Monograph |
Academic editor: Christian Schmidt
© 2020 Kyhl A. Austin, Jason J. Dombroskie.
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Citation:
Austin KA, Dombroskie JJ (2020) A taxonomic revision of the Archipini of the Caribbean (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Tortricinae). ZooKeys 982: 33-147. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.982.52363
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The Archipini fauna of the Caribbean is revised to include 33 species. Most previously described species occurring in the region are redescribed and figured, with 13 new species: Argyrotaenia browni sp. nov., A. cryptica sp. nov. (including A. c. cryptica ssp. nov. and A. c. praeteritana ssp. nov.), A. paradisei sp. nov., A. razowskiana sp. nov., Claduncaria rawlinsana sp. nov., Cla. praedictana sp. nov., Cla. taino sp. nov., Clepsis davisi sp. nov., Cle. deroni sp. nov., Cle. jamesstewarti sp. nov., Cle. peroniae sp. nov., Mictocommosis lesleyae sp. nov., and Mictopsichia nyhllinda sp. nov. Three new combinations are proposed: Claduncaria mesosignaria (Razowski, 1999), comb. nov. (including Argyrotaenia thamaluncus Razowski, 1999, syn. nov.), Claduncaria minisignaria (Razowski, 1999), comb. nov., and Claduncaria chalarostium (Razowski & Becker, 2000b), comb. nov., stat. nov. Argyrotaenia granpiedrae Razowski & Becker, 2010 is reduced to subspecies rank under Argyrotaenia ceramica Razowski, 1999, resulting in Argyrotaenia ceramica granpiedrae Razowski & Becker, 2010, stat. nov. Four new synonymies are proposed: Clepsis labisclera Razowski & Becker, 2010, syn. nov. as junior synonym of Claduncaria maestrana Razowski & Becker, 2010; Clepsis pinaria Razowski & Becker, 2010, syn. nov. as junior synonym of Clepsis peritana (Clemens, 1860); and Argyrotaenia neibana Razowski, 1999, syn. nov. and A. ochrochroa Razowski, 1999 syn. nov. as junior synonyms of Argyrotaenia amatana (Dyar, 1901). Males of Argyrotaenia felisana Razowski, 1999, A. nuezana Razowski, 1999, and Claduncaria minisignaria (Razowski, 1999), comb. nov. are described for the first time; females of Argyrotaenia jamaicana (Razowski & Becker, 2000a) and Claduncaria ochrochlaena (Razowski, 1999) are described for the first time. The concept of Claduncaria is expanded and its diagnosis is modified to more clearly define its generic boundaries. A unique external sexual coupling mechanism in Claduncaria is discussed. Keys to the genera and species of Caribbean Archipini, distribution maps, a regional checklist, and Neighbor-joining and Maximum Likelihood trees based on COI barcode data are provided. Phylogenetic relationships among Caribbean Archipini are briefly discussed.
Argyrotaenia, biogeography, Claduncaria, Clepsis, Mictocommosis, Mictopsichia, new species, Rubropsichia
Archipini is the most diverse tribe in the family Tortricidae;
A major obstacle in the study of Archipini has been the lack of taxonomically useful characters in the genitalia. For example, males of many Clepsis species and females of many Argyrotaenia species are virtually indistinguishable from their congeners. Compounding this is the presence of marked sexual dimorphism in some genera, making reliable association between sexes difficult, if not impossible based on morphology alone. Historically, much emphasis has been placed on forewing pattern and geographic distribution in diagnoses. However, we have found that though often subtle, there are features in the genitalia of both sexes that are useful for reliably identifying species. In females, the shape of the papillae anales is often discounted as being too variable to be useful; however, the opposite may be true. In fact, in some species of Argyrotaenia, the shape of the papillae anales is one of the most useful features in identification. In addition, the capitulum and signum are also very informative and usually consistent within a species. For males, shape of the valvae, phallus, and uncus are usually consistent in shape within species. In addition to these structures, we have also found the shape of the terminal plate of the gnathos and width of the presaccular gap (defined below) to be particularly informative.
A putative synapomorphy for Archipini is the presence of a well-developed uncus with apicoventral setae (“uncus brush” sensu
It is the presence of such a blade- or sickle-shaped signum in the Mictopsichia group (Chamaepsichia, Compsocommosis, Mictocommosis, Mictopsichia, Nexosa, Rubropsichia) that has resulted in their assignment to Archipini (
Nevertheless, in the present work, we include this group for continuity, recognizing that they likely belong elsewhere and may represent several different unrelated taxa. Before correct tribal assignments for members of the Mictopsichia group can be determined, the precise composition of these genera will require resolution. Hence, we treat species of this group herein according to current generic concepts, as describing new genera for mostly non-Caribbean species is beyond the scope of this paper.
With few exceptions, Archipini in the Caribbean are restricted to mid- to high elevations (excluding the Mictopsichia group). This habitat preference, combined with the topographic complexity of the Caribbean islands, has driven high levels of endemism and surprisingly high levels of species richness for such a small geographic area. On Hispaniola, for example, there are four disjunct mountain ranges, with some peaks around 2000 m in elevation. The intervening valleys provide extreme topographic relief; e.g., the Hoya de Enriquillo valley between the Sierra de Bahoruco and the Sierra de Neiba has several points below sea level. This serves to create several smaller “islands” on Hispaniola itself, with the intervening “seas” (i.e., the valleys) inhospitable to montane archipine species. The majority of Caribbean archipine species are restricted to a single mountain range, and in some cases, to a single peak or series of closely situated peaks, raising questions about their conservation prospects. Of the non-Mictopsichia group of archipines, only five have been recorded from coastal elevations, and five are known from more than one island or archipelago.
The islands of the Caribbean provide an excellent realm in which to study insect biogeography, as demonstrated by the attention it has received from entomologists (see
There exist no comprehensive Caribbean-centric revisions for any tortricid groups. Recent papers have begun to shed light on Caribbean tortricid diversity, but these have all been part of broader, Neotropical generic revisions (
Dissection methods follow
Images of adults and genitalia were captured using a Macroscopic Solutions Macropod Pro and Canon EOS 6D DSLR camera body using the Macro Photo MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1–5× manual focus lens for EOS or EF 70–200 mm zoom lens with 10× or 20× Mitutoyo objective lenses for genitalia. Images were stacked as needed using Zerene Stacking Software Version 1.04 (Zerene Systems, LLC 2014). Figures were manipulated with Adobe Photoshop CC (2018). Maps were created with SimpleMappr (
Morphological terms, including those for genitalia, follow
Typical Archipini male genitalia (Argyrotaenia cryptica praeteritana ssp. nov. paratype), phallus inset (not to scale). Abbreviations: ca, caulis; co, cornuti; dv, disc of valva; gn, gnathos; ju, juxta; lfv, longitudinal fold of valva; psg, presaccular gap; sa, sacculus; sm, saccular margin; te, tegumen; tp, terminal plate; tr, transtilla; un, uncus.
For the purposes of the present paper, we define the Caribbean to include the Lucayan Archipelago; the Greater Antilles, including the Cayman Islands; and the Lesser Antilles, excluding Trinidad & Tobago and the Leeward Antilles because these islands lie on the South American continental shelf.
In a few instances, data labels were discovered to be incorrect. In these cases, corrected province names or coordinates have been placed in brackets immediately following the verbatim label data.
In the taxonomic treatment and figures, genera and species are arranged by similarity to facilitate comparisons. The taxonomic and regional checklists are arranged alphabetically for ease of navigation.
Keys to all genera and species known from the Caribbean are provided and based primarily on genitalia. The adults and genitalia of all described Caribbean Archipini are figured with the exceptions of Argyrotaenia flavoreticulana Austin & Dombroskie, 2019; Argyrotaenia kimballi Obraztsov, 1961; Mictopsichia jamaicana Razowski, 2009; and genitalia of Clepsis peritana (Clemens, 1860). We were unable to locate the holotype of Mictopsichia jamaicana Razowski, 2009. Adults and genitalia of the remaining three species were figured in
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing of the COI barcode region was performed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding (CCDB) and follow NGSFT protocols (
Barcoded specimens for which a unique specimen identification number was not already present (i.e., an accession number) as a label or part of a label were affixed with an additional label with a unique identification number beginning with “KAA_DNA_” and ending in a four-digit number, as well as explicitly stating that a leg was removed for DNA barcoding. These “KAA_DNA_” numbers are synonymous with BOLD sample IDs.
Drawn-to-scale Neighbor-joining (NJ, Fig.
Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (
Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree inferred using the Kimura 2-parameter model (
Because of the extremely limited taxon coverage, the trees were used to delineate species boundaries and examine terminal clades in the Caribbean, not as an attempt to accurately reconstruct a phylogeny. That said, these trees may help to understand basic relationships among Caribbean taxa, recognizing that future sampling is necessary.
Specimens from the following collections were examined:
MGCL McGuire Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
MEM Mississippi Entomological Museum, Starkville, Mississippi, USA;
TM Research collection of Tim L. McCabe, Albany, New York, USA;
VBC Vitor Becker Collection, Camacan, Bahia, Brazil.
The following abbreviations are used:
diss. dissection;
FW forewing;
FWL forewing length;
HW hindwing.
1 | Wing pattern telechromatic (Fig. |
2 |
– | Wing pattern not telechromatic (Figs |
4 |
2 | Antennae thickened, single row of scales per segment; male with uncus well developed (Fig. |
Mictocommosis |
– | Antennae narrow, two rows of scales per segment; male with uncus obsolete (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Male genitalia with socii fused (Fig. |
Rubropsichia |
– | Male genitalia with socii free (Fig. |
Mictopsichia |
4 | Male genitalia with transtilla incomplete, spinulate labides present instead (Fig. |
Clepsis |
– | Transtilla complete (Figs |
5 |
5 | Male genitalia with uncus divergently bifurcate (Fig. |
Claduncaria |
– | Male genitalia with uncus variable, but never divergently bifurcate; terminal plate of gnathos acute, without modification (Figs |
Argyrotaenia |
Tortrix politana Haworth, [1811]
Argyrothaenia Diakonoff, 1939 [misspelling of Argyrotaenia]: 190.
Subargyrotaenia Obraztsov, 1961: 38.
The following description is specific to Caribbean Argyrotaenia. However, most characters mentioned also apply to extralimital species.
Labial palpus 1.5–2.0 × width of compound eye, second segment expanded apically; ocellus small, separated from compound eye by approximately width of ocellus; chaetosemata 0.25–1.00 × length of scales on frons; metathorax without dorsal scaling, patch of pale yellow setae present; costal fold absent; FWL 4.5–10.5 mm. Male genitalia with uncus variable, usually spatulate or subquadrate, occasionally narrow and acute; socii obsolete; tegumen moderate; arms of gnathos fused; transtilla without modifications; valva circular to subcircular, occasionally trigonal or trapezoidal, longitudinal fold of valva well-developed (except in A. ceramica). Female genitalia with papillae anales triangular or nearly so (occasionally narrowly rectangular), flattened and evenly roughened on ventral surface; colliculum present; signum present, usually long and J-shaped; capitulum present, with variable basal plate.
1 |
FW elongate, distinctly acute at apex, red-orange (Fig. |
2 |
– | FW variable, but not as above; male genitalia with plications present, phallus pistol-shaped, cornuti variable, caulis minute; female genitalia with capitulum smooth, signum curved | 3 |
2 | Hispaniola | A. ceramica ceramica |
– | Cuba | A. ceramica granpiedrae |
3 |
FW with banding obsolete, straw yellow, with fine network of reticulations ( |
A. flavoreticulana |
– | FW variable, but not as above; male genitalia with uncus variable, valva circular or semicircular | 4 |
4 |
FW with a distinct, dark L-shaped mark present along the medial half of the inner margin of the median fascia (Fig. |
A. nuezana |
– | FWL without such a mark; presaccular gap variable, but never occupying 0.5 × width of disc of valva | 5 |
5 |
FW chocolate brown and male genitalia with uncus without bulb, setae projecting laterally from neck (Fig. |
6 |
– | FW and uncus variable, but never with the preceding combination of characters | 7 |
6 | Male genitalia with presaccular gap wide, occupying 0.33 × width of disc of valva, valva forming right angle at apex (Fig. |
A. cubae |
– | Male genitalia with presaccular gap narrow, occupying no more than 0.15 × width of disc of valva; valva circular (Fig. |
A. browni sp. nov. |
7 |
FWL large (8.5–9.5 mm), broad, pale brown, banding faint to obsolete (Fig. |
A. razowskiana sp. nov. |
– | FWL variable, but not as above | 8 |
8 | Dorsal surface of hindwing without strigulae (Figs |
9 |
– | Dorsal surface of hindwing with strigulae (Figs |
12 |
9 |
FW costa with distinct concavity at distal third (Fig. |
A. jamaicana |
– | FW costa without such a distinct concavity at distal third | 10 |
10 |
FW with median fascia distinctly bicolored ( |
A. kimballi |
– | FW variable, but not as above; male genitalia with developed bulb of uncus, never with setae laterally projecting from neck | 11 |
11 |
FW small (4.5–5.0 mm), entirely red-orange, banding faint to obsolete (Fig. |
A. vinalesiae |
– |
FW size variable, pattern hypervariable, but never entirely red-orange, banding usually distinct (Fig. |
A. amatana |
12 | Male genitalia with neck of uncus extremely narrow, no more than 0.25 × width of bulb (Fig. |
A. felisana |
– | Male genitalia with neck of uncus moderate, 0.5–1 × width of bulb | 13 |
13 |
FW variable, but males usually with a distinct dark dot at the end of the discal cell in the postmedian interfascia (Fig. |
A. bisignata |
– |
FW without such a dot, usually strongly mottled throughout (Fig. |
14 |
14 |
FW quadrate, male FW with fasciae chocolate brown, interfasciae strongly contrasting silver-gray to white (Fig. |
A. paradisei sp. nov. |
– |
FW elongate with apex acute, fasciae brick red (Fig. |
15 |
15 | Cordillera Central | A. cryptica cryptica ssp. nov. |
– | Sierra de Bahoruco | A. cryptica praeteritana ssp. nov. |
Argyrotaenia ceramica (Fig.
We found no morphological differences between the holotypes of A. ceramica Razowski, 1999 and A. granpiedrae Razowski & Becker, 2010. An incomplete COI barcode (408 bp) was recovered for a Cuban specimen. When complete Hispaniola sequences were aligned and cut to the same length, significant sequence divergence was observed (7.0–7.3%). We relegate A. granpiedrae to a subspecies of A. ceramica because of the lack of morphological differences, yet choose not to synonymize it based on observed differences in COI sequences (albeit incomplete), hoping that this will spur future work. Based on forewing pattern and male genitalia, A. ceramica appears to belong to the ponera group of species (Brown and Cramer 1999) from central Mexico and the southwestern United States.
Argyrotaenia adults. A A. ceramica holotype ♂, Dominican Republic (
Argyrotaenia ceramica Razowski, 1999: 309
Argyrotaenia c. ceramica (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Pedernales: 8 km NE Los Arroyos, 1940 m, 18°16'N, 71°44'W, 14 vii 1990, J. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A. Thompson [examined]. Razowski genitalia slide #10705 [examined] (
(30♂♂, 24♀♀). Dominican Republic: Independencia: 1♀, Sierra de Bahoruco, north slope, 2116 m, broadleaf forest with pine, 18°41'31"N, 71°35'35"W [18°17'30"N, 71°43'08"W], 8 xi 2002, W.A. Zanol, C.W. Young, C. Staresinic, J. Rawlins (
Male (n = 34). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex ochraceous-orange to maize yellow. Frons similarly colored. Labial palpus with scales on lateral surface of first and second segment bicolored, with basal half pale yellow and apical half ochraceous-orange, occasionally a few scales entirely black. Terminal segment similar in coloration, but with more prominent black scaling. Medial surface of palpus pale yellow. Scape concolorous with vertex; sensillae approximately 0.75 × width of flagellomere; dorsal scales of flagellum dark brown, occasionally pale yellow; second row of scales on each flagellomere expanded noticeably, giving appearance of thickened antennae. Thorax. Typical of genus. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax concolorous with vertex; tegulae also concolorous. Forelegs predominantly dark brown intermixed with pale yellow scales; femur with ochraceous-orange scales as well. Midlegs similar to forelegs but without ochraceous-orange scaling on femur, tarsi pale yellow to dark brown. Hindlegs pale yellow to white. Medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. Forewing pattern with two distinct forms, FWL 5.0–8.5 mm (mean = 6.3; n = 34); costa with basal quarter evenly curved, straight beyond. One form (Fig.
Female (n = 26). Head. As in male except antennae with sensillae minute, approximately 0.25 × width of flagellomere, second row of scales on each flagellomere not expanded as in male. Thorax. As in male in coloring on legs and thorax. Forewing (Fig.
Argyrotaenia ceramica ceramica is widespread at mid- and high elevations (700–2200 m) on Hispaniola (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. c. ceramica. However, due to the highly variable size of males, we hypothesize it may be an internal feeder. Collection dates range from April to November.
There is a discrepancy in the label data of one female specimen from Independencia. The label reads “Sierra de Bahoruco” but the coordinates are for the Sierra de Neiba. After comparing coordinates from specimens collected the previous night and discussing the situation with John Rawlins (
Argyrotaenia granpiedrae Razowski & Becker, 2010: 17
See the diagnosis under A. c. ceramica.
Holotype ♂: Cuba: S[an]t[ia]go [de Cuba]: Gran Piedra, 20 vi[i] 1990, V.O. Becker; Col. Becker 72991 [photograph examined]. Genitalia slide #409 [figure examined] (VBC, see remarks below). Paratypes (3♂♂, 1♀): same data as holotype [female genitalia figure examined] (VBC, see remarks below).
(1♂, 2♀♀). Cuba: S[an]t[ia]go [de Cuba]: 1♂, Gran Piedra, same data as holotype (VBC). KAA diss. #0161, KAA_DNA_0011 (VBC). 2♀♀, Sierra Maestra, Pico Cuba, 31 vii 1990, V. O. Becker [photographs examined] (
Male (n = 1). Head. Identical to A. c. ceramica. Thorax. Wing pattern identical to the more common form of A. c. ceramica. FWL 5.0 mm. Though smaller than the two specimens pictured in Fig.
Female (n = 0). No specimens were examined, only photographs (see Razowski & Becker, 2010: fig. 46).
This subspecies is known from two high-elevation localities in southern Cuba (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. c. granpiedrae. All examined specimens were collected in July.
See the remarks under the species account of A. ceramica for why we consider A. granpiedrae to be a subspecies of A. ceramica. The holotype of A. granpiedrae and the female paratype are deposited in
Argyrotaenia vinalesiae Razowski & Becker, 2010: 13
Argyrotaenia vinalesiae (Fig.
Holotype ♂ [see remarks below]: Cuba: Pinar del Río: Viñales, 100 m, 20 viii 1990, V. O. BECKER Col; Col. BECKER 73817 [photograph examined] (VBC, see remarks below). Genitalia slide #404 [figure examined]. Paratype (♀): same data as holotype [photograph examined]. Genitalia slide #405 [figured examined] (VBC, see remarks below).
(2♀♀). Cuba: Pinar del Río: 2♀♀, same data as holotype (VBC). KAA diss. #0159; #0160, KAA_DNA_0034 (VBC).
Male. We were unable to examine any male specimens, so our redescription here is based on photographs of specimens in
Female (n = 2). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex, frons, and labial palpus golden yellow to straw yellow. Scape with scales similarly colored; sensillae approximately 0.5 × width of flagellomere; scales on flagellomeres bicolored, alternating between a golden yellow apical row and a caramel brown basal row. Thorax. Typical of genus. Scales on dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax golden yellow; tegulae concolorous. Scaling on lateral surface of foreleg straw yellow, tarsi warm brown; scaling on midleg and hindleg pale yellow; medial surface of all legs with pale yellow scaling. Forewing (Fig.
Argyrotaenia vinalesiae is known from a series of specimens taken on a single night in Viñales, Cuba at an elevation of 100 m (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. vinalesiae. The short series of this species was collected in August.
The holotype of A. vinalesiae is listed as a female in the original description, but the male adult and its genitalia illustrated are listed as the holotype. Both the holotype and paratype were found in
We were unable to find significant differences in male genitalia of A. vinalesiae and A. amatana. Despite their sympatry in western Cuba, differences in size and forewing pattern, as well as COI sequence divergences, support treating the two as distinct species (see remarks under A. amatana and A. jamaicana regarding these three species’ relationships).
Argyrotaenia jamaicana Razowski & Becker, 2000b: 313
Argyrotaenia jamaicana is strongly sexually dimorphic. Worn males could be confused with A. amatana because of their diminutive size, but the strongly concave costa at the distal third of the forewing of A. jamaicana (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Jamaica: Greenhills, Hardwar Gap, 27 iii 1936, E. Paine [examined]. Razowski genitalia slide #12274 [examined] (
(17♂♂, 8♀♀). Jamaica: Portland: 2♂♂, 1♀, Green Hills, 11 iii [19]66, S.S. Duckworth, W.D. Duckworth (1♂
Male (n = 17). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex straw yellow intermixed with a few light red-orange scales. Frons with scaling red-orange. Labial palpus with scales on lateral surface dull red-orange, with scattered straw yellow and brick red scales; medial surface pale yellow. Scape pale yellow to straw yellow; sensillae approximately same width as flagellomere, recurved, but not as strongly as in other Caribbean Argyrotaenia; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between a basal row of mahogany red and apical row of red-orange scales. Thorax. Typical of genus. Dorsum of pro-and meso-thorax pale yellow to red-orange; tegulae concolorous, slightly darker in some specimens. Lateral surface of forelegs warm brown to dark brown, lateral surface of midlegs and hindlegs straw yellow to white, tarsi and tibial spurs occasionally warm brown. Medial surface of legs white. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 8). Head. As in male except with extensive ochraceous red scaling on vertex, frons, and scape; lateral surface of labial palpus dull red-orange, with scattered brick red scales; sensillae short, porrect, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellum. Thorax. As in male but dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax with more extensive mahogany red scaling. Forewing with slightly more pronounced concavity along distal third of costa at subapical blotch; FWL 6.5–9.5 mm (mean = 7.6; n = 8). Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Argyrotaenia jamaicana is known exclusively from Jamaica (Fig.
One male from
The above represents the first description of the female of A. jamaicana.
The holotype of Argyrotaenia minisignaria chalarostium was erroneously labeled as a female paratype of A. jamaicana. See the remarks under Claduncaria chalarostium for a full explanation. One male from
One male and one female were barcoded, but a sequence of > 500 bp was only recovered for the female, so we are unable to discuss sequence divergence within this species. See the remarks under A. amatana regarding this species’ relationship to it. COI sequence divergence between A. jamaicana (n = 1) and A. vinalesiae (n = 1) was 3.2%.
Lophoderus amatana Dyar, 1901: 24
Eulia amatana (Dyar, 1901): Fernald [1903]: 485.
Tortrix chioccana Kearfott, 1907: 72
Argyrotoxa chiococcana Meyrick, 1912: 52; unjustified emendation
Argyrotaenia neibana Razowski, 1999: 310, syn. nov.
Argyrotaenia ochrochroa Razowski, 1999: 310, syn. nov.
Argyrotaenia ochrotona, misspelling in Razowski & Becker, 2000b: 312
Argyrotaenia amatana is a highly variable species, making it difficult to diagnose externally. Specimens from the same populations can vary dramatically in coloration, size, and maculation. It is most likely to be confused with A. jamaicana and A. vinalesiae, its two closest Caribbean relatives based on COI sequence data (Figs
Argyrotaenia amatana adults. A A. amatana ♀ (holotype of A. neibana syn. nov.), Dominican Republic (
Lophoderus amatana
: Syntypes 3♀♀: USA: Florida: Palm Beach Co., Palm Beach, r.f. Nectandra [=Ocotea] [photos examined] (
(60♂♂, 33♀♀). The Bahamas: Cat Island: 1♂, vic. Ocean Dream Resort, E of Smith Town, 24.232273, -75.454536, 23 vi 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, D. Matthews, G. Goss, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-15, MGCL 238585 (MGCL). 1♀, same as previous, but MGCL 238590 (MGCL). 1♂, same as previous, but MGCL 238601 (MGCL). Crooked Island: 1♂, 1.5 mi. E of Landrail Pt., 22.813263, -74.321186, 10 vi 2013, M. Simon, G. Goss, M. Simon MGCL Accession No. 2013-21, MGCL 233031, KAA diss. #0001 (MGCL). 1♀, same as previous, but 6 vi 2013, M. Simon & G. Goss, MGCL 234816 (MGCL). 1♀, same as previous, but MGCL 232998 (MGCL). 1♀, Pittstown Point, 22.831211, -74.438717, 9 vi 2013, M. Simon, G. Goss, M. Simon MGCL Accession No. 2013-21, MGCL 232999 (MGCL). 1♀, N side of Horseshoe Beach nr. Gun Bluff, 22.835432, -74.323017, 6 vi 2013, M. Simon, G. Goss, M. Simon MGCL Accession No. 2013-21, MGCL 232997 (MGCL). 1♂, 0.5 mi. E of Ferry at Church Grove Settlement, 22.758933, -74.242501, 6 vi 2014, M. Simon & M. Simon, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-13, MGCL 236778 (MGCL). Eleuthera: 1♂, N of Queen’s Hwy, 2.4 mi. SE Governor’s Harbour, 25.174333, -76.2105, 26 vi 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, D. Matthews, G. Goss, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-15, D. Matthews Genitalia Prep. #1800, MGCL 239708 (MGCL). Grand Bahama: 1♂, vic. Owl’s Hole, 26.587496, -78.469854, 27 x 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, R. Rozycki, D. Matthews, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-31, MGCL 241372 (MGCL). Great Exuma: 1♂, SW of Hoopers Bay, 23.518167, -75.823667, 26 v 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, D. Matthews, G. Goss, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-14, MGCL 235147, KAA diss. #0002 (MGCL). 1♂, same as previous, but MGCL 234182 (MGCL). 1♀, same as previous, but MGCL 235148, KAA diss. #0003 (MGCL). 1♀, Simons Pt., 23.31.50, 75.47.30 [23.53238, -75.79478], 18 iv 1986, T. L. McCabe (MEM). 1♀, same as previous, but 17 i 1980 (MEM). Great Inagua: 1♀, 3 mi. SW of Morton dock, 21.022222, -73.685556, 27 vii 2014, M. J. Simon, G. Goss, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-21, MGCL 237690 (MGCL). 1♀, 1.3 mi. NNE of Morton dock, 21.066111, -73.638056, 27 vii 2014, M. J. Simon, G. Goss, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-21, MGCL 238059, KAA diss. #0004 (MGCL). Long Island: 1♂, NE of Whitehouse, 23.407167, -75.160500, 1 vi 2014, J. Miller, G. Goss, M. Simon, D. Matthews, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-14, MGCL 235953 (MGCL). 1♀, Deadman’s Cay, vic. airport, 23.1755, -75.096333, 29 v 2014, J. Miller, G. Goss, M. Simon, D. Matthews, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-14, MGCL 235817 (MGCL). Mayaguana: 1♂, Pirates Well, Baycaner Beach, 22.435833, -73.102222, 31 vii–1 viii 2014, M. J. Simon, G. Goss, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-21, MGCL 237511, KAA diss. #0005 (MGCL). New Providence: 1♂, Adventure Learning Zoo off Marshall Rd., 25.004472, -77.353807, 10 iv 2014, J. Miller, M. Mundle, D. Matthews & Entomology Class, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-10, MGCL 235078 (MGCL). North Abaco: 1♀, 1 mi. S of Blackwood Village, 26.785115, -77.431319, 6 vi 2016, J. Miller, M. Simon, G. Goss, D. Matthews, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2016-09, MGCL 246725 (MGCL). North Andros: 1♂, Stanyard Creek Road, 24.730556, -77.886111, 6–7 vi 2013, J. Miller, M. Simon, G. Goss, A. Shahan, J. Y. Miller coll[ectio]n, MGCL Accession #2010-45, MGCL 233013 (MGCL). San Salvador: 1♂, beach NE of Gerace Research Centre, 24.120114, -74.461898, 24 vii 2015, D. Matthews, T. A. Lott, R. W. Portell, San Salvador Island Survey ID, D. Matthews et al., MGCL Acc. #2015-57, MGCL 243204, KAA diss. #0006 (MGCL). South Andros: 1♀, farm road N The Bluff, 24.130088, -77.59068, 30 iii 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, R. Rozycki, D. Matthews, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-9, MGCL 233852 (MGCL). Cayman Islands: Grand Cayman: 2♂♂, N coast of North Side, 9 vii 1938, C.B. Lewis, G.H. Thompson, Light Trap B, 17 iv–26 viii 1938, Oxf. Un. Cayman Is. Biol. Exped. (
A redescription was given in
Argyrotaenia amatana is one of only four Caribbean Argyrotaenia species known from lower elevations (A. flavoreticulana, The Bahamas; A. kimballi, The Bahamas; A. vinalesiae, Cuba) and it is by far the most common species in collections. It is widespread in the northern Caribbean, with records from Florida, The Bahamas, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands (Fig.
Polyphagous. The known hostplants for A. amatana are listed by
We propose the synonymy of A. ochrochroa Razowski and A. neibana Razowski with A. amatana because the genitalia of the holotypes of these two species are indistinguishable from those of A. amatana. The forewings of the two species, though highly divergent, are within the range of variation of A. amatana (see
Argyrotaenia ochrochroa Razowski, 1999 (Fig.
The case of A. neibana (Fig.
Among Caribbean taxa, COI sequence data strongly support a clade composed of A. amatana, A. vinalesiae, and A. jamaicana (Figs
Argyrotaenia flavoreticulana Austin & Dombroskie, 2019: 9
Argyrotaenia flavoreticulana is unlikely to be confused with any described Caribbean Archipini. Its straw yellow FW with obsolete banding (
Holotype
♂: The Bahamas: Great Exuma: Simons Pt, 23.31.50, 75.47.30 [23.53238, -75.79478], 10 iv 1986, Tim L. McCabe, (
See
Argyrotaenia flavoreticulana is known from Great Exuma, Long Island, and South Andros Island in The Bahamas (
Nothing is known of the biology of A. flavoreticulana. Specimens have been collected from January to April.
Argyrotaenia kimballi Obraztsov, 1961: 13
Argyrotaenia kimballi is most similar to A. amatana, which also occurs in The Bahamas. It can be separated from the latter by its conspicuously bicolored median fascia, which is uniformly colored in A. amatana.
Holotype
♂: USA: Florida: Highlands Co., Archbold Biological Station, 10 ii 1958, R. W. Pease, Jr., genitalia on slide, no. 509-Obr. (
(5♂♂). The Bahamas: North Andros: 1♂, Captain Bill’s Blue Hole, 24.742046, -77.862031, 13 vi 2012, Mark Simon, Gary Goss, Rick Rozycki & Michael Simon, M. Simon MGCL Accession No. 2012-28, MGCL 233014 (MGCL). 1♂, 2.4 mi. S of Staniard Creek, dirt road W of Queen’s Hwy., 24.797594, -77.888264, 27 x 2011, J.Y. Miller, M. Simon, G. Goss, D. Matthews, MGCL Accession No. 2011-32, MGCL 233015 (MGCL). South Abaco: 1♂, Schooner Bay, coppice trail, 26.167000, -77.181167, 30 x 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, R. Rozycki, D. Matthews, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-31, D. Matthews Genitalia Prep. #1795, MGCL 238664 (MGCL); 1♂, Schooner Bay Institute, 26.161333, -77.187667, 31 x 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, R. Rozycki, D. Matthews, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-31, MGCL 241639 (MGCL); 1♂, vicinity of Sawmill Sink, 26.218346, -77.210170, 31 x 2014, J. Miller, M. Simon, R. Rozycki, D. Matthews, N. & M. Albury, Bahamas Survey MGCL Accession No. 2014-31, MGCL 241702 (MGCL).
See
Argyrotaenia kimballi is known in the USA from east Texas to Florida, north to Tennessee and Maryland. In the Caribbean, it has only been recorded from The Bahamas (
Argyrotaenia kimballi is reported to be a minor pest on Citrus in Florida (
Argyrotaenia bisignata Razowski, 1999: 310
Argyrotaenia bisignata (Fig.
Argyrotaenia adults. A A. bisignata holotype ♂, Dominican Republic (
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Pedernales: 5 km NE Los Arroyos, 18°15'N, 71°45'W, 1680 m, 17–18 vii 1990, C. Young, J.E. Rawlins, S. Thompson [examined], Razowski genitalia slide #10711 [examined] (
(5♂♂, 2♀♀). Dominican Republic: Pedernales: 5♂♂, 5 km NE Los Arroyos, 1680 m, 18°15'N, 71°45'W, 30 ix 1991, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, cloud forest (4
Male (n = 15). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex pale yellow. Frons predominantly dark brown, intermixed with pale yellow and mahogany red scales. Labial palpus with scales on lateral surface of all three segments dark brown, occasionally with mahogany red scales toward apex of second segment; second segment expanded apically. Medial surface of palpus pale yellow. Scape dark brown basally, pale yellow apically; sensillae approximately 0.75–1.00 × width of flagellomere, recurved; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between a dark brown and pale yellow row. Thorax. Typical of genus. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax concolorous with vertex; tegulae similar, but intermixed with dark brown and mahogany red scales. Forelegs and midlegs with lateral surface dark brown. Hindlegs entirely pale yellow to white. Medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. FWL 7.0–8.5 mm (mean = 7.2 mm; n = 15); basal quarter of costa gently curved, straight beyond except for minute concavity along subapical blotch at apical third. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 4). Head. As in male except lateral surface of palpus sometimes with more prominent mahogany red scaling, antennae with sensillae minute, approximately 0.25 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male in coloring on legs, thorax occasionally dark brown. Forewing (Fig.
Argyrotaenia bisignata is restricted to the Sierra de Bahoruco in the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. bisignata. Specimens range in capture date from May to November, with most specimens examined taken in July.
Razowski included two female paratypes in his original description, but we have examined four females with paratype labels and have seen a fifth in
One male paratype (KAA diss. #0041, KAA_DNA_0002) was found to differ from the rest of the type series in both forewing pattern and genitalia. COI barcoding suggests it is a close relative of A. cryptica, but differences in both forewing pattern and genitalia suggest that they may not be conspecific.
COI barcoding revealed 0% sequence divergence between the two specimens of A. bisignata sampled.
Argyrotaenia felisana Razowski, 1999: 309
Argyrotaenia felisana (Figs
Holotype
♀: Dominican Republic: Independencia: Sierra de Neiba, just south of crest, 5 km WNW Angel Feliz, 1780 m, cloud forest, 18°41'N, 71°47'W, 13–15 x 1991, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson (
(14♂♂, 35♀♀). Dominican Republic: Azua: 1♂, East side of crest, Sierra Martin Garcia, 7 km WNW Barrero, 18°21'N, 70°58'W, 860 m, 25–26 vii 1992, cloud forest adjacent to disturbed forest, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, KAA diss. #0076 (
Male (n = 14). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex variable in color, usually with some combination of pale yellow, dark brown, or mahogany red. Frons dark brown, occasionally with mahogany red scales dorsally. Lateral surface of labial palpus with scales on first segment pale yellow, occasionally intermixed with dark brown scales; second and third segment dark brown and mahogany red. Medial surface of palpus intermixed with pale yellow and dark brown scales. Scape dark brown, nearly black, with a few mahogany red scales sometimes present apically. Sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, recurved; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between a straw yellow and dark brown row. Thorax. Typical of genus. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax variable: either pale yellow, dark brown, or mahogany red or some combination thereof. Lateral surface of forelegs and midlegs dark brown; hindlegs pale yellow to white, tarsi and tarsal spurs warm brown. Medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 36). Head. As in male except scales on vertex predominantly pale yellow and antennal sensillae short, porrect, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax predominantly pale yellow, only rarely with dark brown of mahogany red scales, a few specimens with mahogany red posterior thoracic scale tuft. Tegulae concolorous with dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax. Legs as in male, but with hindlegs sometimes entirely warm brown. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Argyrotaenia felisana appears to be the most widespread Argyrotaenia in the Dominican Republic, occurring on all major mountain ranges, but has not been recorded in the western Sierra de Bahoruco, where it is replaced by A. bisignata (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. felisana. Examined specimens were collected from April to November, suggesting multiple generations per year.
The above represents the first description of the male of A. felisana. Initial associations based on wing pattern and shared locality data were subsequently confirmed with COI barcodes.
The specific epithet of this species is based on an incorrect transcription by Razowski. The holotype label reads “Angel Feliz”, but Razowski erroneously transcribed this part of the label as “Angel Felis” in the original description. However, because there is no clear evidence of inadvertent error within the original publication, the incorrect spelling must be retained (ICZN Article 32.5.1).
A series of five males from the vicinity of Constanza deposited in
Argyrotaenia nuezana Razowski, 1999: 309
Argyrotaenia nuesana, misspelling in Razowski, 1999: 317
Argyrotaenia nuezana can be separated from all other Caribbean Archipini by its large size (FWL 8.5–10.5 mm), its dark chocolate brown color, and the presence of a dark L-shaped mark along the medial half of the inner margin of the median fascia in most specimens (Fig.
Argyrotaenia adults. A A. nuezana holotype ♀, Dominican Republic (
Holotype
♀: Dominican Republic: La Vega: 24 km SE La Constanza, 18°44'N, 70°36'W, 2220 m, 16 viii 1990, grassland, J.E. Rawlins, S. Thompson [examined], Razowski genitalia slide #10694 [examined] (
(12♂♂, 10♀♀). Dominican Republic: La Vega: 1♂, 6♀♀, 18 km SE Constanza, 18°46'N, 70°39'W, 2310 m, 25 xi 1992, M. Klingler, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, pine woodland near head of small canyon (1♀
Male (n = 12). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex primarily pale yellow, brick red anteriorly. Scales on frons with dorsal dark gray, nearly black, occasionally with portions pale yellow. Lateral surface of labial palpus with first segment pale yellow, second segment dark brown to black, third segment primarily straw yellow, occasionally entirely light brown. Some specimens have brick red scales present on second and third segments. Medial surface of palpus pale yellow. Scape variable, with any combination of aforementioned colors. Sensillae variable in length and shape, short (0.5 × width of flagellomere) and relatively porrect in some individuals, as wide as flagellomere and curved in others; scales on dorsal surface of flagellomeres variable in color, usually dominated by pale yellow and brick red, dark brown or black scales sometimes present. Thorax. Typical of genus. Scales on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax chocolate brown, tegulae chocolate brown to light brown. Foreleg and midleg dark brown to black, pale yellow at apex of segments; medial surface pale yellow to white. Hindleg as in foreleg and midleg, but occasionally all pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 12). Head. As in male except antenna with sensillae minute, no more than 0.25 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Thorax, foreleg, and midleg as in male. Hindleg only rarely brown, usually pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Argyrotaenia nuezana is restricted to the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Capture dates range from March to November, suggesting multiple generations per year. Most include habitat labels mention the presence of pines, a putative host. The only native pine on Hispaniola is Pinus occidentalis Swartz (Pinaceae).
The above represents the first description of the male of A. nuezana. Association of the sexes was based on forewing pattern and shared localities and was subsequently confirmed with COI barcoding. COI sequence data of Caribbean species suggests that A. nuezana is sister to a Hispaniolan group of Argyrotaenia composed of A. bisignata, A. cryptica, A. felisana, A. paradisei, and A. razowskiana (Fig.
Argyrotaenia cubae Razowski & Becker, 2010: 13
Argyrotaenia cubae most closely resembles A. browni in both forewing pattern and genitalia. Overall, A. cubae (Fig.
Holotype ♂: Cuba: S[an]t[ia]go [de Cuba]: Sier[ra] Maestra, P[ico] Cuba, 1500 m, 31 vii 1990, V.O. Becker Col. 73584 [photograph examined], genitalia slide #016 [figure examined] (VBC, see remarks below). Paratype (1♀): same data as holotype (VBC) [not examined], genitalia slide #017 [figure examined] (VBC, see remarks below).
(3♂♂, 4♀♀) Cuba: S[an]t[ia]go [de Cuba]: 3♂♂, 1♀, same data as type series. KAA diss. #0162 (♂), KAA_DNA_0022; #0163(♀), KAA_DNA_0023 (VBC). Dominican Republic: Barahona: 1♀, Eastern Sierra Bahoruco, Reserva Cachote, 12.8 km NE Paraiso, 18°05'54"N, 71°11'21"W, 1230 m, cloud forest with tree ferns, 19–21 v 2004, C. Young, C. Nunez, J. Rawlins, J. Fetzner; KAA diss. #0103 (
Male (n = 3). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex, frons, and lateral surface of labial palpus pale brown to dark chocolate brown. Scales on medial surface of labial palpus pale brown to straw yellow. Scape concolorous with vertex; sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, strongly curved; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between a dark reddish-brown and golden yellow row. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax warm chocolate brown, tegulae concolorous. Forelegs with scaling on lateral surface concolorous with thorax; midlegs with scaling on lateral surface pale brown; hindleg entirely pale to straw yellow; medial surface of all legs with scaling straw yellow. FWL 8.5–9.0 mm (mean = 8.7 mm; n = 3). Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 4). Head. As in males but vertex and frons intermixed with mahogany red scaling. Antennal sensillae short, porrect, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male but with tegulae intermixed with mahogany red scales. Forewing (Fig.
Argyrotaenia cubae is known from the Sierra Maestra range in southern Cuba, from the vicinity of Monumento Natural Miguel Domingo Fuerte on the eastern edge of the Sierra de Bahoruco in the Dominican Republic, and from the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. cubae. Examined specimens were collected from March to November, suggesting multiple generations per year.
Both the holotype and paratype of Argyrotaenia cubae were found in
Argyrotaenia browni most closely resembles A. cubae in both forewing pattern and genitalia. Argyrotaenia browni has a darker and redder overall hue to the forewing (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Independencia: Sierra de Neiba, south slope near summit, 4.0 km N Angel Feliz, 18°40'21"N, 71°46'05"W, 1825 m, 1–2 iv 2004, J. Rawlins, C. Young, R. Davidson, broadleaf cloud forest without pine (
(2♂♂, 2♀♀) Dominican Republic: La Vega [Monseñor Nouel]: 1♂, Loma del Casabito, 19°03'N, 70°31'W, 1390 m, wet cloud forest, 3 xi 2002, W.A. Zanol, C.W. Young, C. Staresinic, J. Rawlins, KAA diss. #0114, KAA_DNA_0032 (
Male (n = 2). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex caramel brown. Scales on frons mahogany red intermixed with dark brown scales. Labial palpus with scales on lateral surface of all first and second segments predominantly dark brown, intermixed with pale yellow and mahogany red scales; third segment mostly pale yellow. Medial surface of palpus similar to lateral surface but with more pale yellow. Scape red-brown basally, pale yellow apically; sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, strongly curved; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between scales of mahogany red and pale yellow. Thorax. Typical of genus. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax dark brown; tegulae variable, from mahogany red to dark brown to nearly white. Forelegs and midlegs dark brown with scattered pale yellow or mahogany red scales. Hindlegs variable, with some combination of dark brown, pale yellow, or mahogany scaling; tibial spurs of paratype bright orange. Medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. FWL 8.0–8.5 mm (mean = 8.3; n = 2); costa with basal third evenly curved, straight beyond. Ground color of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 2). Head. As in male except lateral scales on palpus predominantly pale yellow. Sensillae minute, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere, porrect. Thorax. As in male but forewing (Fig.
We take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of Dr. Richard L. Brown, W.L. Giles Distinguished Professor at Mississippi State University and Director of the Mississippi Entomological Museum, in honor of his unparalleled career in Lepidoptera morphology and systematics and for his role as a mentor to both authors.
Argyrotaenia browni is known from the Cordillera Central and the Sierra de Neiba in the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. browni. Specimens were collected from April to November.
We examined four specimens of Argyrotaenia browni from the Cordillera Central which resemble the type series but differ slightly in forewing pattern and uncus shape. Both males and females have a more subdued, less contrasting forewing pattern. The dissected male possesses a blunter uncus, but otherwise agree well.
A male and female paratype were barcoded but only a > 500 bp sequence was recovered for the female. Maximum sequence divergence between the Cordillera Central specimens barcoded was 0.3%. Sequence divergence for the paratype female and Cordillera Central specimens was 3.6–4.0%. For these morphological and molecular reasons, we exclude these specimens from the type series. We do not believe we have enough evidence to describe these Cordillera Central populations as a separate species, although future studies are warranted.
Argyrotaenia razowskiana (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: La Vega: Cordillera Central, Valle Nuevo Station, 5.4 km ESE Valle Nuevo, 18°46'35"N, 70°38'20"W, 2260 m, 23 v 2003, C. Young, J. Rawlins, C. Nunez, R. Davidson, P. Acevedo, open, riparian grass-pine forest. HOLOTYPE Argyrotaenia razowskiana Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male (n = 2). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex with basal half white to pale yellow, apical half straw yellow. Frons straw yellow to light orange-red. Lateral surface of labial palpus with a mixture of dark brown and mahogany red scales; pale yellow on medial surface. Labial palpus missing in paratype. Scape with a mixture of straw yellow, dark brown, and mahogany red scales. Sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, recurved; scales on flagellomeres bicolored, with alternating rows of straw yellow and dark brown rows. Thorax. Typical of genus. Scales on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax almost completely missing in both males examined; the few remaining pale yellow. Tegulae predominantly warm brown, intermixed with straw yellow and mahogany red scales. Forelegs and midlegs dark brown on lateral surface. Hindlegs pale yellow to white, with tarsi and tibial spurs warm brown. Medial surface of legs pale yellow. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 2). Head. As in male except scales on vertex and frons with apical half warm brown or mahogany red, not straw yellow; sensillae short, porrect, 0.25–0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male except forewing (Fig.
We take great pleasure in naming this species after Dr. Józef Razowski in honor of his lifetime of immense contributions towards our current understanding of tortricid taxonomy.
Argyrotaenia razowskiana is known from La Vega and San José de Ocoa in the Dominican Republic, on the eastern edge of the Cordillera Central, south of Loma Alto de la Bandera (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. razowskiana. Capture dates are from May and August.
COI sequences for two specimens of A. razowskiana were identical.
Argyrotaenia cryptica (Fig.
A. cryptica may represent a cryptic species complex and/or two or more lineages with high levels of incomplete lineage sorting. Several barcoded specimens with wildly different forewing patterns and genitalia clustered as A. cryptica. Unsurprisingly, barcoding may be of limited value in separating its two subspecies, which we describe based on subtle differences in wing pattern and genitalia, as well as distribution. We exclude the most extreme phenotypic examples from the type series of the two subspecies and restrict type series to a single locality or a set of closely situated localities. A Maximum Likelihood tree (Fig.
Argyrotaenia adults. A A. cryptica sp. nov. holotype ♂, Dominican Republic (
Argyrotaenia cryptica cryptica can be separated most easily from A. c. praeteritana by range: A. c. cryptica is found in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, while A. c. praeteritana is found in the Sierra de Bahoruco of the Dominican Republic (and possibly neighboring regions of Haiti; Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: La Vega: 23 km SE Costanza, 18°45'N, 70°37'W, 2225 m, 24–25 xi 1992, grassland with pines and scattered marshes, R. Davidson, M. Klinger, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins HOLOTYPE Argyrotaenia cryptica cryptica Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male (n = 7). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex white to maize yellow, a thin row of light orange scales sometimes present anteriorly. Scales on frons light red-orange. Labial palpus with scales of all three segments tricolored on lateral surface, intermixed with dark brown, mahogany red, and white scales; terminal segment occasionally entirely dark brown. Medial surface of palpus white with a few dark brown scales present anteriorly. Scape variable, with white, warm red-orange, or mahogany red scales, or some combination thereof. Sensillae approximately 1.5 × width of flagellomere, recurved; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between a dark brown basal row and a pale buff apical row. Thorax. Typical of genus. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax red-orange intermixed with a few black scales; tegulae concolorous. Fore- and midlegs predominantly dark brown intermixed with pale yellow scales; hindlegs predominantly pale yellow to white intermixed with dark brown scales; tibiae and tibial spurs warm brown. Medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. FWL 7.5–9.5 mm (mean = 8.4; n = 7); costa with basal third very gently curved, straight beyond. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 2). Head. As in male except with less extensive dark brown scaling on labial palpus, sensillae short, porrect, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male but with less extensive pink-gray scaling on dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
The specific epithet crypticus Latin meaning hidden, refers to the possibility that A. cryptica may represent a cryptic species complex (see remarks under species account).
Argyrotaenia cryptica cryptica is restricted to the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. c. cryptica. Capture dates of examined specimens range from May to November, suggesting at least two generations per year.
See the remarks under the species account of A. cryptica for comments on this subspecies’ relationship to A. c. praeteritana and A. paradisei.
See diagnosis under A. c. cryptica.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Pedernales: 9.7 km NE Los Arroyos, 18°16'N, 71°44'W, 2070 m, 15–16 vii 1990, J. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A. Thompson, Razowski genitalia slide #10732 HOLOTYPE Argyrotaenia cryptica praeteritana Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label]. HOLOTYPE Argyrotaenia cineriptera Razowski [red label; see etymology below] (
Male (n = 8). Head. Typical of genus. Scape on vertex white to pale yellow, dark gray with white apices in one specimen examined. Scales on frons straw yellow to red-orange. Lateral surface of labial palpus variable, sometimes entirely warm brown intermixed with pale yellow scales, other times red-orange with terminal segment dark brown. Medial surface of labial palpus pale yellow. Scape equally variable, ranging from pale yellow to red-orange. Sensillae approximately 1.5 × as long as width of flagellomere; recurved in some individuals but not so in others; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between a warm brown basal row and a nearly white apical row; apical row expanded slightly. Thorax. Typical of genus. Scales on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax variable, pale yellow or warm brown, but most commonly mahogany red. Tegulae concolorous with pro- and mesothorax except with a few pale yellow scales present apically. Forelegs entirely dark brown on lateral surface in specimens from Pedernales, suffused with mahogany red in specimens from Independencia. Midlegs and hindlegs warm brown intermixed with pale yellow scales, especially so on hindlegs. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 1). Head. As in male except with vertex and frons pale yellow to white, lateral surface of labial palpus pale yellow intermixed with a few warm brown scales; sensillae short, porrect, no more than 0.5 × as long as width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male; forewing (Fig.
The specific epithet is from praeteritus, Latin meaning “passed over,” referring to the fact that this taxon was known to Razowski, but unpublished. His manuscript name for it was ‘cineriptera’.
Argyrotaenia cryptica praeteritana is restricted to the Sierra de Bahoruco in the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. c. praeteritana. Examined specimens were collected in March, July, or November, suggesting multiple generations per year.
Razowski was the first to identify this species but did not publish on it. He had identified and labeled three specimens to serve as the type series. We did not remove these labels but added additional holotype/paratype labels beneath them. There is a discrepancy in the label data of one male specimen from Independencia. The label reads “Sierra de Bahoruco” but the coordinates are for the Sierra de Neiba. After comparing coordinates from specimens collected the previous night and discussing the situation with John Rawlins (
Undamaged males of Argyrotaenia paradisei (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Independencia: Sierra de Neiba near crest, 5.5 km NNW Angel Feliz, 18°41'N, 71°47'W, 1750 m, 21–22 vii 1992, dense cloud forest, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson, C. Young, R. Davidson HOLOTYPE Argyrotaenia paradisei Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male (n = 6). Head. Typical of genus. Scales on vertex pale yellow to straw yellow, a few dark brown or mahogany red scales sometimes present anteriorly. Frons with scaling mahogany red or dark brown. Labial palpus with lateral surface predominantly dark brown to black, a few mahogany red scales sometimes present on second segment; medial surface pale yellow. Scape dark brown to straw yellow. Sensillae approximately 1.5 × width of flagellomere, recurved; dorsal scales of flagellum alternating between a dark brown basal row and a straw yellow apical row. Thorax. Typical of genus. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax dark brown; tegulae concolorous with a few white scales posteriorly. Lateral surface of legs dark brown, hindlegs sometimes intermixed with pale yellow scales; medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 2). Head. As in male except lateral surface of labial palpus with black scaling restricted to ventral and apical portions of second segment, predominantly mahogany red on lateral surface of other segments, scattered straw yellow scales present. Antenna with sensillae only observable ventrally, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Thorax, foreleg, and midleg as in male. Forewing (Fig.
We take great pleasure in naming this species after Dr. Chris Paradise, professor and chair of biology at Davidson College, who was the undergraduate advisor and a mentor of KAA.
Argyrotaenia paradisei is known from two localities in the Sierra de Neiba of the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of A. paradisei. Capture dates of examined specimens are June, July, and November, suggesting at least two generations per year.
This is among the most strongly sexually dimorphic Caribbean Argyrotaenia. DNA barcoding was required to associate sexes. See remarks under A. cryptica regarding this species’ relationship to that species. Maximum COI sequence divergence within sampled A. paradisei was 0.1% (n = 4). One sequence (KAA_DNA_0059) clusters with A. paradisei based on COI data, but significant differences in both forewing pattern and genitalia make us question if it is conspecific.
Cladotaenia ochrochlaena Razowski, 1999
Claduncaria Razowski, 2000, in Razowski & Becker, 2000a: 208
Cladotaenia Razowski, 1999 (homonym of Cladotaenia Cohn, 1901): 312
Because we expand the concept of Claduncaria, which is endemic to the Greater Antilles, a new generic diagnosis and description is presented here.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Labial palpus 1.5–2 × width of compound eye; second segment expanded apically; ocellus small, separated from compound eye by approximately 1–1.5 × width of ocellus; chaetosemata 0.25–0.75 × length of scales on vertex; metathorax without dorsal scaling, with a small patch of pale yellow setae present instead. Costal fold absent; costa with basal third gently curved, straight beyond or nearly so. Male genitalia with a vertically bifid terminal plate of gnathos and broad, apically rounded valvae (ochrochlaena group) or simple terminal plate of gnathos and elongate, apically acute valvae (mesosignaria group); uncus either divergently bifid or apically broadened; socii present as small setose raised nubs (absent in Cla. rufochlaena); transtilla with lateral processes; phallus pistol- or dagger-shaped, sharp at apex, caulis variable. Female genitalia with papillae anales laterally notched and with distinct ventroposterior grooves (ochrochlaena group) or large and posteriorly swollen (mesosignaria group); sterigma well-sclerotized; colliculum present; signum reduced or absent entirely; capitulum absent. Some species sexually dimorphic in forewing coloration.
1 | Male with terminal plate of gnathos vertically bifid; valvae broad, apically rounded (Fig. |
ochrochlaena group, 2 |
– | Male with terminal plate of gnathos not vertically bifid; valvae elongate, apically acute (Fig. |
mesosignaria group, 5 |
2 | Male with apically-quadrate arms of uncus (Fig. |
3 |
– | Male with apically-rounded arms of uncus (Fig. |
Cla. ochrochlaena |
3 | Male with terminal plate of gnathos with vertically-paired processes acute (Fig. |
Cla. rawlinsana sp. nov. |
– | Male with terminal plate of gnathos with vertically-paired processes rounded (Fig. |
4 |
4 | Female with groove in ventroposterior portion of papillae anales large, occupying at least 0.75 × length of posterior edge (Fig. |
Cla. praedictana sp. nov. |
– | Female with groove in ventroposterior portion of papillae anales moderate, occupying approximately 0.5 × length of posterior edge (Fig. |
Cla. maestrana |
5 | Jamaica | 6 |
– | Cuba or Hispaniola | 7 |
6 | Male uncus divergently bifid (Fig. |
Cla. rufochlaena |
– | Female with signum absent (Fig. |
Cla. chalarostium |
7 |
FWL short (6.0–7.0 mm), uncus distinctly Y-shaped, notched mesally, not widening until 0.5 × length (Fig. |
Cla. taino sp. nov. |
– |
FWL long (8.0–9.0 mm), male with uncus only with shallow indentation mesally, widening from base (Fig. |
8 |
8 | Male with uncus at apex 3 × width of neck (Fig. |
Cla. mesosignaria |
– | Male with uncus at apex no more than 2 × width of neck (Fig. |
Cla. minisignaria |
Claduncaria maestrana Razowski & Becker, 2010: 11
Clepsis labisclera Razowski & Becker, 2010: 20, syn. nov.
Males of Claduncaria maestrana (Fig.
Claduncaria ochrochlaena group adults. A Cla. maestrana ♀, Cuba (VBC) B Cla. maestrana♂, Cuba (VBC) C Cla. ochrochlaena ♀, Dominican Republic (
Claduncaria maestrana : Holotype ♂: Cuba: S[an]t[ia]go [de Cuba]: Sierra Maestra, P[ico] Cuba, 1500 m, 31 vii 1990, 73582 [photograph examined], genitalia slide #015 [figure examined] (VBC, see remarks below). Paratypes (3♂♂): Cuba: Holguín: Pin[ares de] Mayarí, 640 m, viii 1990, 72022 [not examined] (VBC, see remarks below). Clepsis labisclera: Holotype ♀: Cuba: S[an]t[ia]go [de Cuba]: Sier[ra] Maestra, 1500 m, 31 vii 1990, 73583 [photograph examined], genitalia slide number not listed [figure examined] (VBC, see remarks below). Paratype (♀): Cuba: same data as holotype [not examined] (VBC, see remarks below).
(11♂♂, 2♀♀) Cuba: S[an]t[ia]go [de Cuba]: 7♂♂, 2♀♀, same data as Claduncaria maestrana holotype (1♂ KAA_DNA_0039); KAA diss. #0150 (♂); #0153 (♀); #0154(♀), KAA_DNA_0040 (VBC). Holguín: 2♂♂, same data as Claduncaria maestrana paratypes except vii 1990. KAA diss. #0152 (VBC). S[an]t[ia]go: 2♂♂, Gran Piedra, 20 vii 1990. KAA diss. #0151 (VBC).
Male (n = 11). Head. Scales on vertex pale brown, occasionally with a few brick red scales, usually concentrated anteriorly. Scales on frons brick red to deep blood red. Lateral surface of labial palpus concolorous with scales on frons, second segment expanded apically. Medial surface of labial palpus pale yellow. Scape concolorous with scales on frons, sometimes slightly darker. Sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, lightly curved; dorsal scales of flagellomere alternating between dark brown basal row and golden apical row. Thorax. Scales on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax concolorous with vertex. Lateral surface of foreleg with red-orange scales on coxa and femur; tibia and tarsus dark brown. Lateral surface of midleg light with red-orange and straw yellow scales, tarsi pale brown. Lateral surface of hindleg straw yellow, tarsi pale brown. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 2). Head. As in male but scaling on vertex pale red-orange; sensillae approximately 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Scales on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax as in male, but with more extensive red-orange scaling. Legs as in male. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Claduncaria maestrana is known from three widely separated localities in the Sierra Maestra range of southeastern Cuba (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. maestrana. Capture dates of examined specimens are from July and August.
The holotypes of Clepsis labisclera Razowski & Becker and Claduncaria maestrana Razowski & Becker were collected from the same locality on the same date. The female genitalia are not like those of any known Clepsis, but they fit well with our revised concept of Claduncaria. Razowski may have placed it in Clepsis because females of Claduncaria were previously unknown. The notched papillae anales, heavily sclerotized, quadrate sterigma, and reduced signum corroborate that Clepsis labisclera Razowski & Becker is the female of Claduncaria maestrana Razowski & Becker. Razowski listed the paratypes as having been collected in August, but we suspect the label was erroneously transcribed. We examined two males with identical VBC accession numbers and labels, but with “vii” instead of “viii.” The holotype and paratype of Cle. labisclera, as well as the holotype of Cla. maestrana were found in
Two specimens of Cla. maestrana were submitted for barcoding. Unfortunately, one failed completely and the other provided only an incomplete sequence (280 bp), so we were unable to include it in either analysis (Figs
Cladotaenia ochrochlaena Razowski, 1999: 312
The combination of a divergently bifurcate uncus with smooth, rounded apices and an irregular vertically bifurcate terminal plate of the gnathos in the male genitalia (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Pedernales: 5 km NE Los Arroyos, 18°15'N, 71°45'W, 1680 m, 28 vii 1990, C.W. Young, J.E. Rawlins, S. Thompson [examined], Razowski genitalia slide #10699 [examined] (
(3♂♂, 1♀) Dominican Republic: Independencia: 2♂♂ [one with abdomen missing], Sierra de Bahoruco, north slope, 18°41'31"N, 71°35'35"W [18°17'30"N, 71°43'08"W], 2116 m, 8 xi 2002, broadleaf forest with pine, W.A. Zanol, C. W. Young, C. Staresinic, J. Rawlins. KAA diss. #0120, KAA_DNA_0043 (
Male (n = 4). Head. Scales on vertex and frons red-orange to mahogany red. Labial palpus with lateral surface of all three segments light red-orange, medial surface pale yellow. Scape brick red to mahogany red with a few straw yellow scales. Dorsal scales of flagellum with first few segments with alternating rows of straw yellow and red-orange scales, red-orange scales becoming dark brown after first few segments. Sensillae 0.5–0.75 × width of flagellomere, only slightly recurved. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax light red-orange to warm brown; tegulae concolorous. Lateral surface of forelegs light red-orange, tarsi dark brown; lateral surface of midlegs straw yellow, tarsi dark brown; lateral surface of hindlegs pale yellow to white. Medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 1). Head. As in male except vertex, frons, and lateral surface of palpus entirely brick red. Sensillae short, no more than 0.25 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male but dorsum of pro- and mesothorax and tegulae entirely brick red. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Claduncaria ochrochlaena is known from two localities in the Dominican Republic in the Sierra de Bahoruco near the Haitian border (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. ochrochlaena. Examined specimens were collected from July to November.
The above represents the first description of the female of Cla. ochrochlaena. There is a discrepancy in the label data of two male specimens from Independencia. The label reads “Sierra de Bahoruco” but the coordinates are for the Sierra de Neiba. After comparing coordinates from specimens collected the previous night and discussing the situation with John Rawlins (
Claduncaria rawlinsana (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Pedernales: Sierra de Ba[h]oruco, Aceitillar, 25.2 km ENE Pedernales, 18°05'29"N, 71°31'16"W, 1272 m, 14 vi 2003, dense broadleaf forest, pine, C. Young, J. Rawlins, C. Nunez, R. Davidson, P. Acevedo, M. de la Cruz. HOLOTYPE Claduncaria rawlinsana Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male (n = 2). Head.
Scales on vertex and frons ochraceous red to brick red. Labial palpus with lateral surface of all three segments light red-orange, medial surface pale yellow. Scape brick red to straw yellow. Dorsal scales of flagellum with first few segments with alternating rows of straw yellow and ochraceous red, ochraceous red scales becoming dark brown after first few segments. Sensillae 0.50–0.75 × width of flagellomere, porrect. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax light red-orange intermixed with warm brown and white scales; tegulae concolorous. Legs similar to Cla. ochrochlaena. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 1). Head. As in male except with vertex, frons, palpi, and flagellomeres with more extensive brick red scaling. Sensillae short, porrect, no more than 0.25 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male except with more extensive brick red scaling on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax as well as tegulae. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
We take great pleasure in naming this species after Dr. John E. Rawlins, curator emeritus of the Section of Invertebrate Zoology at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, who led numerous entomological expeditions to the Dominican Republic and collected the vast majority of all specimens examined for this study.
Claduncaria rawlinsana is known from two localities in the Dominican Republic in the eastern end of the Sierra de Bahoruco (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. rawlinsana. Capture date of examined specimens are from June and October.
See the remarks under Cla. praedictana regarding this species’ relationship to it. COI sequences between two barcoded specimens of Cla. rawlinsana were identical.
Females of Cla. praedictana (Fig.
Holotype
♀: Dominican Republic: Monseñor Nouel: 1 km E Paso Alto de Casabito, 7 km NW La Ceiba, 1130 m, 19°02'N, 70°29'W, 28 vii 1992, cloud forest, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson, C. Young; KAA diss. #0123; KAA_DNA_0042. HOLOTYPE Claduncaria praedictana Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male. Male unknown.
Female (n = 1). Head. Scales on vertex white and warm brown, blood red anteriorly. Scales on frons red-orange. Labial palpus with lateral surface entirely red-orange, medial surface pale yellow. Slight purple iridescence present on lateral surface of palpus, visible at certain angles. Scape straw yellow with a few blood red scales. Dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of warm brown and straw yellow, many missing. Sensillae short, straight, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax warm brown with a few red-orange scales. Metathorax missing (see remarks below), but presumably typical of genus. Tegulae concolorous with dorsum of pro- and mesothorax. Foreleg with many scales missing, but apparently light red-orange on lateral surface, tarsi warm brown; midlegs similar; hindlegs pale yellow to white on lateral surface. Medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
The specific epithet praedictana, from praedictus (Latin), refers to the hypothesized structure of the yet unknown male genitalia (but see remarks below).
At present, Cla. praedictana is only known from the vicinity of Loma del Casabito in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic at an elevation of 1130 m (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. praedictana. The holotype was collected in July.
The hindwings and metathorax of the holotype broke off when removing the abdomen for dissection. The hindwings were carefully reattached before photographing, but unfortunately the metathorax was lost.
Despite the close proximity (< 4 km) of the type localities of Cla. praedictana and Cla. taino (known only from males), we do not believe the two species are conspecific. Based on the genitalia, Cla. praedictana is a member of the ochrochlaena group, whereas Cla. taino is a member of the mesosignaria group. We predict that the yet-to-be-discovered males of Cla. praedictana will have a strongly divergent bifid uncus, similar to that of Cla. maestrana. Further, a partial DNA barcode was recovered for the holotype of Cla. praedictana (563 bp) and a complete DNA barcode for a paratype of Cla. taino, and sequence divergence was 11.1%.
Our Maximum Likelihood analysis (Fig.
Argyrotaenia mesosignaria Razowski, 1999: 311
Argyrotaenia thamaluncus Razowski, 1999: 311, syn. nov.
Clepsis mesosignaria error in figure of Razowski & Becker, 2010: 37
Claduncaria mesosignaria (Fig.
Claduncaria mesosignaria group adults. A Cla. mesosignaria holotype ♀, Dominican Republic (
Argyrotaenia mesosignaria
: Holotype ♀: Dominican Republic: La Vega: 9 km SE Constanza, near Valle Nuevo, 18°50'N, 70°42'W, 1930 m, 17 viii 1990, J.E. Rawlins, S. Thompson [examined], Razowski genitalia slide #10702 [examined] (
(3♂♂, 4♀♀) Dominican Republic: Peravia [San José de Ocoa]: 2♂♂, 2♀♀, 3 km SW La Nuez, upper Rio Las Cuevas, 1880 m, 18°39'N, 70°36'W, 5–6 x 1991, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, cloud forest on river (1♂, 1♀
Male (n = 4). Head. Scales on vertex and frons pale brown. Lateral surface of labial palpus with first segment mahogany red-orange, second segment red-orange on basal half and pale brown on apical half, third segment pale brown, white at extreme apex. Labial palpus with remarkable iridescent purple and green coloration when viewed at certain angles. Medial surface of labial palpus pale yellow. Scape light brown with occasional mahogany red scales. Sensillae approximately 1.25 × width of flagellomere, lightly curved; dorsal scales of flagellomere dark brown with bases golden. Thorax. Scales on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax concolorous with vertex. Foreleg dark brown with red-orange scales present on coxa and femur; midleg dark brown to light brown; hindleg pale yellow with tibial spurs and tarsi pale brown. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 5). Head. As in male except scaling on vertex and frons brick red to red-orange, concolorous with scales on labial palpus. Sensillae short, porrect, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax as in male but with more extensive brick red or red-orange scaling. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Claduncaria mesosignaria is known from the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic in the provinces of La Vega and San José de Ocoa. It appears to be highly restricted in its distribution (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. mesosignaria. Captures dates of examined specimens range from May to November.
Because of the similarity of the male genitalia of Argyrotaenia thamaluncus to those of Argyrotaenia minisignaria (see remarks under Cla. minisignaria), the identical data labels many of the specimens possess, and only 0.54% COI sequence divergence between a barcoded male and female, there is sufficient evidence to support A. thamaluncus as the previously unknown male of Argyrotaenia mesosignaria.
Because both species were described in the same paper, one name does not have priority over the other. We opt to preserve A. mesosignaria and treat A. thamaluncus as a junior synonym to reduce potential confusion and to ensure the holotype of A. mesosignaria and A. minisignaria is of the same sex. Despite lacking a bifid uncus, the presence of small setose nub-like socii, a robust, well-sclerotized tegumen, a transtilla with lateral processes, and pointed valvae, place both A. mesosignaria and A. minisignaria in Claduncaria.
Our Maximum Likelihood analysis (Fig.
Argyrotaenia minisignaria Razowski, 1999: 311
Claduncaria minisignaria (Fig.
Holotype
♀: Dominican Republic: Pedernales: 8 km NE Los Arroyos, 18°16'N, 71°44'W, 1940 m, 14 vii 1990, J. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A. Thompson [examined], Razowski genitalia slide #10700 [examined] (
(1♂) Dominican Republic: 1♂, same data as holotype [examined], Razowski genitalia slide #10703 [examined], KAA_DNA_0046 (
Male (n = 1). Head. Scales on vertex warm brown with row of red-orange scales anteriorly. Scales on frons red-orange with shorter light brown scales present ventrally. Labial palpus with lateral surface entirely red-orange, with exception of apical tip of third segment, which is white. Lateral surface of labial palpus with iridescent purple coloration faintly visible at certain angles, but not as dramatic as in Cla. mesosignaria. Medial surface of labial palpus pale yellow. Scape red-orange intermixed with a few dark brown scales. Dorsal scales of flagellum dark brown with bases golden. Thorax. Scales on dorsum of pro- and mesothorax dark brown. Tegulae concolorous with pro- and mesothorax but with a few pale brown scales at apex. Forelegs with ventral surface red-orange with a few dark brown scales on tarsi; midlegs missing; hindlegs with ventral surface red-orange, tarsi missing; medial surface pale yellow. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 2). Head. As in male except vertex and frons entirely red-orange. Labial palpus entirely red-orange. Scape entirely red-orange. Dorsal scales of flagellum red-orange with golden bases, becoming dark brown at approximately 0.33 × length of antenna. Thorax. As in male except dorsum of pro- and mesothorax with more extensive red-orange scaling. Legs as in male but with no brown scales on tarsi; midlegs similar to coloration on forelegs. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Claduncaria minisignaria is known from a single locality in the Dominican Republic in the Sierra de Bahoruco near the Haitian border (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. minisignaria. The three examined specimens were collected in July.
The above represents the first description of the male of Cla. minisignaria. Razowski determined the single known male of this species as Argyrotaenia mesosignaria, but did not include it in the original description of the species. Both the specimen and genitalia slide possess these determination labels. Because it is from the same night and location as the type series of Cla. minisignaria, there is no reason to believe they are not conspecific with that species. See remarks under Cla. mesosignaria regarding this species’ transferal to Claduncaria and its relationship to that species.
Argyrotaenia minisignaria chalarostium Razowski & Becker, 2000b: 315
The female of Claduncaria chalarostium (Fig.
Holotype
♀: Jamaica: Blue Mt. Peak, viii, Avinoff & Shoumatoff [examined], genitalia slide #12273 [examined], KAA_DNA_0036 (
Male. Male unknown.
Female (n = 1). Head. Scales on vertex, frons, lateral surface of palpus brick red, medial surface pale yellow. Scape brick red. Dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of brick red and pale yellow scales. Sensillae short, porrect, approximately 0.25 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax brick red; tegulae concolorous. Lateral surface of forelegs brick red, tibia and tarsi dark brown, medial surface straw yellow; midlegs missing; hindlegs straw yellow. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Claduncaria chalarostium is known from a single female collected on Blue Mountain Peak, the highest point of Jamaica, with an elevation of 2256 m (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. chalarostium. The only specimen was collected in August (but see remarks below).
Initially, the holotype of A. m. chalarostium Razowski & Becker, 2000b could not be located in
The collection data on the label of the holotype of A. m. chalarostium was identical to that on the label of Cla. rufochlaena, the date and month on the former had been subsequently crossed out, and “Aug.” had been written instead. We are uncertain when and why this was done, but interpret the handwritten date to be correct.
Our Maximum Likelihood analysis (Fig.
Based on morphology, Cla. chalarostium and Cla. rufochlaena appear to be members of the mesosignaria group. In addition, both are known only from single specimens from Blue Mountain Peak, the former a single female and the latter a single male, which could lead to the conclusion that they are male and female of the same species. However, partial DNA barcodes were recovered from the holotypes. After cutting and alignment, a sequence divergence of 5.9% was observed, so we maintain them as separate species pending the discovery of additional specimens.
If future research supports the synonymization of these two aforementioned taxa, it would set a new and unusual taxonomic precedent. Both taxa were described in different articles in the same journal, published on the same date. Thankfully, ICZN 24.1 clearly supports the priority of Cla. rufochlaena, as it was originally described as a full species, whereas A. m. chalarostium was described as a subspecies.
Claduncaria rufochlaena Razowski & Becker, 2000a: 208
Males of Claduncaria rufochlaena are unique among described Claduncaria in possessing both a divergently bifurcate uncus and a smoothly rounded terminal plate of the gnathos without a vertical bifurcation (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Jamaica: Blue Mt. Peak, 14 vii 1936, Avinoff & Shoumatoff [examined], genitalia slide #12275 [examined], KAA_DNA_0035 (
Male. (n = 1). Head. Scales on vertex missing, scales on frons and frons red-orange, intermixed with dark brown scales. Labial palpus with lateral surface red-orange, becoming predominantly dark brown towards apex, slightly iridescent when viewed at an angle under light; medial surface pale yellow. Scape dark brown, brick red at apex. Dorsal scales of flagellum with segments of basal third pale yellow, alternating rows of pale yellow and warm brown beyond. Sensillae 1 × width of flagellomere, nearly porrect, but slightly hooked apically. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax light brown with a few brick red scales; tegulae concolorous, but with more brick red scales. Forelegs missing; midleg with lateral surface straw yellow, tibia silvery brown; hindlegs straw yellow to pale yellow. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female. Female unknown.
Claduncaria rufochlaena is known from a single male collected on Blue Mountain Peak, the highest point of Jamaica with a peak elevation of 2256 m (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. rufochlaena. The only known specimen was collected in July.
See remarks under Cla. chalarostium concerning possibly conspecificity with that species. Our Maximum Likelihood analysis (Fig.
Males of Claduncaria taino (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: La Vega: Cordillera Central, Loma Casabito, 15.8 km NW Bonao, 19°02'12"N, 70°31'08"W, 1455 m, 28 v 2003, evergreen cloud forest, east slope, J. Rawlins, C. Young, R. Davidson, C. Nunez, P. Acevedo. HOLOTYPE Claduncaria taino Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male (n = 3). Head. Scales on vertex and frons white, a few brick red and brown scales present near base of antenna. Labial palpus with scales on lateral surface of first segment red-orange, second segment with lateral surface red-orange on basal half, white on apical half, third segment white; medial surface of palpus white. Scape dark brown with a few brick red and white scales. Dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of white and brown. Sensillae 0.5–0.75 × width of flagellomere, nearly porrect. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax white to pale brown; tegulae concolorous. Foreleg and midleg with lateral surface red-orange and dark brown scaling, tarsi dark brown; hindlegs white. Medial surface of legs white. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female. Female unknown.
The specific epithet honors the Taíno people, the principle inhabitants of Hispaniola prior to European colonization.
Claduncaria taino is known from the vicinity of Loma del Casabito in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cla. taino. Capture dates of examined specimens are from May and November, suggesting multiple generations per year.
See remarks under Cla. praedictana. We predict that the yet-to-be discovered females of Cla. taino will possess apically swollen papillae anales without a ventroposterior groove, similar to other members of the mesosignaria group.
Tortrix rusticana Hübner [1796–1799] sensu Treitschke, 1830 [= Tortrix senecionana Hübner, [1818–1819]
Clepsis Guenée, 1845: 149
Clepsodes Diakonoff, 1957 [subgenus of Clepsis]: 240
Mochlopyga Diakonoff, 1964: 44
Pseudamelia Obraztsov, 1954 [subgenus of Clepsis]: 196
Siclobola Diakonoff, 1948: 25
Smicrotes Clemens, 1860: 355
The following description is specific to Caribbean Clepsis. The Caribbean species of Clepsis are not conspecific with Tortrix senecionana Hübner, [1818–1819], the type species of Clepsis. Smicrotes Walker, currently a synonym of Clepsis, may need to be resurrected to accommodate many species currently placed in Clepsis, including all the Caribbean species mentioned below. As it currently stands, Clepsis is paraphyletic and in need of careful taxonomic revision.
Labial palpus 1.5–2.0 × width of compound eye; second segment expanded apically. Ocellus minute, separated from compound eye by approximately 0.5–1.0 × width of ocellus. Chaetosemata 0.25–0.75 × length of scales on vertex. Dorsal scaling on metathorax absent, with a small patch of setae present instead, usually concolorous with cubital pecten. Costal fold absent; costa with basal third gently curved, straight beyond, never with concavity along distal third like in some species of Argyrotaenia. Forewing pattern (Fig.
1 | Signum absent ( |
Cle. peritana |
– | Signum present (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Cestum absent (Fig. |
Cle. peroniae sp. nov. |
– | Cestum present (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Capitulum absent (Fig. |
Cle. deroni sp. nov. |
– | Capitulum present (Fig. |
4 |
4 | Lateral edges of sterigma with short anterior extensions (Fig. |
.Cle. davisi sp. nov. |
– | Lateral edges of sterigma without short anterior extensions (Fig. |
Cle. jamesstewarti sp. nov. |
1 | Phallus distinctly bent ventrally (Fig. |
Cle. deroni sp. nov. |
– | Phallus not distinctly bent ventrally; FWL < 7.0 mm | 2 |
2 | Labides large, globose, densely spined, nearly joined mesally; neck of uncus broad (Fig. |
Cle. davisi sp. nov. |
– | Labides more sparsely spined, not appearing inflated or globose, broadly separated mesally; neck of uncus narrow | 3 |
3 | Phallus elongate with distinctly acute apex (Fig. |
Cle. jamesstewarti sp. nov. |
– | Phallus shorter with less distinctly acute apex ( |
Cle. peritana |
Clepsis deroni can be separated from all other Caribbean Clepsis by its large size (FWL 7.0–9.5 mm; Fig.
Holotype
♀: Dominican Republic: Peravia [San José de Ocoa]: 3 km SW La Nuez, upper Rio Las Cuevas, 1880 m, cloud forest on river, 18°39'N, 70°36'W, 5–6 x 1991, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson. KAA diss. #0058. HOLOTYPE Clepsis deroni Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Clepsis adults. A Cle. deroni sp. nov. holotype ♀, Dominican Republic (
Male (n = 8). Head. Scales on vertex and frons straw yellow to pale brown. Scaling on lateral surface of labial palpus with first segment straw yellow, second and third segment pale brown, becoming slightly darker apically; medial surface of labial palpus pale yellow. Scape concolorous with vertex, a few dark brown scales present dorsally. Dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of brown basal scales and straw yellow apical scales. Sensillae approximately 1 × width of flagellomere, nearly porrect. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax with scaling sometimes concolorous with vertex, but usually brown; tegulae concolorous. Foreleg and midleg with lateral surface dark brown; hindlegs pale brown to straw yellow. Medial surface of legs straw yellow. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 8). Head. As in male, but scaling almost entirely dark brown. Sensillae minute, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male but dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax with scaling entirely dark brown. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
This species is named in honor of KAA’s father, Deron Austin, for his unwavering support and love.
Clepsis deroni is known from two close localities in the southern portion of the Cordillera Central range on the border of San José de Ocoa and La Vega provinces (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cle. deroni. All but one of the type series were collected in October; the other was collected in September.
COI sequences for 4 barcoded specimens of Cle. deroni were identical.
Cle. jamesstewarti (Fig.
Holotype
♀: Dominican Republic: Pedernales: 5 km NE Los Arroyos, 1680 m, 18°15'N, 71°45'W, 30 ix 1991, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins; KAA diss. #0149; KAA_DNA_0072. HOLOTYPE Clepsis jamesstewarti Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
(16♂♂, 12♀♀) Dominican Republic: Dajabon: 1♀, 13 km S. Loma de Cabrera, ca. 400 m, 20–22 v 1973, Don & Mignon Davis; KAA diss. #0139; USNMENT01480226 (
Male (n = 8). Head. Scales on vertex and frons straw yellow to golden brown. Scaling on lateral surface of labial palpus straw yellow with scattered dark brown scales, second segment expanded apically. Scape concolorous with vertex. Dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of warm brown basal scales and straw yellow apical scales. Sensillae approximately 0.75 × width of flagellomere, nearly porrect. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax with scaling concolorous with vertex; tegulae similarly colored. Foreleg and midleg with lateral surface with brown scaling; hindlegs pale yellow to white, tarsi brown. Medial surface of legs straw yellow to white. Forewing relatively narrow; dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 7). Head. As in male, but scaling almost entirely dark brown. Sensillae minute, no more than 0.25 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. As in male but dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax with scaling entirely dark brown, tegulae dark brown. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
This species is named in loving memory of James Peter Stewart (1995–2019), Cornell University entomology graduate student and dear friend of KAA.
This is the most commonly collected species of Clepsis on Hispaniola, with specimens ranging from 400 to 2310 m elevation. The type locality is restricted to Sierra de Bahoruco, but additional specimens were collected in the Sierra de Neiba and Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic and Chaîne de la Selle in Haiti (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cle. jamesstewarti. The type series was collected from September to November. Non-type specimens range in capture date from April to November.
A genitalia slide of a male of this species was found in
There is a discrepancy in the label data of five paratypes from Independencia. The label data reads “Sierra de Bahoruco,” but the coordinates are for the Sierra de Neiba. After comparing coordinates from specimens collected the previous night and discussing the situation with Dr. John Rawlins (
We examined a large number of specimens from other localities on Hispaniola and were unable to find consistent genitalic differences among them and the type series of Cle. jamesstewarti. However, COI sequence divergence between populations in the Sierra de Bahoruco and the Sierra de Neiba/Cordillera Central was high (3.7–5.3%). In light of this, we restrict the type series to specimens from Sierra de Bahoruco (excluding an unusual male and female). Maximum COI sequence divergence for barcoded type specimens was 0.9%. We refrain from describing the other populations as a different species due to the absence of observed morphological differences.
Within the Caribbean, Clepsis davisi (Fig.
Holotype
♀: Guadeloupe: St.-Claude: Sentier du Matouba, 16.048, -61.691, 11 vi 2019, K.A. Austin, J.J. Dombroskie, UV LED light, 723 m, JD41526. KAA diss. #0183. HOLOTYPE Clepsis davisi Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male (n = 26). Head. Scales on vertex and frons straw yellow to warm brown. Scaling on lateral surface of labial palpus with first and second segments golden brown, third segment straw yellow; medial surface of labial palpus straw yellow. Scape bicolored: golden brown anteriorly and straw yellow posteriorly. Dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of dark brown and golden yellow scales, becoming predominantly darker apically. Sensillae porrect, 0.75–1.0 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax with scaling concolorous with vertex (one aberrant specimen dark brown, nearly black); tegulae similarly colored. Foreleg with lateral surface dark brown; midleg similarly colored, but with golden yellow scales occasionally present; hindlegs pale brown to straw yellow. Medial surface of legs straw yellow. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 18). Head. Vertex, frons, and labial palpus as in male, but scaling darker throughout, never straw yellow. Flagellomeres with more extensive straw yellow scaling. Sensillae minute, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere, porrect. Thorax. Scaling on dorsum of pro-, meso-thorax, and tegulae concolorous with vertex. Legs as in male. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
Clepsis davisi is named in honor of Dr. Donald R. Davis, collector of much of the type series, for his long and unparalleled career in Lepidoptera morphology and systematics.
Clepsis davisi is known from Guadeloupe and Dominica (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cle. davisi. Specimens range in capture date from January to June, with a single specimen having been collected in November.
All of the Dominica specimens were collected as part of the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica from 1960–1965, with the majority collected by Donald R. Davis and the late trichopterist Oliver S. Flint.
Maximum COI sequence divergence between barcoded specimens from the same island was 0%; between islands 2.1%. We were unable to find any significant differences between specimens from Dominica and Guadeloupe, so we opt to treat the populations on these two islands as a single species.
Smicrotes peritana Clemens, 1860: 356
Ptycholoma peritana (Clemens, 1860): Freeman 1958: 58.
Dichelia inconclusana Walker, 1863: 318
Clepsis pinaria Razowski & Becker, 2010: 22, syn. nov.
See
Smicrotes peritana
: Lectotype ♂: “Canada and USA” [not examined] (ANSP). Dichelia inconclusana: Lectotype ♂: “North America” [not examined] (
(16♂♂, 6♀♀) Bahamas: Central Abaco: 1♂, E side of S.C. Bolle Hwy., 3 mi. S of Treasure Cay Rd., 26.656294, -77.306661, 2 xi 2014, MGCL 239361 (MGCL); 1♀, same as previous except MGCL 239362 (MGCL). Cuba: Ciego de Ávila: 1♂, Central Baragua, H.K. Plank (
See
Widespread in North America, Cuba, and two records from Central Abaco in The Bahamas (Fig.
See
We treat Clepsis pinaria Razowski & Becker, 2010 as a junior synonym of Clepsis peritana (Clemens, 1860) because both the male and female genitalia are indistinguishable from dissected specimens of Clepsis peritana from both the United States and The Bahamas. Maximum COI sequence divergence of barcoded Cuban Cle. peritana was 2.8% (n = 2), which is high, but not unusual for Cle. peritana.
In their diagnosis of the female, Razowski & Becker compare Cle. pinaria to Cle. naucinum Razowski, 1990 from Costa Rica, mentioning that Cle. pinaria differs from Cle. naucinum in lacking a signum, despite the fact that females of Cle. naucinum are unknown (
Clepsis peroniae can be separated from all other Caribbean Clepsis by its loosely coiled ductus bursae (Fig.
Holotype
♀: Dominican Republic: La Estrelleta [Elías Piña]: 4 km SE Rio Limpio, ca. 760 m, 24–25 v 1973, Don & Mignon Davis; KAA diss. #0140; USNMENT01480234 (
Male. Male unknown.
Female (n = 1). Head. Scales on vertex and frons uniformly warm brown. Labial palpus approximately 2 × width of compound eye. Scaling on lateral surface of labial palpus straw yellow pale scattered pale brown scales; medial surface of labial palpus straw yellow. Scape concolorous with vertex. Dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of straw yellow basal scales and dark brown apical scales. Sensillae approximately 0.5 × width of flagellomere, porrect. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax with scaling concolorous with vertex; tegulae similar. Foreleg with lateral surface femur and tibia golden brown, tarsus dark brown, nearly black, medial surface straw yellow; midleg similar to foreleg but lateral surfaces of femur and tibia straw yellow, tibial spurs dark brown on lateral surface, pale yellow medially; lateral surface of hindlegs not observed due to positioning, medial surface pale yellow, tarsi dark brown. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
This species is named in memory of Dr. Patricia “Pat” Peroni (1956–2019), professor of biology at Davidson College, for her support, encouragement, and mentorship of KAA.
Cle. peroniae is known exclusively from the type locality in the western Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Cle. peroniae. The holotype was collected in May.
In the genitalia of one unusual
Rubropsichia brasiliana Razowski, 2009
Rubropsichia Razowski, 2009: 240
As in species account below. See
Rubropsichia santaremana Razowski, 2009: 242
Rubropsichia santaremana is unique among Rubropsichia in possessing small, cap-like fused socii (Fig.
Mictopsichia group of genera. A Rubropsichia santaremana, ♂, Grenada (
Holotype
♂: Brazil: [Pará]: Santarém, v 1919, S.M. Klages leg., Acc. 6324 [figure examined], genitalia slide #12367 [figure examined] (
(1♂) Grenada: 1♂, 20 iv 1968, C. deWorms. KAA diss. #0133 (
Male (n = 1). Head. Head, compound eyes small. Scales on vertex mostly missing, a few thin orange scales present; scales on frons black. Labial palpus short, approximately width of compound eye, scales on lateral and medial surface entirely black. Scape black; dorsal scales of flagellum entirely orange; sensillae 0.5 × width of flagellomere, nearly porrect. Ocellus prominent, separated from compound eye by approximately width of ocellus. Chaetosemata sparse, short, approximately 0.5 × length of orange scales on vertex. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax metallic silver with orange longitudinal streaks; dorsum of metathorax with pale yellow and pale orange scaling; tegulae metallic silver with lateral orange scaling. Foreleg short, with black and orange scaling on lateral surface, tarsi entirely black; midleg and hindleg, with lateral surface shining pale gray, tarsi black; medial surface of all legs pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Female. Female unknown.
Rubropsichia santaremana was previously known from a single specimen from Santarém in northern Brazil. It is now reported from Grenada (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of R. santaremana. Judging by its reduced compound eyes, large ocelli, and telechromatic coloration, it is probably diurnal, like other members of the Mictopsichia group of genera. It may also come to lights.
This is the first record of Rubropsichia in the Caribbean. The other three species in the genus are known from northern South America, so this new record is not too surprising (R. brasiliana Razowski, 2009, TL: São Paulo de Olivença, Amazonas, Brazil; R. fuesliniana [Stoll, 1781], TL: Surinam; R. kartaboana Razowski, 2011, TL: Bartica, Guyana).
There are subtle differences in the forewing and genitalia of the Grenada specimen compared to the holotype from Brazil. Most noticeably, the terminal two rows of orange spots near the termen of the forewing are fused in the Brazilian specimen, but separate in the Grenadian specimen. In the genitalia, the basal cavity is more elongate and ventral process on the dorsal margin of the valva is more prominent in the Grenada specimen compared to the holotype. Despite these differences, we choose not to describe Grenada specimen as new, owing to the limited material available.
Argyrotaenia male genitalia. Not to scale. A A. ceramica, Dominican Republic. KAA diss. #0089 (
Argyrotaenia male genitalia. Not to scale. A A. bisignata paratype, Dominican Republic. KAA diss. #0044 (
Simaethis nigromaculata Issiki, 1930
Mictocommosis Diakonoff, 1977: 8
As in species description below. Mictocommosis lesleyae may not be conspecific with Simaethis nigromaculata Issiki, 1930, the type species of Mictocommosis (see remarks under species account below).
Argyrotaenia female genitalia. Not to scale. A A. ceramica, Dominican Republic. KAA diss. #0083 (
Wing pattern alone is sufficient to identify Mictocommosis lesleyae (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Azua: East side of crest, Sierra Martin Garcia, 7 km WNW Barrero. 18°21'N, 70°58'W, 860 m, 25–26 vii 1992, cloud forest adjacent to disturbed forest, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins. KAA diss. #0173. HOLOTYPE Mictocommosis lesleyae Austin & Dombroskie [typed red label] (
Male (n = 1). Head. Scales on vertex thin, leaden gray, pale orange-yellow laterally. Scales on frons concolorous, but absent ventrally. Labial palpus approximately 1.5 × width of compound eye, thin; scales absent laterally and medially, but white ventrally. Proboscis naked at base, fine setae present laterally. Scape leaden gray dorsally, pale yellow to orange-yellow ventrally. Antenna massively thickened, slightly compressed laterally; sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, tightly appressed. Dorsum of flagellum with one row of scales per segment; orange-yellow to 0.8 × length of antennae, then dark gray for 0.1 ×, then pale yellow for 0.1 ×, terminal segment dark gray; ventral surface of flagellum naked. Ocellus large, separated from compound eye by approximately 0.5 × width of ocellus. Chaetosemata 0.5–2 × length of scales on vertex. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and meso-thorax ashy gray, intermixed with orange-yellow scales; dorsum of metathorax orange-yellow; tegulae leaden gray. Foreleg with lateral surface with ashy gray scaling, tarsi intermixed with white scales; midleg pale yellow, with ashy gray scales restricted to tarsi; hindlegs missing; medial surface of legs pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 3). Head. As in male except lateral surface of labial palpus with scaling pale yellow to white. Thorax. As in male except hindlegs with femur and tibia pale yellow to orange, tarsi leaden gray and white. Dorsal surface of forewing (Fig.
This beautiful species is named in honor of KAA’s mother, Lesley, for her unwavering support and love.
Mictocommosis lesleyae is known from two localities in the Dominican Republic (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Mictocommosis lesleyae. Like other members of the Mictopsichia group of genera, it is presumed to be diurnal but may also come to lights. The four known specimens were collected in July.
Unfortunately, the phallus of the holotype was lost prior to slide mounting. With the description of Mictocommosis lesleyae, there are now two described species of Mictocommosis in the Neotropics. Two more, Mictopsichia ornatissima (Dognin, 1909) and Mictopsichia buenavistae Razowski, 2009 may also belong to this group. Mictopsichia ornatissima was not examined nor dissected by
Argyrotaenia female genitalia. Not to scale. A A. jamaicana, Jamaica. KAA diss. #0127 (
Phalaena (Tortrix) hubneriana Stoll, 1791
Mictopsichia [1825] 1816: 374
Micropsichia Agassiz, 1848 (misspelling): 674
Micropsychia Agassiz, 1848 (misspelling): 674
Mictopsychia Riley, 1889 (misspelling): 158
Mictropsichia Heppner, 1978 (misspelling): 53
The following description is specific to the two species of Caribbean Mictopsichia. Some characters mentioned may not apply to Mictopsichia jamaicana Razowski, 2009, which we were unable to examine. The majority of Mictopsichia, including the Caribbean species, may not be conspecific with Phalaena (Tortrix) hubneriana, the type species of Mictopsichia Hübner, [1825] 1816. See the comments below the Mictopsichia key and remarks under Mictocommosis lesleyae.
Labial palpus approximately width of compound eye; ocellus large, separated from reduced compound eye by approximately width of ocellus; chaetosemata 0.25–0.75 × length of scales on vertex; dorsal surface of metathorax with dark silver scaling; foreleg significantly shorter than midleg and hindleg; forewing and hindwing pattern (Fig.
Claduncaria male genitalia. Not to scale. A Cla. maestrana, Cuba. KAA diss. #0150 (VBC) B Cla. ochrochlaena, Dominican Republic. KAA diss. #0120 (
1 |
FW with distinct black tornal patch; hindwing entirely orange ( |
M. jamaicana |
– |
FW without distinct black tornal patch; hindwing with distinct patches of silver-blue and black scales (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Dorsal surface of thorax with two slender transverse bands of orange scaling; dorsal surface of hindwing with more extensive silver-blue and black scaling (Fig. |
M. cubae |
– | Dorsal surface of thorax entirely silver; dorsal surface of hindwing with less extensive silver-blue and black scaling (Fig. |
M. nyhllinda sp. nov. |
Comments. Phalaena (Tortrix) hubneriana Stoll, 1791, the type species of Mictopsichia, is significantly different from all subsequently described species in Mictopsichia in both wing pattern and male genitalia. This was alluded to by
The only host record for the genus is from a series of four specimens from Venezuela in
Claduncaria female genitalia. Not to scale. A Cla. maestrana, Cuba. KAA diss. #0154 (VBC) B Cla. ochrochlaena, Dominican Republic. KAA diss. #0126 (
Mictopsichia cubae Razowski, 2009: 227
In the Caribbean, Mictopsichia cubae (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Cuba: Santiago [de Cuba], ii [19]02, W. Schaus, 1905-244 [examined], BM genitalia slide #31697 [examined] (
(2♂♂, 2♀♀) Costa Rica: [Alajuela]: 1♂, Área de Conservación Guanacaste, [Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Sendero Anonas, 10.9053, -85.2788, 405 m, 8 v 2013], 13-SRNP-42649, KAA diss. #0201 (
Male (n = 3). Head (n = 2). Scales on vertex brown and orange, long and thin. Scales on frons straw yellow and orange, appressed. Scales on lateral surface predominantly pale yellow, but intermixed with a few straw yellow and black scales. Medial surface of palpus pale yellow to white. Scape concolorous with scales on vertex. Dorsal scales of flagellum predominantly black, a few straw yellow scales interspersed. Sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, recurved. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax shining silver with two lateral parallel bands of orange scaling, tegulae silver with orange scaling at base. Foreleg with lateral surface with shining black scaling. Midleg and hindleg with lateral surface of femur straw yellow; lateral surface of tibia straw yellow and orange, terminal portion black; tarsi black. Medial surface of all legs pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 2). Head. As in male, except sensillae porrect, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere. Thorax. Dorsal surface of wings (Fig.
Mictopsichia cubae is known from coastal elevations on Cuba and Hispaniola (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of Mictopsichia cubae. Like other members of the genus, M. cubae is presumed to be diurnal but may also come to lights. Examined specimens range in capture date from February to July.
The holotype is in poor condition. The head is missing, as are the legs. The right forewing is stored in a plastic capsule separate from the specimen and the wings are heavily worn and partially torn. Razowski described the head in his original description, but the holotype he figured lacks a head. Either the head was lost between his description and photography or Razowski erroneously described the head when it was lost before he examined the specimen.
One Costa Rican specimen was a 100% COI sequence matches to a pair of barcoded M. cubae from Hispaniola. This specimen, along with a similar one with 1.7% COI sequence divergence, represents the second report of M. cubae from Central America.
Most significantly in the male genitalia, the Honduran specimen lacks noticeable tooth-like projections on the dorsal rib of the submedian belt and a large cavity between the pulvinus and submedian belt, both of which are present in the holotype of M. cubae and the dissected males from Hispaniola and Costa Rica. As far as we can tell, this is not an artifact of slide-mounting. In addition, the shape of the valvae are different. In the Honduran specimen, the valvae are of almost uniform width throughout their entire length (similar to M. nyhllinda), whereas in the holotype, Hispaniolan, and Costa Rican specimens, the valvae are widest at the base and gradually narrow apically. Unfortunately, Matthews et a. (2011) did not figure the male beyond the genitalia and we were unable to examine the specimen for this study. This male from Honduras does not appear to be conspecific with M. nyhllinda, as minimum COI sequence divergence was significantly different (9.5%) from a barcoded non-type specimen from Cuba.
The female described and figured in
The two Honduran specimens are from two localities about 5 km apart and were collected five months apart, so it is unclear how they were associated beyond wing pattern. Many species of Mictopsichia are exceedingly similar in wing pattern and often occur sympatrically (KAA pers. obs.). It is upon this basis that we believe the specimens described in
Mictopsichia nyhllinda (Fig.
Holotype
♂: Dominican Republic: Hato Mayor: Parque Los Haitises, 3 km W Cueva de Arena, 19°04'N, 69°29'W, 20 m, 7–9 vii 1992, mesic lowland forest, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson, C. Young, KAA diss. #0200 (
(5♀♀) Cuba: Pinar del Río: 1♀, Sierra del Rosario, 4–6 x 1989, 400 m, V. O. Becker, KAA diss. #0172, KAA_DNA_0054 (VBC). 1♀, same as previous except 5–15 vi 1990, KAA diss. #0198 (VBC). Dominican Republic: Hato Mayor: 2♀♀, same data as holotype (
Male (n = 1). Head. Scales on vertex brown, orange laterally, long and thin. Scales on frons straw yellow and orange, brown dorsally; appressed. Scales on lateral surface straw yellow, but intermixed with dark brown scales; second segment expanded ventrally. Medial surface of palpus pale yellow to white. Scape predominantly orange, a few brown scales present basally. Dorsal scales of flagellum predominantly black, a few straw yellow scales interspersed. Sensillae approximately width of flagellomere, recurved. Thorax. Dorsum of pro- and mesothorax entirely silver, tegulae silver with orange scaling at base. Foreleg with lateral surface with shining black scaling. Midleg and hindleg with lateral surface of femur straw yellow; lateral surface of tibia straw yellow and orange, terminal portion black; tarsi black. Medial surface of all legs pale yellow to white. Forewing (Fig.
Female (n = 1). Head. As in male but sensillae shorter, approximately 0.5 × width of flagellomere, straight. Thorax. Thorax, legs and forewing (Fig.
This species is named in honor of KAA’s paternal grandparents, Nyhl and Linda Austin, for their unwavering support and love for their children and grandchildren.
Mictopsichia nyhllinda is known from Hispaniola and Cuba (Fig.
Nothing is known of the biology of M. nyhllinda. Like other species of the Mictopsichia group of genera, M. nyhllinda is presumed to be diurnal but may also come to lights. Examined specimens range in capture date from July to October.
Unfortunately, the phallus of the holotype was lost prior to slide mounting. We choose to exclude five female specimens of M. nyhllinda from the type series because of lack of barcoding information for Hispaniolan specimens and the absence of reliably associated males for Cuban specimens. See the remarks under M. cubae for comments on COI sequence divergence between these two species.
Clepsis and Mictopsichia group of genera male genitalia. Phallus inset. Not to scale. A Cle. deroni sp. nov. paratype, Dominican Republic. KAA diss. #0057 (
Clepsis and Mictopsichia group of genera female genitalia. Not to scale. A Cle. deroni sp. nov. holotype, Dominican Republic. KAA diss. #0058 (
Mictopsichia jamaicana Razowski, 2009: 238, figs 39, 55
Mictopsichia jamaicana (
Holotype
♀: Jamaica: [St. Thomas]: Corn Puss Gap, 19 vii 1936, Avinoff & Shoumatoff [could not locate, figure examined], genitalia slide #12363 [could not locate, figure examined] (
Male. Male unknown.
Female. See
Jamaica (Fig.
Nothing is known of its biology. Like other species of the Mictopsichia group of genera, Mictopsichia jamaicana is presumed to be diurnal but may also come to lights. The holotype was collected in July.
The holotype and genitalia slide of Mictopsichia jamaicana could not be located in
As part of this checklist we also include the (1) type locality as the country and state or province (if known), (2) the institutional abbreviation where primary type(s) are deposited, and (3) the sex of the primary type(s). All names considered valid in this paper are listed in boldface italicized type; synonyms, unavailable names, and subsequent misspellings are given in regular italicized type. Unavailable names are denoted by the “‡” symbol. Type species of genera are denoted by an asterisk. New taxonomic proposals are given in boldface type.
Argyrotaenia Stephens, 1852: 67 (type species: Tortrix politana Haworth, [1811])
Argyrothaenia‡ in Diakonoff 1939 (misspelling): 190
Subargyrotaenia Obraztsov, 1961: 38 (type species: Tortrix purata Meyrick, 1932)
amatana
Dyar, 1901 (Lophoderus): 24 (USA: Florida,
chioccana Kearfott, 1907 (Tortrix): 72 (USA: Florida,
chiococcana Meyrick, 1912, in Wagner (Argyrotoxa): 52; unjustified emendation of chioccana
neibana Razowski, 1999, syn. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 310 (Dominican Republic: Bahoruco,
ochrochroa Razowski, 1999, syn. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 310 (Turks & Caicos: Providenciales,
ochrotona‡ in
bisignata
Razowski, 1999 (Argyrotaenia): 310 (Dominican Republic: Pedernales,
browni sp. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 41 (Dominican Republic: Independencia,
ceramica ceramica
Razowski, 1999 (Argyrotaenia): 309 (Dominican Republic: Pedernales,
ceramica granpiedrae
Razowski & Becker, 2010, stat. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 17 (Cuba: Santiago de Cuba, VBC
cryptica sp. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 47(Dominican Republic: La Vega,
cryptica cryptica ssp. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 48 (Dominican Republic: La Vega,
cryptica praeteritana ssp. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 51 (Dominican Republic: Pedernales,
cineriptera‡ Razowski, unavailable manuscript name
cubae
Razowski & Becker, 2010 (Argyrotaenia): 13 (Cuba: Santiago de Cuba, VBC
felisana
Razowski, 1999 (Argyrotaenia): 309 (Dominican Republic: Independencia,
felizana‡ in
flavoreticulana
Austin & Dombroskie, 2019 (Argyrotaenia): 9 (The Bahamas: Great Exuma,
jamaicana
Razowski & Becker, 2000b (Argyrotaenia): 313 (Jamaica: ? Portland,
partheniana‡ unattributed, unavailable manuscript name
kimballi
Obraztsov, 1961 (Argyrotaenia): 13 (USA: Florida,
nuezana
Razowski, 1999 (Argyrotaenia): 309 (Dominican Republic: La Vega,
nuesana‡ in
paradisei sp. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 53 (Dominican Republic: Independencia,
razowskiana sp. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 44 (Dominican Republic: La Vega,
vinalesiae
Razowski & Becker, 2010 (Argyrotaenia): 13 (Cuba: Pinar del Río, VBC
Claduncaria Razowski, 2000, in Razowski & Becker, 2000a: 208 (replacement name) (type species: Cladotaenia ochrochlaena Razowski, 1999
Cladotaenia‡, Razowski, 1999: 312 (preoccupied by Cohn, 1901)
mesosignaria group
chalarostium
(Razowski & Becker, 2000b), comb. nov., stat. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 315 (Jamaica: ? Portland,
mesosignaria
(Razowski, 1999), comb. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 311 (Dominican Republic: La Vega,
thamaluncus Razowski, 1999, syn. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 311 (Dominican Republic: La Vega,
Clepsis mesosignaria, error in figure of Razowski & Becker, 2010: 37
minisignaria
(Razowski, 1999), comb. nov. (Argyrotaenia): 311 (Dominican Republic: Pedernales,
rufochlaena
Razowski & Becker, 2000a (Claduncaria): 208 (Jamaica: ? Portland,
taino sp. nov. (Claduncaria): 76 (Dominican Republic: La Vega,
ochrochlaena group
maestrana
Razowski & Becker, 2010: 11 (Cuba: Santiago de Cuba, VBC
labisclera Razowski & Becker, 2010, syn. nov. (Clepsis): 20 (Cuba: Santiago de Cuba, VBC
ochrochlaena
* (Razowski, 1999) (Cladotaenia): 312 (Dominican Republic: Pedernales,
praedictana sp. nov. (Claduncaria): 68 (Dominican Republic: Monseñor Nouel,
rawlinsana sp. nov. (Claduncaria): 66 (Dominican Republic: Pedernales,
Clepsis Guenée, 1845: 149 (type species: Tortrix rusticana Hübner [1796–1799] sensu Treitschke, 1830 [=Tortrix senecionana Hübner, [1818–1819])
Smicrotes Clemens, 1860: 355 (type species: Smicrotes peritana Clemens, 1860)
Siclobola Diakonoff, 1948: 25 (type species: Tortrix unifasciana Duponchel, 1842)
Pseudamelia Obraztsov, 1954: 196 (type species: Tortrix unicolorana Duponchel, 1835) [described as a subgenus of Clepsis]
Clepsodes Diakonoff, 1957: 240 (type species: Clepsis tetraplegma Diakonoff, 1957) [described as a subgenus of Clepsis]
Mochlopyga Dia