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Nomenclature adopted in this study for the characterization of forewing pattern in Myrsine-feeding Philodoria. Abbreviations: as: apical spot; bb1–bb3: bronze color band; bp: basal patch; bl: basal line; cs: costal spot; tf: transverse fascia; tp: transverse patch; w1– w5: white color band.
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Adults of Myrsine-feeding Philodoria species. A–D P. succedanea Walsingham, 1907 A Lectotype female B Paralectotype male C Paralectotype female D Male Lanai E–F P. auromagnifica Walsingham, 1907 E Holotype male F Female Kauai. Scale bar: 1 mm.
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Distribution of Myrsine-feeding Philodoria species. The star indicates the type locality of each species. Information based on this study and label data of specimens in
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Forewing coloration and pattern of Myrsine-feeding Philodoria species. A–D P. succedanea E–H P. auromagnifica I, J P. kauaulaensis K, L P. kolea. A–C, E–G, K Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park. A Female SK622, leaf-dropper B Male SK625, leaf-dropper C Male SK633 D Paralectotype female 34320 Haleakala, Maui in
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Male genitalia of Philodoria. A–D P. succedanea Maui SK641 E–H P. auromagnifica Hawaii SK800 I–L P. auromagnifica Kauai SK689 A, E, I Left valva B, F, J Genital capsule lateral view C Genital capsule with left valva ventral view G, K Genital capsule ventral view D, H, L Phallus lateral view. Abbreviations: co: cornuti; gn: gnathos; sa: saccus; ss: subscaphium; ta: tuba analis; te: tegumen; va: valva; vi: vinculum.
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Genitalia of Philodoria. E–I Female. A–D P. kolea holotype male Hawaii SK851 E P. succedanea paralectotype Maui SK714 F P. succedanea leaf dropper Hawaii SK624 G P. auromagnifica non leaf dropper Hawaii SK623 H P. kauaulaensis holotype SK690 I P. kolea paratype Hawaii SK634. A Valva B Genital capsule lateral view C Genital capsule ventral view D Phallus lateral view
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Resting posture of adult Philodoria. A P. succedanea Waikamoi Maui B P. auromagnifica Molokai CJ241.
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Biology of Philodoria succedanea with its hostplant, Myrsine lessertiana. A–J Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii (Big Island) K–N Maui A Fallen leaf and leaf mine with larva B Hostplants and leaf mines C, I, J Young mine D Leaf vein mine E–G Mine by late instar larva H, K, M Mature larva and mine N Mature larva O Adult, CJ-145, lateral view.
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Biology of Philodoria kauaulaensis with its hostplant, Myrsine lessertiana, Haelaau, Maui, CJ-064. A, B Hostplant leaves and mines C Spiral mines, cocoon and adult moth D Cocoon with pupal exuvia E Resting posture of adult F Dead adult. Arrow showing leaf mine.
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Biology of Philodoria auromagnifica with its hostplant. A Resting posture of adult male, host: Myrsine wawraea Kauai CJ-148 B, C Later mine, host: M. lessertiana Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii.
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Biology of Philodoria kolea with its hostplant, Myrsine lessertiana. A–M Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park A–B, E Hostplant leaves and mines C Habitat and hostplants D Leaves and young mine F–H Later mines I Young larva J–L Mine by later instar larva M Cocoon N Resting posture of adult, paratype female lateral view.
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Biology of Philodoria kolea and its host, on seedlings of Myrsine lessertiana. A Young mine B–C, E–F Mine by later instar larva G Mature mine and larva H Full mature mine. Arrows showing larvae.
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Mine forms and characters of Philodoria species and their Myrsine host plants. A: long linear form via mid vein ; B: Spiral to blotch form; C, D: Serpentine form. A P. succedanea B P. kauaulaensis C P. auromagnifica D P. kolea A, C1–2, D M. lessertiana D1, 2 same collection of SKH-05-1 B1 M. lanaiensis, same collection of CJ-381 B2 M. sandwicensis, same collection of CJ-072 C3 M. wawraea, CJ-148. A Molokai B Maui C1–2, D Hawaii C3 Kauai.
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Maximum likelihood tree of Philodoria species based on the DNA barcoding region. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap support values. Collection ID, host plant, and collection locality, are also shown.