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Corresponding author: D. Ross Robertson ( robertsondr@si.edu ) Academic editor: Caleb McMahan
© 2022 D. Ross Robertson, Carlos J. Estapé, Allison M. Estapé, Lee Richter, Ernesto Peña, Benjamin Victor.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Robertson DR, Estapé CJ, Estapé AM, Richter L, Peña E, Victor B (2022) An updated, illustrated inventory of the marine fishes of the US Virgin Islands. ZooKeys 1103: 79-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1103.83795
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The US Virgin Islands (USVI) include St. John and St. Thomas on the Puerto Rican Platform (PRP) and St. Croix, isolated by 2000 m deep water 45 km south of that platform. Previous inventories of the marine fishes of these islands include a comprehensive 2014 checklist of the fishes of St. Croix and a list of the fishes of the PRP produced in 2000. The latter list noted the locations of many records of the plateau’s fishes, allowing the construction of a combined inventory for St. John and St. Thomas. Those two islands are treated here as a single faunal unit because they are only 3.5 km apart on a shared shallow shelf with various islets and reefs in between. Here we provide updated information on those two USVI (St. Croix and St. John-Thomas) marine fish faunas. The additions to the St. Croix and St. John-Thomas inventories presented here are based on a combination of information from the two sources indicated above, more recent publications dealing with those faunas, a review of location records on various online sources of biogeographic data, and voucher photographs taken of fishes in the field by authors of this paper and other citizen scientists. This assessment increased the known fauna of St. Croix by 7.5% to 585 species. The inventory for St. John-Thomas increased by 39.9% from 401 species on the 2000 PRP list to 561 with the inclusion of records from other sources. On-site mtDNA (COI) barcodes are available for approximately one-third of the species of the St. John-Thomas fauna, but for only one species collected at St. Croix. A set of underwater photographs of 372 species (34 of them representing the sole record of a species) from St. John-Thomas and of 11 shallow-water species added to the St. Croix fauna is included. These represent occurrence vouchers and also are intended to facilitate future work that builds on the present compendium.
Biodiversity, checklist, citizen science, DNA-barcode, photographic voucher, SCUBA survey
The United States Virgin Islands (USVI) comprise a US territory adjacent to Puerto Rico, in the northeast Caribbean, that includes three large, inhabited islands, St. John, St. Thomas and St. Croix, and approximately 50 smaller islands and cays around them. The former two are situated only 3.5 km apart, in the center of the Puerto Rico Plateau (PRP), which has an area approximately twice the 9,100 km2 of Puerto Rico Island and extends ~ 150 km eastwards from Puerto Rico. St. Croix is located south of St. John and St. Thomas, on its own insular platform, which is separated by 45 km of deep water from the southern edge of the PRP.
The fish fauna of St. Croix was comprehensively reviewed by
Here we add new information to update the 2014 list for St. Croix and assemble an inventory for St. John and St. Thomas that includes and expands on data for those two islands contained in
St. Croix is a 215 km2 island in the northeast corner of the Caribbean. It is isolated by ~ 45 km of deep water from the Puerto Rican Platform (PRP). Other islands of the Lesser Antilles chain lie within ~ 150 km to the east and southeast of St. Croix. The surrounding shallow (above ~ 150 m depth) shelf of St. Croix, extending almost 20 km eastward, has approximately the same area as the island. In addition to exposed and sheltered coral reefs and soft bottoms, the island has extensive areas of seagrasses and mangroves.
St. John (area 50 km2) and St. Thomas (area 83 km2) are situated in the center of the shallow (to ~ 150 m deep) tongue of the PRP that extends 150 km eastwards from Puerto Rico. St. Thomas is closest to and 64 km from the main island of Puerto Rico. St. John and St. Thomas are separated from each other by only 3.5 km of water shallower than 20 m deep, with scattered islets and shallow reefs in between them. They have a similar range of habitats as St. Croix, with large areas of both sheltered and deeper shelf-edge coral reefs, rocky shores, seagrass beds and mangroves. Due to their proximity and similarity of habitats we treat them here as a single unit (hereafter St. John-Thomas). The shallow PRP associated with St. John-Thomas extends ~ 25 km north and ~ 15 km south of those islands and covers an area of ~ 2,100 km2 (
Suppl. material
We reviewed and cited only publications from which we extracted information relating to the USVI fishes that were published after those cited by
Finally, the list includes shallow-reef fishes photographed by authors AME and CJE during a month spent at the island from 19 December 2020 to 13 January 2021. Suppl. material
A dive sites generating fish-occurrence data at St. John and St. Thomas islands. Dive sites of CJE and AME are indicated by red symbols, and of other sources of voucher photographs by blue symbols. Note that some close-proximity sites are indicated by a single symbol. Symbols at the northern and southern edges of Fig.
For St. John-Thomas we extracted a list of 401 species listed at those islands by
CJE and AME spent six months between 3 November 2020 and 29 May 2021 diving at both islands and photographing fishes to obtain voucher images of as many members of those islands’ marine fish fauna as possible. File S2A presents a list, with georeferenced locations, of their dive sites at St. John (37) and St. Thomas (12), at which they made 113 joint dives (involving multiple dives at some sites) totaling 221 hours per person and 37 dives totaling 37 hours per person, respectively. Fig.
Greater Caribbean (GC) reef systems have reef-fish faunas that are dominated by members of typical, shallow-reef families of bony fishes extending down to depths of ~ 250–300 m (
We also evaluate the ecological and zoogeographic composition of the two USVI fish faunas (St. Croix and St. John-Thomas) compared to the complete checklist of the regional fauna of reef-associated bony fishes, which includes 992 species in 342 genera and 84 families (
Relatively few small marine locations have been comprehensively sampled for fish DNA barcoding, i.e., tissues sequenced for the mtDNA COI marker as a standard for identifying fishes, as compiled in the Barcode of Life Database, BOLD (
The BOLD BIN code is a key advance enabling the compilation and comparison of mtDNA barcoding lists, since it supplies an independent identifier for a monophyletic genetic lineage, which is not the same as a species name. BOLD creates BINs (Barcode Index Numbers) by clustering barcode sequences algorithmically. The BIN often represents a particular species, but there are many exceptions to the “one-species, one BIN” concept: either multiple BINs per species, indicating genetically divergent populations within species (usually allopatric, but not always), a subset of which are putative new cryptic species awaiting morphological confirmation; or shared BINs by two or more species that retain shared or closely related haplotypes due to a short time since speciation, to incomplete lineage sorting, or to a small degree of hybridization.
Our broad assessment suggests that BOLD has a BIN that can be assigned (with widely varying degrees of confidence) to ~ 900 species of shallow-dwelling, reef-associated bony fishes from the GC. A list of sequences obtained in a particular area is obtained from BOLD by using a vector map in its search engine. The resulting list is from public projects (including all GenBank COI sequences), as well as whichever private projects the user has permission to access (often granted by an email request to the source of the sequence). In our case, we have been given access to all of the larger private projects in the region and barcodes for the vast majority (~ 90%) of sequence records in BOLD that could be evaluated in their respective BINs. The list of records from the geographic-area search on BOLD are individual sequences with metadata (including GenBank number if a sequence has one) and photographs of specimens (when available), together with a link to the BIN code to which it belongs. The species name originally submitted for each is preserved, and the accuracy of the assignment can be assessed by examining the BIN to which it belongs, which has details on the various names applied to sequences in the BIN and by whom and where they were obtained. Accuracy assessments are critical, especially for more obscure species, since a “majority rules” decision is often inaccurate due to multiple identifications by inexperienced contributors, the tendency to repeat the species-level identification made by others as a shortcut, and the practice of assigning species-level names to submitted records that are from eggs, larvae, isolated tissue, or fish-market specimens. GenBank records are harvested by BOLD with whatever name is assigned in GenBank, often a preliminary one from submission, rather than the one later corrected or published in the subsequent literature.
St. Croix: The checklist of
Species of fishes added to the St. Croix checklist of fishes of
Scientific name | Common name | Deep | Image plate | Literature source | Online source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antennariidae | |||||
Fowlerichthys ocellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Ocellated Frogfish | TNHCi | |||
Bathygadidae | |||||
Gadomus arcuatus (Goode & Bean, 1886) | Doublethread Grenadier | yes | 6 | ||
Blenniidae | |||||
Hypleurochilus pseudoaequipinnis Bath, 1994 | Oyster Blenny | S1 | |||
Bramidae | |||||
Eumegistus brevorti (Poey, 1860) | Tropical Pomfret | yes | FlMNH | ||
Chaenopsidae | |||||
Emblemariopsis leptocirris Stephens, 1970 | Fine-cirrus Blenny | S1 | |||
Chimaeridae | |||||
Chimaera cubana Howell Rivero, 1936 | Cuban Chimaera | yes | 1 | ||
Etmopteridae | |||||
Etmopterus hillianus (Poey, 1861) | Caribbean Lantern Shark | yes | FlMNH | ||
Exocoetidae | |||||
Cheilopogon melanurus (Valenciennes, 1847) | Atlantic Flyingfish | CF | |||
Cypselurus comatus (Mitchill, 1815) | Clearwing Flyingfish | CF | |||
Gempylidae | |||||
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1843) | Escolar | yes | NOAA | ||
Nesiarchus nasutus Johnson, 1862 | Black Gemfish | yes | NMNH | ||
Gerreidae | |||||
Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863) | Flagfin Mojarra | S1 | 5,7* | ||
Gobiesocidae | |||||
Acyrtus lanthanum Conway, Baldwin & White, 2014 | Orange-spotted Clingfish | FlMNH | |||
Gobiidae | |||||
Coryphopterus glaucofraenum Gill, 1863 | Bridled Goby | S1 | 2,5.7* | ||
Coryphopterus kuna Victor, 2007 | Kuna Goby | S1 | |||
Oxyurichthys stigmalophius (Mead & Böhlke, 1958) | Spotfin Goby | S1 | NOAA | ||
Kyphosidae | |||||
Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775) | Topsail Seachub | S1 | |||
Macrouridae | |||||
Nezumia aequalis (Günther, 1878) | Atlantic Blacktip Grenadier | yes | 6 | ||
Malakichthyidae | |||||
Verilus pseudomicrolepis (Schultz, 1940) | False-smallscale Bass | yes | CAS | ||
Mobulidae | |||||
Mobula cf birostris | Giant Manta | 4 | |||
Mobula tarapacana (Philippi, 1892) | Sicklefin Devil Ray | 4 | |||
Muraenidae | |||||
Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girard, 1858) | Blackedge Moray | CAS | |||
Nemichthyidae | |||||
Nemichthys curvirostris (Strömman, 1896) | Spottedbelly Snipe Eel | yes | 6 | ||
Neoscopelidae | |||||
Neoscopelus microchir Matsubara, 1943 | Shortfin Blackchin | yes | 6 | ||
Ophichthidae | |||||
Myrophis punctatus Lütken, 1852 | Speckled Worm Eel | MCZ | |||
Ophidiidae | |||||
Monomitopus agassizii (Goode & Bean, 1896) | Threespine Cusk-eel | yes | MCZ | ||
Opistognathidae | |||||
Opistognathus macrognathus Poey, 1860 | Banded Jawfish | S1 | 5,7* | ||
Paralichthyidae | |||||
Syacium micrurum Ranzani, 1842 | Channel Flounder | S1 | |||
Peristediidae | |||||
Peristedion longispatha Goode & Bean, 1886 | Widehead Armored Searobin | yes | MCZ | ||
Pleuronectidae | |||||
Poecilopsetta inermis (Breder, 1927) | Unarmed Deepwater Dab | yes | CAS, NMNH | ||
Polymixiidae | |||||
Polymixia nobilis Lowe, 1836 | Noble Beardfish | yes | 3 | ||
Scombropidae | |||||
Scombrops oculatus (Poey, 1860) | Atlantic Scombrops | yes | FlMNH | ||
Sparidae | |||||
Calamus calamus (Valenciennes, 1830) | Saucereye Porgy | 5 | |||
Squalidae | |||||
Cirrhigaleus asper (Merrett, 1973) | Roughskin Spiny Dogfish | yes | FlMNH | ||
Stomiidae | |||||
Borostomias mononema (Regan & Trewavas, 1929) | Sickle Snaggletooth | yes | 8 | ||
Synagropidae | |||||
Synagrops bellus (Goode & Bean, 1896) | Blackmouth Bass | yes | 6 | ||
Syngnathidae | |||||
Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 | Lined Seahorse | NCSM | |||
Synodontidae | |||||
Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766) | Inshore Lizardfish | ANSP | |||
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) | Snakefish | S1 | |||
Trachipteridae | |||||
Zu cristatus (Bonelli, 1820) | Scalloped Ribbonfish | yes | 8 | ||
Tripterygiidae | |||||
Enneanectes quadra Victor, 2017 | Squaretail Triplefin | FlMNH |
St. John-Thomas: Table
Scientific name | Common name | Image Plate | Literature source | Online source | Uncommon (site code) | Ichthyocide | DNA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthuridae | |||||||
Acanthurus chirurgus (Bloch, 1787) | Doctorfish | S2 | 2,4,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | Blue Tang | S2 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Acanthurus tractus Poey, 1860 | Northern Ocean Surgeonfish | S2 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Achiridae | |||||||
Gymnachirus nudus Kaup, 1858 | Flabby Sole | S2 | 2,11 | 1 | SJ5, SJ18, SJ25 | YES | |
Aetobatidae | |||||||
Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) | Spotted Eagle Ray | S2 | 2 | 1 | |||
Albulidae | |||||||
Albula goreensis Valenciennes, 1847 | Senegalese Bonefish |
|
YES | ||||
Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) | Bonefish | 2,4 | 1 | YES | |||
Anguillidae | |||||||
Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817) | American Eel | 6 | 1 | ||||
Antennariidae | |||||||
Antennarius multiocellatus (Valenciennes, 1837) | Longlure Frogfish | S2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Antennarius pauciradiatus Schultz, 1957 | Dwarf Frogfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Histrio histrio (Linnaeus, 1758) | Sargassumfish | S2 | 12 | O22 | |||
Apogonidae | |||||||
Apogon aurolineatus (Mowbray, 1927) | Bridle Cardinalfish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Apogon binotatus (Poey, 1867) | Barred Cardinalfish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Apogon lachneri Böhlke, 1959 | Whitestar Cardinalfish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ2 | 1 | |
Apogon maculatus (Poey, 1860) | Flamefish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Apogon phenax Böhlke & Randall, 1968 | Mimic Cardinalfish | S2 | 2,11 | 1 | |||
Apogon planifrons Longley & Hildebrand, 1940 | Pale Cardinalfish | S2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Apogon pseudomaculatus Longley, 1932 | Twospot Cardinalfish | 2,4 | 1 | ||||
Apogon quadrisquamatus Longley, 1934 | Sawcheek Cardinalfish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ22, SJ25 | 1 | YES |
Apogon robinsi Böhlke & Randall, 1968 | Roughlip Cardinalfish | 2 | -1 | ||||
Apogon townsendi (Breder, 1927) | Belted Cardinalfish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Astrapogon puncticulatus (Poey, 1867) | Blackfin Cardinalfish | S2 | 2 | 1 | YES | ||
Astrapogon stellatus (Cope, 1867) | Conchfish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ5, SJ13 | YES | |
Paroncheilus affinis (Poey, 1875) | Bigtooth Cardinalfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Phaeoptyx conklini (Silvester, 1915) | Freckled Cardinalfish | S2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (Poey, 1860) | Dusky Cardinalfish | S2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Phaeoptyx xenus (Böhlke & Randall, 1968) | Sponge Cardinalfish | S2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Zapogon evermanni (Jordan & Snyder, 1904) | Oddscale Cardinalfish | S2 | SJ22 | YES | |||
Atherinidae | |||||||
Atherina harringtonensis Goode, 1877 | Reef Silverside | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | ||
Atherinomorus stipes (Müller & Troschel, 1848) | Hardhead Silverside | S2 | 2,6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Aulostomidae | |||||||
Aulostomus maculatus Valenciennes, 1841 | Atlantic Trumpetfish | S2 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Balistidae | |||||||
Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 | Gray Triggerfish | S3 | 2 | ||||
Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758 | Queen Triggerfish | S3 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill, 1815) | Ocean Triggerfish | S3 | 2 | 1 | SJ33 | ||
Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786) | Black Durgon | S3 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ33 | ||
Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus, 1758) | Sargassum Triggerfish | S3 | 2,5 | 1 | SJ33 | ||
Belonidae | |||||||
Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846) | Barred Needlefish | S3 | |||||
Platybelone argalus argalus (Lesueur, 1821) | Keeltail Needlefish | S3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Strongylura timucu (Walbaum, 1792) | Timucú | 2,6 | 1 | ||||
Tylosurus acus (Lacepède, 1803) | Atlantic Agujón |
FlMNH, |
|||||
Tylosurus crocodilus (Péron & Lesueur, 1821) | Houndfish | S3 | 2 | 1 | |||
Blenniidae | |||||||
Entomacrodus nigricans Gill, 1859 | Pearl Blenny | S3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Hypleurochilus pseudoaequipinnis Bath, 1994 | Oyster Blenny | S3 | 2,11 | 1 | YES | ||
Hypleurochilus springeri Randall, 1966 | Orangespotted Blenny | S3 | 2 | 1 | |||
Hypsoblennius invemar Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980 | Tessellated Blenny | S3 | 11 | 1 | ST11 | YES | |
Ophioblennius macclurei (Silvester, 1915) | Redlip Blenny | S3 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Parablennius marmoreus (Poey, 1876) | Seaweed Blenny | S3 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Scartella cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) | Molly Miller | S3 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Bothidae | |||||||
Bothus lunatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Peacock Flounder | S3 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Bothus maculiferus (Poey, 1860) | Mottled Flounder | S3 | SJ3, SJ5, SJ28 | ||||
Bothus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) | Eyed Flounder | S3 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Bothus robinsi Topp & Hoff, 1972 | Twospot Flounder | 2,3 | |||||
Bythitidae | |||||||
Calamopteryx goslinei Böhlke & Cohen, 1966 | Longarm Brotula | 2 | -1 | ||||
Grammonus claudei (de la Torre y Huerta, 1930) | Reef-cave Brotula | 2 | 1 | -1 | |||
Petrotyx sanguineus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928) | Redfin Brotula | 2 | 1 | -1 | |||
Callionymidae | |||||||
Callionymus bairdi Jordan, 1888 | Lancer Dragonet | S3 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Chalinops pauciradiatus (Gill, 1865) | Spotted Dragonet | S3 | 2 | 1 | SJ28, SJ3, SJ5 | YES | |
Carangidae | |||||||
Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787) | African Pompano | S4 | 2 | 1 | ST1, SJ13 | ||
Caranx bartholomaei Cuvier, 1833 | Yellow Jack | S4 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815) | Blue Runner | S4 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766) | Crevalle Jack | S4 | SJ29 | ||||
Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831 | Horse-eye Jack | S4 | 2,6 | 1 | |||
Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860 | Black Jack | S4 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | SJ33 | ||
Caranx ruber (Bloch, 1793) | Bar Jack | S4 | 2,4,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1766) | Atlantic Bumper | 2 | |||||
Decapterus macarellus (Cuviers, 1833) | Mackerel Scad | S4 | 2 | 1 | |||
Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829) | Round Scad | S4 | 2 | 1 | |||
Decapterus tabl Berry, 1968 | Redtail Scad | S4 | SJ11 | ||||
Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) | Rainbow Runner | S4 | 2 | 1 | SJ33 | ||
Oligoplites saurus saurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Leatherjack | 2 | 1 | ||||
Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) | Bigeye Scad | S4 | 2 | 1 | SJ13 | ||
Selene brownii (Cuvier, 1816) | Caribbean Moonfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Selene vomer (Linnaeus, 1758) | Lookdown | FlMNH | |||||
Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) | Greater Amberjack | 2,5 | |||||
Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833 | Almaco Jack | S4 | 2 | 1 | SJ16, SJ23 | ||
Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Permit | S4 | 2 | 1 | SJ22, SJ23 | ||
Trachinotus goodei Jordan & Evermann, 1896 | Palometa | S4 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ23, SJ15 | ||
Carcharhinidae | |||||||
Carcharhinus acronotus (Poey, 1860) | Blacknose Shark | S4 | 1,2,10 | 1 | SJ35, SJ27, ST7 | ||
Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839) | Silky Shark | S4 | 1, O1 | ||||
Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller, 1905) | Galapagos Shark | 2 | |||||
Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839) | Blacktip Shark | 1,2 | 1 | ||||
Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) | Oceanic Whitetip Shark |
|
|||||
Carcharhinus perezii (Poey, 1876) | Reef Shark | S4 | 2,10 | 1 | SJ13 | ||
Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) | Sandbar Shark |
|
|||||
Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868) | Lemon Shark | S4 | 1,2,6,10 | 1 | SJ12, O2 | ||
Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey, 1861) | Caribbean Sharpnose Shark | 1,2,10 | 1 | ||||
Centrophoridae | |||||||
Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) | Little Gulper Shark |
|
|||||
Centropomidae | |||||||
Centropomus ensiferus Poey, 1860 | Swordspine Snook | 6 | 1 | ||||
Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) | Common Snook | S4 | 2,6 | 1 | |||
Chaenopsidae | |||||||
Acanthemblemaria aspera (Longley, 1927) | Roughhead Blenny | S5 | 2 | 1 | ST3 | YES | |
Acanthemblemaria maria Böhlke, 1961 | Secretary Blenny | S5 | 4 | 1 | YES | ||
Acanthemblemaria spinosa Metzelaar, 1919 | Spinyhead Blenny | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Chaenopsis limbaughi Robins & Randall, 1965 | Yellowface Pikeblenny | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Chaenopsis ocellata Poey, 1865 | Bluethroat Pikeblenny | 2,4 | 1 | ||||
Coralliozetus cardonae Evermann & Marsh, 1899 | Twinhorn Blenny | S5 | 11 | 1 | YES | ||
Emblemaria pandionis Evermann & Marsh, 1900 | Sailfin Blenny | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Emblemaria vitta Williams, 2002 | Ribbon Blenny | S5 | 2,3 | 1 | ST6 | -1 | YES |
Emblemariopsis bahamensis Stephens, 1961 | Blackhead Blenny | S5 | 1 | YES | |||
Emblemariopsis carib Victor, 2010 | Carib Blenny | 2 | 1 | -1 | YES | ||
Emblemariopsis leptocirris Stephens, 1970 | Fine-cirrus Blenny | S5 | 2,11 | -1 | YES | ||
Emblemariopsis ruetzleri Tyler & Tyler, 1997 | Ruetzler’s Blenny |
BOLD, |
YES | ||||
Lucayablennius zingaro (Böhlke, 1957) | Arrow Blenny | S5 | SJ18, SJ19 | ||||
Chaetodontidae | |||||||
Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus, 1758 | Foureye Butterflyfish | S5 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787 | Spotfin Butterflyfish | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Chaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860 | Reef Butterflyfish | S5 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | |||
Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758 | Banded Butterflyfish | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Prognathodes aculeatus (Poey, 1860) | Longsnout Butterflyfish | S5 | 2,5,8 | 1 | |||
Prognathodes guyanensis (Durand, 1960) | Guyana Butterflyfish | 2,5,8,11 | |||||
Chaunacidae | |||||||
Chaunax pixtus Fowler, 1946 | Uniform Gaper | 5 | |||||
Chaunax suttkusi Caruso, 1989 | Pale-cavity Gaper |
|
|||||
Chlopsidae | |||||||
Chilorhinus suensonii Lütken, 1852 | Seagrass Eel | 2 | 1 | ||||
Kaupichthys hyoproroides (Strömman, 1896) | False Moray | 2 | 1 | -1 | |||
Kaupichthys nuchalis Böhlke, 1967 | Collared Eel | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Chlorophthalmidae | |||||||
Parasudis truculenta (Goode & Bean, 1896) | Longnose Greeneye | 5 | |||||
Cichlidae | |||||||
Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) | Mozambique Tilapia | 6 | 1 | ||||
Cirrhitidae | |||||||
Amblycirrhitus pinos (Mowbray, 1927) | Redspotted Hawkfish | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Clupeidae | |||||||
Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829) | False Pilchard | 2 | 1 | YES | |||
Harengula humeralis (Cuvier, 1829) | Redear Sardine | S5 | 2 | 1 | SJ28, SJ13 | YES | |
Harengula jaguana Poey, 1865 | Scaled Sardine | FlMNH | |||||
Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818) | Atlantic Thread Herring | FlMNH | YES | ||||
Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 | Spanish Sardine | FlMNH | |||||
Congridae | |||||||
Ariosoma balearicum (Delaroche, 1809) | Bandtooth Conger | 2 | |||||
Conger triporiceps Kanazawa, 1958 | Manytooth Conger | 4 | 1 | ||||
Heteroconger longissimus Günther, 1870 | Brown Garden Eel | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Xenomystax bidentatus (Reid, 1940) | Rabbit Conger |
|
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Coryphaenidae | |||||||
Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758 | Pompano Dolphinfish |
|
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Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 | Dolphinfish | S5 | 2 | 1 | |||
Cynoglossidae | |||||||
Symphurus arawak Robins & Randall, 1965 | Caribbean Tonguefish | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Dactylopteridae | |||||||
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) | Flying Gurnard | S5 | 4 | 1 | YES | ||
Dactyloscopidae | |||||||
Dactyloscopus comptus Dawson, 1982 | Ornamented Stargazer | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Dactyloscopus crossotus Starks, 1913 | Bigeye Stargazer |
|
|||||
Dactyloscopus poeyi Gill, 1861 | Shortchin Stargazer | FlMNH | |||||
Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Gill, 1859 | Sand Stargazer | S5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Gillellus greyae Kanazawa, 1952 | Arrow Stargazer | 2 | -1 | ||||
Gillellus uranidea Böhlke, 1968 | Warteye Stargazer | 2 | -1 | YES | |||
Platygillellus rubrocinctus (Longley, 1934) | Saddle Stargazer | ||||||
Dasyatidae | |||||||
Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928) | Southern Stingray | S5 | 1,2,4,10 | 1 | |||
Diodontidae | |||||||
Chilomycterus antennatus (Cuvier, 1816) | Bridled Burrfish | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ18 | ||
Chilomycterus antillarum Jordan & Rutter, 1897 | Web Burrfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758 | Balloonfish | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ11, SJ13 | -1 | |
Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 | Porcupinefish | S5 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Echeneidae | |||||||
Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 | Sharksucker | S6 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ19, SJ23 | YES | |
Echeneis neucratoides Zuiew, 1789 | Whitefin Sharksucker | S6 | 1 | ||||
Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758) | The Remora | S6 | 1 | O3 | YES | ||
Eleotridae | |||||||
Dormitator maculatus (Bloch, 1792) | Fat Sleeper | S6 | 6 | 1 | SJ10 | ||
Eleotris perniger (Cope, 1871) | Smallscaled Spinycheek Sleeper | S6 | 6 | 1 | SJ10 | ||
Erotelis smaragdus (Valenciennes, 1837) | Emerald Sleeper | 6 | 1 | ||||
Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepède, 1800 | Bigmouth Sleeper | S6 | 1 | ||||
Elopidae | |||||||
Elops smithi McBride, Rocha, Ruiz-Carus & Bowen, 2010 | Malacho | 2,6 | YES | ||||
Engraulidae | |||||||
Anchoa lyolepis (Evermann & Marsh, 1900) | Dusky Anchovy | 2 | 1 | YES | |||
Ephippidae | |||||||
Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) | Atlantic Spadefish | S6 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ18, ST2 | ||
Epigonidae | |||||||
Epigonus pandionis (Goode & Bean, 1881) | Caudal-ring Deepwater Cardinalfish |
|
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Exocoetidae | |||||||
Cheilopogon exsiliens (Linnaeus, 1771) | Bandwing Flyingfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Exocoetus obtusirostris Günther, 1866 | Oceanic Two-wing Flyingfish |
|
|||||
Hirundichthys affinis (Günther, 1866) | Fourwing Flyingfish | 2 | |||||
Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes, 1847) | Mirrorwing Flyingfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Prognichthys occidentalis Parin, 1999 | Bluntnose Flyingfish | S6 | YES | ||||
Fistulariidae | |||||||
Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758 | Bluespotted Cornetfish | S6 | 2 | O4 | |||
Galeocerdonidae | |||||||
Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & Lesueur, 1822) | Tiger Shark | 10 | |||||
Gempylidae | |||||||
Epinnula magistralis Poey, 1854 | Domine | 5 | 1 | ||||
Gerreidae | |||||||
Eucinostomus argenteus Baird & Girard, 1855 | Spotfin Mojarra | 2 | 1 | YES | |||
Eucinostomus gula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) | Silver Jenny | S6 | 4 | 1 | SJ18, SJ13, SJ3 | ||
Eucinostomus harengulus Goode & Bean, 1879 | Tidewater Mojarra | S6 | 1 | SJ28 | |||
Eucinostomus havana (Nichols, 1912) | Bigeye Mojarra | FlMNH | |||||
Eucinostomus jonesii (Günther, 1879) | Slender Mojarra | S6 | 4,6 | SJ28 | |||
Eucinostomus lefroyi (Goode, 1874) | Mottled Mojarra | S6 | SJ28, SJ21 | ||||
Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863) | Flagfin Mojarra | S6 | 4 | 1 | SJ28 | ||
Eugerres brasilianus (Cuvier, 1830) | Brazilian Mojarra | 6,11 | 1 | ||||
Gerres cinereus (Walbaum, 1792) | Yellowfin Mojarra | S6 | 2,4,6 | 1 | |||
Ginglymostomatidae | |||||||
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Nurse Shark | S6 | 1,2,4,10 | 1 | |||
Gobiesocidae | |||||||
Acyrtops amplicirrus Briggs, 1955 | Flarenostril Clingfish | 2 | |||||
Acyrtops beryllinus (Hildebrand & Ginsburg, 1927) | Emerald Clingfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Acyrtus artius Briggs, 1955 | Papillate Clingfish | 2 | |||||
Acyrtus rubiginosus (Poey, 1868) | Red Clingfish | S6 | 1 | SJ23, SJ13, SJ5 | YES | ||
Arcos nudus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Padded Clingfish | S6 | 2 | 1 | SJ23 | 1 | |
Gobiesox nigripinnis (Peters, 1859) | Dark-finned Clingfish | S6 | 2 | 1 | SJ29 | ||
Gobiesox punctulatus (Poey, 1876) | Stippled Clingfish | S6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Tomicodon cryptus Williams & Tyler, 2003 | Cryptic Clingfish | S6 | YES | ||||
Tomicodon fasciatus (Peters, 1859) | Barred Clingfish | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Tomicodon leurodiscus Williams & Tyler, 2003 | Smooth-suckered Clingfish | 11 | 1 | ||||
Tomicodon reitzae Briggs, 2001 | Accidental Clingfish | S6 | YES | ||||
Tomicodon rhabdotus Smith-Vaniz, 1969 | Antillean Clingfish | S6 | O24 | ||||
Tomicodon rupestris (Poey, 1860) | Barred Clingfish | 11 | 1 | ||||
Gobiidae | |||||||
Awaous banana (Valenciennes, 1837) | River Goby | S7 | 1 | SJ10 | |||
Barbulifer ceuthoecus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1884) | Bearded Goby | 2 | 1 | YES | |||
Bathygobius antilliensis Tornabene, Baldwin & Pezold, 2010 | Antilles Frillfin | S7 | SJ36 | YES | |||
Bathygobius curacao (Metzelaar, 1919) | Notchtongue Goby | 11 | 1 | YES | |||
Bathygobius lacertus (Poey, 1860) | Checkerboard Frillfin | FlMNH | YES | ||||
Bathygobius mystacium Ginsburg, 1947 | Island Frillfin | S7 | SJ21, SJ19 | YES | |||
Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) | Frillfin Goby | 2,6,11 | 1 | YES | |||
Bollmannia boqueronensis Evermann & Marsh, 1899 | White-eye Goby | S7 | 4 | SJ19 | YES | ||
Cerdale floridana Longley, 1934 | Pugjaw Wormfish | S7 | 2 | 1 | SJ23 | 1 | |
Coryphopterus alloides Böhlke & Robins, 1960 | Barfin Goby | 2 | 1 | -1 | |||
Coryphopterus dicrus Böhlke & Robins, 1960 | Colon Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Coryphopterus eidolon Böhlke & Robins, 1960 | Pallid Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Coryphopterus glaucofraenum Gill, 1863 | Bridled Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Coryphopterus hyalinus Böhlke & Robins, 1962 | Glass Goby | S7 | 2 | 1 | -1 | YES | |
Coryphopterus kuna Victor, 2007 | Kuna Goby | S7 | SJ5, SJ12 | ||||
Coryphopterus lipernes Böhlke & Robins, 1962 | Peppermint Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | ST6 | YES | |
Coryphopterus personatus (Jordan & Thompson, 1905) | Masked Goby | S7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Coryphopterus thrix Böhlke & Robins, 1960 | Bartail Goby | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | ||
Coryphopterus tortugae (Jordan, 1904) | Sand Goby | S7 | 1 | YES | |||
Coryphopterus venezuelae Cervigón, 1966 | Venezuela Goby | S7 | 1 | YES | |||
Ctenogobius boleosoma (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) | Darter Goby | S7 | 6 | 1 | SJ28 | YES | |
Ctenogobius saepepallens (Gilbert & Randall, 1968) | Dash Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Ctenogobius smaragdus (Valenciennes, 1837) | Emerald Goby | 11 | |||||
Ctenogobius stigmaturus (Goode & Bean, 1882) | Spottail Goby | S7 | SJ28 | YES | |||
Elacatinus chancei (Beebe & Hollister, 1933) | Shortstripe Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Elacatinus evelynae (Böhlke & Robins, 1968) | Sharknose Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Elacatinus prochilos (Böhlke & Robins, 1968) | Broadstripe Goby | S7 | 1 | YES | |||
Evorthodus lyricus (Girard, 1858) | Lyre Goby | 6 | 1 | ||||
Ginsburgellus novemlineatus (Fowler, 1950) | Ninelined Goby | S7 | 1 | SJ23, SJ5 | YES | ||
Gnatholepis thompsoni Jordan, 1904 | Goldspot Goby | S7 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Gobionellus oceanicus (Pallas, 1770) | Highfin Goby | S7 | 1 | SJ28 | |||
Gobiosoma grosvenori (Robins, 1964) | Rockcut Goby | 4 | 1 | ||||
Lophogobius cyprinoides (Pallas, 1770) | Crested Goby | S8 | 6 | 1 | SJ28 | ||
Lythrypnus elasson Böhlke & Robins, 1960 | Dwarf Goby | S8 | 2 |
|
ST5 | 1 | YES |
Lythrypnus minimus Garzón-Ferreira & Acero P., 1988 | Pygmy Goby | S8 | YES | ||||
Lythrypnus nesiotes Böhlke & Robins, 1960 | Island Goby | S8 | 2 | 1 | SJ34 | 1 | YES |
Lythrypnus spilus Böhlke & Robins, 1960 | Bluegold Goby | S8 | ST3 | ||||
Microgobius carri Fowler, 1945 | Seminole Goby | S8 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ19, SJ25 | 1 | YES |
Microgobius signatus Poey, 1876 | Signal Goby | S8 | 1 | SJ28, SJ22, SJ3 | YES | ||
Nes longus (Nichols, 1914) | Orangespotted Goby | S8 | 4 | 1 | YES | ||
Oxyurichthys stigmalophius (Mead & Böhlke, 1958) | Spotfin Goby | S8 | 4 | 1 | SJ5, SJ19, SJ28 | ||
Palatogobius paradoxus Gilbert, 1971 | Mauve Goby | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Priolepis hipoliti (Metzelaar, 1922) | Rusty Goby | S8 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Psilotris celsa Böhlke, 1963 | Highspine Goby | 2 | 1 | ||||
Ptereleotris helenae (Randall, 1968) | Hovering Dartfish | S8 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Risor ruber (Rosén, 1911) | Tusked Goby | S8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Sicydium plumieri (Bloch, 1786) | Sirajo Goby | S8 | 6 | 1 | SJ10 | YES | |
Sicydium punctatum Perugia, 1896 | Spotted Algae-eating Goby | S8 | 1 | SJ10 | YES | ||
Tigrigobius dilepis (Robins & Böhlke, 1964) | Orangesided Goby | 4 | 1 | ||||
Tigrigobius multifasciatus (Steindachner, 1876) | Greenbanded Goby | S8 | 2 | 1 | YES | ||
Tigrigobius pallens (Ginsburg, 1939) | Semiscaled Goby | S8 | SJ23 | ||||
Tigrigobius saucrus (Robins, 1960) | Leopard Goby | S8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Grammatidae | |||||||
Gramma linki Starck & Colin, 1978 | Yellowcheek Basslet | 2,5,8 | 1 | ||||
Gramma loreto Poey, 1868 | Fairy Basslet | S8 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Haemulidae | |||||||
Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) | Black Margate | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Porkfish | S9 | 2,5,6,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Brachygenys chrysargyrea (Günther, 1859) | Smallmouth Grunt | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Emmelichthyops atlanticus Schultz, 1945 | Bonnetmouth | S9 | 2 | ST8 | |||
Haemulon album Cuvier, 1830 | Margate | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ7 | ||
Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830 | Tomtate | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Haemulon carbonarium Poey, 1860 | Caesar Grunt | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest, 1823) | French Grunt | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Haemulon macrostoma Günther, 1859 | Spanish Grunt | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Haemulon melanurum (Linnaeus, 1758) | Cottonwick | S9 | 2 | 1 | O5 | YES | |
Haemulon parra (Desmarest, 1823) | Sailors Choice | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ1, SJ21 | YES | |
Haemulon plumierii (Lacepède, 1801) | White Grunt | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Haemulon sciurus (Shaw, 1803) | Bluestriped Grunt | S9 | 2,4,5 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Haemulon striatum (Linnaeus, 1758) | Striped Grunt | 2,4 | 1 | YES | |||
Haemulon vittatum (Poey, 1860) | Boga | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | ST6, ST8, ST2 | 1 | |
Hemiramphidae | |||||||
Euleptorhamphus velox Poey, 1868 | Flying Halfbeak |
|
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Hemiramphus balao Lesueur, 1821 | Balao |
|
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Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Ballyhoo | S9 | 2 | 1 | |||
Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani, 1841) | Atlantic Silverstripe Halfbeak | 2 | 1 | ||||
Hexanchidae | |||||||
Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Sharpnose Sevengill Shark | FlMNH | |||||
Hexanchus vitulus Springer & Waller, 1969 | Atlantic Sixgill Shark | FlMNH | |||||
Holocentridae | |||||||
Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765) | Squirrelfish | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Holocentrus rufus (Walbaum, 1792) | Longspine Squirrelfish | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Myripristis jacobus Cuvier, 1829 | Blackbar Soldierfish | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Neoniphon coruscum (Poey, 1860) | Reef Squirrelfish | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Neoniphon marianus (Cuvier, 1829) | Longjaw Squirrelfish | S9 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Neoniphon vexillarium (Poey, 1860) | Dusky Squirrelfish | S9 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Ostichthys trachypoma (Günther, 1859) | Bigeye Soldierfish | 2,5,8 | 1 | ||||
Plectrypops retrospinis (Guichenot, 1853) | Cardinal Soldierfish | S9 | 2,5,8 | 1 | SJ9, SJ22, ST3 | 1 | |
Sargocentron bullisi (Woods, 1955) | Deepwater Squirrelfish | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Ipnopidae | |||||||
Bathypterois bigelowi Mead, 1958 | Spottail Tripodfish |
|
|||||
Bathypterois phenax Parr, 1928 | Blackfin Spiderfish | 9 | |||||
Bathypterois viridensis (Roule, 1916) | Twobanded Tripodfish | 9 | |||||
Ipnops murrayi Günther, 1878 | Grideye Fish | 9 | |||||
Istiophoridae | |||||||
Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw, 1792) | Sailfish | S9 | 2 | ||||
Kajikia albida (Poey, 1860) | White Marlin | S9 | 2 | ||||
Makaira nigricans Lacepède, 1802 | Blue Marlin | 2 | YES | ||||
Tetrapturus pfluegeri Robins & de Sylva, 1963 | Longbill Spearfish | 2 | |||||
Kyphosidae | |||||||
Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775) | Topsail Seachub | S10 | |||||
Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) | Bermuda Chub | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) | Yellow Chub | S10 | 1 | ||||
Labridae | |||||||
Labrinae | |||||||
Bodianus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Spanish Hogfish | S10 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Clepticus parrae (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Creole Wrasse | S10 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Decodon puellaris (Poey, 1860) | Red Hogfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Doratonotus megalepis Günther, 1862 | Dwarf Wrasse | 2 | 1 | ||||
Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch, 1791) | Slippery Dick | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Halichoeres caudalis (Poey, 1860) | Painted Wrasse |
|
|||||
Halichoeres cyanocephalus (Bloch, 1791) | Yellowcheek Wrasse | 2 | 1 | ||||
Halichoeres garnoti (Valenciennes, 1839) | Yellowhead Wrasse | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Halichoeres maculipinna (Müller & Troschel, 1848) | Clown Wrasse | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Halichoeres pictus (Poey, 1860) | Rainbow Wrasse | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Halichoeres poeyi (Steindachner, 1867) | Blackear Wrasse | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Halichoeres radiatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Puddingwife | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum, 1792) | Hogfish | S10 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | |||
Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bloch, 1791) | Bluehead | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Xyrichtys martinicensis Valenciennes, 1840 | Rosy Razorfish | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758) | Pearly Razorfish | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Xyrichtys splendens Castelnau, 1855 | Green Razorfish | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Scarinae | |||||||
Cryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871 | Bluelip Parrotfish | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Scarus coelestinus Valenciennes, 1840 | Midnight Parrotfish | S10 | 2 | 1 | O6 | 1 | |
Scarus coeruleus (Edwards, 1771) | Blue Parrotfish | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | |||
Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, 1829 | Rainbow Parrotfish | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ28, SJ33, O2 | ||
Scarus iseri (Bloch, 1789) | Striped Parrotfish | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Scarus taeniopterus Lesson, 1829 | Princess Parrotfish | S10 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Scarus vetula Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | Queen Parrotfish | S10 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Sparisoma atomarium (Poey, 1861) | Greenblotch Parrotfish | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes, 1840) | Redband Parrotfish | S11 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Redtail Parrotfish | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840) | Bucktooth Parrotfish | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Sparisoma rubripinne (Valenciennes, 1840) | Yellowtail Parrotfish | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Stoplight Parrotfish | S11 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Labrisomidae | |||||||
Brockius albigenys Beebe & Tee-Van, 1928 | Whitecheek Blenny | DNA | Berry Bay, St. John | YES | |||
Brockius nigricinctus (Howell Rivero, 1936) | Spotcheek Blenny | S11 | 1 | SJ21 | YES | ||
Gobioclinus bucciferus (Poey, 1868) | Puffcheek Blenny | S11 | 2 | 1 | YES | ||
Gobioclinus filamentosus (Springer, 1960) | Quillfin Blenny | S11 | 3,11 | 1 | O7 | YES | |
Gobioclinus gobio (Valenciennes, 1836) | Palehead Blenny | S11 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Gobioclinus guppyi (Norman, 1922) | Mimic Blenny | S11 | 2 | 1 | -1 | YES | |
Gobioclinus haitiensis (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1928) | Longfin Blenny | S11 | 2 | 1 | SJ12 | 1 | YES |
Labrisomus cricota Sazima, Gasparini & Moura, 2002 | Mock Blenny | S11 | SJ10 | ||||
Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) | Hairy Blenny | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Malacoctenus aurolineatus Smith, 1957 | Goldline Blenny | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Malacoctenus boehlkei Springer, 1959 | Diamond Blenny | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Malacoctenus erdmani Smith, 1957 | Imitator Blenny | S11 | SJ23 | YES | |||
Malacoctenus gilli (Steindachner, 1867) | Dusky Blenny | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Malacoctenus macropus (Poey, 1868) | Rosy Blenny | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Malacoctenus triangulatus Springer, 1959 | Saddled Blenny | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Malacoctenus versicolor (Poey, 1876) | Barfin Blenny | S11 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ23, SJ12 | YES | |
Nemaclinus atelestos Böhlke & Springer, 1975 | Threadfin Blenny | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Paraclinus barbatus Springer, 1955 | Goatee Blenny | 2,11 | |||||
Paraclinus cingulatus (Evermann & Marsh, 1899) | Coral Blenny | 2 | |||||
Paraclinus fasciatus (Steindachner, 1876) | Banded Blenny | S11 | 2 | SJ12 | |||
Paraclinus nigripinnis (Steindachner, 1867) | Blackfin Blenny | S11 | 2 | 1 | SJ12 | YES | |
Starksia culebrae (Evermann & Marsh, 1899) | Culebra Blenny | S11 | 2 | 1 | ST2, SJ13 | YES | |
Starksia hassi Klausewitz, 1958 | Ringed Blenny | S11 | 2,11 | 1 | SJ24 | 1 | |
Starksia lepicoelia Böhlke & Springer, 1961 | Blackcheek Blenny | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Starksia nanodes Böhlke & Springer, 1961 | Dwarf Blenny | 2 | 1 | ||||
Starksia williamsi Baldwin & Castillo, 2011 | Williams’s Blenny | S11 | SJ2, SJ13 | YES | |||
Stathmonotus gymnodermis Springer, 1955 | Naked Blenny | 2 | 1 | ||||
Stathmonotus stahli (Evermann & Marsh, 1899) | Southern Eelgrass Blenny | 2 | 1 | ||||
Latilidae | |||||||
Caulolatilus cyanops Poey, 1866 | Blackline Tilefish | 2 | |||||
Lobotidae | |||||||
Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) | Atlantic Tripletail | S11 | 2 | 1 | O18 | ||
Lutjanidae | |||||||
Apsilus dentatus Guichenot, 1853 | Black Snapper | 2 | |||||
Etelis oculatus (Valenciennes, 1828) | Queen Snapper | S12 | 2,5,8 | YES | |||
Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) | Mutton Snapper | S12 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Lutjanus apodus (Walbaum, 1792) | Schoolmaster | S12 | 2,4,5,6,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier, 1828) | Blackfin Snapper | S12 | 2,5,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828) | Cubera Snapper | S12 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Gray Snapper | S12 | 2,4,6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Dog Snapper | S12 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Lutjanus mahogoni (Cuvier, 1828) | Mahogany Snapper | S12 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1866) | Caribbean Red Snapper | 2 | 1 | ||||
Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758) | Lane Snapper | S12 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier, 1828) | Silk Snapper | S12 | 2,5,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791) | Yellowtail Snapper | S12 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Pristipomoides macrophthalmus (Müller & Troschel, 1848) | Cardinal Snapper | 2 | |||||
Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier, 1829) | Vermilion Snapper | S12 | 2 | SJ20 | |||
Malacanthidae | |||||||
Malacanthus plumieri (Bloch, 1786) | Sand Tilefish | S12 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Megalopidae | |||||||
Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, 1847 | Tarpon | S12 | 2,6 | 1 | |||
Mobulidae | |||||||
Mobula birostris (Walbaum, 1792) | Giant Manta | S12 | 2 | ||||
Mobula cf birostris | Caribbean Manta | S12 | SJ12 | ||||
Monacanthidae | |||||||
Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unicorn Filefish | S12 | O23 | ||||
Aluterus schoepfii (Walbaum, 1792) | Orange Filefish | S12 | 1 | SJ34 | |||
Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) | Scrawled Filefish | S12 | 4 | 1 | |||
Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853) | Whitespotted Filefish | S12 | 2 | 1 | YES | ||
Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani, 1842) | Orangespotted Filefish | S12 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Monacanthus ciliatus (Mitchill, 1818) | Fringed Filefish | S12 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Monacanthus tuckeri Bean, 1906 | Slender Filefish | S12 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus, 1766) | Planehead Filefish | FlMNH | |||||
Stephanolepis setifer (Bennett, 1831) | Pygmy Filefish | 2 | |||||
Moringuidae | |||||||
Moringua edwardsi (Jordan & Bollman, 1889) | Spaghetti Eel | 2 | 1 | -1 | |||
Mugilidae | |||||||
Dajaus monticola (Bancroft, 1834) | Mountain Mullet | S13 | 6 | 1 | SJ10 | ||
Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 | White Mullet | S13 | 2,6 | SJ21 | YES | ||
Mugil rubrioculus Harrison, Nirchio, Oliveira, Ron & Gaviria, 2007 | Redeye Mullet | S13 | DNA | YES | |||
Mugil trichodon Poey, 1875 | Fantail Mullet |
|
|||||
Mullidae | |||||||
Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier, 1829) | Yellow Goatfish | S13 | 2,4,6 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793) | Spotted Goatfish | S13 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Muraenidae | |||||||
Echidna catenata (Bloch, 1795) | Chain Moray | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ21, SJ10 | 1 | |
Enchelycore carychroa Böhlke & Böhlke, 1976 | Chestnut Moray | S13 | 2 | 1 | SJ5 | 1 | |
Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Viper Moray | S13 | 2 | 1 | SJ9 | 1 | |
Gymnothorax conspersus Poey, 1867 | Saddled Moray |
|
|||||
Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, 1839 | Green Moray | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson, 1862) | Sharktooth Moray | 2 | 1 | ||||
Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup, 1856) | Goldentail Moray | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829) | Spotted Moray | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855) | Purplemouth Moray | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur, 1825) | Marbled Moray | S13 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Myctophidae | |||||||
Centrobranchus nigroocellatus (Günther, 1873) | Roundnose Lanternfish |
|
|||||
Neoscopelidae | |||||||
Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, 1863 | Largescale Blackchin |
|
|||||
Nomeidae | |||||||
Psenes cyanophrys Valenciennes, 1833 | Freckled Driftfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Ogcocephalidae | |||||||
Ogcocephalus nasutus (Cuvier, 1829) | Shortnose Batfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Ogcocephalus pumilus Bradbury, 1980 | Dwarf Batfish |
|
|||||
Ophichthidae | |||||||
Ahlia egmontis (Jordan, 1884) | Key Worm Eel | 2 | 1 | ||||
Aprognathodon platyventris Böhlke, 1967 | Stripe Eel | 2 | 1 | ||||
Callechelys guineensis (Osório, 1893) | Shorttail Snake Eel | 11 | 1 | ||||
Echiophis intertinctus (Richardson, 1848) | Spotted Spoon-nose Eel | 2 | |||||
Ichthyapus ophioneus (Evermann & Marsh, 1900) | Surf Eel | FlMNH | |||||
Myrichthys breviceps (Richardson, 1848) | Sharptail Eel | S13 | 2 | SJ13 | |||
Myrichthys ocellatus (Lesueur, 1825) | Goldspotted Eel | 2 | 1 | ||||
Myrophis anterodorsalis McCosker, Böhlke & Böhlke, 1989 | Longfin Worm Eel | S13 | SJ28 | ||||
Myrophis platyrhynchus Breder, 1927 | Broadnose Worm Eel | 2 | 1 | YES | |||
Myrophis punctatus Lütken, 1852 | Speckled Worm Eel | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Ophidiidae | |||||||
Brotula barbata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Atlantic Bearded Brotula | 2 | 1 | -1 | |||
Lepophidium pheromystax Robins, 1960 | Upsilon Cusk-eel | 2 | 1 | ||||
Luciobrotula corethromycter* Cohen, 1964 | Broomnose Cusk-eel | 9 | |||||
Ophidion holbrookii Putnam, 1874 | Bank Cusk-eel | 2,3,11 | 1 | -1 | |||
Parophidion schmidti (Woods & Kanazawa, 1951) | Dusky Cusk-eel | 1 | |||||
Xyelacyba myersi* Cohen, 1961 | Gargoyle Cusk-eel | 9 | |||||
Opistognathidae | |||||||
Lonchopisthus micrognathus (Poey, 1860) | Swordtail Jawfish | S13 | 4 | 1 | SJ28, SJ19 | YES | |
Opistognathus aurifrons (Jordan & Thompson, 1905) | Yellowhead Jawfish | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Opistognathus macrognathus Poey, 1860 | Banded Jawfish | S13 | 2,4,11 | 1 | SJ5, SJ13, SJ19 | ||
Opistognathus maxillosus Poey, 1860 | Mottled Jawfish | S13 | 2 | 1 | SJ5, SJ13, SJ19 | 1 | |
Opistognathus whitehursti (Longley, 1927) | Dusky Jawfish | S13 | 1 | SJ12 | |||
Ostraciidae | |||||||
Acanthostracion polygonium Poey, 1876 | Honeycomb Cowfish | S13 | 2 | 1 | |||
Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Scrawled Cowfish | S13 | 2 | 1 | |||
Lactophrys bicaudalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Spotted Trunkfish | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Trunkfish | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Lactophrys triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) | Smooth Trunkfish | S13 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Paralichthyidae | |||||||
Citharichthys cornutus (Günther, 1880) | Horned Whiff | FMNH | |||||
Citharichthys uhleri Jordan, 1889 | Voodoo Whiff | FlMNH | |||||
Cyclopsetta fimbriata (Goode & Bean, 1885) | Spotfin Flounder | S14 | 2 | 1 | SJ12, O14 | ||
Syacium micrurum Ranzani, 1842 | Channel Flounder | 2 | 1 | YES | |||
Parazenidae | |||||||
Cyttopsis rosea (Lowe, 1843) | Red Dory | 5 | |||||
Pempheridae | |||||||
Pempheris schomburgkii Müller & Troschel, 1848 | Glassy Sweeper | S14 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ13, ST3, SJ15 | YES | |
Poeciliidae | |||||||
Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 | Guppy | S14 | 1 | SJ10 | |||
Polymixiidae | |||||||
Polymixia lowei Günther, 1859 | Beardfish |
FlMNH, |
|||||
Polymixia nobilis Lowe, 1836 | Noble Beardfish | 5,8 | |||||
Polynemidae | |||||||
Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Barbu | FlMNH | |||||
Pomacanthidae | |||||||
Centropyge argi Woods & Kanazawa, 1951 | Cherubfish | S14 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | O21 | ||
Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1758) | Queen Angelfish | S14 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch, 1795) | Rock Beauty | S14 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Gray Angelfish | S14 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787) | French Angelfish | S14 | 2,4,5 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pomacentridae | |||||||
Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Sergeant Major | S14 | 2,4,6 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Abudefduf taurus (Müller & Troschel, 1848) | Night Sergeant | S14 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Azurina cyanea (Poey, 1860) | Blue Chromis | S14 | 2,4,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Azurina multilineata (Guichenot, 1853) | Brown Chromis | S14 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Chromis insolata (Cuvier, 1830) | Sunshinefish | S14 | 2,5,8 | 1 | O20 | ||
Microspathodon chrysurus (Cuvier, 1830) | Yellowtail Damselfish | S14 | 2,4,5 | 1 | 1 | ||
Stegastes adustus (Troschel, 1865) | Dusky Damselfish | S14 | 2,4,6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Stegastes diencaeus (Jordan & Rutter, 1897) | Longfin Damselfish | S14 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Stegastes leucostictus (Müller & Troschel, 1848) | Beaugregory | S14 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Stegastes partitus (Poey, 1868) | Bicolor Damselfish | S14 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Stegastes planifrons (Cuvier, 1830) | Threespot Damselfish | S14 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Stegastes xanthurus (Poey, 1860) | Cocoa Damselfish | S14 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Priacanthidae | |||||||
Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1801) | Glasseye Snapper | S15 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829 | Bigeye | S15 | 2 | 1 | SJ24 | ||
Pristigenys alta (Gill, 1862) | Short Bigeye | 2 | 1 | ||||
Rachycentridae | |||||||
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) | Cobia | S15 | ST3 | ||||
Rhincodontidae | |||||||
Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 | Whale Shark | S15 | |||||
Rivulidae | |||||||
Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey, 1880) | Mangrove Rivulus | 6 | 1 | ||||
Sciaenidae | |||||||
Corvula batabana (Poey, 1860) | Blue Croaker | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Eques lanceolatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Jackknife-fish | S15 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ30 | ||
Eques punctatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | Spotted Drum | S15 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier, 1830) | Reef Croaker | S15 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pareques acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | High-hat | S15 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Umbrina coroides Cuvier, 1830 | Sand Drum | 2 | 1 | ||||
Scomberesocidae | |||||||
Scomberesox saurus (Walbaum, 1792) | Atlantic Saury | KU | |||||
Scombridae | |||||||
Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) | Wahoo | S15 | 2 | ||||
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) | Little Tunny | S15 | 2 | 1 | YES | ||
Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Skipjack Tuna | S15 | 2 | ||||
Scomberomorus brasiliensis Collette, Russo & Zavala-Camin, 1978 | Serra | 2 | 1 | ||||
Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) | King Mackerel | S15 | 2 | SJ4, ST6 | |||
Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch, 1793) | Cero | S15 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Yellowfin Tuna | S15 | 2 | ||||
Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1831) | Blackfin Tuna | S15 | 2 | 1 | |||
Scorpaenidae | |||||||
Pontinus castor Poey, 1860 | Longsnout Scorpionfish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) | Red Lionfish | S15 | 1 | YES | |||
Scorpaena albifimbria Evermann & Marsh, 1900 | Coral Scorpionfish | S15 | 2,11 | 1 | O8 | ||
Scorpaena bergii Evermann & Marsh, 1900 | Goosehead Scorpionfish | FlMNH | |||||
Scorpaena brasiliensis Cuvier, 1829 | Barbfish | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Scorpaena calcarata Goode & Bean, 1882 | Smoothhead Scorpionfish | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Scorpaena grandicornis Cuvier, 1829 | Plumed Scorpionfish | 2,6 | 1 | ||||
Scorpaena inermis Cuvier, 1829 | Mushroom Scorpionfish | S15 | 2 | 1 | SJ5 | ||
Scorpaena plumieri Bloch, 1789 | Spotted Scorpionfish | S15 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Scorpaenodes caribbaeus Meek & Hildebrand, 1928 | Reef Scorpionfish | S15 | 2 | 1 | SJ34, SJ23, SJ13 | 1 | |
Serranidae | |||||||
Alphestes afer (Bloch, 1793) | Mutton Hamlet | S16 | 2 | 1 | SJ23 | 1 | |
Bullisichthys caribbaeus Rivas, 1971 | Pugnose Bass | 5,8 | |||||
Cephalopholis cruentata (Lacepède, 1802) | Graysby | S16 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus, 1758) | Coney | S16 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Diplectrum bivittatum (Valenciennes, 1828) | Dwarf Sand Perch | S16 | 2 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus, 1766) | Sand Perch | 4 | 1 | ||||
Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765) | Rock Hind | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ22, SJ15 | 1 | |
Epinephelus guttatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Red Hind | S16 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) | Atlantic Goliath Grouper | S16 | 2 | ||||
Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828) | Red Grouper | S16 | 2 | 1 | |||
Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792) | Nassau Grouper | S16 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Hypoplectrus aberrans Poey, 1868 | Yellowbelly Hamlet | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Hypoplectrus chlorurus (Cuvier, 1828) | Yellowtail Hamlet | S16 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | |||
Hypoplectrus guttavarius (Poey, 1852) | Shy Hamlet | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ19, ST6 | ||
Hypoplectrus indigo (Poey, 1851) | Indigo Hamlet | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Hypoplectrus nigricans (Poey, 1852) | Black Hamlet | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Hypoplectrus puella (Cuvier, 1828) | Barred Hamlet | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Hypoplectrus unicolor (Walbaum, 1792) | Butter Hamlet | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Hyporthodus mystacinus (Poey, 1852) | Misty Grouper | 2,8 | |||||
Liopropoma mowbrayi Woods & Kanazawa, 1951 | Cave Basslet | 2,5 | |||||
Liopropoma rubre Poey, 1861 | Peppermint Basslet | S16 | 2,4 | 1 | ST1, SJ9, SJ13 | 1 | |
Mycteroperca acutirostris (Valenciennes, 1828) | Western Comb Grouper | 2 | 1 | ||||
Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey, 1860) | Black Grouper | S17 | 2 | 1 | SJ33, O9, O10 | ||
Mycteroperca interstitialis (Poey, 1860) | Yellowmouth Grouper | S17 | 2,4,5 | 1 | SJ7 | YES | |
Mycteroperca tigris (Valenciennes, 1833) | Tiger Grouper | S17 | 2,5,8 | 1 | O11, O12, O13 | 1 | |
Mycteroperca venenosa (Linnaeus, 1758) | Yellowfin Grouper | S17 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Paranthias furcifer (Valenciennes, 1828) | Atlantic Creolefish | S17 | 2,5,8 | 1 | SJ33 | ||
Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Guichenot, 1868) | Roughtongue Bass | 5 | |||||
Rypticus bistrispinus (Mitchill, 1818) | Freckled Soapfish | S17 | O14 | ||||
Rypticus carpenteri Baldwin & Weigt, 2012 | Slope Soapfish | S17 | |||||
Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Greater Soapfish | S17 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Rypticus subbifrenatus Gill, 1861 | Spotted Soapfish | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Schultzea beta (Hildebrand, 1940) | School Bass | S17 | 2 | 1 | O19 | YES | |
Serraniculus pumilio Ginsburg, 1952 | Pygmy Sea Bass | S17 | 11 | 1 | SJ19 | YES | |
Serranus annularis (Günther, 1880) | Orangeback Bass | S17 | 2,11 | 1 | O17 | ||
Serranus baldwini (Evermann & Marsh, 1899) | Lantern Bass | S17 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ32, SJ12, SJ22 | YES | |
Serranus luciopercanus Poey, 1852 | Crosshatch Bass | 2,5,8 | |||||
Serranus phoebe Poey, 1851 | Tattler | 2 | 1 | ||||
Serranus tabacarius (Cuvier, 1829) | Tobaccofish | S17 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Serranus tigrinus (Bloch, 1790) | Harlequin Bass | S17 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Serranus tortugarum Longley, 1935 | Chalk Bass | S17 | 2,4,5 | 1 | YES | ||
Sparidae | |||||||
Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Sea Bream | S17 | 2,8 | 1 | SJ13, SJ3 | ||
Calamus bajonado (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Jolthead Porgy | S17 | 2 | 1 | |||
Calamus calamus (Valenciennes, 1830) | Saucereye Porgy | S17 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Calamus penna (Valenciennes, 1830) | Sheepshead Porgy | S17 | 2,4 | 1 | |||
Calamus pennatula Guichenot, 1868 | Pluma Porgy | S17 | 2,4 | 1 | YES | ||
Calamus proridens Jordan & Gilbert, 1884 | Littlehead Porgy | CMN | |||||
Diplodus caudimacula (Poey, 1860) | Silver Porgy | S17 | 2,4,11 | 1 | ST6 | ||
Sphyraenidae | |||||||
Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) | Great Barracuda | S17 | 2,4,5,6,8 | 1 | YES | ||
Sphyraena borealis DeKay, 1842 | Sennet | S17 | 2 | 1 | SJ13, SJ12, SJ21 | ||
Sphyrnidae | |||||||
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) | Scalloped Hammerhead | 10 | 1 | ||||
Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) | Great Hammerhead | 10 | |||||
Spratelloididae | |||||||
Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) | Dwarf Herring | 2,6 | 1 | 1 | YES | ||
Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón & Velazquez, 1978 | Shortstriped Round Herring | 2 | |||||
Jenkinsia stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1884) | Shortband Herring | 2 | |||||
Squalidae | |||||||
Squalus cubensis Howell Rivero, 1936 | Cuban Dogfish | FlMNH | |||||
Sternoptychidae | |||||||
Sonoda paucilampa Grey, 1960 | Deepsea Hatchetfish |
|
|||||
Stomiidae | |||||||
Astronesthes similus Parr, 1927 | Similar Snaggletooth |
|
|||||
Syngnathidae | |||||||
Amphelikturus dendriticus (Barbour, 1905) | Pipehorse | S18 | SJ12 | ||||
Bryx dunckeri (Metzelaar, 1919) | Pugnose Pipefish | S18 | 2 | 1 | SJ13 | 1 | YES |
Cosmocampus brachycephalus (Poey, 1868) | Crested Pipefish | 2 | 1 | ||||
Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868) | Shortfin Pipefish | S18 | 2,4 | 1 | SJ19 | ||
Cosmocampus profundus (Herald, 1965) | Deepwater Pipefish | 2 | |||||
Halicampus crinitus (Jenyns, 1842) | Banded Pipefish | S18 | SJ34, SJ13, SJ22 | ||||
Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 | Lined Seahorse | 11 | 1 | YES | |||
Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 | Longsnout Seahorse | S18 | 4 | 1 | SJ19 | YES | |
Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856) | Opposum Pipefish | S18 | O23 | ||||
Pseudophallus mindii (Meek & Hildebrand, 1923) | Freshwater Pipefish | 11 | |||||
Syngnathus caribbaeus Dawson, 1979 | Caribbean Pipefish | S18 | 2 | SJ21 | |||
Syngnathus dawsoni (Herald, 1969) | Antillean Pipefish | 2,4,11 | 1 | ||||
Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 | Sargassum Pipefish |
|
|||||
Synodontidae | |||||||
Saurida brasiliensis Norman, 1935 | Largescale Lizardfish | 2 | |||||
Saurida suspicio Breder, 1927 | Doubtful Lizardfish | S18 | 2 | 1 | SJ5, SJ13 | YES | |
Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766) | Inshore Lizardfish | S18 | 2 | 1 | SJ5, SJ13 | 1 | YES |
Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) | Sand Diver | S18 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Synodus poeyi Jordan, 1887 | Offshore Lizardfish | 2 | |||||
Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Red Lizardfish | S18 | 2 | 1 | SJ11, SJ21 | 1 | |
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) | Snakefish |
|
|||||
Tetraodontidae | |||||||
Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch, 1786) | Sharpnose Puffer | S18 | 2,4,5,8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785) | Bandtail Puffer | S18 | 2,4 | 1 | 1 | YES | |
Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Checkered Puffer | S18 | 2,4,6 | 1 | O15 | 1 | |
Triakidae | |||||||
Mustelus canis (Mitchill, 1815) | Smooth Dogfish | FlMNH | |||||
Triglidae | |||||||
Peristedion longispatha Goode & Bean, 1886 | Widehead Armored Searobin |
|
|||||
Tripterygiidae | |||||||
Enneanectes altivelis Rosenblatt, 1960 | Lofty Triplefin | S18 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Enneanectes atrorus Rosenblatt, 1960 | Blackedge Triplefin | 2,11 | 1 | ||||
Enneanectes boehlkei Rosenblatt, 1960 | Roughhead Triplefin | S18 | 2 | 1 | -1 | YES | |
Enneanectes jordani (Evermann & Marsh, 1899) | Mimic Triplefin | S18 | 2 | 1 | SJ21 | ||
Enneanectes matador Victor, 2013 | Matador Triplefin | S18 | 1 | YES | |||
Xiphiidae | |||||||
Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 | Swordfish | S18 |
Types of fish taxa recorded | Species | Genera | Families |
---|---|---|---|
Total from all sources | 561 | 296 | 108 |
From Literature sources All | 451 | 251 | 89 |
|
401 | 216 | 79 |
Sole source is |
164 | 126 | 55 |
Sources other than |
50 | 44 | 25 |
From Online sources All | 453 | 253 | 97 |
Online sources only | 50 | 46 | 42 |
From Images All | 371 | 20 | 73 |
Images only | 34 | 29 | 20 |
Deep species All sources | 49 | 44 | 33 |
Recorded by |
19 | 18 | 13 |
Uncommon shallow species | 138 | 104 | 45 |
Ichthyocide Collection All | 173 | 99 | 45 |
Ichthyocide only | 18 | 15 | 11 |
mtDNA BARCODES | Species | Genera | Families |
St. John-Thomas | 156 | 93 | 41 |
Sole record is from barcode data | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Puerto Rico | 90 | 50 | 25 |
St. John-Thomas but not Puerto Rico | 113 | 61 | 24 |
Puerto Rico but not St. John-Thomas | 47 | 18 | 8 |
St. Croix | 1 | 1 | 1 |
British Virgin Islands | 3 | 2 | 1 |
All sites combined | 207 | 112 | 49 |
The species richness of the USVI marine fauna (i.e., the combined St. John-Thomas plus St. Croix faunas) was 15–20% greater than that of either of the two insular faunas (Table
Taxonomic comparisons of St. John-Thomas and St. Croix marine fish faunas.
Site | Species | Genera | Families |
---|---|---|---|
Both US Virgin Islands | |||
Entire fauna (n) | 679 | 345 | 122 |
Shallow fishes (n) | 590 | 279 | 90 |
Deep fishes (n) | 89 | 77 | 54 |
St. John-Thomas | |||
Entire Fauna (n) | 547 | 283 | 105 |
Percent of USVI fauna | 80.6 | 82.0 | 86.0 |
Percent only at St. John-Thomas | 19.3 | 15.5 | 10.5 |
Shallow fishes (n) | 497 | 245 | 86 |
Percent of USVI shallow fauna | 84.2 | 86.6 | 94.5 |
Percent only at St. John-Thomas | 13.0 | 7.4 | 1.9 |
Deep fishes (n) | 50 | 44 | 34 |
Percent of USVI deep fauna | 56.2 | 57.1 | 63.0 |
Percent only at St. John-Thomas | 70.0 | 50.0 | 26.5 |
St. Croix | |||
Entire fauna (n) | 573 | 301 | 112 |
Percent of USVI fauna | 84.5 | 87.2 | 91.8 |
Percent only at St. Croix | 23.4 | 20.4 | 15.5 |
Shallow fishes (n) | 519 | 256 | 88 |
Percent of USVI fauna | 88.0 | 91.8 | 97.8 |
Percent only at St. Croix | 18.3 | 13.1 | 2.7 |
Deep fishes (n) | 54 | 50 | 39 |
Percent of USVI deep fauna | 61.4 | 64.9 | 62.2 |
Percent only St. Croix | 72.2 | 60.0 | 41.0 |
We compared the ecotypic structure of the St. John-Thomas and St. Croix faunas of reef-associated fishes with that of the GC fauna (see
Abundance of ecotypes of reef-associated bony fishes in the Greater Caribbean and the USVI.
Region | St. John-Thomas | St. Croix | |
All species (n) | 992 | 470 | 493 |
Pelagic species % of fauna | 8.0 | 10.4 | 10.3 |
Non-pelagic species % of fauna | 92.0 | 89.6 | 89.7 |
Demersal species % | 34.6 | 46.3 | 45.0 |
Benthic species % | 65.4 | 53.7 | 55.0 |
Cryptobenthic species % | 64.6 | 53.0 | 54.3 |
Small cryptobenthic species % | 42.6 | 31.6 | 32.5 |
CCRF species % | 45.9 | 36.3 | 35.7 |
SHALLOW NON-PELAGIC SPECIES (n) | 772 | 400 | 424 |
Percent of fauna | 84.6 | 95.0 | 95.9 |
Demersal species % | 34.9 | 45.3 | 44.0 |
Benthic species % | 65.1 | 54.7 | 56.0 |
Cryptobenthic species % | 64.0 | 54.3 | 55.2 |
Small cryptobenthic species % | 42.5 | 33.3 | 34.0 |
CCRF species % | 46.0 | 37.5 | 37.3 |
DEEP NON-PELAGIC SPECIES (n) | 141 | 21 | 18 |
Percent of fauna | 15.4 | 5.0 | 4.2 |
Demersal species % | 33.3 | 66.7 | 66.7 |
Benthic species % | 66.7 | 33.3 | 33.3 |
Cryptobenthic species % | 66.7 | 33.3 | 33.3 |
Small cryptobenthic species % | 43.3 | 4.8 | 0 |
CCRF species % | 45.4 | 19.0 | 0 |
The zoogeographic structures of the faunas of the two USVI sites and nearby Sint Eustatius are quite similar (Table
Zoogeographic composition of the USVI and Sint Eustatius faunas. Percentage of species in each category. Non-native species are not included.
Site (n) | Northwest Atlantic | Western Atlantic | Trans-Atlantic | Atlantic & Indo-Pacific |
---|---|---|---|---|
St. Croix (534) | 41.6 | 33.9 | 13.9 | 10.6 |
St. John-Thomas (558) | 39.5 | 36.5 | 14.0 | 10.0 |
Sint Eustatius (406) | 41.1 | 33.3 | 15.3 | 10.3 |
Table
The available DNA-barcode sequence records from specimens collected at St. John-Thomas represent coverage of 27.8% of the species, 31.4% of the genera and 38% of the families of fishes known from that site. Barcode records represent the sole source of information on the presence of one species known from those islands and are also available for another four species currently identifiable only to genus. Distinctly fewer species have been barcoded from fish taken at Puerto Rico, and there are almost no such data available from either St. Croix or the British Virgin Islands. Barcode records from Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands exist for 52 species occurring in St. John-Thomas but not sequenced from there, bringing the total PRP DNA-barcoded species to 36.5% of St. John-Thomas fauna. All but seven of the 200 barcoded species are reef-associated bony fishes. The vast majority (98.5%) of barcoded species are shallow forms. Deep-living species are especially under-represented among the barcoded forms: only three of 51 such species have barcode data (File S6).
The species records we have added increased the size of that island’s fauna by 7.5%. Almost a third of the additions arise from voucher photographs of shallow-reef species photographed by CJE and AME (and provided by Mantatrust.org). Those include several not accepted by
The process of obtaining location records is an ongoing one for online aggregators, which have vastly increased the amounts of data they host during the last half decade. Although the aggregators offer such information, and are involved in collaborative data sharing, such sharing is sufficiently incomplete that it is necessary to examine records from multiple aggregators to obtain a comprehensive picture of all the data available for any particular site. Even “old” data becomes newly available on the aggregators from time to time and needs to be included in faunal inventories of well-studied sites. The increase in faunal size, although not large in percentage terms, demonstrates the utility of citizen-science efforts to provide photographic vouchers, of reviews of submersible and ROV studies of deep-living fishes, and of periodic evaluations of information available online from aggregators.
Although the 401 species list for this site extracted from
Both insular marine faunas are over 80% the size of the combined USVI fauna in terms of species richness. Species found at only one of the two islands represent ~ 20% of each fauna. For shallow species the size of each insular fauna is 85–90% that of the combined fauna, with correspondingly lower rates of occurrence at only one island. Two factors may contribute to these differences between the island faunas: variation in ecological conditions between the islands and inadequate sampling. The possibility of differing ecological conditions seems small as both islands have the same range of large-scale habitat types, although those vary in abundance between the islands. The shelf area of St. John-Thomas is close to 10 times the size of the St. Croix shelf, yet the former has the smaller known fauna. At both islands the great majority of sampling has occurred in quite shallow water, often very close to shore in the case of St John-Thomas. Shelf habitats likely are under-sampled at both islands, strongly so at St. John-Thomas, where there are large areas of habitat between 40–60 m depth some distance from the islands on both the northern and southern parts of the PRP. At St. Croix most shallow sampling has occurred in and near the Buck Island Reef National Monument, rather than spread around different parts of the platform and different sides of the island. Hence both insular faunas likely are larger than indicated here, particularly in the case of St. John-Thomas.
Review of the two USVI marine species lists show that species not shared between the two islands are distributed through many genera and families (Suppl. material
The deep-species fauna represents only 13.1% of the entire (shallow plus deep) USVI fauna and deep species exhibit much lower rates of faunal overlap between the two islands than occurs among shallow species. The two islands have experienced low rates of exploration of deep habitats, particularly deep reefs, by submersibles and ROVs, which were limited to observational studies. The few ROV (
At both USVI sites the deep-reef species represent only 4.2–5% of the entire local reef-fish fauna, i.e., ~ 1/3 of the percentage for the GC regional fauna (
Reef-associated bony fishes comprised 84% and 91%, respectively, of the faunas of St. John-Thomas and St. Croix, and the St. John-Thomas reef-fish fauna was 94.3% the size of the equivalent fauna of St. Croix. The ecotypic structure of those two USVI reef-fish faunas was very similar, with both differing from the broad structure of the GC regional fauna by having larger proportions of pelagic and demersal species that are readily visible to observers and correspondingly smaller proportions of cryptic species. Similarities in the zoogeographic structures and sizes of the two USVI faunas support the view that both can be considered to be sampled with a similar level of efficiency, at least in terms of their shallow faunas.
In terms of the availability of DNA-barcodes for marine fishes, the Greater Caribbean currently is the most well-sampled large marine biogeographic region in the tropics, with ~ 90% of the shore-fishes barcoded and up to 95% of the shallow reef-associated species (
We cannot directly compare barcode coverage of fishes at St. John-Thomas with that at other intensively barcoded locations noted above because neither the number of barcoded species nor the local species inventory have been comparably evaluated at any of those sites. The results of the present assessment of DNA-barcode coverage for the USVI and the remainder of the PRP highlight the usefulness of the DNA-barcode database for ancillary projects. Accumulating sequences for unrelated purposes, such as taxonomic reviews, stomach-content studies, larval or e-DNA surveys (environmental DNA, where water is sampled for dissolved DNA sequences), augments the general DNA-barcode coverage for specific biogeographic regions and helps confirm species identifications for faunal surveys.
Collections from St. John in 2021 were made under National Park Service Collecting Permit VIIS-2021-SCI-0006: We especially thank Thomas Kelley (Virgin Islands NP/Virgin Islands Coral Reef NM) for facilitating that work.
CJE and AME greatly appreciate the assistance, knowledge, photographic contributions, and camaraderie of various people and organizations in the USVI: Alasdair Dunlap-Smith for logistical support, help with collections and photographic contributions; Miguel Andres Goolishian Hernandez for assistance with diving and photo contributions; the owners and staff of Low Key Watersports’ on St. John and to St. Croix Ultimate Bluewater Adventures on St. Croix; Bogie’s Villa for logistical support at St. John. Thanks to Caroline Rogers, Chris Rapchick, Serenity Mitchell, Spencer Riley, Max Koestenblatt, Cristina Kessler,Jenny Keith, Nicole Krampitz, Sara Richter and Jamie Irving (see File S2C) for contributing voucher images, to Rafe Boulon for information about USVI fishes and to Guy Stevens and Nicole Pelletier of Mantatrust.org for providing photographic documentation of mobulid rays at the USVI. We also appreciate the cooperation of J. Lamkin, as well as T. Girard, E. Malka, A. Shiroza, L. Vasquez-Yeomans, and G. Zapfe for providing information on larvae from the NOAA SEFSC NMFS Miami Larval Fish collection (funded by NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program, NOAA NMFS SEFSC, and University of Miami’s Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies). Thanks also to Andrew Bentley (Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas), Amy Driskell (LAB, National Museum of Natural History), Chelsea Harms-Tuohy (Isla Mar Research Expeditions, Rincon, PR) and Eric Post (FFWCC, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, FL) for access to barcodes and information and discussion for assigning them to species.
Plates S1–S18
Data type: images (jpg. images in ZIP arhiv)
Explanation note: Fishes of St. Croix (Plate S1), fishes of St. John-Thomas (Plates S2–S18).
File S1
Data type: image (jpg file)
Explanation note: Bathymetry of the US Virgin Islands.
File S2
Data type: GPS data (excel file)
Explanation note: File S2A: Georeferencing coordinates and site codes for dive sites of authors Carlos and Allison Estapé at St John, St Thomas and St. Croix during 2021. File S2B: Georeferencing coordinates and site codes for dive sites used by non-author photographers at St John-Thomas. File S2C: Names and emails of third party Citizen Scientists who provided voucher images of various St John-Thomas fishes.
File S3
Data type: GPS data (kmz. file)
Explanation note: KMZ file of USVI dive sites.
File S4
Data type: occurrences (excel file)
Explanation note: File S4. Native marine fish faunas of St. John-Thomas and St. Croix.
File S5
Data type: occurenses (excel file)
Explanation note: Ecological Characteristics of Reef-Associated Bony Fishes from St John-Thomas. See Methods of paper for details.
File S6
Data type: genomic (excel file)
Explanation note: File S6: mtDNA-Barcode information for fishes from islands on the Puerto Rico Platform (St John-Thomas, Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands) and St. Croix. For coding of differently colored highlighting see bottom of table. For explanations of "Reef Associated" and "Deep" see main text.