Malamatidia bohorokensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 from Sumatra, Borneo.

Malamatidia resembles Matidia Thorell, 1878 and Nusatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 by the long, slender, pale yellow or greenish (in alcohol) body (Figs 2E–H, 4E–H, 6E–H, 8E–H, 10A–C), but it can be distinguished from Matidia by the higher cephalic region/carapace width ratio (~ 2/3 vs. 1/2 in Matidia) (cf. Figs 2E, G and 4E, G, 6E, G) and femur I is shorter than femur II. It differs from Nusatidia by the sternum without a rectangular extension (cf. Figs 2H and 10B). Malamatidia species also can be recognised by the copulatory organs: RTA with a sub-rectangular tip (Fig. 1B), filiform embolus curving clockwise and following along the tegular distal margin (Fig. 1C, D), sperm duct an S-shaped loop and sometimes abruptly narrowed (Fig. 1D, E); epigynal plate has a central depression with a longitudinal rim or septum centrally (Fig. 2A, B). All characters of Malamatidia, Nusatidia, and Matidia are according to Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) and Jäger and Dankittipakul (2010).

Figure 1. 

Male palp of Malamatidia zu A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 2. 

Malamatidia zu, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

See Deeleman-Reinhold (2001).

Based on morphological characters, the genus is probably closely related to Matidia and Nusatidia. However, the monophyly and the exact placement of Malamatidia within Clubionidae remains to be tested.

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve: 1♂ (YHCLU0119), Xiaolongha biodiversity preservation corridor (21°24.798'N, 101°37.880'E, 690 m), 28 June 2012, G. Zheng leg., Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 1♀ (YHCLU0120), primary tropical seasonal rain forest (21°57.883'N, 101°12.147'E, 930 m), 15 August 2011, Q. Zhao leg.; 2♂, primary tropical seasonal rainforest (21°57.669'N, 101°11.893'E, 790 m), 7 August 2007, G. Zheng leg.; 6♀, valley tropical seasonal rainforest (21°54.894'N, 101°16.554'E, 569 m), 1 December 2009, G. Tang leg.

Males can be characterised by the sickle-shaped embolus, its tip terminated antero-mesally (Fig. 1C, D) (vs. embolus filiform or flagelliform, terminated postero-retrolaterally in other Malamatidia spp.). The female of M. zu is easily differentiated from all other congeners by the oval bursae (Fig. 2C, D) (vs. globular bursae).

See Jäger and Dankittipakul (2010). Male palp as in Fig. 1A–E, epigyne as in Fig. 2A–D, habitus as in Fig. 2E–H.

Both sexes were known for all Malamatidia species except M. christae and M. zu. These two species were described based on holotypes from Laos. The former was collected from Luang Nam Tha Province, while the latter was from Luang Prabang Province. Jäger and Dankittipakul (2010) described these two specimens as separate species because of their different habitats, different sizes, and different colours. Recently, new material containing both sexes has been collected from Xishuangbanna. We matched the females and males based on morphological characters (Fig. 2E–H) and DNA barcoding. Consequently, M. christae is synonymised with M. zu.

Laos, China (Yunnan Province, new record). The new collections extend the known range of this species by ~ 250 km to the northwest (Xishuangbanna) from the type locality (Luang Prabang).

Matidia virens Thorell, 1878 from Moluccas, Sulawesi.

Species in this genus differ from all other clubionids by the following: the pars cephalica is 2× narrower than the pars thoracica (Figs 4E, G, 6E–G) (vs. wider), leg I is longest (vs. not longest), and there is a dark ventral abdominal spot in males (Fig. 4F) (vs. absent). Matidia resembles Malamatidia, Nusatidia, and Ramosatidia gen. nov. by the slender, greenish body but is consistently separable by the shape of the copulatory organs: the male palp has a ribbon-shaped embolus (Figs 3A, C–F, 5A, C–F) (vs. embolus not ribbon-shaped), the epigyne has one or two depressions (or an atrium) and no septum (Figs 4A, B, 6A, B) (vs. depression lacking in Nusatidia and Ramosatidia gen. nov., or present but with a septum in Malamatidia).

Figure 3. 

Male palp of Matidia spatulata A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, ventrolateral view F bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; PTA = prolateral tibial apophysis; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA = tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–F).

Figure 4. 

Matidia spatulata, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view; path of copulatory duct marked E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Arrow (F) point at dark ventral abdominal spot in male. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct (dashed line showing schematic course of copulatory duct, dorsal); CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 2 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

Based on the two newly discovered species, the description should be extended from Deeleman-Reinhold (2001): the epigyne of M. spatulata Chen & Huang, 2006 with 2 depressions, copulatory ducts relatively long (longer than epigyne) (Fig. 4A–D) (vs. one central atrium and short ducts (shorter than epigyne) in all other congeners (e.g., M. xieqian sp. nov.; Fig. 6A–D)); an additional exceptional feature in M. xieqian sp. nov. is that the cheliceral promarginal teeth are farther from the fang base than the retromarginal ones (vs. promarginal teeth nearer the fang base in all other known Matidia species). Both M. spatulata and M. xieqian sp. nov. have anteriorly located bursae (vs. bursae located laterally or posteriorly).

Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) considered Matidia putatively polyphyletic. In the same work, she established three new, similar closely related genera (Nusatidia, Pristidia, and Malamatidia) to accommodate 12 new species from SE Asia, and placed them in the subfamily Clubioninae. She also transferred four Matidia species to Nusatidia. The similar somatic characters and sympatric distribution strongly suggest close relationships between the four genera. However, the phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved (Versteirt et al. 2010).

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 3♂, rubber plantation (21°54.350'N, 101°16.461'E, 610 m), 11 August 2007, G. Zheng leg.; 1♀, G213 roadside, low evergreen forest (21°53.794'N, 101°17.152'E, 590 m), 27 November 2009, G. Tang eg.; 1♂1♀ (YHCLU0045–0046), secondary tropical forest (21°54.492'N, 101°16.866'E, 609 m), 31 July 2018, H. Yu leg.

See Huang and Chen (2012a, b). Male palp as in Fig. 3A–F, epigyne as in Fig. 4A–D, habitus as in Fig. 4E–H.

China (Taiwan, Yunnan Province).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar34728), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: secondary tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest (21°57.784'N, 101°11.947'E, 895 m), 6 August 2007, G. Zheng leg. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar34729), secondary tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest (21°57.534'N, 101°12.300'E, 860 m), 4 August 2007, G. Zheng leg.

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 1♂ (YHCLU0126), 48 km landmark, seasonal rainforest (21°58.704'N, 101°19.748'E, 1088 m), 12 August 2011, G. Zheng leg.; Meng’a Town: 1♀ (YHCLU0127), Wengnan Village, secondary seasonal rain forest (22°05.002'N, 100°22.009'E, 1137 m), 30 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg.

The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin xiè qián, which means crab claw, referring to the concave retrolateral tibial apophysis with two branches resembling a crab claw; noun in apposition.

Males of M. xieqian sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Matidia species by the branched retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 5B) and a tegular apophysis with three processes (Fig. 5E) (vs. RTA unbranched, tegular apophysis absent or present but with only process in other species). Females of this species resemble those of M. simia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 in having an epigynal atrium, lacking in all other Matidia species, but differ by the: (1) copulatory ducts 3× longer than spermathecae (Fig. 6C, D) (vs. < 2× longer than spermathecae); (2) spermathecae situated posteriorly to bursae (Fig. 6C, D) (vs. anteriorly); (3) spermathecae not coiled (Fig. 6C, D) (vs. coiled).

Figure 5. 

Male palp of the holotype of Matidia xieqian sp. nov., left palp and bulb (A, B, E, F) and flipped right bulb (C, D) A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, ventrolateral view F retrolateral view. Arrows (E) point at three processes of tegular apophysis. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; PTA = prolateral tibial apophysis; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA = tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.20 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–F).

Figure 6. 

Matidia xieqian sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view; path of copulatory duct marked E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: A = epigynal atrium; BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct (dashed line showing schematic course of copulatory duct, dorsal); CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.20 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

Male (holotype) (Fig. 6E, F). Total length 5.30; carapace 1.99 long, 1.50 wide; opisthosoma 3.32 long, 0.98 wide. Carapace yellowish brown posteriorly and centrally, dark anteriorly and marginally, without distinct pattern; cervical groove and radial groove distinct, fovea indistinct. Eyes: AER slightly recurved, PER wider than AER, almost straight in dorsal view. AME dark, other eyes light, with black rings. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.10, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.22, PME–PLE 0.06, MOQL 0.28, MOQA 0.24, MOQP 0.44. Chelicerae coloured as ocular region, with 3 promarginal and 2 retromarginal teeth. Labium and endites light brown. Sternum yellowish white. Legs uniformly yellowish orange. Leg measurements: I 12.71(3.35, 5.08, 2.93, 1.35), II 10.53 (3.02, 4.26, 2.27, 0.98), III 6.02 (1.75, 2.11, 1.67, 0.50), IV 11.02 (3.11, 3.64, 3.46, 0.81). Abdomen lanceolate, white, dorsum with a lengthwise, white heart mark reaching posterior half of abdomen; pair of muscle depressions on both sides of heart-shaped mark; venter, spinnerets yellowish white.

Palp (Fig. 5A–F): Tibia short, ~ 1/4–1/3 of cymbium length, with two apophyses: PTA subtriangular in prolateral view, with a bulky base and blunt tip, ~ 1/2 of tibia length; RTA approximately as long as tibia, heavily sclerotised, strongly expanded, directed antero-dorsally, concave with two branches, shaped like a crab claw, ventral branch thumb-shaped, dorsal branch finger-like. Bulb elongated, with distinct, sinuate sperm duct. Tegular apophysis well developed, > 2/3 of tegulum length, with three processes: apico-prolateral process sharp, tooth-shaped, meso-prolateral process blunt, trapezoidal, baso-prolateral process represented by a blunt flange. Embolus wide, approximately as long as tegulum, originating at ~ 8 o’clock, beak-shaped tip terminated at ~ 1 o’clock position. Conductor thick, membranous, ~ 1.1–1.2× longer than embolus, originating baso-retrolaterally from tegulum, spoon-shaped distally.

Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar34729): Total length 5.46; carapace 2.10 long, 1.47 wide; opisthosoma 3.41 long, 0.98 wide. General characters as in male (Fig. 6G, H). Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.10, PME 0.11, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.22, PME–PLE 0.05, MOQL 0.53, MOQA 0.21, MOQP 0.42. Legs white, without distinct markings. Leg measurements: I 10.10 (2.82, 4.15, 2.26, 0.87), II 6.59 (1.87, 2.37, 1.60, 0.75), III 5.62 (1.75, 1.89, 1.54, 0.45), IV 9.92 (3.05, 3.18, 2.98, 0.70).

Epigyne (Fig. 6A–D): Plate fan-shaped, length subequal to width, margins distinctly delimited, spermathecae and bursae indistinct through integument. Atrium large, ~ 1/4 of epigyne length and 1/3 of epigyne width, located at posterior portion of epigynal plate. Copulatory openings indistinct, located at basolateral atrial borders. Hyaline copulatory ducts ascending anteriorly, following atrial borders, curved at half their length to form a loop, and ascending to spermathecae. Spermathecae bean-shaped, ~ 1.5× longer than wide, at lateral portion of vulva, separated by three diameters. Fertilisation ducts as long as spermathecae, blade-shaped. Bursae hyaline, oval, much larger than spermathecae, ~ 1.5× longer than wide, situated anteriorly, separated by ~ 0.8 diameters, surface semi-transparent.

Known only from the type locality.

Matidia javana Simon, 1897 from Java, Krakatau.

Nusatidia is very similar to Malamatidia and Matidia by the pale, slender body (Figs 2E–H, 4E–H, 8E–H), but it can be recognised by the following somatic characters: sternum with a rectangular projection beyond coxae I (Fig. 10B) (vs. sternum unmodified in all other SE Asian clubionids, such as Malamatidia and Matidia (Figs 2H, 4H)); leg I shorter than legs II and IV (vs. leg I longest in Matidia); male abdomen ventrally without pigmented spot (Fig. 10B) (vs. abdomen with dark spot on venter in Matidia; Fig. 4F). In general, most Nusatidia species can be recognised by the male palp: threadlike embolus draped around tegulum, such as in N. camouflata (Fig. 9A–E) and N. changao (Fig. 11A–E), but not in N. luzonica (Simon, 1897) and N. aeria (Simon, 1897) (Fig. 7A–E). Despite the variable general shape of the epigyne, all Nusatidia species lack a central depression (Figs 12A, B, 13A–C, 14 A–C) (vs. epigynal plate with a central depression in Malamatidia (Fig. 2A, B) or with one or two depressions in Matidia (Figs 4A, B and 6A, B)).

See Deeleman-Reinhold (2001).

The somatic characters of Nusatidia species strongly suggest a close relationship with Matidia. However, both genera are possibly paraphyletic (Versteirt et al. 2010). According to WSC (2021), only two described Nusatidia species were known from males: N. luzonica (Simon, 1897) and N. manipisea (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995), both from Luzon Island in the Philippines. We cannot rule out the possibility that these two species are conspecific to C. mianju sp. nov. and C. subjavana sp. nov.

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve: 1♂1♀, Xiaolongha biodiversity preservation corridor (21°24.159'N, 101°37.178'E, 630 m), 27 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg.; 1♂ (YHCLU0150), Huigang Village, ecological restoration area of chevrotain, seasonal rainforest (21°37.045'N, 101°35.268'E, 760 m), 12 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg.; 1♀ (YHCLU0149), Nanshahe Village, seasonal rainforest (21°36.338'N, 101°34.247'E, 790 m), 13 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg.

Males of N. aeria are similar to those of N. luzonica by the elongate-oval bulb with a bulky, twisted sperm duct and the needle-shaped embolus (Fig. 7A–E), but they differ by the large and branched retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 7B) (vs. RTA small, indistinct, and not branched) and by the presence of a petal-shaped tegular apophysis (Fig. 7A, C, D) (vs. tegular apophysis lacking). Females of N. aeria can be easily recognised by having a subcircular plate located at the posterior of the epigynal plate (Fig. 8A, B) (vs. posterior plate absent in all other Nusatidia species).

Figure 7. 

Male palp of Nusatidia aeria A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA = tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 8. 

Nusatidia aeria, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; EPP = epigynal posterior plate; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

See Deeleman-Reinhold (2001). Male palp as in Fig. 7A–E, epigyne as in Fig. 8A–D, habitus as in Fig. 8E–H.

Nusatidia aeria was originally described in Matidia based on the holotype female from Jolo Island, Philippines. Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) examined the holotype and transferred the species to Nusatidia. In the same work, she described N. rama based on the holotype male from Sumatra but suggested that these two species could be conspecific. Recently, new material has been collected from Xishuangbanna containing both sexes. The males were identified as N. rama while the females were identified as N. aeria. On the basis of the morphological characters (Fig. 8E–H) and DNA barcoding, we matched the females and males. Therefore, the two species are synonymised, and priority is given to N. aeria.

Prior to our study, this species was known from Borneo and Indonesia (Sumatra) only. Our collection in southwest China (Yunnan Province, new record) extends the known range of this species ~ 2700 km to the northwest.

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 1♂, secondary tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest (21°57.528'N, 101°12.384'E, 899 m), 4–11 May 2007, G. Zheng leg.

Males of this species can be easily distinguished from congeners by the long and bifid retrolateral tibial apophysis, over 1/2 of tibial length (Fig. 9B) (vs. RTA not bifid, < 1/3 of tibial length). The male also can be easily recognised by having abdominal patterns on venter (Fig. 10B) (vs. lacking pattern).

Figure 9. 

Male palp of Nusatidia camouflata A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 10. 

Male habitus of Nusatidia camouflata A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Dotted box (B) showing rectangular projection in front of coxae I. Scale bars: 1 mm (equal for A–C).

See Deeleman-Reinhold (2001). Male palp as in Fig. 9A–E, habitus as in Fig. 10A–C.

Prior to our study, this species was known from Thailand (Kanchanaburi Province) only. Our collection in southwest China (Yunnan Province, new record) extends the known range of this species ~ 870 km to the northwest.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar34731), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: Secondary tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest (21°57.528'N, 101°12.384'E, 899 m), 6 August 2007, G. Zheng leg. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar34732), same data as holotype.

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 1♂ (YHCLU0152), 48 km landmark in Nature Reserve, seasonal rainforest (21°58.704'N, 101°19.748'E, 1080 m), 12 August 2011, G. Zheng leg.; Mengyang Town: Nabanhe Nature Reserve: 1♀ (YHCLU0129), waterfall, seasonal rainforest (22°7.607'N, 100°40.540'E, 730 m), 22 August 2012, G. Zheng leg.

The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin cháng áo, meaning long chelicerae, referring to the enlarged chelicerae of the male, which are approximately as long as the carapace; noun in apposition.

Males of N. changao sp. nov. resemble those of N. borneensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and N. snazelli Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 in having a similar embolus draped around the tegulum but differ by the tibial apophysis, which has a flange with jagged teeth like those on a saw (Fig. 11B) (vs. smooth flange). Females of N. changao sp. nov. can be easily recognised by the lateral margins of the epigynal plate with copulatory openings under deep slits (Fig. 12A–D) (vs. epigynal plate without lateral slits, copulatory openings located posteriorly). Males of this new species also can be easily recognised by the enlarged chelicerae, ~ as long as the carapace (Fig. 12E) (vs. chelicerae unmodified, < 1/2 of carapace length).

Figure 11. 

Male palp of the holotype of Nusatidia changao sp. nov., left palp (A, B) and flipped right bulb (C–E) A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 12. 

Nusatidia changao sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view; path of copulatory duct marked E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct (dashed line showing schematic course of copulatory duct, dorsal); CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

Male (holotype) (Fig. 12E, F): Total length 3.98; carapace 1.70 long, 1.48 wide; opisthosoma 2.29 long, 0.92 wide. Carapace red wine coloured, pars cephalica darker in ocular area, without distinct pattern; ocular region distinctly narrowed; cervical groove indistinct; tegument smooth, with short setae. Eyes: AER almost straight, PER wider than AER and slightly procurved in dorsal view. AME dark, other eyes light; with black rings. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.14, PME 0.14, PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.21, PME–PLE 0.12, MOQL 0.34, MOQA 0.28, MOQP 0.45. Chelicerae protruded, approximately equal in length to carapace, coloured as ocular area, with five promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Labium and endites coloured as chelicerae. Sternum yellowish white. Legs white. Leg measurements: I 8.12 (2.23, 3.37, 1.72, 0.80), II 9.28 (2.56, 3.88, 1.99, 0.85), III 6.24 (1.81, 2.01, 1.79, 0.58), IV 8.93 (2.46, 2.96, 2.72, 0.79). Abdomen (Fig. 12E, F) dorsum yellowish white, dorsally with a wide scutum extended ~ 1/2 of abdomen length, gradually widened posteriorly, two pairs of inconspicuous sigilla on either side; venter, spinnerets light yellow.

Palp (Fig. 11A–E): Tibia relatively long, ~ 1/2 cymbium length; RTA stout, ~ 1/3–1/4 tibia length, with broad base and flange with jagged teeth like those on a saw. Bulb spherical, nearly as wide as long, sperm duct inconspicuous. Embolus at least 3× longer than tegulum, originating at centre of tegulum, draped around the tegulum, tapered to filiform, tip extended to anterior portion of tegulum, directed to 12 o’clock. Conductor large, membranous, at ~ 11 o’clock position.

Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar34732): Total length 4.89; carapace 1.93 long, 1.45 wide; opisthosoma 2.97 long, 1.46 wide. Similar to males but with distinctly smaller chelicerae and longer body (Fig. 12G, H). Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PME 0.11, PLE 0.12, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.12, MOQL 0.30, MOQA 0.25, MOQP 0.41. Leg measurements: I 6.45 (1.89, 2.63, 1.26, 0.68), II 6.73 (1.92, 2.80, 1.34, 0.68), III 5.09 (1.62, 1.51, 1.43, 0.53), IV 7.28 (2.04, 2.25, 2.30, 0.69).

Epigyne (Fig. 12A–D): Plate trapezoidal, broad, nearly as wide as long, lateral margins concave medially, forming 2 windows. Copulatory openings inconspicuous, located at windows. Hyaline copulatory ducts long, strongly convoluted, proximally enlarged, cup-shaped, ducts ascending obliquely to middle, expanded laterally, then retracing anteriorly to form oblique arch, descending posteriorly to spermathecae. Spermathecae peanut-shaped, centrally located, separated by 1.5 diameters of a spermatheca. Bursae oblong, hyaline, situated posteriorly, close together, ~ 1.5× wider than long, surface translucent, smooth. Fertilisation ducts acicular, originating on posterior surface of spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♀ (IZCAS-Ar34730), China: Yunnan: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 48 km landmark in Nature Reserve, seasonal rainforest (21°58.704'N, 101°19.748'E, 1080 m), 12 August 2011, G. Zheng leg.

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Meng’a Town: 1♀ (YHCLU0131), Wengnan Village, secondary seasonal rain forest (22°04.985'N, 100°22.217'E, 1130 m), 25 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg.

The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin miàn jù, for mask, referring to the conspicuousness of the spermathecae and copulatory ducts through the epigynal plate, the general appearance of a mask; noun in apposition.

Females of N. mianju sp. nov. are similar to those of N. melanobursa Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 by the epigynal plate with a heavily sclerotised and convex posterior margin, and by the similar course of the copulatory ducts, but they can be differentiated by the copulatory openings separated by ~ 2 diameters (Fig. 13A, B) (vs. copulatory openings close together). Nusatidia mianju sp. nov. also resembles N. camouflata by the copulatory openings located at the posterolateral margin of the epigynal plate, separated by > 1.5 diameters, but it can be easily distinguished by having the copulatory ducts close together and ascending longitudinally (vs. copulatory ducts separated by > one diameter, running horizontally).

Figure 13. 

Holotype female of Nusatidia mianju sp. nov., epigyne (A–E) and habitus (F, G) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, ventral view D cleared, dorsal view E cleared, dorsal view F dorsal view G ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–E); 1 mm (equal for F, G).

Female (holotype) (Fig. 13F–G): Total length 6.85; carapace 2.63 long, 1.67 wide; opisthosoma 4.22 long, 0.98 wide. Carapace light green, slightly lighter in cephalic area, without distinct colour pattern; cephalic region slightly narrowed, cervical groove, radial grooves, fovea indistinct. Eyes: AER slightly recurved, PER wider than AER and slightly procurved when seen from above. AME dark, other eyes light; with black rings. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.23, PME–PLE 0.09, MOQL 0.30, MOQA 0.27, MOQP 0.47. Chelicerae white, fang light red, both promargin and retromargin with two teeth. Labium and endites light green. Sternum yellowish green. Legs coloured as carapace, without distinct markings. Leg measurements: I (2.03, —, —, —), II 8.42 (2.57, 3.33, 1.74, 0.79), III 5.56 (1.59, 1.99, 1.51, 0.47), IV 8.92 (2.69, 2.84, 2.75, 0.65). Abdomen (Fig. 13F, G) lanceolate, dorsum uniformly yellowish green; laterally dark green, with numerous longitudinal muscle depressions; venter without pattern, yellowish green centrally, dark green marginally.

Epigyne (Fig. 13A–E): Plate slightly wider than long, posterior margin heavily sclerotised and convex; spermathecae and copulatory ducts prominently visible through integument; in general appearance, epigynal plate like a mask. Copulatory openings distinct, large, separated by ~ 2 diameters, located at posterolateral margin of the plate. Hyaline copulatory ducts thick, straight, close together, extended to posterior level of spermathecae, then retracing posteriorly to mid-level of vulva, connected laterally to bursae. Spermathecae oval, ~ 1.4× longer than wide, situated anteriorly, separated by ~ 2/3 width of one spermatheca. Bursae globular, separated by ~ 1.3 diameters, translucent with smooth surface. Fertilisation ducts acicular, ~ 1/2 spermatheca length, located laterally.

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♀ (IZCAS-Ar34733), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 48 km landmark in Nature Reserve, seasonal rainforest (21°58.704'N, 101°19.748'E, 1080 m), 12 August 2011, G. Zheng leg.

1♀ (YHCLU0132), same data as holotype.

The specific name is a Latin adjective referring to the species’ similarity to N. javana (Simon, 1897), a combination of the preposition sub (near) and the epithet of that species.

Females of N. subjavana sp. nov. are similar to those of N. javana (Hayashi 1996: 66, figs 11–13) by the contiguous copulatory openings and the general shape of the vulva but can be distinguished from the latter by the strongly convoluted copulatory ducts that loop twice (Fig. 14B–D) (vs. moderately convoluted, loop once).

Figure 14. 

Holotype female of Nusatidia subjavana sp. nov., epigyne (A–E) and habitus (F, G) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, ventral view; path of copulatory duct marked D cleared, dorsal view E cleared, dorsal view F dorsal view G ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct (dashed line showing schematic course of copulatory duct, ventral); CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–E); 1 mm (equal for F, G).

Female (holotype) (Fig. 14F–G): Total length 7.16; carapace 2.86 long, 1.96 wide; opisthosoma 4.30 long, 1.18 wide. Carapace uniformly green-white, lighter in cephalic region; radial grooves indistinct, fovea grey and inconspicuous. Eyes: AER nearly straight, PER wider than AER and slightly procurved in dorsal view. AME dark, other eyes light; with black rings. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.11, PME 0.12, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.11, PME–PME 0.32, PME–PLE 0.12, MOQL 0.34, MOQA 0.30, MOQP 0.55. Chelicerae protruding and coloured as carapace, with red wine coloured fangs, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Labium and endites white. Sternum white. Legs light green, without distinct markings. Leg measurements: I 9.23 (2.63, 4.00, 1.85, 0.78), II (—, —, 2.78, 0.79), III 6.12 (1.99, 2.09, 1.60, 0.44), IV (2.95, —, —, —). Abdomen (Fig. 14F, G): dorsum yellowish white with a pair of longitudinal muscle depressions, 1/3 of opisthosoma length; venter white, spinnerets light green.

Epigyne (Fig. 14A–E): Plate translucent greenish, slightly wider than long, through which part of spermathecae and copulatory ducts can be seen indistinctly, posterior margin bluish, not rebordered. Copulatory openings distinct, large, contiguous, at posterior portion of the plate. Copulatory ducts strongly entwined, loop twice before connecting to spermathecae. Sperm ~ 1.5× longer than wide. Bursae globular, separated by ~ 1.6 diameters, translucent, with smooth surface. Fertilisation ducts small, < 1/3 spermathecae length, located dorsolaterally on spermathecae.

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality.

Clubiona genevensis L. Koch, 1866 from Switzerland.

Distinct from all other clubionids by the cymbium with modified setae retrolaterally (not observed in P. pteronetoides Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 Fig. 15B); cymbial base with a tutaculum (Fig. 15B); tegulum with a tegular groove serving as a conductor (Fig. 15D); tibia with a strongly reduced prolateral apophysis (Fig. 15A); subtegulum located posteriorly (Fig. 15C, D); sperm duct U-shaped, with an additional loop located proximally to embolic base (Fig. 15D); copulatory openings large, located posteriorly on ventral epigynal plate, united at midline, or separated but close (Fig. 16A, B); epigynal plate with a somewhat protruded posterior margin (Fig. 16A, B).

Figure 15. 

Male palp of Porrhoclubiona pteronetoides A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; TG = tegular groove; TU = tutaculum. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 16. 

Porrhoclubiona pteronetoides, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

See Marusik and Omelko (2018) and Deeleman-Reinhold (2001).

Porrhoclubiona is small Clubionidae with a relatively wide body and can be easily separated from Malamatidia, Matidia, and Nusatidia. Porrhoclubiona currently comprises two species groups, the pteronetoides group and the genevensis group. The pteronetoides group was established by Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) based on two species endemic to the Oriental realm. The genevensis group was formally named by Mikhailov (1992), though in fact it was first recognised by Lohmander (1944) as a subgenus of Microclubiona (currently considered junior synonyms of Clubiona), and then refined by Bosmans et al. (2017) with eight species from West Palaearctic region. The two groups share almost all of the generic characters listed by Marusik and Omelko (2018) (see diagnosis above); however, pteronetoides group can be differed from the genevensis group by have a dorsal abdominal scutum (Fig. 16E, F) (vs. absent), lack modified setae on the cymbium (Fig. 15B) (vs. present) in males, and the spermathecae are elongate in females (Fig. 16C, D) (vs. round).

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 1♂1♀, 48 km landmark in Nature Reserve, seasonal rainforest (21°58.704'N, 101°19.748'E, 1080 m), 12 August 2011, G. Zheng leg.; 1♂1♀ (YHCLU0124–125), 55 km landmark in Nature Reserve, seasonal rainforest (21°57.953'N, 101°12.305'E, 780 m), 13 August 2011, G. Zheng leg.

Both sexes of P. pteronetoides are similar to those of P. viridula in having similar palps and epigynes but can be differentiated by the elongate-oval bulb in ventral view (Fig. 15B) (vs. pyriform or triangular) and by the oval spermathecae that are ~ 2× longer than wide (Fig. 16C, D) (vs. claviform spermathecae that are ~ 3–4× longer than wide).

See Deeleman-Reinhold (2001). Male palp as in Fig. 15A–E, epigyne as in Fig. 16A–D, habitus as in Fig. 16E–H.

There is almost no difference between males from Xishuangbanna (Fig. 15A–E) and the holotype from Thailand (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: 97, figs 5–7). However, some intraspecific variation is exhibited by females from the two localities, related to distance between the two copulatory openings. The copulatory openings are separated by ~ 1/4 of their diameter in material from Xishuangbanna (Fig. 16A–D) but not separated in the paratype (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: 97, fig. 4).

Thailand (Prachuap Khiri Khan Province), China (Yunnan Province, new record). The present results extend the range of this species by ~ 1090 km to the northwest (Xishuangbanna) from the type locality (Prachuap Khiri Khan).

Pteroneta saltans Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001.

The genus is characterised by: peculiar scopula (called a feathery flag in Deeleman-Reinhold (2001)) on nearly the entire prolateral surface of the lengthened tarsi II (Fig. 18G), the patterned body with lazulite-coloured blue spots on the abdomen and coxae (Fig. 18E–H), the widely separated AME and PME (Fig. 18E, G), and the enlarged chelicerae of the male (Fig. 18E).

See Deeleman-Reinhold (2001).

China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: 1♂1♀ (YHCLU0136–137), Nanshahe Village, seasonal rainforest (21°36.200'N, 101°34.385'E, 820 m), 14 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg.; 1♂2♀, Bubang Village (21°36.634'N, 101°34.900'E, 820 m), 10 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg.; Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 1♂, Lvshilin Forest Park, limestone tropical seasonal rain forest (21°54.617'N, 101°16.843'E, 730 m), 7 August 2011, G. Zheng leg.

Males of P. ultramarina resemble those of P. baiteta Versteirt, Deeleman-Reinhold & Baert, 2008 (Versteirt et al. 2008: 312, fig. 7a, b) in having a similarly shaped retrolateral tibial apophysis and claw-like embolus but differ by the conductor with a straight tip (Fig. 17A–E) (vs. semi-circular tip) and the dorsal surface of the chelicerae with relatively few, short setae (< 10) (Fig. 18E) (vs. 18 short setae). Females of P. ultramarina are similar to those of P. tertia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001. The epigyne of these two species is very similar and almost indistinguishable, but the species differ in the number and arrangement of cheliceral teeth (three promarginal and two retromarginal in P. ultramarina vs. six teeth on both margins in P. tertia) and by the patterns on the body (the carapace and sternum are marked with lazulite-coloured blue spots in P. ultramarina (Fig. 18G, H) (vs. blue spots lacking in P. tertia).

Figure 17. 

Male palp of Pteroneta ultramarina A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 18. 

Pteroneta ultramarina, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

See Ono (1989). Male palp as in Fig. 17A–E, epigyne as in Fig. 18A–D, habitus as in Fig. 18E–H.

Japan (Ryukyu Is.), China (Yunnan Province, new record). The new record presented here extends the known range of this species by ~ 2700 km from the type locality (Ryukyu Is.) to the southwest (Xishuangbanna).

Ramosatidia situ Yu & Li, sp. nov.

The generic name is a combination of the Latin adjective ramosus, which means ramose, or branching, referring to the apophyses of the palpal tibia, in conjunction with atidia, alluding to the green colour and slender body, similar to Matidia. The gender is feminine.

Ramosatidia gen. nov. resembles the other genera exclusively distributed in SE Asia (Pristidia, Nusatidia, and Matidia) by the similar habitus (green, elongate, long-legged), but it is consistently separable by somatic characters and the copulatory organs. This new genus is characterised by the promargin with only one tooth in the male and the retromargin without tooth in the female and by the bottle-green body in in ethanol (vs. living spiders are pale green, but specimens are pale yellow, white or brownish in ethanol in almost all other genera). Ramosatidia gen. nov. can be distinguished from Pristidia by the relatively small eyes, with the PME > their diameter apart (Fig. 20E, G) (vs. PME barely > their diameter apart), from Nusatidia by the sternum lacking a rectangular extension beyond coxae I (cf. Fig. 20H and 10B), and from Matidia by the higher ocular region/carapace width ratio (approximately 2/3 vs. 1/2 in Matidia) (cf. Figs 20E, G and 4E, G), and femur I shorter than femur II (vs femur I longest). Ramosatidia gen. nov. species also can be recognised by the following characters of the copulatory organs: male palpal tibia with four apophyses (vs. maximum of three apophyses) (Fig. 19A–E); epigynal plate lacking atrium, depression, and septum (vs. with atrium or depression in Matidia, with septum in Malamatidia), fertilisation ducts relatively large, ~ 1/2 of spermathecae length (Fig. 20A–D) (vs. shorter than 1/2 of spermathecae length). All the provided characters of Pristidia, Nusatidia, and Matidia are according to Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) and recent clubionid papers, such as Yu et al. (2012, 2017).

Same as for the type species.

Type species only.

China (Yunnan).

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar34734), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve: Xiaolongha biodiversity preservation corridor (21°24.159'N, 101°37.178'E, 630 m), 27 June 2012, Q. Zhao leg. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar34735), same data as holotype.

1♀ (YHCLU0134), same data as holotype.

The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin sìtū, which means four apophyses, referring to four tibial apophyses; noun in apposition.

Same as for genus.

Male (holotype) (Fig. 20E–F). Total length 3.80; carapace 1.74 long, 1.24 wide; opisthosoma 2.06 long, 0.77 wide. Carapace pyriform, ocular area distinctly narrowed, in profile almost flat. Carapace yellowish white anteriorly and centrally, dark green posteriorly and marginally, without distinct pattern; fovea greenish. Eyes: in dorsal view, AER slightly recurved, PER almost straight, PER wider than AER. AME dark, other eyes light; with black rings. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.19, PME–PLE 0.04, MOQL 0.23, MOQA 0.20, MOQP 0.38. Chelicerae yellowish green, with one tooth on promargin and five on retromargin. Labium and endites yellowish green. Sternum yellowish. Legs uniformly yellowish green. Leg measurements: Legs I and II missing, III 4.46 (1.25, 1.58, 1.24, 0.40), IV 8.47 (2.66, 2.79, 2.44, 0.58). Abdomen (Fig. 20E, F) lanceolate, surface wrinkled; dorsally uniformly yellowish green; laterally with longitudinal dark green lines; venter without distinct pattern, yellowish green centrally, bottle-green marginally; spinnerets pale green.

Palp (Fig. 19A–E): Femur and patella unmodified. Tibia relatively long, ~ 2/3 cymbium length, with four apophyses, PTA digitiform, with blunt tip, ~ 1/2 tibia length; DTA small, coniform in prolateral view, thumb-like in retrolateral view, ~ 1/3 tibia length; LTA heavily sclerotised, semi-circular with pit, like an ear in retrolateral view, ~ 1/3 tibia length; RTA ~ as long as tibia, wide proximally, narrowed distally, rough tip. Cymbium ~ 1.9× longer than wide, baso-prolaterally with a trapezoidal projection. Tegulum elongated, relatively flat, ~ 2× longer than wide, sperm duct distinct, U-shaped. Embolus, small spicule with forked tip, shorter than 1/10 tegulum length, originating apico-retrolaterally on tegulum, tip extended to apex of cymbium. Conductor ~ 1/4 tegulum length, sheet-shaped, translucent, originating from apico-retrolateral area of tegulum, covering embolic base.

Figure 19. 

Male palp of the holotype of Ramosatidia situ sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; DTA = dorsal tibial apophysis; E = embolus; LTA = lateral tibial apophysis; PTA = prolateral tibial apophysis; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 20. 

Ramosatidia situ sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar34735). Total length 3.95; carapace 1.73 long, 1.29 wide; opisthosoma 2.22 long, 0.63 wide. Similar to males but longer and darker (Fig. 20G, H). Chelicera with four promarginal teeth, retromarginal teeth lacking. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.03, MOQL 0.22, MOQA 0.19, MOQP 0.35. Legs green. Leg measurements: I 4.82 (1.44, 1.97, 0.89, 0.51), II — (1.93, 2.78, 1.35, —), III 4.06 (1.27, 1.44, 0.99, 0.36), IV missing.

Epigyne (Fig. 20A–D): Plate disc-shaped, slightly longer than wide, posterior margin not rebordered; atrium absent; spermathecae and copulatory ducts barely visible through integument. Copulatory openings small, separated by ~ 2 diameters, situated near epigastric furrow. Copulatory ducts thick, separated by ~ 1.5 diameters, ascending obliquely to spermathecae. Hyaline spermathecae large, oval, ~ 1.5× longer than wide, located anteriorly, separated by 0.5 widths. Bursae distinctly smaller than spermathecae, close together, ~ 1.29× wider than long, bursal surface hyaline, wrinkled, ribbed, pigmented and sclerotised inside. Acicular fertilisation duct relatively long, ~ 1/2 of spermathecae length, located dorso-basally on spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.

Sinostidia shuangjiao Yu & Li, sp. nov.

The generic name is derived from the species’ similarity to Pristidia and the Latin adjective Sino- for Chinese, referring to the distribution of the genus. The gender is feminine.

This genus can be easily confused with Pristidia due to a similar appearance. Sinostidia gen. nov. and Pristidia share a similar cephalic region/carapace width ratio, relatively large eyes (PME barely > their diameter apart), tibial spination, and pale brownish body, but they can be separated by Sinostidia gen. nov. having promarginal teeth closer to the fang base than the retromarginal ones. The copulatory organs of Sinostidia gen. nov. resemble those of Pristidia in having a similar bulb with a sharply pointed embolus arising dorsally, hidden by the tegulum and by having a similar epigynal plate, but differ by: (1) the palpal tibia with 2 apophyses (Figs 21B, 23B) (vs. 1 apophysis); (2) the distinct and heavily sclerotised tegular apophysis (Figs 21A–E, 23C–E) (vs. tegular apophysis absent in almost all Pristidia species, or present but semi-transparent in P. cervicornuta); (3) the epigyne with a large depression or atrium (Figs 22A, B, 24A, B) (vs. depression and atrium lacking); (4) the spermathecae consist of a subglobular head and torsional base (Figs 22C, D, 24C, D) (vs. spermathecae undivided).

Figure 21. 

Male palp of the holotype of Sinostidia shuangjiao sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA = tegular apophysis; VTA = ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 22. 

Sinostidia shuangjiao sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; SB = spermathecal base; SH = spermathecal head; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

Medium-sized, with body length of males 4.5–5.0, females 4.79–5.6. Body yellow-white, legs uniformly coloured as carapace. Carapace: elongate-oval in dorsal view, pars cephalica slightly elevated above thorax, pars thoracica distinctly wider than pars cephalica; integument smooth, with sparse, erect, thin, dark bristles on pars cephalica (bristles detach easily in ethanol); yellow or pale orange, slightly darker in ocular region, without distinct pattern; fovea longitudinal, reddish. Clypeus height distinctly less than diameter of AME. Chelicerae robust, brownish red, fang furrow with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish, anteriorly straight, anterior and lateral margins with brown extensions fitted into intercoxal concavities; posterior region strongly protruded between coxae IV. Eyes: arranged in a compact group; AER slightly recurved in dorsal view, procurved in anterior view, AME very slightly smaller than ALE, or equal in diameter, AME closer to ALE than to each other; PER recurved in dorsal view, PME distinctly larger than PLE, PME separated by one diameter. Legs: formula usually IV, I, II, III; all tarsi scopulate; anterior metatarsi with a pair of basal ventral spines; tibiae I and II with two pairs of strong ventral spines; tibiae and metatarsi of posterior legs with more spines than anterior legs, but spination varies among different individuals. Abdomen: lanceolate, tapered posteriorly, uniformly white, dorsum with numerous indistinct patches, or anteriorly with a longitudinal, grey heart mark; venter, sides white, without distinct markings. Spinnerets: anterior lateral spinnerets short and coniform; posterior lateral spinnerets cylindrical, relatively long; anterior median spinnerets small, sandwiched between anterior lateral spinnerets and posterior lateral spinnerets.

Male palp: Femur and patella unmodified. Tibia short, no longer than 1/2 of cymbium length, with two apophyses: ventral apophysis stout, with blunt tip, typically thumb-like; retrolateral apophysis weak, shape variable, tip relatively pointed. Cymbium unmodified, ~ 1.8× longer than wide, with dense dorsal setae. Bulb elongate-oval, embolic area located distally on tegulum. Tegular apophysis large, longer than 1/2 of tegulum width, arising at ~ 1 o’clock position, gradually tapered toward apex, pointed prolatero-distally, covering embolic base. Embolus with bulky base and sharp tip, curved behind tegular apophysis, tip extended to apex of cymbium. Conductor small, situated retrolaterally on tegulum.

Epigyne: Plate with shallow, very large depression or atrium, covering > 80% of plate. Spermathecae situated anteriorly, with subglobular head and twisted base. Bursae situated posteriorly, surface wrinkled, ribbed, pigmented, sclerotised inside. Fertilisation ducts small, acicular, on distal end of spermathecal base.

The large PME and the presence of a claw-shaped embolus located behind the tegulum indicate that the new genus is likely closely related to Pristidia. Somatic characters are either poorly delineated or variable, making the differentiation of Sinostidia gen. nov. and Pristidia difficult. However, the two new species share a distinct set of genitalic characters and can be easily separated from Pristidia, thus, we established a new genus to accommodate them.

Two species, Sinostidia shuangjiao Yu & Li, sp. nov. (type species) and Sinostidia dujiao Yu & Li, sp. nov.

China (Yunnan).

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar34738), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: Anogeissus acuminata plantation (~ 20 years old) (21°53.993'N, 101°16.810'E, 610 m), 19 August 2007, G. Zheng leg. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar34739, YHCLU0155), G213 roadside, Leprosy village (21°53.590'N, 101°17.296'E, 540 m), 4 May 2019, H. Yu leg.

1♂ (YHCLU0151), same data as the paratype.

The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin shuâng jiǎo, meaning two-horned, referring to the forked tegular apophysis; noun in apposition.

Sinostidia shuangjiao sp. nov. closely resembles S. dujiao sp. nov. (Figs 23, 24) but can be distinguished by the shape of the copulatory organs. Males of the new species differ from those of S. dujiao sp. nov. by: (1) the bifid tip of the tegular apophysis represented by two tooth-shaped apophyses (vs. not bifid) (cf. Figs 21A–E and 23C–E); (2) the filiform or claw-shaped embolic tip (vs. large and conical, cf. Figs 21B–E and 23B–E); (3) the conductor is transparent and membranous (vs. thick and partly membranous) (cf. Figs 21D, E and 23D, E). The female of the new species can be differentiated from S. dujiao sp. nov. by lacking an atrium (vs. atrium present) (cf. Figs 22A, B and 24A, B), the copulatory openings located laterally on the epigynal plate (vs. located at anterior atrial border) (cf. Figs 22A, B and 24A, B), and by the globular bursae which are smaller than the spermathecae (vs. reniform burse distinctly larger than the spermathecae) (cf. Figs 22C, D and 24C, D).

Figure 23. 

Male palp of the holotype of Sinostidia dujiao sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C bulb, prolateral view D bulb, ventral view E bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA = tegular apophysis; VTA = ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A, B, equal for C–E).

Figure 24. 

Sinostidia dujiao sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, epigyne (A–D), male habitus (E, F) and female habitus (G, H) A intact, ventral view B cleared, ventral view C cleared, dorsal view D cleared, dorsal view E dorsal view F lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view. Abbreviations: BS = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; SB = spermathecal base; SH = spermathecal head; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (equal for A–D); 1 mm (equal for E, F, equal for G, H).

Male (holotype) (Fig. 22E, F). Total length 4.73; carapace 1.75 long, 1.49 wide; opisthosoma 2.98 long, 1.16 wide. Carapace pyriform, ocular region distinctly narrowed; light orange, slightly darker frontally, without distinct pattern; fovea reddish. Eyes: AER slightly recurved, PER slightly wider than AER and procurved in dorsal view. AME dark, other eyes light; with black rings. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.12, PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.14, PME–PLE 0.08, MOQL 0.32, MOQA 0.28, MOQP 0.41. Chelicerae red-brown. Labium and endites light orange. Sternum yellowish white. Legs yellowish orange. Leg measurements: I 7.05 (1.95, 2.91, 1.43, 0.77), II 6.61 (1.86, 2.1, 1.44, 0.70), III 5.27 (1.55, 1.72, 1.44, 0.56), IV 7.67 (2.12, 2.59, 2.23, 0.73). Abdomen (Fig. 22E, F) lanceolate, dorsum with numerous inconspicuous patches; venter white; all spinnerets without distinct markings.

Palp (Fig. 21A–E): Retrolateral tibial apophysis claw-shaped, retrolaterally pointed, ~ 1/2 of tibia length, with curved, sharp apex; ventral tibial apophysis pointed anteriorly, thumb-like, ~ 1/3 of tibia length. Bulb oval, ~ 2× longer than wide, sperm duct indistinct in ventral view. Tegular apophysis large, as long as tegulum width, originating retrolaterally on tegulum, with bifurcated distally, covering embolic base. Embolus claw-shaped, tip extended to apex of cymbium, directed antero-prolaterally; embolic base as long as free (filamentous) part of embolus, represented by enlarged tubercle located prolaterally (~ 10 o’clock relative to tegulum). Conductor membranous, ~ 1/2 embolus length, originating distally on tegulum, base wide, apex narrowed, folded.

Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar34739). Total length 5.60; carapace 2.36 long, 1.74 wide; opisthosoma 3.21 long, 1.54 wide. General characters as in males, but slightly larger and lighter (Fig. 22G, H). Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.13, PME 0.13, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.21, PME–PLE 0.11, MOQL 0.34, MOQA 0.36, MOQP 0.52. Legs uniformly white. Leg measurements: I 6.97 (1.97, 2.85, 1.38, 0.77), II 6.16 (1.70, 2.43, 1.34, 0.69), III 5.41 (1.66, 1.71, 1.50, 0.53), IV 7.97 (2.01, 2.80, 2.22, 0.95).

Epigyne (Fig. 22A–D): Plate distinctly wider than long, with shallow depression located anteriorly. Depression broad, width almost equal to the plate width, ellipsoid, ~ 1.6× wider than long; bounded by numerous, relatively long setae, sparse anteriorly, dense posteriorly and laterally. Copulatory openings small but distinct, located laterally in depression, separated by ~ 15 diameters, leading to short copulatory ducts which descend obliquely to spermathecae. Spermathecae consisting of twisted base and globular head; spermathecal heads separated by 2/3 of their diameter. Bursae globular, close together, translucent. Fertilisation ducts indistinct.

Known only from the type locality.

Holotype : ♂ (IZCAS-Ar34736), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Menglun Nature Reserve: 48 km landmark, seasonal rainforest (21°58.704'N, 101°19.748'E, 1080 m), 12 August 2011, G. Zheng leg. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar34737, YHCLU0090), same data as holotype.

1♂ (YHCLU0132), same data as the holotype.

The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin dú jiǎo, which means one-horned, referring to the unbranched tegular apophysis; noun in apposition.

Males of the new species are similar to those of S. shuangjiao sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the unbranched tegular apophysis, wide and conical embolar tip, and by the thick and partly membranous conductor (Fig. 23A–E) (vs. tegular apophysis bifurcate, embolar tip filamentous, conductor thin and entirely membranous as in Fig. 21A–E). Females of S. dujiao sp. nov. differ from those of S. shuangjiao sp. nov. by the reniform bursae larger than spermathecae (Fig. 24C, D) (vs. globular bursae smaller than the spermathecae as in Fig. 22C, D), the CO situated anteriorly and the CD located on central portion of epigyne (vs. both situated laterally in S. shuangjiao sp. nov. (cf. Figs 24A–D and 22A–D)).

Male (holotype) (Fig. 24E, F). Total length 4.90; carapace 2.17 long, 1.50 wide; opisthosoma 2.73 long, 0.97 wide. Carapace oval, pars cephalica distinctly narrowed; yellowish white, slightly darker frontally, without distinct pattern; fovea reddish. Eyes: in dorsal view, PER slightly wider than AER, both AER and PER slightly recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.16, PME–PLE 0.13, MOQL 0.28, MOQA 0.29, MOQP 0.43. Chelicerae red-brown, with 3 promarginal and 2 retromarginal teeth. Labium, endites light brown. Sternum yellowish. Legs yellowish white. Leg measurements: I — (1.85, —, —, —), II 6.79 (2.00, 2.25, 2.04, 0.51), III — (1.34, 1.35, 0.82, —), IV — (1.88, 2.20, 1.23, —). Abdomen (Fig. 24E, F) lanceolate, dorsally white with longitudinal, grey heart mark, extended 2/5 length of abdomen; venter white; spinnerets without distinct markings.

Palp (Fig. 23A–E). Retrolateral tibial apophysis partly membranous, ~ 1/3 of tibia length, with a pointed apex; ventral tibial apophysis digitiform and sclerotised, ~ 1/3 of palpal tibia length, with blunt tip. Bulb nearly spherical, ~ 1.6× longer than wide, sperm duct distinct, sinuate, reverse S-shaped in ventral view. Tegular apophysis triangular, longer than 2/3 tegulum width, located ventrally on distal margin of tegulum, with sharp apex, covering embolic base. Embolus thick, wrapped around tegulum dorsally, tip directed antero-mesally, embolic base nearly as long as free (conical) part of embolus. Conductor thick, small, < 1/2 embolus length, originating retrolaterally on tegulum, partly membranous distally.

Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar34737). Total length 4.79; carapace 2.28 long, 1.60 wide; opisthosoma 2.51 long, 1.29 wide. General colouration darker than in male (Fig. 24G, H). Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.14, PME 0.12, PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.16, PME–PLE 0.14, MOQL 0.35, MOQA 0.30, MOQP 0.44. Legs uniformly white. Leg measurements: I 5.04 (1.35, 2.10, 1.04, 0.59), II 5.06 (1.56, 1.98, 0.92, 0.60), III 4.36 (1.36, 1.48, 1.06, 0.47), IV 6.75 (2.03, 2.18, 1.95, 0.60).

Epigyne (Fig. 24A–D): Plate nearly as wide as long, with large, trapezoidal atrium as broad as plate. Atrium anteriorly bounded by margin, not rebordered posteriorly. Copulatory ducts, bursae distinctly visible through integument. Copulatory openings small, indistinct, on anterior atrial border. Copulatory ducts separated by ~ one diameter, descend posteriorly, then connect with bursae. Spermathecae with bean-shaped proximal part (head) and papilliform distal part (base), separated by ~ 2.7 widths. Bursae reniform, close together, distinctly larger than spermathecae, 1.2× longer than wide. Fertilisation ducts acicular, no > 1/4 of spermathecae length, located dorsobasally on spermathecae.

Known only from the type locality.