Approximately 1.2 km from coast, Laggaliru, Southwest Sumba, Indonesia.

Holotype MZB-Gastropoda 14.232, paratypes NHMUK 20080623 (2S, Fig. 3A).

Figure 3. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A Paratype of A. abbasi B–C A. adamsii, B lectotype and C paralectotype D Lectotype of A. suspectus albolabiatus E Paratype of A. inversus albulus F–G A. alticola, F lectotype and G paralectotype H–I A. angulatus, H lectotype and I paralectotype J–K A. areolatus, J lectotype and K paralectotype L Lectotype of A. adamsii articulata M Paralectotype of A. atricallosus N Lectotype of A. adamsii aureocincta.

Chan and Tan (2008) described “abbasi” in the Occasional Molluscan Papers which does not fulfill the ICZN guidelines and could not be made available (ICZN 1999: Arts 8.6 and 11.1). However, “abbasi” was later published correctly (ICZN 1999: Art. 8) and made available in Chan and Tan (2010).

The authors stated that three specimens were housed in the NHM under this paratype lot, but only two are registered in the NHM collections (Chan and Tan 2010).

Eastern Coast of Borneo (on a tall tree in an islet between Banguey and Balambangan).

Lectotype NHMUK 19601422 (Fig. 3B; H=30.0 mm, W=16.8 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601423 (2S, Fig. 3C).

There is a variation in the spelling of the species name, of which “adamsi” is considered as an incorrect subsequent spelling. References of the subsequent use of the incorrect spelling have been compiled in Laidlaw and Solem (1961: 597). The original and correct spelling is “adamsii”.

Timor.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.3.27 (Fig. 3D; H=36.9 mm, W=17.8 mm).

Kapas Island (Pulau Kapas), Marang, Terengganu, peninsular Malaysia.

Holotype CUMZ 2323, paratypes CUMZ 2299 (3D + 8S), CUMZ 2300 (5D + 17S), CUMZ 2324 (4D + 1S), CUMZ 2327 (14D + 20S), NHMUK 20050160 (1D + 1S, Fig. 3E), SMF 327982 (1D + 1S).

Java.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.49 (Fig. 3F; H=34.7 mm, W=18.8 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.50 (1D, Fig. 3G).

Fulton wrote “Boettger, MSS.” after the species name, but it appears that there was no description by O. Boettger. The taxon is, therefore, attributed solely to Fulton.

Sarawak.

Lectotype NHMUK 1889.4.27.28 (Fig. 3H; H=35.1 mm, W=19.2 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1889.4.27.29 (2S, Fig. 3I).

Siam [Thailand].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601430 (Fig. 3J; H=22.5 mm, W=11.9 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 19601431 (1S, Fig. 3K).

Banguey Island [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.2 (Fig. 3L; H=31.0 mm, W=16.0 mm).

Tavoy, British Burma [Dawei, Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar].

Lectotype (designated by Johnson 1964: 44), MCZ 169050, paralectotype NHMUK 20110203 (Figs 1B, 3M; H=54.1 mm, W=33.3 mm).

Gould (1844: 457) mentioned that two specimens were the basis for the species description, but did not explicitly designate a holotype. Johnson (1964: 44) stated that “figured holotype MCZ 169050”, but this specimen does not match with the original figure, especially in the differing location of the dark varix (Gould 1844: pl. 24, fig. 3). The holotype that Johnson specified seems to be inappropriate, and should be interpreted as a lectotype designation (ICZN 1999: Art. 74.6) to stabilise the name. In addition, the “paratype FMNH 72403” mentioned in Sutcharit and Panha (2006b: 14) is misinterpreted. This specimen from the Laidlaw ex. Fulton collection from the type locality should be considered as a topotype.

The dextral specimen, from the H. Cuming collection and figured in Reeve (1848), has an original label stating “type” and the locality is congruent with the type locality (Fig. 1B). This supports that supposition that the specimen likely came from Gould’s type series and is, therefore, considered as the paralectotype. In addition, Johnson (1964: 88) recognized a sinistral specimen as “paratype MCZ 169051”. However, if this sinistral specimen originated from the original type series, Gould would have most likely mentioned the sinistral specimen in the original description and is in the opionion of the authors unlikely to be type material.

North Borneo.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.34 (Fig. 3N; H=41.0 mm, W=17.2 mm), paralectotypes SMF 7551 (2S).

Poeloe Babi Island, Sumatra [Babi Island, Aceh, Indonesia].

Holotype in RMNH, paratype NHMUK 1957.11.18.1 (1S, Fig. 4A).

Figure 4. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A Paratype of A. webbi babiensis B Paratype of A. banksi C Lectotype of A. bataviae D Paralectotype of A. begini E Lectotype of A. bulowi F–G A. cambojiensis F lectotype and G paralectotype.

Mt. Kadam region, Pualu Panaitan, West Java [Pulau Panaitan, Banten, Indonesia].

Holotype ZMA Moll. 137447, paratypes NHMUK 1957.11.18.3 (1S, Fig. 4B), SMF 153479 (11S).

Batavia [Jakarta, Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1907.11.22.25 (Figs 1C, 4C; H=30.3 mm, W=17.3 mm).

Jean P.S. de Grateloup described “Bulimus bataviae” in March 1840. Consecutively, he redescribed this taxon including an illustration in November 1840 as “Partula bataviae” (Fig. 1C). However, the previous published name was refered to in the November publication. Therefore, the Bulimus name confers the availability, and agrees with Sherborn’s (1922) list which was made available in Grateloup’s March publication (1840b).

Plateau de Stang-Trang, Cambodge [Stung Treng Plateau, Cambodia].

Lectotype (designated by Fischer-Piette 1950: 158) MNHN-IM 2000-1832, paralectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.16 (1S juvenile, Fig. 4D).

The original description does not include an illustration, however Morlet (1889: 177, 178, pl. 6, fig. 4) re-published the description and included illustrations of the species. Fischer-Piette (1950: 158) cited a specimen in the Muséum National ďHistoire Naturelle, Paris collections as the “holotype, 25 mm” which we consider an inadvertent lectotype designation (ICZN 1999: Art. 74.5). The NHM specimen is from the H. Fulton collection ex. Dautzenberg and ex. Morlet and gives “Cambodia” as the collection locality. It is considered to be a paralectotype.

West Sumatra.

Lectotype NHMUK 1910.12.30.98 (Figs 1E, 4E; H=54.5 mm, W=27.9 mm).

Cambojia [Cambodia].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 19601468/1 (Fig. 4F; H=66.6 mm, W=35.1 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601468/2-3 (1S + 1D, Fig. 4G).

Bulimus cambojiensis Reeve, 1860 was described from a specimen collected by H. Mouhot. When describing Bulimus cambojiensis, Reeve did not designate a unique type. Fulton (1896a) figured this species for the first time, but did not clearly state their syntype status. The specimen that most closely matches the original description (Reeve 1860: 204) and the figure in Fulton (1896a: pl. 7, fig. 7) is designated here as the lectotype to stabilise the name.

Variation in the spelling of the species name is found as “cambodjensis” or “cambogiensis”, but both are considered as incorrect subsequent spellings (Morelet 1875: 260, Pfeiffer 1877: 23). The correct original spelling “cambojiensis” is here highlighted to be maintained as proper usage.

Eastern Islands [probably in the area of Mindanao Islands, Philippines].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601424 (Fig. 5A; H=50.7 mm, W=22.9 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601425 (4S, Fig. 5B), SMF 28065 (2S).

Figure 5. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. chloris A lectotype and B paralectotype C Paratype of A. atricallosus classiarius D–E A. cochinchinensis, D lectotype and E paralectotype F Holotype of A. cognatus G–H A. comes, G lectotype and H paralectotype I Lectotype of A. pictus concinna J Lectotype of A. everetti connectens K Lectotype of A. consobrinus.

The locality on the original label of the type series states the sample was collected from the Philippine Islands. The type locality is, therefore, confined to the Philippines Islands. This is congruent with the known distribution of this species from the Mindanao and Sulu archipelagoes of the Philippines (Bartsch 1917).

Koh Tachai, Pangnga, southern Thailand in the Andaman sea.

Holotype CUMZ 2215, paratypes CUMZ 2011 (10S), 2232 (5S), NHMUK 20050158 (1S, Fig. 5C), SMF 327980 (1S).

Cochin China [Southern Vietnam].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601432 (Fig. 5D; H=38.5 mm, W=19.0 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 19601433 (1D, Fig. 5E).

unknown.

Holotype NHMUK 1907.5.3.122 (Fig. 5F; H=31.0 mm, W=16.5 mm).

The type locality was said to be unknown. However, Solem (1983: 154) examined the specimens from precisely known localities, and confined the type locality to be from Port Essington, Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory, Australia.

Camboja [Cambodia].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601434 (Fig. 5G; H=46.7 mm, W=28.1 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601435 (2D, Fig. 5H).

Kina Balu, North Borneo [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.18 (Fig. 5I; H=35.4 mm, W=17.8 mm).

North Borneo.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.33 (Fig. 5J; H=43.1 mm, W=20.8 mm).

South Flores Island [East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia]; Sumba Island [East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1897.8.3.41 (Fig. 5K; H=31.9 mm, W=15.5 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1897.8.3.42 (1S) from South Flores.

Fulton stated in the original description that the type series were from two localities. The specimen figured in the original description was designated as the lectotype by Laidlaw and Solem (1961: 611). As a result the type locality of this taxon is restricted to “South Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia”, the locality of the lectotype.

Eastern Islands.

Lectotype NHMUK 19601426 (Fig. 6A; H=49.4 mm, W=25.9 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601427 (3S, Fig. 6B).

Figure 6. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. contuses A lectotype and B paralectotype C Holotype of A. costifer D–E A. contrarius crassa D lectotype and E paralectotype F Holotype of A. cruentatus G Holotype of A. dautzenbergi H–I A. dohrni H lectotype and I paralectotype.

Annam [Central Vietnam].

Holotype NHMUK 1893.2.26.4 (Fig. 6C; H=46.5 mm, W=29.0 mm).

Timor Island.

Lectotype NHMUK 1898.12.3.324 (Fig. 6D; H=40.4 mm, W=19.4 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1898.12.3.323 (1S, Fig. 6E).

Cambodje [Cambodia].

Holotype NHMUK 1893.2.4.163 (Figs 1D, 6F; H=33.4 mm, W=16.5 mm).

Tonkin [Central Vietnam].

Holotype NHMUK 1899.12.18.38 (Fig. 6G; H=42.9 mm, W=22.6 mm).

Ban Khok Klang, Tao Ngoi District, Sakonnakhon, northeastern Thailand.

Holotype CUMZ 2296, paratypes CUMZ 2017 (19D), NHMUK 20050149 (1D, Fig. 7A), SMF 327973 (1D).

Figure 7. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A Paratype of A. schomburgki dextrochlorus B–C A. dubius B lectotype and C paralectotype D Holotype of A. adamsii duplocincta E Lectotype of A. enganoensis F–G A. eques F lectotype and G paralectotype H Lectotype of A. everetti I–J A. flavus I lectotype and J paralectotype K–L A. floresianus, K lectotype and L paralectotype.

Cochin-China [Southern Vietnam].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601440 (Fig. 6H; H=46.3 mm, W=24.3 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601441 (1D + 1S, Fig. 6I).

Balabac Island [Palawan, Philippines].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.6 (Fig. 7B; H=31.4 mm, W=17.7 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.7 (1S, Fig. 7C).

Banguey Island [Sabah, Malaysia].

Holotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.5 (Fig. 7D; H=29.2 mm, W=15.7 mm).

Engano Island, West Sumatra.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.40 (Fig. 7E; H=50.5 mm, W=29.2 mm).

The original description was based on more than one specimen and three sets of measurements were given. The unique type was not explicitly designated, and the single specimen that remained in Fulton’s collection could not be implied to be the unique type (ICZN 1999: Art. 74.6). The “holotype” referred to in Laidlaw and Solem (1961) is explicit with a unique indication that constitutes a valid lectotype designation. Therefore, this specimen should be recognized as the lectotype to stabilise the name.

Cochinchina [Southern Vietnam].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601442 (Fig. 7F; H=47.8 mm, W=26.2 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601443 (2D, Fig. 7G).

Palawan [Philippines].

Lectotype NHMUK 1893.3.5.56 (Fig. 7H; H=33.9 mm, W=16.5 mm), paralectotypes SMF 7558 (2S), SMF 7575 (1S), SMF 7663 (1S).

The type locality in the original description was given as Palawan. However, the locality on the label of the lectotype is Balabac Island, the southernmost of the Palawan Islands.

Siam [Thailand].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601436 (Fig. 7I; H=27.6 mm, W=14.5 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601437 (1S, Fig. 7J).

South Flores [Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1897.8.3.34 (Fig. 7K; H=44.0 mm, W=21.8 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1897.8.3.35–7 (3S, Fig. 7L), SMF 7554 (1S).

In regno Siam [Thailand].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601454 (Fig. 8A; H=44.2 mm, W=20.1 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601455 (1D + 2S, Fig. 8B).

Figure 8. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. glaucolarynx A lectotype and B paralectotype C–D A. perakensis globosus, C lectotype and D paralectotype E–F A. columellaris gloriosa E lectotype and F paralectotype G–H A. sinensis gracilis G lectotype and H paralectotype I Possible syntype of A. maculiferus garcilior J Lectotype of A. hamatus K Holotype of A. hosei L Holotype of A. inconstans.

Chittagong [now in Bangladesh].

Original specimen NHMUK 1903.7.1.1921 (1S, H=25.1 mm, W=16.5 mm).

The name “globosa”, an unavailable name, was included in this catalog in order to indicate the history of the taxon. This name was introduced without a description or indication and therefore failed to conform to the ICZN guidelines (1999: Art. 12) and could not be made available by Nevill (1878). Later, this name was cited in Pilsbry (1900: 191) and Richardson (1985: 44). They cited this name without vaidating the taxon, and so this name could not be made available in subsequent works (ICZN 1999: Arts 11.5.2, 12).

We have surveyed for Amphidromus in western Thailand and collected a number of specimens with similar shell morphology to Nevill’s (1878) original specimen. It appear to be an undescribed species, therefore, we provide a species description and description of genitalia anatomy as Amphidromus (Syndromus) globonevilli Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. (see description below).

Biserat, Jalor [Yala, Thailand].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1904.5.26.24 (Fig. 8C; H=50.0 mm, W=28.5 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1904.5.26.25-30 (4D adults + 2D juveniles, Fig. 8D).

This species was described based on specimens from Annandale and Robinson’s collection in the Malay Peninsula. Laidlaw and Solem (1961: 622) stated “… the location of the material is unknown.” We located seven specimens in the NHM general collections with an original label stating that they were purchased from Annandale and Robinson, with the locality “Biserat State of Jalor, Malay Peninsula”. We consider these specimens to be the syntypes. The specimen that most closely matches the original description is here designated as the lectotype.

Regarding the authorship of this name, Collinge (1903: 211, 212) clearly stated that H. Fulton provided him with the brief definition and the species name. Fulton, therefore is solely attributed the authorship (ICZN 1999: Art. 50.1.1).

Sierah Island, Tenimber Laut [Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1894.5.23.8 (Fig. 8E; H=32.5 mm, W=14.1 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1894.5.23.7 (Fig. 8F), SMF 7555 (3S).

Authorship was originally attributed to O. Boettger from a manuscript name. However, since O. Boettger did not write the description, the taxon is attributed to Fulton only. The brief original description clearly implied that it was based on more than one specimen. However, no illustration or measurements were provided, and the unique type was not designated in the original publication. Two specimens from NHM collection accompanied with Fulton’s handwritten label stating the taxon name and collection locality are considered to be syntypes. The specimen that most closely matches with the description is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name.

Pegu, Burma [Bago, Myanmar].

Lectotype NHMUK 1888.12.4.980 (Fig. 8G; H=26.7 mm, W=13.0 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1888.12.4.981–2 (2S, Fig. 8H).

Mindanao Island [Philippines].

Possible syntype NHMUK 1842.5.10.60 (1S, Fig. 8I; H=56.3 mm, W=28.8 mm).

Fulton (1896a: 74, 75) attributed the authorship of this species to L. Pfeiffer. However, “Gracilior” in Pfeiffer (1853: 319) is only the first word of the description which is not a valid name (ICZN 1999: Art. 11.9). Therefore, Fulton (1896a: 74) is the sole author of this species.

The specimens that Pfeiffer used as the basis for “Bulimus maculiferus var. β.”, were examined and used by Fulton, and are acknowledged as the type series (ICZN 1999: Art 72.4). A single specimen in the NHM from H. Cuming’ s collection with Fulton’s handwritten labels bearing the taxon name and the locality “Mindanao, Philippines” is considered to be a possible syntype. This specimen corresponds closely with the figure in Küster and Pfeiffer (1854: pl. 40, fig. 9). However, the specimen is much smaller in size than the specimens quoted in Pfeiffer (1853: 319). Therefore, we treat the NHM specimen as a possible syntype.

Labuan Island [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.30 (Fig. 8J; H=27.7 mm, W=15.0 mm).

Meri, Sarawak.

Holotype NHMUK 1894.9.3.13 (Figs 1F, 8K; H=30.6 mm, W=14.5 mm).

Java.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.13 (Fig. 9A; H=50.3 mm, W=27.5 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.14 (1S, Fig. 9B), SMF 7638 (1S).

Figure 9. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. winteri inauris A lectotype and B paralectotype C–D A. maculiferus inflata C lectotype and D paralectotype E Holotype of A. adamsii inornata F–G A. janus F lectotype and G paralectotype H–I A. filozonatus jucunda H lectotype and I paralectotype.

Fulton wrote “Bttg. MSS.” after the variety name, but did not appear to give O. Boettger credit for the description. Therefore, authorship is attributed to Fulton.

Alor (= Ombai) Island, Malayan Archipelago [East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia].

Holotype NHMUK 1898.7.5.129 (Fig. 8L; H=36.8 mm, W=18.8 mm), paratypes SMF 7563 (4S).

Baranda Philippines Islands.

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 19601466/1 (Fig. 9C; H=64.2 mm, W=34.2 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601466/2-3 (2S, Fig. 9D).

Three specimens originally from the Fulton collection with his handwritten label bearing the taxon and the type locality were located in the NHM collections. The largest shell (64.2 × 34.2 mm) clearly corresponds to the original description and Fulton’s measurements (66 × 38 mm) and so is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name.

North Borneo.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.12 (Fig. 9E; H=27.3 mm, W=14.6 mm).

Mangili village, east part of Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Holotype MNHN 23265, paratypes FMNH 328120 (2S), MNHN 23266 (2S), NHMUK 20120044 (3S).

in Novis Hebridibus [New Hebrides].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601444 (Fig. 9F; H=46.6 mm, W=24.0 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601445 (1D + 1S, Fig. 9G).

The type locality “New Hebrides” seems to be an error, since this is beyond the known range of Amphidromus. Subsequent collections and reports confine the species distribution to Burma from the Tavoy and Mergui archipelagos (Nevill 1878, Pilsbry 1900, Gude 1914, Laidlaw and Solem 1961).

Macassar, Celebes [Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1857.7.18.2/1 (Fig. 9H; H=28.0 mm, W=14.3 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1857.7.18.2/2 (1S, Fig. 9I).

Kalao Island [South Sulawesi, Indonesia].

Holotype NHMUK 1896.5.16.153 (Fig. 10A; H=31.9 mm, W=15.6 mm), paratypes NHMUK 1896.5.16.154–6 (3S, Fig. 10B).

Figure 10. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. kalaoensis A holotype and B paratype C Lectotype of A. lepidus D Lectotype of A. lindstedti E–F A. loricatus E lectotype and F paralectotype G–H A. sinistralis lutea G lectotype and H paralectotype I–J A. adamsii luteofasciatus I lectotype and J paralectotype K Possible syntype of A. melanomma.

Mergui Islands [Mergui Archipelago, Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 19601486 (Figs 2A, 10C; H=22.0 mm, W=14.0 mm).

Johnson (1964: 28, 29) indicated that some of the unlocated specimens from Gould’s type catalogue were probably in the NHM, since Gould presented some specimens to H. Cuming. No speceimens of Bulimus lepidus Gould, 1856 could be located by Johnson (1964: 100). There is a specimen in the NHM from the H. Cuming collection marked with “Type” and the locality “Mergui Islands” (Fig. 2A) which corresponds to the type locality, and the shell matches the measurements given in the original description (height 22.5 mm, width 12.5 mm). In addition, Fulton (1896a: 80) stated that “the type” of Bulimus lepidus is in the British Museum (now the NHM). This specimen is, therefore, considered as the syntype, and is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name. It is figured here for the first time since it was described.

Malacca.

Lectotype NHMUK 19601448 (Fig. 10D; H=38.9 mm, W=18.4 mm).

Fulton (1896a: 85) described the type as being bleached in condition, and suggested that the specimen should have a color pattern if it were not bleached. We examined the lectotype but, in contrast, consider it to be entirely white in shell colour and not bleached. In addition, Laidlaw and Solem (1961) suggested that Amphidromus quadrasi Hidalgo, 1887 and Amphidromus versicolor Fulton, 1896 from the Philippines were probably junior synomyms of this species. With a unique straight columella, thickened parietal callus and elongated aperture, Amphidromus lindstedti (Pfeiffer, 1857) is clearly distinct from both speceis. However, new collections from precise localities will help elucidate whether this is a distinct species or a colour form of the other taxa.

unknown.

Lectotype NHMUK 19601446 (Fig. 10E; H=61.5 mm, W=29.2 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 19601447 (1S, Fig. 10F).

The original description gave the type locality as “unknown”. However, the original label accompanying the lectotype states it was collected from Java. The type locality of this taxa is, therefore, confined to Java.

Moluccas [probably in the area of Maluku and North Maluku, Indonesia].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20140752/1 (Fig. 10G; H=40.8 mm, W=18.9 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 20140752/2–8 (7S, Fig. 10H).

Fulton (1896a) correctly nominated this name, but attributed the authorship to von Martens. However, von Martens (1867: 355) described the subspecific name as ‘B’ which is an invalid (ICZN 1999: Art. 11.9). Therefore, the authorship of this taxon should be attributed to Fulton.

The original description was very brief, without any measurements or illustrations, and did not indicate that a unique type was designated. The NHM holds a lot with eight shells from the Da Costa collection, with the original label stating “Fulton co-types” which are considered syntypes. The specimen that has a small label with Fulton’s handwritten glued inside the aperture is designated here as the lectotype to stabilise the name. The paralectotypes are the other seven specimens from the same lot.

Banguey Island [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.47 (Figs 2B, 10I; H=34.4 mm, W=17.2 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1896.6.13.3 (1S, Figs 2B, 10J), SMF 7549 (2S).

Macassar [Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601456 (Fig. 11A; H=32.1 mm, W=16.9 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 19601457 (1S, Fig. 11B), SMF 28294 (1S).

Figure 11. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. contrarius maculata A lectotype and B paralectotype C Lectotype of A. masoni D Lectotype of A. moniliferus E Lectotype of A. mouhoti F–G A. contrarius multifasciata F lectotype and G paralectotype H–I A. perversus natunensis H lectotype and I paralectotype J–K A. niasensis J lectotype and K paralectotype L Holotype of A. nicobarica.

Dihiri Parbat, 2000 feet [Dafla Hills, Assam, India].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1903.7.1.1908 (Figs 2C, 11C; H=30.7 mm, W=17.7 mm).

Godwin-Austen (1876) stated that there were two specimens in the type series. Only a single specimen from the Godwin-Austen type lot remains in the NHM collections (Fig. 2C). Laidlaw and Solem (1961: 639) considered this specimen to be the holotype. This should be interpreted as an inadvertant lectotype designation (ICZN 1999: Art. 74.6). The apex of the lectotype has been damaged at around the second and third whorls and the shell height is much smaller than it would have been if undamaged.

insulis Moluccis [= the islands of the Moluccas].

Possible syntype NHMUK 20140753/1 (Figs 2D, 10K; H=47.8 mm, W=26.3 mm).

The original description by Pfeiffer (1852: 95) did not give an illustration of the species but a set of measurements were provided. Küster and Pfeiffer (1854: 135, 136, pl. 39, figs 28, 29; pl. 41, figs 1, 2, 7, 8) re-published the description, and figured the nominal species and included two varietal forms.

The NHM holds a lot that has an original label in Pfeiffer’s handwriting giving the species name (in blue ink) and the collection locality of “Malacca”. The words “B. melanoma var γ Pfr. Mon. Hel. III p. 310”, not written by Pfeiffer, were added to the label at a later time (Fig. 2D). The specimen illustrated in Küster and Pfeiffer (1854: pl. 39, figs 27, 28) is recognized by the sinistral shell, with a yellow peripheral band on the periphery of the last whorl and the dimensions are very close to those given in the original description. Since the lot contains two other dextral specimens which were not mentioned in the original description, we refrain from designating this as a lectotype, considering the sinistral specimen to be a possible syntype. The other two dextral shells (NHMUK 20140753/2-3) that are contained in the lot are excluded from the type series (ICZN 1999: Art. 72.4.1).

Tavoy [Dawei, Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 20120009 (Figs 2E, 11D; H=29.3 mm, W=16.5 mm).

Gould noted that he received several specimens (dextral and sinistral) from F. Mason, and he wrote his original description from the sinistral specimen (Gould 1846). However, in the catalogue of Gould’s type specimens, Johnson (1964) could not locate any type material of Bulimus moniliferus. A single specimen was found in the NHM from the H. Cuming collection with “Type” written on it and the locality “Tavoy” which corresponds to the type locality in the original description (Fig. 2E). In addition, F. Mason, the original collector who presented specimens to Gould, mentioned that local people (Karen ladies) often strung the shells of A. atricallosus and others congeners from their necklaces (Mason 1850: 400). Evidence of a hole remains on the basal lip of the lectotype of Bulimus atricallosus (MCZ 169050) and in the NHM type specimen of Bulimus moniliferus Gould, 1846. This specimen is, therefore, designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name.

Siam [Thailand].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601438 (Fig. 11E; H=34.2 mm, W=16.1 mm).

Cambodia.

Lectotype NHMUK 19601458 (Fig. 11F; H=29.4 mm, W=15.1 mm); paralectotypes NHMUK 19601459 (2S, Fig. 11G).

Natuna Islands [Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1894.2.1.8 (Fig. 11H; H=51.7 mm, W=26.9 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1894.2.1.9–19 (5D + 6S, Fig. 11I).

Nias Island, Sumatra.

Lectotype NHMUK 1907.5.3.123 (Fig. 11J; H=30.1 mm, W=16.5 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1907.5.3.124 (1S, Fig. 11K).

Katchall [island in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India].

Holotype NHMUK 1888.8.6.31 (Figs 2F, 11L; H=38.4 mm, W=19.0 mm).

Godwin-Austen clearly stated that this taxon was described based on only one specimen. Therefore a single specimen ex. Röepstorff (Fig. 2F) in the NHM collections is recognized as the holotype fixed by monotypy (ICZN 1999: Art. 73.1.2).

Mindanao Island.

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 19601535/1 (Fig. 12A; H=61.4 mm, W=31.5 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601535/2-3 (1D + 1S, Fig. 12B).

Figure 12. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. maculiferus obscura A lectotype and B paralectotype C–D A. adamsii ornata C lectotype and D paralectotype E–F A. perakensis, E lectotype and F paralectotype G Holotype of A. pictus H–I A. placidus H lectotype and I paralectotype.

The original description was based on more than one specimen, since Fulton stated “…remarkable that this is the only form of maculiferus of which dextral specimens have been found…”. A unique type was not indicated in the original description. The NHM holds a lot that consists of three specimens (2D, 1S) from the H. Cuming collection with an original label in Fulton’s handwriting. The dextral specimen closely matches with the original description and is here designated as the lectotype to stabilise the name.

Banguey Island, Borneo [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1893.6.7.3 (Fig. 12C; H=33.8 mm, W=19.4 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1893.6.7.4–5 (2S, Fig. 12D).

Perak [Peninsular Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1902.5.28.12 (Fig. 12E; H=51.0 mm, W=26.9 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1902.5.28.13 (1S, Fig. 12F), SMF 7595 (3D + 2S).

Kina Balu, North Borneo.

Lectotype NHMUK 96.6.13.391 (Fig. 12G; H=38.1 mm, W=18.6 mm).

East Boneo.

Lectotype NHMUK 19601460 (Fig. 12H; H=31.5 mm, W=16.2 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601461 (2S, Fig. 12I).

Sumbawa Island [West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.29 (Fig. 13A; H=36.1 mm, W=20.0 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1895.12.19.13-14 (2S, Fig. 13B), SMF 7594 (2S).

Figure 13. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A–B A. poecilochroa A lectotype and B paralectotype C Holotype of A. flavus proxima D Syntype of A. robustus E–F A. roemeri E lectotype and F paralectotype G Paralectotype of A. laevus romaensis H–I A. sinistralis rosea H lectotype and I paralectotype J–K A. roseolabiatus J lectotype and K paralectotype L Paralectotype of A. annamiticus roseotincta M Paratype of A. rottiensis N Probable syntype of A. adamsii rubiginosa.

unknown.

Holotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.48 (Fig. 13C; H=32.6 mm, W=16.1 mm).

Java.

Syntype NHMUK 1896.6.13.15 (1D juvenile, Fig. 13D; H=35.3 mm, W=18.8 mm).

The specimen from Fulton’s collection with an accompanied label bearing a handwritten taxon and locality is considered to be a syntype (ICZN 1999: Art. 72.4). However, in the original description, Fulton provided the measurements of an adult specimen, yet only a juvenile specimen was located in the NHM.

Lao Mountains, Cambodja [=Cambodia].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601450 (Fig. 13E; H=23.1 mm, W=15.0 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601451 (2S juveniles, Fig. 13F).

Insel Roma, Timor.

Lectotype (designated by Zilch 1953: 133, pl. 22, fig. 11), SMF 7574a, paralectotypes SMF 7574b-c, NHMUK 1908.7.6.78 (1S, Fig. 13G).

The original description was very brief and H. Rolle never designated a unique name-bearing type. Later, Zilch (1953) designated the lectotype from H. Rolle’s collection in the Senckenberg Museum. The NHM registration records show that a specimen was purchased from Sowerby and Fulton’s collection with the original label stating “Co-type” and giving the locality “Roma I.”. Therefore, we consider this specimen to be a paralectotype.

Nördliches Celebes [Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 19601545/1 (Fig. 13H; H=40.1 mm, W=19.2 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601545/2-3 (2S, Fig. 13I).

Fulton attributed the authorship to von Martens. However, von Martens (1867: 356, pl. 21, fig. 2c) only describe this varietal form with a letter “Bulimus sinistralis var. C.” which is not a valid name (ICZN 1999: Art. 11.9). Therefore, Fulton (1896a: 76) is the sole author of this species.

The NHM holds a lot with Fulton’s handwritten labels bearing the taxon and type locality. The specimen that corresponds most closely with the original description is designated as the lectotype.

Siam [Thailand].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601462 (Fig. 13J; H=36.5 mm, W=20.7 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 19601463 (1S, Fig. 13K).

near Chaya [Chaiya, Suratthani, Thailand].

Lectotype (designated by Zilch 1953: 135, pl. 23, fig. 26), SMF 7546, paralectotypes SMF 7547 (7D), SMF 28241 (10D), SMF 82356 (2D), SMF 82357 (4S), NHMUK 1894.2.26.45–46 (2D, Fig. 13L).

Möllendorff (1894) provided a very brief definition of the taxon without figures. The type locality as written on the lectotype label was “Tschaya”. The NMH possess a lot of two shells purchased from H. Rolle, which are considered to be probable paralectotypes.

Southwest central plateau portion (Busalangga) of Rotti Island (Pulau Rote), Indonesia.

Holotype MZBGst.15.047 (Ex NHMUK 20080621), paratypes NHMUK 20080622 (3S, Fig. 13M).

Chan et al. (2008) described “rottiensis” in the Occasional Molluscan Papers which does not fulfil the ICZN (1999: Art. 8.6) guidelines, and could not be made available (ICZN 1999: Art. 11.1). However, the same species name was later published correctly (ICZN 1999: Art. 8) and made available in Chan and Tan (2010).

N. Borneo.

2 probable syntypes NHMUK 19601477 (2S, Fig. 13N).

There are two specimens from H. Cuming’s collection accompanied with Fulton’s handwritten label stating the taxon name. The type locality in the original publication was given as N. Borneo, but this lot has no locality. However, these specimens closely match the original description, especially in colour pattern and so it seems likely that these were indeed the shells that Fulton based the species description upon. Therefore, on this basis, we consider these specimens to be probable syntypes.

Borneo.

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.11 (Fig. 14A; H=34.2 mm, W=17.7 mm).

Figure 14. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A Lectotype of A. adamsii rufocincta B–C A. schomburgki B lectotype and C paralectotype D Paratype of A. webbi simalurensis E Lectotype of A. adamsii simplex F Paralectotype of A. singalangensis G–H A. sinistralis G lectotype and H paralectotype I–J A. smithii I lectotype and J paralectotype K Lectotype of A. quadrasi solida L Lectotype of A. sowerbyi.

Siam [Thailand].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601452 (Fig. 14B; H=48.0 mm, W=25.5 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601453 (1D + 1S, Fig. 14C).

Soea Lamatau, Simalur Island [Simeulue Island, Aceh, Indonesia].

Holotype in RMNH, paratype NHMUK 1957.11.18.2 (1S, Fig. 14D).

Banguey Island [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.4 (Fig. 14E; H=26.1 mm, W=13.4 mm).

Ostabhang des Singalang, West Sumatra [Eastern slope of Mount Singgalang, West Sumatra, Indonesia].

Lectotype (designated by Zilch 1953: 133, pl. 23, fig. 20), SMF 7671, paralectotypes NHMUK 1908.7.6.85-86 (2S, Fig. 14F), SMF 7672 (5S).

The lectotype was designated from H. Rolle’s collection (Zilch 1953: 133, pl. 23, fig. 20). The NHM holds one lot of 2 specimens from the type series, labeled as “co-type”, and these are considered paralectotypes.

Java.

Lectotype NHMUK 19601428 (Fig. 14G; H=37.3 mm, W=18.5 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 19601429 (2S, Fig. 14H).

Annam [Central Vietnam].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.37 (Fig. 14I; H=39.2 mm, W=16.5 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.38 (1S, Fig. 14J).

Palawan [Philippines].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.10 (Fig. 14K; H=31.5 mm, W=16.3 mm).

Nias Island, Sumatra.

Lectotype NHMUK 1907.5.3.121 (Fig. 14L; H=31.1 mm, W=17.2 mm).

Banguey Island [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.46 (Fig. 15A; H=30.1 mm, W=16.8 mm).

Figure 15. 

Type specimens of Amphidromus spp. A Lectotype of A. adamsii subunicolor B Lectotype of A. sumbaensis C Lectotype of A. adamsii superba D Possible syntype of A. theobaldianus E Paralectotype of A. smithi ventrosulus F–G A. versicolor F lectotype and G paralectotype H–I A. sinensis vicaria H lectotype and I paralectotype J Holotype of A. webbi K Lectotype of A. zebrinus.

Fulton attributed the authorship of this variety to von Martens (1867: 357). However, von Martens only describe this varietal form with a letter “Bulimus adamsii var. D.”, which is not a valid name (ICZN 1999: Art. 11.9). Later “subunicolor” was appropriately described and figured in Fulton (1896a). The basal lip or bottom of the aperture of the lectotype was damaged and so the shell height given here is much smaller than the actual specimen size.

Sumba (Soemba) Island [Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia].

Lectotype NHMUK 96.6.13.41 (Fig. 15B; H=34.1 mm, W=16.6 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.42 (1S).

Banguey Island [Sabah, Malaysia].

Lectotype NHMUK 1896.6.13.1 (Fig. 15C; H=29.4 mm, W=14.4 mm).

Yanglaw, Tenasserim [in the area of Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar].

Possible syntype NHMUK 1907.11.21.64 (1D juvenile; Fig. 15D; H=22.3 mm, W=12.4 mm).

The original description seems to be based on one specimen and a single set of measurements was given. Benson (1857: 329) stated “peristomate tenui?” [=peristome thin?], and Theobald (1876: 187) also stated “…described by Benson from an imperfect example”, which we have interpreted as meaning that the type specimen is an immature shell. The NHM holds a lot containing a juvenile specimen figured in Hanley and Theobald (1870: pl. 19, fig. 10), and the label states “from Hanley coll. figd in Con. Ind. pl. 19, fig. 10”. The collection locality states “Tenasserim” which agrees with the original description. However, this specimen is larger than the dimensions given, so we refrain from designating it as the lectotype.

Phuc-son, Annam [Tan Yen District, Bac Giang Province, northeastern Vietnam].

Lectotype (designated by Zilch 1953: 133, pl. 23, fig. 19), SMF 7643 (1S), paralectotypes SMF 7642/6 (6S), NHMUK 1902.3.22.20-21 (2S, Fig. 15E).

Möllendorff indicated that the specimens examined in the original description were from H. Fruhstorfer’s collection. The lectotype was designated by Zilch (1953: 133) and is housed in the Senckenberg Museum. The NHM registration records show that the two specimens were purchased from H. Fruhstorfer. The specimen locality is “Annam” which matches with the type locality. We therefore consider these specimens to be paralectotypes.

Balabac [Balabac Island, Palawan, Philippines].

Lectotype NHMUK 1893.3.5.54 (Fig. 15F; H=48.7 mm, W=21.8 mm), paralectotype NHMUK 1893.3.5.55 (1S, Fig. 15G).

Pegu [Bago, northeast of Yangoon, Myanmar]; Chittagong [in Bangladesh].

Lectotype (design. n.), NHMUK 1888.12.4.975 (Fig. 15H; H=30.3 mm, W=16.7 mm), paralectotypes NHMUK 1888.12.4.971–974 (4S, Fig. 15I), NHMUK 1888.12.4.976–979 (4S) from Pegu; SMF 7639 (1S), SMF 175769 (2S) from Chittagong.

Fulton clearly stated in the original description that the type series was composed of two lots from Pegu, and Chittagong. No specimens from Chittagong were located in the NHM collections. However, the specimen that most closely matched with the original description in Fulton (1896a: 80) and is figured in Hanley and Theobald (1876: pl. 21, fig. 5) is designated here as the lectotype, NHMUK 1888.12.4.975. The type locality of these taxa is here restricted to “Pegu”, the locality of the lectotype.

Nias Island, Sumatra [North Sumatra, Inonesia].

Holotype NHMUK 1907.5.3.125 (Fig. 15J; H=51.1 mm, W=29.8 mm).

Siam [Thailand].

Lectotype NHMUK 19601439 (Fig. 15K; H=24.7 mm, W=11.6 mm).

Helix contraria Müller, 1774 by subsequent designation of Zilch (1960: 623).

Holotype CUMZ 4925 (height 21.9 mm, width 14.2 mm, whorls 5¾; Fig. 16C), paratypes CUMZ 4926 (13 shells), CUMZ 4927 (6 shells; Fig. 16D–F), CUMZ 4928 (12 shells), CUMZ 4929 (4 shells), NHMUK 20140707 (2 shells), SMF (2 shells).

Figure 16. 

Shells and live snails characteristics. A Living snail of A. (Syndromus) globonevilli Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. from the type locality with a shell height of approximately 20 mm B Living snail of A. (Syndromus) principalis Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. from the type locality with a shell height of approximately 25 mm C–F A. (Syndromus) globonevilli Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. C holotype CUMZ 4925 and D–F paratypes CUMZ 4927 G–I Syntypes UMZC of A. sinensis (Benson, 1851) from China J–L A. (Syndromus) principalis Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. J holotype CUMZ 2543 and K, L paratypes CUMZ 2478.

Measurement of 37 paratypes; height range 18.3–23.3 mm, mean 21.08 ± 1.18; width range 11.9–15.3 mm, mean 13.59 ± 0.69; height/width ratio 1.46–1.62, mean 1.55 ± 0.04; whorls 5–6.

Chittagong [now in Bangladesh] original specimen of “globosa Nevill, 1878” NHMUK 1903.7.1.1921.

Wat Phothikhun, Maesod, Tak, Thailand (16°45'42.2"N, 98°38'49"E).

This new species can be distinguished from A. sinensis (Benson, 1851) by having a smaller, more ovate conic shell (Fig. 16G–I). It differs from A. flavus (Pfeiffer, 1861) which exhibits an elongated conic shell a faint yellowish spiral band below the periphery, and an elongated aperture (Fig. 7I, J). It differs from A. lepidus (Gould, 1856) and A. roemeri (Pfeiffer, 1863) by having a yellowish shell colour with two dark brown spiral bands below the periphery, while A. roemeri have a more ovate to stout shell, whitish in colour with reddish-brown spiral bands below the periphery (Fig. 13E, F) and A. lepidus has a monochrome whitish shell (Fig. 10C).

Shell. Shell small, sinistral, ovate conic, rather thin; umbilicus perforate. Apex acute without black spot; spire short; suture depressed and wide. Whorls slightly convex; last whorl round to ovate. Periostracum thin and transparent. Shell colour yellowish, paler near apex; subsutural band white and with darker yellow band below. Last whorl with two brown spiral bands below periphery. Aperture wide and ovate; columella straight; lip white and little expanded; parietal callus thin and transparent.

Atrium (at) short (n = 5). Penis (p) long, cylindrical and enlarged near penial retractor muscle. Epiphallus (e) smaller than penis and almost similar to penis length; flagellum (fl) similar length to epiphallus; appendix absent. Penial retractor muscle (pr) short and relatively thin. Vas deferens (vd) narrow tube extending from free oviduct (fo) and connected to epiphallus (Fig. 17A).

Internal wall of penis almost smooth surfaced, corrugated into a series of thickened; proximal to genital orifice, with swollen longitudinal penial pilasters (pp). Penial verge (pv) large, elongated conical shape, about two-thirds of penis length and with smooth surface (Fig. 17B).

Figure 17. 

A–B Genitalia of A. (Syndromus) globonevilli Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. showing the reproductive system and interior structures of the penis and vaginal chamber C–D Genitalia of A. (Syndromus) principalis Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. showing the general characteristics of the genital system and the interior structures of the penis, atrium and vagina chamber. Anatomical abbreviations are as described in Sutcharit and Panha (2006a, b, 2011): ag, albumin gland; ap, appendix; at, atrium; e, epiphallus; fl, flagellum; fo, free oviduct; gd, gametolytic duct; gs, gametolytic sac; hd, hermaphroditic duct; hg, hermaphroditic gland; o, oviduct; p, penis; pp, penial pilaster; pm, penial retractor muscle; pv, penial verge; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vp, vaginal pilaster.

Vagina (v) cylindrical, longer than penis, held in position with series of thin muscles originating from foot floor. Vaginal pouch and stimulator pilaster absent. Gametolytic duct (gd) long, slender; proximal to genital orifice enlarged same diameter as vagina, and distal to genital orifice tapering to small tube connected to gametolytic sac (gs). Oviduct (ov) and albumen gland (ag) enlarged; hermaphroditic gland (hg) multilobed and connected with hermaphroditic duct (hd) (Fig. 17A).

Internally, vaginal wall sculptured with longitudinal vaginal pilasters (vp); proximal to genital orifice with smooth and continuous ridges about two-third of its length, and pilasters at distal to genital orifice interrupted by transverse divisions (Fig. 17B).

The specific name comes from the Latin word “globous” meaning “ball or sphere” and the name of Dr. Geoffroy Nevill, who first recognized this as a new species and introduce the name “globosa” but was unavailable (see Remark of “globosa”).

This new species is known from the type locality in Tak Province, western Thailand. In addition, NHM specimens indicate that this species is also found from Chittagong, Bangladesh.

The type speceimen of A. sinensis s.s. was presumed to be lost (Pilsbry 1900, Laidlaw and Solem 1961). Recently, we have located one lot of three shells in Benson’s collection at UMZC with the collection locality of “China”, which we consider to be possible syntypes. Photographs of these three shells (Fig. 16G-I) are shown here for further comparison. The shell that most closely matches the original description of Benson’s (1851: 264) and Benson’s specimen figured in Küster and Pfeiffer (1853: pl. 20, figs 1, 2) is illustrated inFigure 16G.

Holotype: CUMZ 2543 (height 33.9 mm, width 17.9 mm, whorls 6; Fig. 16J), paratypes CUMZ 2478 (3 shells, Fig. 16K, L), CUMZ 2386 (19 shells), CUMZ 2387 (18 shells), NHMUK 20140708 (2 shells) and SMF (2 shells).

Measurement of 27 paratypes; height range 25.2–36.0 mm, mean 30.60 ± 2.38; width range 14.5–18.9 mm, mean 16.43 ± 1.09; height/width ratio 1.69–2.00, mean 1.86 ± 0.07; whorls 5¾–6¾.

From the type locality CUMZ 2401, 2422.

Koh Kra, about 30 km off the east coast of Pak Phanang, Nakhon Srithammarat in the Gulf of Thailand (8°23'55"N, 100°44'2"E).

This new species is distinguished from A. globonevilli Sutcharit and Panha, sp. n. by having a more ovate to elongated conic shell of entirely uniform bright yellow colour. The reproductive organ lacks a vaginal pouch, the penial verge is small and conical. Living snails have an entirely whitish to creamy body; only older snails are likely to have a pale brown head-foot. Superficially, this new species resembles A. flavus from northern Thailand and Laos. However, this new species exhibits a bright yellow, slightly ovate shell, shorter expanded lip and thickened shell, while A. flavus has a slender, pale yellow shell, wide expanded lip with faint spiral band below periphery (Fig. 7I, J).

Shell. Shell ovate to slightly elongate conic, glossy, smooth, sinistral and rimate. Apex obtuse with brown to black spot on the tip. Shell uniform golden yellow (without any bands). Last whorl darker yellow than earlier whorls. Spire conic with slightly depressed suture. Aperture ovate; peristome white, narrowly expanded and not reflected. Columella white, straight and perpendicular. Parietal callus thin and translucent.

Atrium (at) slightly long (n = 10). Penis (p) long, cylindrical and enlarged in middle. Epiphallus (e) longer than penis length; flagellum (fl) shorter than epiphallus; appendix absent. Penial retractor muscle (pr) thickened and relatively long (Fig. 17C). Vas deferens (vd) small tube and connected between epiphallus and free oviduct.

Internal wall of penis corrugated into series of thin and longitudinal penial pilasters (pp), which form a thin fringe around penial verge. Penial verge (pv) short conic, surface with thin irregular furrow (Fig. 17C).

Female reproductive organ similar to former described species but differs in that vagina internal wall possesses swollen and nearly smooth longitudinal vaginal pilaster (Fig. 17C, D).

The specific epithet is derived from the Latin “principalis” meaning “leader” and refers to Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn who chaired the Plant Genetic Conservation Project as a Royal Initiation to support biodiversity in Thailand. The malacological survey on Koh Kra in 2000 was part of an expedition supported by this project.

This new species is known only from the type locality.

Amphidromus principalis Sutcharit & Panha, sp. n. is known only from the type locality, the granitic island. The forestation type on the island was dry evergreen forest, the snails were found crawling on the tree leaves, trunks or branches of almost all trees up to 10 m height. We also explored two other satellite islands but found no Amphidromus on these islands or any other terrestrial snails other than subulinids.