Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ge-Xia Qiao ( qiaogx@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Roger Blackman
© 2015 Jiang LY, Jing Chen, Ge-Xia Qiao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jiang L-Y, Chen J, Qiao G-X (2015) A new species of Mollitrichosiphum Suenaga from Taiwan Island (Hemiptera, Aphididae), based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequences. ZooKeys 524: 45-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.524.6075
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A new species of Mollitrichosiphum Suenaga, Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n., from Fagus longipetiolata in Taiwan island is described. Siphunculi of M. tumorisiphum in alatae are distinctly swollen on the distal part, unlike those of the other known species in the genus. Updated keys to apterous and alate viviparous females of all known Chinese species of Mollitrichosiphum are provided. The specimens studied are deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum , Greenideinae , morphology, DNA barcode, NJ tree
The oriental genus Mollitrichosiphum Suenaga (Greenideinae, Aphididae) is restricted mainly to south-east Asia, and is represented by 11 known species in China (
Morphological description. Aphid terminology and the measurements in this paper generally follow
Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. Apterous viviparous female: 1 dorsal view of head 2 antenna 3 ultimate rostral segment 4 mesosternal furca 5 hind tibia 6 dorsal seta on abdominal tergite I 7 spinules on venter of abdominal segment V 8 siphunculus 9 cauda 10 anal plate 11 genital plate. Alate viviparous female: 12. antennal segment III. Scale bars = 0.10 mm.
Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. Apterous viviparous female: 13 dorsal view of body 14 dorsal view of head 15 compound eyes 16 antennal segments I–IV 17 antennal segments V–VI 18 ultimate rostral segment 19 mesosternal furca 20 hind tibia, tarsi and claws 21 dorsal seta on abdominal tergite I 22 spinules on venter of abdominal segment V 23 siphunculus 24 cauda; 25 anal plate 26 genital plate. Scale bars = 0.10 mm.
Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. Alate viviparous female: 27 dorsal view of body 28 dorsal view of head 29 antennal segments I–IV 30 antennal segments V–VI 31 ultimate rostral segment 32 hind tibia, tarsi and claws 33 spinules on venter of abdominal segment V 34 siphunculus 35 cauda and anal plate 36 genital plate. Second instar larva: 37. dorsal view of body. Scale bars = 0.10 mm.
Metrical data (mean, range and standard deviation) of Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. (in mm, abbreviations see Materials and Methods). Ant. I, II, III, IV, V, VIb, antennal segments I, II, III, IV, V and the base of antennal segment VI, respectively; PT, processus terminalis; Ant. III BD, the basal diameter of antennal segment III; URS, ultimate rostral segment; URS BW, basal width of ultimate rostral segment; 2HT, second hind tarsal segment; Hind tibia MW, mid-width of hind tibia; SIPH, siphunculi; SIPH BW, basal width of siphunculi; SIPH DW, distal width of siphunculi; SIPH EW, width of expanded part on siphunculi; Cauda BW, basal width of cauda; Setae on Tergite I: marginal setae on abdominal tergite I; Setae on Tergite VIII: spinal setae on abdominal tergite VIII.
Parts | Apterous viviparae (n=5) | Alate viviparae (n=2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Range | Standard deviation | Mean | Range | ||
Length (mm) | Body length | 2.14 | 1.92–2.34 | 0.12 | 2.11 | 2.07–2.15 |
Body width | 0.98 | 0.92–1.04 | 0.04 | 0.79 | 0.77–0.81 | |
Whole antennae | 1.59 | 1.53–1.67 | 0.05 | 1.76 | 1.76 | |
Ant. I | 0.11 | 0.11–0.12 | 0.002 | 0.11 | 0.11 | |
Ant. II | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
Ant. III | 0.54 | 0.51–0.59 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.58–0.67 | |
Ant. IV | 0.18 | 0.16–0.21 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.23–0.25 | |
Ant. V | 0.21 | 0.17–0.23 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.26 | |
Ant. VIb | 0.20 | 0.19–0.21 | 0.005 | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
PT | 0.27 | 0.26–0.29 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
URS | 0.21 | 0.18–0.22 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
Hind femur | 0.53 | 0.51–0.57 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.57–0.59 | |
Hind tibia | 0.84 | 0.80–0.90 | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |
2HT | 0.13 | 0.125–0.134 | 0.004 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
SIPH | 0.77 | 0.73–0.86 | 0.03 | 1.16 | 1.12–1.2 | |
SIPH BW | 0.07 | 0.07–0.09 | 0.007 | 0.07 | 0.06–0.09 | |
SIPH DW | 0.07 | 0.06–0.08 | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.048–0.053 | |
SIPH EW | 0.16 | 0.13–0.19 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.09–0.12 | |
Cauda | 0.05 | 0.05–0.07 | 0.008 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
Cauda BW | 0.19 | 0.18–0.20 | 0.006 | 0.18 | 0.17–0.18 | |
Ant. III BD | 0.04 | 0.03–0.04 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
Hind tibia MW | 0.05 | 0.04–0.05 | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
Cephalic setae | 0.18 | 0.16–0.19 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.15–0.16 | |
Setae on Tergite I | 0.13 | 0.12–0.13 | 0.007 | 0.06 | 0.06–0.07 | |
Setae on Tergite VIII | 0.09 | 0.08–0.12 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.12–0.13 | |
Setae on ANT. III | 0.18 | 0.17–0.19 | 0.008 | 0.18 | 0.17–0.18 | |
Setae on Hind tibia | 0.09 | 0.08–0.11 | 0.006 | 0.09 | 0.09–0.10 | |
Ratio (times) | Whole antennae / Body | 0.7 | 0.71–0.72 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Hind femur / Ant. III | 1 | 0.9–1.0 | 0.03 | 0.9 | 0.9–1.0 | |
Hind tibia / Body | 0.8 | 0.75–0.83 | 0.03 | 0.9 | 0.89–0.93 | |
PT / Ant. VIb | 1.4 | 1.3–1.5 | 0.06 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
URS / URS BW | 5 | 4–6 | 0.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | |
URS / 2HT | 1.6 | 1.4–1.8 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | |
Cauda / Cauda BW | 0.3 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.04 | 0.3 | 0.26–0.28 | |
Cephalic setae / Ant. III BD | 4.9 | 4.3–5.7 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 4.6–4.9 | |
Setae on Tergite I / Ant. III BD | 3.5 | 3.3–4.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 1.7–2.0 | |
Setae on Tergite VIII / Ant. III BD | 2.6 | 2.3–3.4 | 0.4 | 3.7 | 3.4–4.0 | |
Setae on ANT. III / ANT. III BD | 5 | 4.5–5.7 | 0.4 | 5.3 | 5.1–5.4 | |
Setae on hind tibia / Hind tibia MW | 2 | 1.8–2.2 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 2.2–2.5 | |
SIPH / Body | 0.4 | 0.3–0.4 | 0.02 | 0.6 | 0.5–0.6 | |
SIPH / Ant. III | 1.4 | 1.3–1.5 | 0.06 | 1.9 | 1.8–2.0 | |
SIPH / SIPH BW | 10.7 | 8.7–12.6 | 1.12 | 16.7 | 13.9–19.5 | |
SIPH / SIPH DW | 11.4 | 10. 7–13.0 | 0.8 | 23.1 | 21.3–25.0 | |
SIPH / SIPH EW | 5.0 | 4.2–5.6 | 0.5 | 11.7 | 10.4–13.0 |
Molecular analyses. Fifty-seven samples belonging to eight Mollitrichosiphum species were included. The standard molecular barcode, mitochondrial cytochrome
Specimen depositories. The holotype, some paratypes of the new species and the other specimens examined are deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Two paratypes (including to one apterous and one alate viviparous females) of the new species are deposited in the
Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers for aphid samples used in the molecular study.
Species | Voucher number | Host plant | Collection locality | COI | Cytb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mollitrichosiphum luchuanum (Takahashi) | 14414 | Amygdalus persica | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926108 Pa | JF969358 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum luchuanum (Takahashi) | 14488 | Amygdalus persica | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926107 Pa | JF969361 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum luchuanum (Takahashi) | 18104 | Meliosma rigida | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926105 Pa | JF969368 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum luchuanum (Takahashi) | 21910 | Unknown | Guangdong: Shixing | JQ926106 Pa | JF969389 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum montanum (van der Goot) | 16504 | Unknown | Tibet: Zhangmu | JQ926104 Pa | JF969367 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum montanum (van der Goot) | 18324 | Unknown | Tibet: Zayu | JQ926103 Pa | JF969393 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum montanum (van der Goot) | 23754 | Alnus nepalensis | Yunnan: Jingdong | JQ926102 Pa | JF969387 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nandii Basu | 14712 | Alnus cremastogyne | Yunnan: Baoshan | JQ926101 Pa | JF969364 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nandii Basu | 15370 | Unknown | Tibet: Medog | JQ926100 Pa | JF969365 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nandii Basu | 18382 | Fagus longipetiolata | Tibet: Tangmai | JQ926099 Pa | JF969369 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nandii Basu | 23101 | Unknown | Sichuan: Mt. Luoji | JQ926148 Pa | JF969394 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 14560 | Lithocarpus glaber | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926098 Pa | JF969363 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 14805 | Cyclobalanopsis glauca | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926097 Pa | JF969395 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 17329 | Quercus sp. | Zhejiang: Taishun | JQ926096 Pa | JN645006 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 17331 | Fagaceae | Zhejiang: Taishun | JQ926095 Pa | NA |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 17333 | Fagaceae | Zhejiang: Taishun | JQ926094 Pa | NA |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 17387 | Quercus aliena | Zhejiang: Taishun | JQ926093 Pa | NA |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 18499 | Castanopsis sp. | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926092 Pa | NA |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 18510 | Lithocarpus elmerrillii | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926090 Pa | JN645010 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 21773 | Unknown | Hunan: Mt. Bamian | JQ926089 Pa | NA |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 21859 | Unknown | Guangdong: Ruyuan | JQ926088 Pa | NA |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 21916 | Elaeocarpaceae | Guangdong: Shixing | JQ926087 Pa | NA |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 21966 | Unknown | Guangdong: Shixing | JQ926086 Pa | JF969399 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum (Maki) | 22101 | Lithocarpus glaber | Fujian: Longyan | JQ926085 Pa | JF969400 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrum Zhang & Qiao | 14405 | Castanea sp. | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926083 Pa | JN645004 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrum Zhang & Qiao | 14417 | Elaeagnus pungens | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926084 Pa | JF969359 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrum Zhang & Qiao | 18913 | Meliosma cuneifolia | Guangxi: Longsheng | JQ926082 Pa | JF969375 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrum Zhang & Qiao | 19258 | Ailanthus altissima | Guangxi: Xing’an | JQ926081 Pa | JF969377 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrum Zhang & Qiao | 21845 | Unknown | Hunan: Mt. Mang | JQ926080 Pa | JF969390 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrum Zhang & Qiao | 21856 | Unknown | Guangdong: Ruyuan | JQ926079 Pa | JF969391 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum nigrum Zhang & Qiao | 21872 | Unknown | Guangdong: Ruyuan | JQ926078 Pa | JN645011 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum rhusae Ghosh | 18508 | Helicia hainanensis | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926077 Pa | JF969371 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum rhusae Ghosh | 18511 | Helicia hainanensis | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926076 Pa | JF969372 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum rhusae Ghosh | 18513 | Fagaceae | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926075 Pa | JF969373 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum rhusae Ghosh | 18514 | Helicia hainanensis | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926074 Pa | JF969374 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum rhusae Ghosh | 20811 | Fagaceae | Hainan: Mt. Wuzhi | JQ926073 Pa | JF969380 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum rhusae Ghosh | 20858 | Meliaceae | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926072 Pa | JF969381 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 14421 | Castanea sp. | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926070 Pa | JF969360 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 14537 | Castanopsis sclerophylla | Fujian: Mt. Wuyi | JQ926069 Pa | JF969362 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 18506 | Cyclobalanopsis neglecta | Hainan: Mt. Diaoluo | JQ926067 Pa | JF969370 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 18614 | Castanopsis carlesii | Guangdong: Shixing | JQ926066 Pa | JF969396 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 18892 | Fagaceae | Guangxi: Longsheng | JQ926065 Pa | JF969397 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 19242 | Fagaceae | Hainan: Mt. Bawang | JQ926064 Pa | JF969376 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 19521 | Quercus sp. | Hainan: Mt. Jianfeng | JQ926063 Pa | JF969378 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 20530 | Castanopsis ferox | Yunnan: Simao | JQ926062 Pa | JF969379 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 20866 | Fagaceae | Hainan: Mt. Jianfeng | JQ926061 Pa | JF969382 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 20938 | Castanopsis fabri | Hainan: Mt. Jianfeng | JQ926060 Pa | JF969383 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 22152 | Unknown | Fujian: Zhangzhou | JQ926059 Pa | JF969384 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 22155 | Unknown | Fujian: Zhangzhou | JQ926058 Pa | JF969385 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 22161 | Unknown | Fujian: Zhangzhou | JQ926057 Pa | JN645013 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 22166 | Unknown | Fujian: Zhangzhou | JQ926056 Pa | JF969386 Pb |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 23843 | Castanopsis hystrix | Yunnan: Cangyuan | JQ926055 Pa | JX186736 Pa |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 26029 | Castanopsis eyrei | Guangxi: Lingui | JN644999 Pc | JN645015 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 26261 | Castanopsis sp. | Guangxi: Mt. Shiwandashan | JN645000 Pc | JN645016 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (Okajima) | 26270 | Castanopsis sp. | Guangxi: Mt. Shiwandashan | JQ418313 Pc | JQ418317 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. | 26510 | Fagus longipetiolata | Taiwan: Mt. Taman | JN645002 Pc | JQ418315 Pc |
Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. | 26515 | Fagus longipetiolata | Taiwan: Hualian | JN645003 Pc | JQ418316 Pc |
Apterous viviparous female: Body elongated oval (Fig.
Mounted specimens. Body pale brown, with head and prothorax fused. Dorsal setae thick, long and pointed (Figs
Head. Ocular tubercles dark brown, well developed. Dorsum of head with three pairs of setae between antennae, and 4–6 setae between eyes. Maximum lengths of cephalic setae 4.3–5.7 times as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III. Front flat, antennal tubercles slightly developed (Figs
Thorax. Mesosternal furca with a short stem (Figs
Abdomen. Abdominal tergite I with 4–6 spinal and pleural setae, and 2 pairs of marginal setae, tergite VIII with one pair of spinal setae. Maximum lengths of marginal setae on abdominal tergite I and dorsal setae on tergite VIII 3.3–4.0 and 2.3–3.4 times as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Venter of abdominal segments II–VI with coarse spinules on pleural and sub-marginal area (Figs
Alate viviparous female: Body elongate oval (Fig.
Mounted specimens. Dorsal setae thick, long and pointed.
Head. Head, antennae and ultimate rostral segment dark brown. Dorsum of head with 6 setae between antennae, and 4–6 setae between eyes. Maximum lengths of cephalic setae 4.6–4.9 times as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III. Front flat (Fig.
Thorax. Thorax, femora, tibiae and tasi dark brown. Pronotum with 6 spinal and pleural setae and 3 pairs of marginal setae. Legs slender. Inside of distal half of femora with short spare spinulose imbrications. Hind femur 0.9–1 times as long as antennal segment III. Hind tibia 2 times as long as body, with 69–72 transverse ridges on basal 3/4 of the segment (Fig.
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites I–VI with spinal, pleural and marginal sclerotic markings fused into a large brown patch; tergites VII and VIII each with one brown transverse patch. Abdominal tergite I with 8–10 setae, tergite VII with 4 setae, tergite VIII with 2 setae. Maximum lengths of marginal setae on abdominal tergite I and dorsal setae on tergite VIII 1.7–2.0 and 3.4–4.0 times as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Venter of abdominal segments III–VI with coarse spinules on pleural and sub-marginal area. Spiracles oval and open, on brown oval spiracular plates. Siphunculi long. tubular, distinctly swollen on distal half (Fig.
Holotype: apterous viviparous female, CHINA, Taiwan Island: Tamanshan Mountain, Fuxing Town, Taoyuan County, 24.70°N, 121.43°E, altitude 1630m, 14 June 2011, No. 26510–1–1–1, on Fagus longipetiolata, coll. X.L. Huang. Paratypes: 3 apterous viviparous females, 1 alate viviparous females and 1 second instar larva, 1 apterous viviparous female and 1 alate viviparous female (BMNH), with the same collection data as holotype; 1 apterous viviparous female, Bilu, Xiulin Town, Hualian County, 24.00°N, 121.21°E, altitude 2150m, 20 July 2011, No. 26515, on Fagus longipetiolata, coll. X.L. Huang.
The name of this species is derived from its most distinctive feature, its markedly swollen siphunculi. The specific name is composed of “tumor (Latin, =inflated, swelling)” and “siphum (Latin, =tube)”.
The new species is distinctly different from the other known species in the genus, based on siphunculi of alatae distinctly expanded on the apical half. It is similar to the species M. (Me.) niitakaensis (Takahashi), but differs from the latter as follows: body with long and stout dorsal setae, pointed at apex (the latter: at least with some bifurcate dorsal setae); each siphunculus with more than 95 setae (the latter: less than 80); hind tibia with 20–63 short transverse ridges (the latter: with more than 84).
It is also similar to the species M. (Me.) yamabiwae Suenaga, but differs from the latter as follows in apterous viviparae: dorsal of abdomen pale brown, without sclerotic pattern (the latter: with fused dark brown sclerotic patterns); hind tibia with 57–62 transverse ridges (the latter: with 31–33); ultimate rostral segment 0.18–0.22 mm long, 4–6 times as long as basal width, 1.4–1.8 times as long as hind second tarsal segment (the latter: 0.28–0.41 mm, 6.1–8.4 times, 2.4–2.8 times); ultimate rostral segment with 3 pairs of secondary setae (the latter: with 7 pairs).
Colonizing the underside of young leaves of new growth of Fagus longipetiolata. (Figs
The alignment sequences of COI and Cytb genes included 658 and 666 sites, of which 133 and 129 were parsimony-informative, respectively. The results of NJ analyses of COI and Cytb sequences are summarized. The NJ trees presented here are unrooted and do not reflect phylogenetic relationships, but are used to represent the genetic distance matrices (
For the sampled known species of Mollitrichosiphum, the mean intraspecific variation was 0.2% (range: 0–0.9%) in COI and 0.1% (range: 0–1.1%) in Cytb. The genetic distance between two distinct samples of M. tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. was 0 in COI and 0.9% in Cytb. Interspecific genetic divergence between the known Mollitrichosiphum species averaged 8.7% (range: 0.3–12.5%) in COI and 8.1% (range: 0.2–12.3%) in Cytb. Pairwise sequence divergences of COI and Cytb among the Mollitrichosiphum species are presented in Table
Kimura’s two-parameter genetic distances (mean ± standard deviation) among Mollitrichosiphum species based on COI (lower half of matrix) and Cytb (upper half of matrix) sequences. The genetic distances between Mollitrichosiphum tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. and the other Mollitrichosiphum species are shown in bold.
Species | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. M. luchuanum | 0.075±0.001 | 0.060±0.002 | 0.104±0.002 | 0.036±0.001 | 0.002±0 | 0.076±0.001 | 0.082±0.001 | |
2. M. montanum | 0.074±0.001 | 0.050±0.003 | 0.094±0.002 | 0.081±0.003 | 0.077±0.001 | 0.104±0.001 | 0.089±0.001 | |
3. M. nandii | 0.066±0.001 | 0.045±0.003 | 0.097±0.002 | 0.068±0.001 | 0.058±0.002 | 0.077±0.001 | 0.078±0.002 | |
4. M. nigrofasciatum | 0.102±0.001 | 0.089±0.002 | 0.095±0.002 | 0.114±0.002 | 0.102±0.002 | 0.117±0.002 | 0.106±0.002 | |
5. M. nigrum | 0.030±0.001 | 0.074±0.001 | 0.065±0.001 | 0.103±0.002 | 0.035±0.001 | 0.082±0.001 | 0.094±0.001 | |
6. M. rhusae | 0.003±0 | 0.074±0.001 | 0.063±0.001 | 0.100±0.001 | 0.030±0.001 | 0.075±0.001 | 0.080±0.001 | |
7. M. tenuicorpus | 0.077±0 | 0.088±0.001 | 0.082±0.002 | 0.121±0.003 | 0.084±0.001 | 0.074±0 | 0.085±0.002 | |
8. M. tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. | 0.096±0 | 0.090±0.001 | 0.094±0.001 | 0.117±0.002 | 0.095±0.001 | 0.096±0 | 0.105±0 |
The results of NJ analyses and genetic distances based on COI and Cytb sequences strongly confirmed that the new morphologically determined species M. tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. was genetically different from the known Mollitrichosiphum species sampled in this study.
(Apterous viviparous females)
1 | Antennal setae with similar length on inner and outer sides of the segment; hind tibia with 17–22 transverse ridges | Mollitrichosiphum (Mollitrichosiphum) tenuicorpus (Okajima) |
– | Antennal setae long or short, long setae being mainly on the inner side of the segment; hind tibia with 20–84 transverse ridges | 2 Mollitrichosiphum (Metatrichosiphon) spp. |
2 | Hind tibia with more than 84 short transverse ridges | M. (Me.) niitakaensis (Takahashi) |
– | Hind tibia with 20–63 short transverse ridges | 3 |
3 | Abdominal tergite VII with 13 or 14 setae; body with pointed and dense dorsal setae | M. (Me.) nandii Basu |
– | Abdominal tergite VII with only 2–4 setae | 4 |
4 | Siphunculi long, 0.7–0.9 times as long as body | M. (Me.) montanum (van der Goot) |
– | Siphunculi at most 0.7 times as long as body | 5 |
5 | Body with long and stout dorsal setae, pointed at apex | 6 |
– | Body at least with some bifurcate dorsal setae | 7 |
6 | Dorsal of abdomen with fused dark brown sclerotic patterns; hind tibia with 31–33 transeverse ridges; ultimate rostral segment 0.3–0.4 mm long, 6.1–8.4 times as long as basal width, 2.4–2.8 times as long as hind second tarsal segment, with 7 pairs of secondary setae | M. (Me.) yamabiwae Suenaga |
– | Dorsal of abdomen pale brown, without sclerotic pattern; hind tibia with 57–62 transeverse ridges; ultimate rostral segment 0.18–0.22 mm long, 4–6 times as long as basal width, 1.36–1.77 times as long as hind second tarsal segment, with 3 pairs of secondary setae | M. (Me.) tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. |
7 | Length of ultimate rostral segment less than 2 times that of hind second tarsal segment length | 8 |
– | Length of ultimate rostral segment more than 2 times that of hind second tarsal segment length | 9 |
8 | Body 2.9 mm long; hind tibia with 37–43 transverse ridges | M. (Me.) glaucae Takahashi |
– | Body 1.4–2.2 mm long; hind tibia with 27–38 transverse ridges | M. (Me.) nigrofasciatum (Maki) |
9 | Hind tibia with less than 30 transverse ridges | 10 |
– | Hind tibia with more than 30 transverse ridges | 11 |
10 | Body setae mostly pointed; ultimate rostral segment 2.3–2.4 times as long as hind second tarsal segment; on plants of Fagaceae | M. (Me.) luchuanum (Takahashi) |
– | Body setae mostly bifurcate; ultimate rostral segment 1.8 | M. (Me.) taiwanum (Takahashi) |
11 | Body pale in mounted specimens, except for brown siphunculi; processus terminalis 1.6–1.8 times as long as the base of antennal segment VI; hind tibia with 35–46 transverse ridgest | M. (Me.) rhusae Ghosh |
– | Body brown in mounted specimens; processus terminalis 1.3–1.6 times as long as the base of antennal segment VI; hind tibia with 53–63 transverse ridges | M. (Me.) nigrum Zhang & Qiao |
(Alate viviparous females)
(Remark: M. glaucae and M. niitakaensis are not included in the key to alatae, because no specimens are available).
1 | Antennal setae on flagellum with similar length on inner and outer sides of the segment | Mollitrichosiphum (Mollitrichosiphum) tenuicorpus (Okajima) |
– | Antennal setae on flagellum long or short, long setae mainly on the inner side of the segment | 2 Mollitrichosiphum (Metatrichosiphon) spp. |
2 | Abdominal tergite VII with 9–12 setae | M. (Me.) nandii Basu |
– | Abdominal tergite VII with 2–6 setae | 3 |
3 | Antennal segment III with 5–10 secondary rhinaria | 4 |
– | Antennal segment III with more than 14 secondary rhinaria | 5 |
4 | Hind tibia with 25–43 transverse ridges; ultimate rostral segment 3.9–4.5 times as long as its basal width; each siphunculus with 65–96 setae | M. (Me.) nigrofasciatum (Maki) |
– | Hind tibia with 69–72 transverse ridges; ultimate rostral segment 5.5 times as long as its basal width; each siphunculus with 105–120 setae | M. (Me.) tumorisiphum Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. |
5 | Hind tibia with more than 42 transverse ridges | 6 |
– | Hind tibia with less than 38 transverse ridges | 8 |
6 | Ultimate rostral segment 1.8–1.9 times as long as hind second tarsal segment | M. (Me.) montanum (van der Goot) |
– | Ultimate rostral segment more than 2.4 times of hind second tarsal segment length | 7 |
7 | Hind tibia with 49–53 transverse ridges; antennal segment III with 14–16 secondary rhinaria | M. (Me.) nigrum Zhang & Qiao |
– | Hind tibia with about 43 transverse ridges; antennal segment III with 20 secondary rhinaria | M. (Me.) rhusae Ghosh |
8 | Hind tibia with about 30 transverse ridges; antennal segment III with 20 or 21 secondary rhinaria; siphunculi 0.8 times as long as body length | M. (Me.) taiwanum (Takahashi) |
– | Hind tibia with about 34 transverse ridges; antennal segment III with less than 20 secondary rhinaria; siphunculi at most 0.8 times as long as body length | 9 |
9 | Ultimate rostral segmentIV about 5.2 times as long as segment V; siphunculi about 2.4 mm long, about 17.3 times as long as its basal width | M. (Me.) luchuanum (Takahashi) |
– | Ultimate rostral segment IV 6.4–-7.0 times as long as segment V; siphunculi 1.7–1.8 mm long, 14.6–17.0 times as long as its basal width | M. (Me.) yamabiwae Suenaga |
Thanks are due to F.D. Yang for making slides, to X.L. Huang for collecting specimens and taking pictures in the field. We thank Prof. Blackman R.L., Dr. Susan Halbert and other two reviewers for their reviews of the manuscript and for providing very valuable suggestions. The work was supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Nos. 31561163002, 31430078), National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (No. J1210002), and a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (Nos. 2011FY120200, 2014FY210200).