25.8 °C; max: 27.8 °C) with an annual precipitation of around 1337 mm (INDERENA, 1983; Hijmans et al. 2005). The specimens of Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. were collected from a small, dry branch (ca 12 mm in diameter) of a leafless bush (Suppl. material 2: Fig. S1).

Etymology

“Ursulae” derived from a diminutive of the Latin ursa, which means “little bear”, in line with the small size of the species. Ursula is also the name of José Arcadio Buendía’s wife in the novel “One hundred years of solitude” written by Gabriel García Márquez and represents an apology/symbolism for the spiritual engine, entrepreneurship, and hard and silent work of many women around the world.

Molecular analysis of the COII fragment

The topology and splits inferred from the multiple sequence alignment of the COII fragment for all Kalotermitidae genera available in NCBI, and including our new species, revealed a COII ML gene tree that clearly separated R. ursulae sp. nov. from the two other Rugitermes species with maximal BS support. Furthermore, it suggests that the genus Rugitermes is monophyletic (maximal BS support) and that it is the sister taxon of Postelectrotermes, however support values for the latter are low (19% BS; Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Maximum likelihood (ML) tree inferred from COII mtDNA gene sequences of 30 species of Kalotermitidae, including the woodroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus, as outgroup. Numbers before the splits show statistical bootstrap support (BS). Terminals are labeled with the respective NCBI access numbers and genus or species name. Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. is shown in bold.

The p-distance analyses revealed that the barcode sequences most similar to R. ursulae (accession number: MW600961) belonged to Rugitermes sp. A TB-2014 (accession number: KP026284.1) and Rugitermes ADD 2015-29 (accession number: MW600962); they shared 87% and 86% sequence similarity (p-distance), respectively (Suppl. material 1: Table S2).

Key to Rugitermes from Colombia

1	Soldier with dark coloration of anterior head capsule. Anterolateral corners of frontal ridges project to form acute angles. Maximum soldier head width (mean) 1.72 mm; imago with a black head capsule; pronotum brownish orange, compound eye small, nearly circular. Ocellus very small; maximum head width (mean) 1.31 mm	*Rugitermes tinto*
–	Soldier with light yellowish orange of anterior head capsule. Anterolateral corners poorly developed. Maximum soldier head width (mean) 1.17 mm; imago with a dark-castaneous head capsule; pronotum pale yellowish, compound eye large, nearly circular. Ocellus small, oval shape; head width (mean) 1.15 mm	Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov.

Discussion

The Caribbean Region of Colombia is rich in Kalotermitidae and the tropical dry forest supports a high species diversity for this family (Casalla et al. 2016a, b; Casalla and Korb 2019; Pinzón et al. 2020).

The phylogenetic relationships within the Kalotermitidae are not clearly resolved among the most recently discovered genera (Krishna 1961; Krishna et al. 2013). Molecular markers have helped to resolve the evolutionary relationships among termites (Bourguignon et al. 2015) but for some termite families such as the Kalotermitidae hurdles still persist. Thompson et al. (2000), using COII and cytochrome B sequences, inferred the phylogeny of Kalotermitidae of the Australian region. In addition to describing a new species, we used the generated COII sequences in an effort to obtain better resolution of the phylogenetic relationships among the Kalotermitidae. We use representatives of 18 genera from all over the world (Table 1). However, the relationships among genera could not be clearly resolved (Fig. 4). Clearly, more integrative studies that combine additional molecular, morphological, and ecological data are needed. For our study, phylogenetic reconstruction was mainly applied to test whether R. ursulae differed genetically from other Rugitermes species.

Molecular markers often allow a clear separation between Rugitermes congeners (Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020). In line with this, R. ursulae sp. nov. was clearly separated from the other Rugitermes species in our study (Fig. 4). However, it is generally difficult to describe new Rugitermes species when only a few specimens are available. However, the anterolateral ridges of the frons seem to be good diagnostic markers in Rugitermes (Scheffrahn and Carrijo 2020). This differed clearly in Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. compared to described congeners. We identified the subflangular region (frontal head view) and the angle of the frontolateral ridge to be species-specific traits of soldiers. In addition, the coloration and the head of size of the imagoes, which are the smallest among all Rugitermes species (Table 1), support the description of a new species.

Our study shows the importance of further surveys at isolated sites in the tropics as they continue to reveal many new species. This is also essential for phylogenetic studies to infer the evolutionary history of the Kalotermitidae, and any taxonomic lineage in a broad way.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Colombia, for a research grant to RC as part of its Strategic Research Area in Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being, the University of Freiburg, and COLCIENCIAS-Colfuturo for financial support. We are also grateful to the National Agency of Environmental Licenses for research permit no. 739/ANLA/MADS (8 July 2014). We thanks to John Warner for English editing, Karen Meusemann for phylogenetic analyses and discussions, and two reviewers and the editor for helpful comments and careful review of the manuscript.

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Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1

Tables S1, S2

Robin Casalla, Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, Judith Korb

Data type: Sequence accession identifier and Measures of genetic distance

Explanation note: Table S1. GenBank accession numbers for COII gene sequences of Kalotermitidae used in this study. Table S2. Nucleotide p-distances for COII sequences between Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. (bold) and other species belonging to Kalotermitidae. Cryptocercus punctulatus used as outgroup.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

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Supplementary material 2

Figure S1

Robin Casalla, Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, Judith Korb

Data type: Multimedia: Photo

Explanation note: Biome for Rugitermes ursulae sp. nov. (Tropical dry forest, Colosó, Colombia, July 2014).

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Download file (10.88 MB)

Supplementary material 3

Supplementary references

Robin Casalla, Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, Judith Korb

Data type: References

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Download file (8.75 MB)