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Maximum likelihood tree of Octocorallia based on combined, partitioned analysis of mtMutS, COI and 28S rDNA sequences. Taxa belonging to family Alcyoniidae are shown in blue; new combinations proposed herein are shown in red. Solid circles at nodes indicate strong support from both maximum likelihood (bootstrap values >70%) and Bayesian inference (posterior probability > 0.95); open circles indicate moderate support (bootstrap values >50%, Bayesian pp > 0.95). Strongly supported clades that include no alcyoniid taxa have been collapsed to triangles to facilitate readability. HA: Holaxonia–Alcyoniina clade; CP: Calcaxonia–Pennatulacea clade. Hexacorallian taxa used as outgroups are not shown. For a list of all reference taxa and sequences included in the analysis see Appendix.
Sclerites of Sphaerasclera flammicerebra comb. n. MNHN-IK-2012-12004. A–C Surface layer of polyparium A Small radiates (0.05 mm scale bar) B Larger radiates and two small spheroids C Large tuberculate spheroids D–F Interior of polyparium D Small radiates (0.05 mm scale bar) E Larger radiate and three small spheroids F Large tuberculate spheroids.