Xyleborus vespatorius Schedl, 1931; original designation.

Coptoborus is distinguished from all other Xyleborini genera by the following combination of characters: antennal funicle four-segmented, antennal club type 3, 4 or 2 (typically type 3) with two (rarely three) arcuate sutures visible on the posterior face, club round or longer than wide, posterior face of the protibiae flat and unarmed, both elytral discal striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate, anterior margin of pronotum typically weakly produced with a row of serrations, pronotal disc alutaceous, procoxae contiguous, scutellum small, flush with elytral surface and mycangial tufts absent.

Coptoborus is very similar to Euwallacea Hopkins, 1915, and like Euwallacea, is diagnosed by a combination of homoplastic characters (Smith et al. 2019a, 2020). Both genera have the posterior face of the antennal club with 2 or 3 arcuate sutures near the apex. Euwallacea species typically have a subquadrate or quadrate pronotum (types 3, 4, 8) but some species do have rounded anterior margins like Coptoborus (types 2, 7). All Coptoborus have rounded anterior margins of the pronotum (types 7, 2, 1 or 9) (except C. obtusicornis (type b) which is conspicuously elongate and acuminate frontally), and most have the median area of the pronotum weakly produced and bearing a row of serrations, usually 2–6. Euwallacea species with rounded anterior margins of the pronotum always lack serrations, have semi-circular protibiae with evenly rounded outer edge (except obliquely triangular in E. luctuosus (Eggers, 1939)) and a posterolateral costa that extends to at interstriae 7 (except inconspicuous, short in E. luctuous).

Female. Length 1.4–3.6 mm and 2.1–4.3 × as long as wide. Body nearly glabrous to densely setose; color variable, light to dark brown, red brown to nearly black; legs and antennae yellow brown to red brown. Appearing very stout to slender, elytra rather variable, appearing round, attenuate, or acuminate. Mycangial tufts absent.

Head: Epistoma entire, transverse, lined with a row of hair-like setae. Frons slightly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface shagreened, dull, reticulate; punctures small, fine, shallow. Eyes broadly or narrowly emarginate above level of antennal insertion, upper portion of eyes smaller than lower part. Submentum slightly or deeply impressed below genae, narrowly or broadly triangular. Scape short and thick or long and thick, about as long as club. Antennal funicle four-segmented, segments equal in size. Pedicle shorter than funicle or as long as funicle. Club variable, either obliquely truncate, type 2, approximately circular, segment 1 corneous, transverse or weakly convex on anterior face, nearly covering all of posterior face; segment 2 slightly procurved, corneous, visible on anterior and posterior faces of club or club flattened, types 3 or 4 (rarely obliquely truncate and type 2), approximately circular or longer than wide, segment 1 corneous, transverse or sinuate on anterior face, with segments 1, 2, and rarely 3 visible on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.8–1.75 × as long as wide. Pronotum from lateral view typically elongate with disc as long or slightly longer than anterior slope (type 7), taller than basic (type 2), or round (type 1), rarely basic (type 0) or elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope (type 8). In dorsal view typically rounded frontally and long (type 7), basic and parallel-sided (type 2), rarely rounded (type 1) or rounded frontally and very long (type 9) or conspicuously elongate and angulate frontally (type b), anterior margin of pronotum typically weakly produced with a row of 2–6 serrations. Surface alutaceous, anterior slope finely asperate, asperities close, arranged in concentric rings from midpoint of pronotum to anterior and anterolateral areas; disc finely and evenly punctate. Lateral margins variable, obliquely costate, carinate on basal third or along entire length. Posterior angles acutely rounded. Base transverse. Elytra: 1.2–2.5 × as long as wide. Elytral base transverse, margin oblique; humeral angles rounded. Scutellum small to minute, triangular or linguiform, flat, flush with elytra. Elytral shape quite variable, sides straight between basal 42–88%. Disc convex, longer than declivity, rarely as long as declivity. Disc smooth, shiny, finely punctate; striae not impressed, interstrial punctures seriate, or confused (rare). Declivity variable. Posterolateral margin of declivity typically with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex, but may also be costa, or carinate from suture to interstriae 2, 7, or 8. Legs: Procoxae contiguous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical third, or distinctly triangular, or with evenly rounded outer margin, posterior face flat, unarmed; 5–8 denticles present on outer margin. Meso- and metatibiae obliquely triangular, flattened, posterior face unarmed with 6–12 and 6–11 denticles, respectively.

Holotype (ZMMU), not examined, paratype (ZMMU), examined.

Peru: Junin, near Rio Venado village, 1100 m a.s.l., Petrov (APP, 3).

2.8 mm (n = 1), 2.37 × as long as wide (Petrov 2020). This species is distinguished by the elytra attenuated, apex entire, elytra shallowly excavated between interstriae 3, anterior margin of pronotum with a pair of projecting serrations, disc occupying 65% of elytral length, moderately sized at 2.8 mm, and stout, 2.37 × as long as wide.

C. magnus.

Peru (Junin, Loreto).

Unknown.

Figure 1. 

Dorsal, lateral, frontal and declivital view of Coptoborus amazonicus holotype, 2.8 mm (A–C, M), C. amplissimus holotype, 2.8 mm (D–F, N), C. asperatus holotype, 2.0 mm (G–I, O), C. attenuatus holotype, 2.0 mm (J–L, P). All photographs by SMS except (A–C, M) by A.V. Petrov and (J–L, P) by R.K. Osborn.

Holotype, female, Peru: Madre de Dios, Los Amigos Biological Station, CM2, 12°44.92'S, 70°25.17'W, 17–18.v.2008, Smith, Hulcr, sample Peru 103a, 8 cm diameter branch (MUSM).

2.8 mm (n = 1), 2.8 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and entire, declivital interstriae 1–3 denticulate, interstriae 2 with much fewer denticles than interstriae 1 or 3, antennal club flat, type 3, segment 1 occupying basal 1/4, and posterolateral margin of declivity costate, armed with two denticles.

C. catulus, C. incomptus, C. newt, C. scully.

(female). Holotype 2.8 mm, 2.8 × as long as wide. Body light brown, elytral declivity darker, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma smooth. Frons dull, finely punctate, glabrous. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, as long as club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, subconvex on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/4; segment 2 narrow, subconvex, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.2 × as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc as long as anterior slope, type 7, summit prominent, at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.6 × as long as wide, 1.3 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 63%, then acutely tapered to apex, apex entire. Disc smooth, shiny; striae minutely punctate, glabrous; interstriae flat, sparsely, minutely punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long, erect seta. Declivity gradually rounded, occupying ~1/3 of elytra, smooth, shiny, declivital face weakly flattened; striae not impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a recumbent seta as long as one punctures, striae 1 slightly laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex; interstriae flat, interstriae 1 and 3 with four or five and four, respectively, subequal, uniformly spaced small denticles, interstriae 2 with a row of minute denticles, interstriae 2 with five or six minute denticles, much smaller than those of interstriae 1 or 3, interstrial setae sparse erect bristle-like, interstriae 1 with an additional sparse row of slightly shorter semi-recumbent setae. Posterolateral margin costate, armed with two denticles. Legs: protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/5; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven and eight moderately sized socketed denticles, respectively, their lengths equal to basal width.

L. amplissimus = largest. In reference to the species size relative to other similar species. Adjective.

Peru (Madre de Dios).

This species was collected from an unidentified branch 8 cm in diameter.

Holotype (NHMB), not examined and potentially lost (see remarks).

None.

1.85 mm, 2.9 × as long as wide (Schedl 1973). This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and weakly emarginate, declivital interstriae 2 convex, declivital interstriae 1 and 3 denticulate and interstriae 2 unarmed, elytral apex deeply emarginate, declivity gradual, occupying at least posterior 50% of declivity, 1.85 mm and 2.9 × as long as wide. This species is most similar to C. exilis which lacks granules or denticles on declivital interstriae 2.

C. exilis, C. pseudotenuis.

Bolivia (Beni).

Unknown.

Schedl (1973) stated that the holotype was deposited in NHMB. The specimen is not there, nor in Schedl’s collection in NHMW (Schedl 1979; Wood 2007). Wood (2007) reported it from MZUSP but this is not confirmed.

Holotype, female, Ecuador: Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Res[erva]. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S. Okone Gare Camp, Trans[ect]. Ent[omology]., 00°39'10"S, 076°26'W, 220 m, October 1994, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 6, sta[tion] 3, Erwin lot #922 (ICB).

2.0 mm (n = 1), 2.86 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and strongly emarginate, declivity convex, declivital interstriae 2 denticulate, elytral apex with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a crenulate carina that continues submarginally to apex, crenulations equal in size, declivital interstriae 3 densely denticulate with fewer than ten denticles, declivital interstriae 1 with three rows of setae, and declivital striae not impressed.

C. carumbensis.

(female). Holotype 2.0 mm, 2.86 × as long as wide. Body uniformly brown, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma tuberculate. Frons dull, finely punctate, glabrous. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, much shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, procurved on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/3; segment 2 narrow, subconvex, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.1 × as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc as long as anterior slope, type 7, summit indistinct, at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with moderately dense, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.7 × as long as wide, 1.5 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum small. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then acutely tapered to apex, apex weakly emarginate. Disc smooth, shiny; strial punctures large, deep, each bearing a recumbent seta the length of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely, minutely punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long, erect seta. Declivity gradual, occupying ~1/3 of elytra, shagreened, dull, declivital face convex; striae not impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a semi-erect seta as long as two punctures; interstriae flat, interstriae denticulate along their entire lengths, interstriae 3 sparsely denticulate, denticles separated by at least the width of three denticles and with eight or fewer denticles, interstrial setae erect, bristle-like, uniseriate, interstriae 1 with two additional rows of slightly shorter erect hair-like setae. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a granulate carina and continuing submarginally to apex. Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five moderately sized socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven and six moderately sized socketed denticles, respectively.

L. asperatus = rough. In reference to the species’ sculptured declivity. Adjective.

Ecuador (Orellana).

The holotype was collected by canopy fogging.

Holotype, paratypes (CNCI) (Bright 2019), not examined.

None.

1.8–2.0 mm, 2.7 × as long as wide (Bright and Torres 2006). This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and weakly emarginate, declivital interstriae 2 granulate along entire length, declivital interstriae 2 weakly impressed, posterolateral margin of declivity with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex, declivital interstriae distinctly impressed, anterior margin of pronotum with a pair of projecting serrations.

C. crassisororcula, C. incultus.

Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.

Unknown.

Specimens of this species were unable to be examined as part of this study. Our treatment is based on Bright and Torres (2006) description, Bright’s (2019) treatment and images of the declivty.

Holotype (NHMUK), examined.

None.

2.0 mm, 2.5 × as long as wide (Wood 2007). This species is distinguished by the elytral apex strongly acuminate, declivital interstriae 2 granulate near apex, declivity with a costa extending from apex to interstriae 8, pronotum 1.1 × as long as wide. It is most similar to C. sagitticauda from which it can be distinguished by the smaller size, 2.0 mm vs. 2.3 mm, and stouter form, 2.5 × as long as wide vs. 2.88 × as long as wide.

C. bellus, C. katniss, C. sagitticauda, C. sarahconnor, C. sicula, C. yar.

Brazil (Mato Grosso).

Unknown.

The holotype has a field notebook code ‘C76’ on its locality label. The holotype was taken at a light trap set 22 m up in a tree in gallery forest (R.A. Beaver, pers. comm., 30 October 2020).

Holotype, female, French Guiana: Amazone Nature Lodge, 30 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 18–23-IV-2007, J.E. Eger, 4.55954°N, -52.2072°W, 300 m, UV light trap (NMNH).

2.0 mm (n = 1), 2.22 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and entire and not produced, declivital interstriae 2 convex, declivital interstriae 1–3 denticulate, posterolateral margin of declivity with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex, stout form, declivity weakly convex, and declivital interstriae 1 with two rows of erect scale-like setae.

C. bettysmithae, C. capillisoror, C. hansen, C. schulzi, C. subtilis, C. trinity, C. uhura.

(female). Holotype 2.0 mm, 2.22 × as long as wide. Body uniformly light brown, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma smooth. Frons dull, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, much shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, subconvex on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/3; segment 2 broad, convex, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.9 × as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 2/5, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with two serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit pronounced, at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with dense, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.3 × as long as wide, 1.5 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then acutely rounded to apex, apex entire. Disc smooth, shiny; strial punctures large, deep, each bearing a recumbent seta the length of a puncture; interstriae flat, minutely, moderately punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long, erect bristle-like seta. Declivity steeply rounded, occupying ~1/3 of elytra, shagreened, shiny, declivital face weakly convex; striae not impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a recumbent seta as long as two punctures; interstriae flat, uniformly denticulate along their entire lengths, denticles confused, spaced by four widths of a denticle, setae erect, scale-like, as long as interstriae 1 width; interstriae 1 with an additional row of shorter erect scale-like setae. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a granulate carina and continuing submarginally to apex. Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with nine large, socketed denticles.

L. barba = beard, caudus = tail. In reference, to the appearance of unkempt beard stubble (setae and granules) on the declivity. Noun in apposition.

French Guiana.

Unknown.

Figure 2. 

Dorsal, lateral, frontal and declivital view of Coptoborus barbicauda holotype, 2.0 mm (A–C, M), C. bellus, 2.1–2.3 mm (D–F, N),C. bettysmithae holotype, 2.4 mm (G–I, O), C. brevicauda holotype, 2.4–2.6 mm (J–L, P). All photographs by SMS.

Holotype (NMNH), examined.

None.

2.1–2.3 mm, 2.6 × as long as wide (Bright and Torres 2006). This species is distinguished by the elytral apex feebly acuminate, declivital interstriae unarmed along its entire length, and antennal club with three sutures on posterior face.

C. attenuatus, C. katniss, C. sagitticauda, C. sarahconnor, C. sicula, C. yar.

Grenada, Puerto Rico.

Unknown.

Wood’s (2007) measurements of three paratypes differ compared to the measurements of Bright and Torres’ original description (2006) and those of Bright (2019). Given the previously noted observations of calibration error in Wood’s measurements, these values are not included here. Bright (2019) reports that this species has only one suture on the posterior face of the club but it has two.

Holotype, female, Ecuador: Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Tiputini Biodiversity Station, 00°37'55"S, 076°08'39"W, 220–250 m, June 1998, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 4, sta[tion] 5, Erwin lot #1834 (ICB).

2.4 mm (n = 1), 2.67 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and weakly emarginate, declivital interstriae 2 convex, declivital interstriae 1–3 denticulate, posterolateral margin of declivity with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex, stout form, declivital interstriae 1 with a uniseriate row of erect scale-like setae, and posterior ~40% of elytra gradually tapered to apex.

C. barbicauda, C. capillisoror, C. hansen, C. schulzi, C. subtilis, C. trinity, C. uhura.

(female). Holotype 2.4 mm, 2.67 × as long as wide. Body light brown, elytral declivity darker, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma smooth. Frons dull, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, as long as club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/4; segment 2 broad, transverse, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.1 × as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with two serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit evident, on basal 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with dense, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins carinate on basal third. Elytra: 1.6 × as long as wide, 1.4 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 64%, then acutely tapered to apex, apex weakly emarginate. Disc smooth, shiny; strial punctures large, deep, each bearing a recumbent seta the length of a puncture; interstriae flat, minutely, moderately punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long, erect bristle-like seta. Declivity gradually rounded, occupying ~2/5 of elytra, shagreened, shiny, declivital face weakly flattened; striae 1 and 2 feebly impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a recumbent seta as long as two punctures; interstriae flat, uniformly denticulate along their entire lengths, denticles spaced by two widths of a denticle, setae semi-erect, scale-like, as long as interstriae 1 width; interstriae 1 with a one row of short setae as described for striae on each side of median erect setae. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex. Legs: protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/5; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with six and eight large, socketed denticles, respectively.

For Catherine (Betty) Smith, beloved grandmother of SMS. Betty was a remarkable woman who embodied the theme of ‘kick-ass’ women: she was a “Rosie the Riveter” (https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/journey/rosie.html) in her youth and later displayed extraordinary fortitude in her battles with cancer. Noun in genitive.

Ecuador (Orellana).

The holotype was collected by canopy fogging.

Holotype, female, Ecuador: Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Res[erva]. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S. Okone Gare Camp, Trans[ect]. Ent[omology]., 00°39'10"S, 076°26'W, 220 m, October 1995, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 6, sta[tion] 5, Erwin lot #1181 (ICB). Paratypes, female, as holotype except: January 1995, trans[ect] 6, sta[tion] 10, Erwin lot #1039 (MSUC, 1); as holotype except: October 1996, trans[ect] 6, sta[tion] 5, Erwin lot #1715 (NMNH, 1).

2.4–2.6 mm (mean = 2.5 mm; n = 3), 2.4–2.5 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate, entire and produced, apical projection the width of striae 2, declivital interstriae 2 convex, declivital interstriae 1–3 denticulate, denticles minute, faint, their height less than 0.5 × interstriae width, posterolateral margin of declivity with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex, and stout form.

C. gentilis.

(female). 2.4–2.6 mm (mean = 2.5 mm; n = 3), 2.4–2.5 × as long as wide (holotype 2.4 mm, 2.4 × as long as wide). Body light brown to brown, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma tuberculate. Frons strongly shiny, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum large, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, subconvex on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/4; segment 2 narrow, subconvex, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0 × as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with four subequal serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit pronounced, on basal 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad very coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc dull with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.4–1.5 × as long as wide, 1.4 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum small. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 68%, then acutely tapered to apex, apex apically produced, entire. Disc shagreened, dull; strial punctures large, deep, each bearing a recumbent seta the length of a puncture; interstriae flat, minutely, moderately punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long semi-erect bristle-like seta. Declivity gradually rounded, occupying ~1/2 of elytra, shagreened, shiny, declivital face convex; striae not impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a semi-erect seta as long as two punctures; interstriae flat, interstriae 1–3 uniformly minutely granulate along their entire lengths, granules faint, their height less than 0.5 × interstriae width, setae semi-erect, bristle-like, in two rows on interstriae 1 and uniseriate on interstriae 2 and 3. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming an acute carina and continuing submarginally to apex. Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; apical 1/2 of outer margin with eight large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with ten and nine large, socketed denticles, respectively.

L. brevis = short, cauda = tail. Noun in apposition.

Ecuador (Orellana).

Specimens were collected by canopy fogging.

Holotype, female, Ecuador: Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Res[erva]. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S. Okone Gare Camp, Trans[ect]. Ent[omology]., 00°39'10"S, 076°26'W, 220 m, October 1996, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 9, sta[tion] 7, Erwin lot #1747 (ICB). Paratype, female, as holotype except: January 1996, trans[ect] 3, sta[tion] 6, Erwin lot #1426 (ICB, 1).

1.7–1.8 mm (n = 2), 2.57–2.62 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex broadly rounded and entire, posterolateral margin continuously and smoothly carinate to striae 6 and not extended posteriad, declivital interstrial setae stout and scale-like, declivital interstriae minutely granulate, and declivital striae not impressed.

C. leia, C. tristiculus, Euwallacea perbrevis.

(female). 1.7–1.8 mm (n = 2), 2.57–2.62 × as long as wide (holotype 1.8 mm, 2.57 × as long as wide). Body light brown, elytral declivity darker, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma smooth. Frons strongly shiny, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, much shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, subconvex on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/3; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.1–1.2 × as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with four projecting serrations, median pair larger than lateral pair. In lateral view elongate, disc anterior slope subequal, type 7, summit prominent, at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with moderately dense, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.4 × as long as wide, 1.25 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute. Elytra rounded, parallel-sided in basal 80%, then broadly rounded to apex, apex entire. Disc shagreened, dull; strial punctures large, deep, each bearing a recumbent seta the length of a puncture; interstriae flat, minutely, moderately punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long semi-erect bristle-like seta. Declivity gradually rounded, occupying ~2/5 of elytra, smooth, shiny, declivital face flattened; striae not impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a semi-erect seta as long as two punctures; interstriae flat, uniformly minutely granulate along their entire lengths, setae stout, semi-erect, scale-like. Posterolateral margin continuously and smoothly carinate to striae 6. Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six or seven large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with eight and nine large, socketed denticles, respectively.

Portrayed by Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Dr. Lindsey Brigman is the heroine in the movie ‘The Abyss’ (1989). Noun in apposition.

Ecuador (Orellana).

The type specimens were collected by canopy fogging.

Figure 3. 

Dorsal, lateral, frontal and declivital view of Coptoborus brigman holotype, 1.8 mm (A–C, M), C. busoror holotype, 2.7 mm (D–F, N), C. capillisoror holotype, 2.3 mm (G–I, O), C. carumbensis holotype, 2.2 mm (J–L, P). All photographs by SMS, J–L, P copyright National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., published by permission.

Holotype, female, Ecuador: Napo [= Orellana], Via Kerrmegee, Sta. Rosa, 1°5'77"S, 17[sic, possibly 77]°34'14"W, 377 m, 21 Sep 2000, M. Vallejo R., ex. Astrocaryum urostachys (PUCE).

2.7 mm (n = 1), 2.7 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and weakly emarginate, declivity distinctly sulcate along interstriae 2, declivital interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 1 and 3 armed, declivital striae 1 and 2 parallel on declivital face and widely spaced, and declivital striae 2 punctate. It is most similar to C. ochromactonus and can be further distinguished by the larger size 2.7 mm vs. 2.5–2.6 mm, and more elongate body 2.7 × as long as wide vs. 2.5–2.6 × as long as wide, more elongate pronotum 1.2 × as long as wide vs. 1.05–1.1 × as long as wide, and distribution east of the Andes vs. west of the Andes.

C. leeloo, C. nudulus, C. ochromactonus, C. pilisoror, C. ripley, C. sororcula, C. spicatus.

(female). Holotype 2.7 mm, 2.7 × as long as wide. Body brown, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma smooth. Frons strongly shiny, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, subconvex on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/4; segment 2 narrow, subconvex, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.2 × as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with two projecting serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit prominent, on anterior 3/4. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc reticulate, subshiny with moderately dense, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins carinate on basal third. Elytra: 1.5 × as long as wide, 1.25 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then acutely rounded to apex, apex weakly emarginate. Disc smooth, dull; strial punctures moderate, shallow, glabrous; interstriae flat, sparsely, minutely punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long semi-erect hair-like seta. Declivity gradual, smooth, shiny, appearing bisulcate, occupying apical 2/5 of elytra; striae not impressed, striae 1 and 2 parallel, strial punctures much larger and shallower than those of disc; interstriae 2 weakly sulcate, unarmed, punctate; interstriae 1 and 3 weakly costate with six and five minute granules, each granule bearing a long semi-erect hair-like seta. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a weakly serrate acute carina and continuing submarginally to apex. Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; apical 1/2 of outer margin with seven large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven large, socketed denticles.

L. bu = big, soror = sister. Noun in apposition.

Ecuador (Orellana).

This species has been recorded from Astrocaryum urostachys (Arecaceae).

Holotype, female, Brazil: Bahia, Camacan, Serra Bonita Reserve, 15°23.429'S, 39°33.810'W, 700–100 m, 6–14.V.2013, AI Cognato, SM Smith, CAH Flechtmann, #115, ex Tibouchina, DNA voucher Theo.sp1 (MZUSP).

2.3 mm (n = 1), 2.88 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and entire and not produced, declivity interstriae 2 feebly sulcate, declivital interstriae 1– 3 denticulate, denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 small and relatively indistinct, interstriae 1 unarmed on apical quarter, posterolateral margin of declivity with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex, stout form, and declivital interstriae and striae densely covered with abundant hair-like setae, setae becoming thicker from base to apex.

C. barbicauda, C. bettysmithae, C. hansen, C. schulzi, C. subtilis, C. trinity, C. uhura.

(female). Holotype 2.3 mm, 2.88 × as long as wide. Body light brown, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma smooth. Frons dull, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes narrowly and deeply emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, weakly bisinuate on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/4; segment 2 narrow, weakly bisinuate, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0 × as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with four projecting serrations, median pair larger. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit pronounced, at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc reticulate, subshiny with moderately dense, moderate punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.9 × as long as wide, 1.9 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then acutely rounded to apex, apex entire. Disc smooth, shiny; strial punctures large, deep, each bearing a recumbent seta the length of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely, minutely punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long fine semi-erect hair-like seta. Declivity gradually rounded, occupying ~1/2 of elytra, shagreened, subshiny, declivital face feebly sulcate; striae distinctly impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a semi-recumbent hair-like seta as long as 3–5 punctures; interstriae flat, sparsely and inconsistently denticulate, denticles uniseriate, spaced by at least six widths of a denticle, denticles absent on apical 1/4 of interstriae 1, interstriae 3 denticles faint, setae dense, uniseriate, long, erect, hair-like at the base and gradually increasing in thickness toward apex, 1.5 × as long as interstriae 1 width, interstriae 1 with an additional row of slightly shorter setae. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a feeble carina and continuing submarginally to apex Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; apical 1/2 of outer margin with eight large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with nine and seven large, socketed denticles, respectively.

L. capillosus = hairy soror = sister. In reference to the abundant long setae of the declivity. Noun in apposition.

Brazil (Bahia).

This species was collected from Tibouchina (Melastomataceae).

Holotype (NMNH), examined.

None.

2.2 mm, 2.5 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and strongly emarginate, declivity convex, declivital interstriae 2 denticulate, elytral apex with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a crenulate carina that continues submarginally to apex, crenulation next to suture larger than other crenulations, declivital interstriae 3 densely denticulate with fewer than ten denticles, and declivital striae 1–3 impressed.

C. asperatus.

Brazil (Espírito Santo), Paraguay (San Pedro).

Unknown.

Holotype Xyleborus catulus (NHMUK), not examined. Holotype Xyleborus intricatus Schedl (NHMW), examined.

Brazil: Paraná, Rondon, 23.I.[19]53, F. Plaumann (NHMW, 1). Ecuador: Los Ríos, Canton La Clementina, Samama Nature Reserve, 01°38.852'S, 79°19.867'W, 381–430 m, 13–15.v.2015, Cognato, Smith, Osborn, Martinez et al., sample EC 30, ex buttressed tree, 30 cm DBH (MSUC, 2; PUCE, 1). Panama: Panamá Prov., [Parque Nacional Soberanía], Pipeline Rd, 9°9.222'N, 79°44.25'W, 65 m, 3.ix.2008, S.M. Smith, A.D. Smith, A.R. Gillogly, PAN 116, [ex. Malvaceae] (MSUC, 3).

1.8–2.2 mm (mean = 2.1 mm; n = 5), 3.0–3.14 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and weakly emarginate, declivital interstriae 1–3 denticulate, interstriae 2 with fewer denticles than interstriae 1 or 3, and posterolateral margin of declivity costate, armed with two denticles.

C. amplissimus, C. incomptus, C. newt, C. scully.

Brazil (Paraná*, Santa Catarina), Ecuador* (Los Ríos), Mexico (Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz), Panama (Colón, Panamá*), Peru (Madre de Dios), Suriname, Venezuela (Barinas, Mérida).

This species has only been recorded from Guazuma ulmifolia (Malvaceae) (Wood and Bright 1992) and an unidentified Malvaceae. Wood (1982) reported collecting specimens from new tunnels in recently cut limbs and boles 5–20 cm in diameter.

The holotype of X. catulus was not directly examined by the authors. Our concept of the species is based Blandford’s (1898) description, and a specimen compared to the holotype by S.L. Wood in 1972 with the following locality: Panama, 24.V.[19]49, wood with orchids, mobile 7756 49 7569 (NMNH).

Figure 4. 

Dorsal, lateral, frontal and declivital view of Coptoborus catulus 2.2 mm (A–C, M), C. chica holotype, 2.0 mm (D–F, N), C. coartatus 2.7–2.9 mm (G–I, O), C. cracens 1.8–2.0 mm (J–L, P). All photographs by SMS.

Holotype, female, Suriname: Sipaliwini, 2.977312°N, 55.38500°W, 200 m, Camp 4 (low), Kasikasima, T. Larsen, 20–25.iii.2012, FIT, SR12-0320-TN1, 2012 CI-RAP survey (NZCS).

2.0 mm (n = 1), 3.33 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and entire, declivity interstriae 2 convex, declivital interstriae 1 and 3 denticulate and interstriae 2 unarmed, declivital subapical margin armed with three denticles, and declivital interstriae 1 denticles small, 0.5–1 × high as wide.

C. papillicauda.

(female). Holotype 2.0 mm, 3.33 × as long as wide. Body, antennae, and legs light brown. Head: epistoma tuberculate. Frons strongly shiny, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes narrowly and deeply emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/5; segment 2 narrow, transverse, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.3 × as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 4/5, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit prominent, on anterior 3/4. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc dull with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 2.0 × as long as wide, 1.5 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum small. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then acutely rounded to apex, apex entire. Disc shiny; striae minutely punctate, glabrous; interstriae flat, sparsely, minutely punctate, unarmed, glabrous. Declivity gradually rounded, occupying ~1/3 of elytra, smooth, shiny, declivital face weakly convex; striae very shallowly impressed, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc, glabrous, striae 1 irregular, slightly laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex; interstriae flat, interstriae 1 and 3 each with three small denticles, interstriae 2 unarmed, those of interstriae 1 and 3 subequal, 0.5–1 × high as wide, interstriae with a sparse row of erect bristle-like setae. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a feebly carina armed with three small denticles and continuing submarginally to apex. Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; apical 1/2 of outer margin with seven large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with nine and seven large, socketed denticles, respectively.

Spanish, chica = girl. Noun in apposition.

Suriname.

Unknown.

Holotype Xyleborus coartatus (NHMUK), examined.

Ecuador: Los Ríos Prov., Canton La Clementina, Samama Nature Reserve, 01°38.852'S, 79°19.867'W, 381–430 m, 13–15.v.2015, Cognato, Smith, Osborn, Martinez et al., sample EC 13, ex 4 cm diameter hanging liana (MSUC, 4; PUCE, 1); Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Tiputini Biodiversity Station, 00°37'55"S, 076°08'39"W, 220–250 m, June 1998, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 2, sta[tion] 1, Erwin lot #1810 (ICB, 1). Peru: Madre de Dios Dept., Los Amigos Biological Station, 12°34.9'S, 70°6.04'W, Smith, Hulcr, 26.iv.–2.v.2008, sample Peru 40b, 4 cm twig (MSUC, 3); as previous except: CM2, GPS 12.4492°S, 70.2517°W, Smith, Hulcr, 17–18.v.2008, sample Peru 88c 3 cm diameter branch (MSUC, 7).

2.7–2.9 mm (mean = 2.82 mm; n = 5), 2.33–2.55 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex broadly rounded and entire, posterolateral margin continuously and smoothly carinate to interstriae 6, extended posteriad and appearing shelf-like, and declivity moderately impressed along interstriae 2.

C. ricini.

Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais), Colombia (Cundinamarca, Tolima, Valle de Cauca), Costa Rica (Limón, San José), Ecuador* (Los Ríos, Orellana), Mexico (Chiapas), Panama (Chiriquí), Peru (Madre de Dios), Trinidad.

This species is known from Mimosa (Fabaceae), Theobroma cacao, and an unidentified Theobroma (Malvaceae) (Wood and Bright 1992). Wood (1982) reported collecting the species from boles of small trees 8–20 cm in diameter but has been collected in smaller 3–4 cm diameter branches in Ecuador and Peru. It is considered a minor pest of cacao (Wood 2007).

Wood (2007) reports this species as introduced into Africa but published reports were not located. This erroneous record appears to be due to a reference to the species in the description of the African species Xyleborus ovatus Eggers (1932: 298) in which Eggers compared the form of X. ovatus to that of the South American species X. coartatus but did not state that the latter species occurred in Africa.

Holotype (MEFEIS), not examined. Paratype (NMNH), examined.

Ecuador: Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Res[erva]. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S. Okone Gare Camp, Trans[ect]. Ent[omology]., 00°39'10"S, 076°26'W, 220 m, January 1994, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 7, sta[tion] 2, Erwin lot #611 (ICB, 1); as previous except: July 1994, trans[ect] 6, sta[tion] 1, Erwin lot #750 (NMNH, 1); as previous except: July 1995, trans[ect] 4, sta[tion] 4, Erwin lot #1094 (ICB, 1); as previous except: trans[ect] 9, sta[tion] 3, Erwin lot #1113 (MSUC, 1); as previous except: October 1995, trans[ect] 2, sta[tion] 1, Erwin lot #1181 (ICB, 1); as previous except: January 1996, trans[ect] 2, sta[tion] 1, Erwin lot #1411 (NMNH, 1); as previous except: July 1996, trans[ect] 2, sta[tion] 1, Erwin lot #1531 (ICB, 1); as previous except: October 1996, trans[ect] 2, sta[tion] 1, Erwin lot #1671 (MSUC, 1; NMNH, 1); Tiputini Biodiversity Station, 00°37'55"S, 076°08'39"W, 220–250 m, October 1995, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 9, sta[tion] 9, Erwin lot #1259 (ICB, 1); as previous except: February 1999, trans[ect] 4, sta[tion] 3, Erwin lot # 2032 (ICB, 1; NMNH, 2); as previous except: trans[ect] 4, sta[tion] 6, Erwin lot #2035 (ICB, 1); as previous except: Yasuni National Park, Estacíon Científica Yasuní, 00°39.675'S, 76°24.023'W, 11.ii.2018, R. Osborn, EC18-41, ex 6 cm dia. branch (MSUC, 6; PUCE, 1). Peru: Madre de Dios Dept., Los Amigos Biological Station, 12°34.9S, 70°6.04W, Smith, Hulcr, 26.iv.–2.v.2008, sample Peru 52, branch (MSUC, 3).

1.8–2.0 mm (mean = 1.86 mm; n = 5), 3.0–3.33 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and strongly emarginate, declivity convex, declivital interstriae 2 denticulate, elytral apex with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a smooth continuous carina that continues submarginally to apex, apex produced, declivital interstriae 3 denticles much larger than those of interstriae 1, and interstriae setae with short erect bristle-like setae that are shorter than interstrial width.

C. leporinus, C. gracilens.

Brazil (Espírito Santo), Ecuador* (Orellana), Peru* (Madre de Dios).

Specimens were collected by canopy fogging as well from the wood of an unidentified branch.

Wood (2007) incorrectly reported the holotype’s location as MZUSP; the holotype is in MEFEIS.

Holotype, female, Peru: Madre de Dios Dept., Los Amigos Biological Station, 12°34.9S, 70°6.04W, Smith, Hulcr, 26.iv.–27.v.2008, sample Peru 52 (MUSM). Paratypes, female, as holotype (MSUC, 1; MUSM, 1; NHMUK, 1; NMNH, 1).

1.8–1.9 mm (mean = 1.86 mm; n = 5), 2.38–2.57 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and weakly emarginate, declivital interstriae 2 granulate only on basal third, declivital interstriae 2 moderately sulcate, posterolateral margin of declivity with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a carina and continuing submarginally to apex, declivital interstriae distinctly impressed, anterior margin of pronotum with a pair of projecting serrations.

C. atlanticus, C. incultus.

(female). 1.8–1.9 mm (mean = 1.86 mm; n = 5), 2.38–2.57 × as long as wide (holotype 1.8 mm, 2.57 × as long as wide). Body light brown to brown, antennae, and legs lighter. Head: epistoma tuberculate. Frons dull, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes narrowly and deeply emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, much shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club circular, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, weakly convex on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/4; segment 2 narrow, weakly convex, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0 × as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with two projecting serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit pronounced, at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc reticulate, dull with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.5–1.6 × as long as wide, 1.6 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute. Elytra attenuate, parallel-sided in basal 66–72%, then acutely tapered to apex, apex weakly emarginate. Disc smooth, dull; strial punctures moderate, shallow, glabrous; interstriae flat, sparsely, minutely punctate, unarmed, glabrous. Declivity gradual, shagreened, dull, appearing bisulcate, occupying apical 2/5 of elytra; striae not impressed, striae 1 and 2 parallel, strial punctures much larger and shallower than those of disc, glabrous; interstriae impunctate, interstriae 2 moderately sulcate, minutely granulate on basal third, glabrous; interstriae 1 and 3 moderately costate with eight small granules, covered with three confused rows of minute recumbent setae. Posterolateral margin with interstriae 3 and 9 joining, forming a granulate carina and continuing submarginally to apex. Legs: protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer margin, broadest at apical 1/3; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven and six large, socketed denticles, respectively.

L. crassus = stout, soror = sister, -culus = little. Noun in apposition.

Peru (Madre de Dios).

Collected from wood of an unidentified host.

Figure 5. 

Dorsal, lateral, frontal and declivital view of Coptoborus crassisororcula holotype, 1.8–1.9 mm (A–C, M), C. crinitulus holotype, 1.9–2.5 mm (D–F, N), C. cuneatus syntype, 2.1 mm (G–I, O), C. doliolum holotype, 1.7 mm (J–L, P). All photographs by SMS, D–F, N copyright National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., published by permission.

Holotype (NMNH), paratypes (NMNH, 2), examined.

None.

1.9–2.5 mm, 2.3–2.5 × as long as wide (Wood 2007; Bright 2019). This species is distinguished by the broadly rounded and entire elytral apex, posterolateral margins of elytra distinctly carinate to interstriae 8, bearing crenulations of equal size along its length, and very stout elytra, 1.3 × as long as wide.

Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915 spp.

Panama (Panamá), Saint Lucia, Venezuela (Barinas).

This species is only known from Hirtella triandra (Chrysobalanaceae) (Wood 2007).

Wood (2007) reports this species as occurring in Africa however we could not locate further details or published records of this claim. The report from Africa should be considered dubious.

Syntypes (NHMW, 1; examined) and (MIIZ, 1; not examined) (Węgrzynowicz and Mokrzecki 1996). See remarks.

2.1 mm (n = 1), 3.5 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex attenuate and weakly emarginate, declivital interstriae 2 convex, declivital interstriae 1–3 unarmed, elytral apex deeply emarginate, and declivity steep, occupying less than posterior 40% of declivity.

C. exutus, C. galacatosae.

Panama (Panamá), Peru (Huánuco), Venezuela (Barinas).

Unknown.

Eichhoff (1878) described the species from an unspecified number of specimens. Schedl (1979) apparently presumed that the specimen of X. cuneatus in his collection to be a holotype under the assumption that the species was described from a single specimen. This is not the case, as an additional syntype is in MIIZ along with several other Eichhoff types (Węgrzynowicz and Mokrzecki 1996; Cognato et al. 2019; Smith et al. 2019b). Both specimens are therefore syntypes.

The species was described from specimens collected in Varinas [sic, Barinas], Nova Grenada. The species was listed from Colombia (Wood and Bright 1992; Wood 2007) but we were unable to find specimens definitively from this location (Wood 2007). The type specimens were likely collected from Barinas, Venezuela.

Holotype, female, Ecuador: Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Tiputini Biodiversity Station, 00°37'55"S, 076°08'39"W, 220–250 m, February 1999, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 4, sta[tion] 8, Erwin lot #2037 (ICB).

1.7 mm (n = 1), 2.43 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the broadly rounded and entire elytral apex, posterolateral margin rounded, anterior margin of pronotum with two projecting serrations, declivital interstrial setae much longer than the combined width of striae 1 and interstriae 1, declivital interstriae flat and all interstriae uniformly armed by denticles along their length.

C. erwini, C. paurus.

(female). Holotype 1.7 mm, 2.43 × as long as wide. Body light brown, antennae and legs lighter. Head: epistoma smooth. Frons dull, finely punctate, setose; each puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes broadly and moderately emarginate. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, much shorter than club. Pedicel shorter than funicle. Club longer than wide, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal ~1/3; segment 2 narrow, transverse, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0 × as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with two projecting serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit pronounced, at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc dull, with moderately dense, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Elytra: 1.6 × as long as wide, 1.6 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum small. Elytra rounded, parallel-sided in basal 82%, then broadly rounded to apex, apex entire. Disc smooth, subshiny; strial punctures large, deep, each bearing a recumbent seta the length of a puncture; interstriae flat, minutely, moderately punctate, unarmed, each puncture bearing a long semi-erect bristle-like seta. Declivity gradually rounded, occupying ~2/3 of elytra, smooth, shiny, declivital face convex; striae weakly impressed, strial punctures much larger, deeper than those of disc, each puncture bearing a semi-erect seta half as long as those of interstriae; interstriae flat, uniformly granulate along their entire lengths, granules small, interstriae 1–7 each with a row of long, erect setae much longer than the combined width of striae 1 and interstriae 1; interstriae 1 with a one row of short setae as described for striae on each side of median erect setae. Posterolateral margin rounded. Legs: protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer margin, broadest at apical 1/3; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five large, socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven large, socketed denticles.

L. doliolum = little wine cask. Noun in apposition.

Ecuador (Orellana).

The holotype was collected by canopy fogging.

Holotype, female, Ecuador: Napo Prov. [= Orellana Prov.], Tiputini Biodiversity Station, 00°37'55"S, 076°08'39"W, 220–250 m, February 1999, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 5, sta[tion] 7, Erwin lot #2046 (ICB). Paratypes, female, as holotype except: Res[erva]. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S. Okone Gare Camp, Trans[ect]. Ent[omology]., 00°39'10"S, 076°26'W, 220 m, January 1994, T.L. Erwin et al. collectors, insecticidal fogging, terra firme forest, trans[ect] 10, sta[tion] 3, Erwin lot #632 (ICB, 1); as previous except: January 1996, trans[ect] 2, sta[tion] 3, Erwin lot #1413 (NMNH, 1); as previous except: October 1996, trans[ect] 1, sta[tion] 7, Erwin lot #1667 (NMNH, 1); as previous except: trans[ect] 6, sta[tion] 6, Erwin lot #1716 (ICB, 1).