Female N. asekiense comb. nov. is most often confused with the sympatric species N. frondosum comb. nov., but N. asekiense comb. nov. can be differentiated by the presence of small exterior pro- and meso-tibial spurs, which N. frondosum comb. nov. lacks.

Only two male N. asekiense comb. nov. are known at present, but their morphology is consistent between them for all features except for the abdominal shape (see Fig. 17E, F for side by side comparison of these two males). An additional specimen of Nanophyllium rentzi also shows how variable male abdominal morphology can be within the same species while the other morphological features remain stable (Fig. 18A, B). Nanophyllium asekiense comb. nov. males can be differentiated from the other known Nanophyllium males based on the profemoral lobe morphology. In N. asekiense comb. nov. the interior profemoral lobe is distinctly right-angled (a feature present in all species of the pygmaeum species group (Fig. 11E–H) except N. australianum which has a thinner, obtuse angle; Fig. 11D), but the exterior profemoral lobe of N. asekiense comb. nov. is narrow, only about the same width as the profemoral shaft; Fig. 11E (more like N. australianum than any other species, as the other species instead have an exterior profemoral lobe which is broader than the width of the profemoral shaft; Fig. 11F–H).

Figure 17. 

Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. males and females, all originating from Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province. Note the variation in the male abdominal shape and the female abdominal, color, and femoral lobe variability A yellow form female, Morobe Province, Aseki, Oiwa Village, July, 2016, Coll RC 16-268 B green form female, Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Aseki (Oiwa), Nov. 2000, Coll SLT C brown form female, Morobe Province, Aseki, Oiwa Village, July, 2016, Coll RC 16-264 D red/brown form female, Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Aseki (Oiwa), Nov. 2000, Coll SLT E serrate abdominal male bred by the Montreal Insectarium, IMQC F spade shaped male bred by the Montreal Insectarium, Coll RC 19-055.

Figure 18. 

Nanophyllium rentzi males dorsal, note the variation in abdominal shape A holotype in the NHMUK (copyright NHMUK 2020 online Data Portal; https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/b03f481f-1a1c-4ccd-8558-505668fc78f3/1591228800000) B male from Fak Fak, Indonesia, Coll SLT.

Male. Coloration. Each antennal segment with dark brown and tan coloration. The rest of the body and legs are of a yellow-green based color, with variable brown margins. In the two males bred by the Montreal Insectarium the individual with the undulating abdomen has minimal brown markings, with only brown along the leg margins and the abdomen margins (Fig. 17E). The male with the straight abdominal margins has more prominent brown markings throughout, with around half of the leg lobes marked with brown and a wider brown abdominal margin (Fig. 17F). The alae and tegmina on both males are a translucent pale green, with small flecks of dark brown along the prominent veins.

Morphology. Head. Head capsule about as long as wide, with a vertex that is lumpy without notable granulation, two posteromedial tubercles are not notably large but are present with a slight furrow between them (Fig. 19D). Compound eyes are notably protruding from the head capsule and there are three well-developed ocelli between and slightly posterior to them (Fig. 19D). Antennae. The antennae are longer than the outstretched forelegs and consist of 23 antennomeres (Fig. 19D). The scapus and pedicellus are nearly bare, with only a few short clear setae. All segments beyond the scapus and pedicellus except for the terminal four are covered in stiff dark setae which are each longer than the segment they are on is wide. The terminal four antennal segments also have dark setae, but these setae are shorter than the segments are wide (Fig. 19D). Thorax. Pronotum as wide as it is long with moderately formed rims on the lateral margins that are mostly parallel and only gently converging near the posterior, the anterior margin is slightly curved with a prominent rim, and the posterior margin is weakly formed (Fig. 19B). Surface of the pronotum has a distinct sagittal furrow and central lateral furrow, and the surface is irregularly lumpy, but not granular (Fig. 19B). Prescutum significantly wider than long, at its widest on the anterior it is 2.5 times wider than long. The prescutum margins evenly converge toward the posterior and have two or three notable nodes on the anterior portion, and the remainder of the margin is irregularly lumpy. Surface of prescutum is nearly smooth without significant features, and the anterior prescutum margin is simple, also lacking nodes or spines (Fig. 19B). Mesopleurae gradually diverging wider from anterior to the posterior, and marked with irregularly shaped tubercles throughout, with around four notably larger ones and smaller nodes intermixed (Fig. 19B). Mesopleurae surface irregularly lumpy with a single distinct pit in the center and no notable nodes. Pro-, meso-, and meta-sternum with irregularly spaced granules mostly along the sagittal plane but with the margins occasionally with sparse granules. Wings. Tegmina short, not exceeding the posterior of the metathorax. The subcostal vein and any splitting of the radius is obscured within an area of the wing that is highly sclerotized. The radius is the most prominent vein and runs through the center of the tegmina to the posterior margin (along the edge of the highly sclerotized patch). The medial vein is also prominent and runs through the center of the tegmina parallel with the radius and does not appear as though the media has any notable splits. The cubitus and first anal are moderately formed and give stability to the other half of the tegmina, are not notably branched, and this half of the tegmina is not as heavily sclerotized as the other half. The first anal fuses with the cubitus around two thirds of the length, and the cubitus runs nearly to the wing margin. Alae developed, with the exposed section of folded alae slightly sclerotized, but not as sclerotized as the alae. The costa runs along the wing margin with a weak subcosta running along and eventually fusing with it. The radius splits into the first radial and the radial sector just distal to the wing midline and these two veins run separately to the wing margin without fusing to others. The media splits into the media anterior and the media posterior almost immediately near the base of the wing. The media posterior fuses back to the media anterior near the distal one fifth of the wing, and then the fused medial veins run to the wing margin (Fig. 13A). The cubitus runs with the first anterior anal for most of the length and then near the distal one fifth of the wing they split and the cubius runs unbranched and unfused to the wing margin. There are seven anterior anals which run simply to the wing margin and four or five well-formed posterior anals which run simply to the wing margin. Abdomen. Abdominal segment II with parallel sides, segment III widening in a smooth arc, segment IV widening slightly for the first half, then gently curving in for the second half, segments V through VIII variable with margins that are either straight and converging uniformly to the apex which gives the abdomen a straight spade-shaped appearance or with margins which each expand and then contract which gives the abdomen a lobed appearance. Abdominal segment IX with margins which slightly converge to the abdominal segment X which is longer than wide and ends in a rounded apex. Genitalia. Poculum broad and ending in a slightly cleft apex that reaches the anterior margin of segment X (Fig. 19C). Cerci densely covered in nodes throughout the surface and short setae mostly on the distal half (Fig. 19C). Vomer long, and slightly bending to the side, not perfectly straight; with sides gradually converging to the upward hooked apex (Fig. 19C). Legs. Profemoral interior lobe angular (approximately 90 degrees) with three small evenly spaced teeth with a nearly straight gap between each tooth (Fig. 19A). Exterior profemoral lobe significantly thinner than the interior lobe (about as wide as the profemoral shaft), only present as a smoothly curved lobe just distal to the midline, not spanning the entire length (Fig. 19A). Protibiae with lobes only present on the proximal half, the distal half is bare. The protibial exterior lobe is a scalene triangle only as wide as the protibial shaft. The interior lobe is also a scalene triangle and about two times as wide as the exterior lobe (Fig. 19A). Mesofemoral exterior lobe smoothly arcing the full length, with the widest portion on the distal half and only about one and a half times as wide as the mesofemoral shaft, with fine serration on the widest portion only. Mesofemoral interior lobe with the majority of the lobe on the distal half, the proximal half with only a sliver of the lobe and lacks teeth versus the wide proximal expanse (about three times as wide as the mesofemoral shaft) has four to five notable serrate teeth. Interior metafemoral lobe with the majority of the lobe on the distal half, with only a thin sliver on the proximal half. The distal half of the metafemoral lobe is two and a half times as wide as the shaft and has five to six serrated teeth. Exterior metafemoral lobe slightly thinner than the metafemoral shaft, spanning the full length, and lacking serration. Mesotibial exterior has a small roundly triangular lobe near the midline which is only about as wide as the mesotibial shaft. Metatibiae lacking exterior and interior lobes.

Figure 19. 

Male Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. morphological details A profemoral and protibial lobes B dorsal thorax spination C ventral view of the genitalia D dorsal view of the head and antennae.

Holotype : ♂, Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Wau: IX, 2000. From the collection of Tetsuo Miyashita, Japan. Deposited in the Montreal Insectarium (Quebec, Canada) type collection.

With the interior lobe of the profemora rounded, not angular, and the mesofemoral interior lobe broad and reaching fully end to end in a rounded triangle, this new species falls within the stellae species group. This is the first species from the stellae species group recorded from Papua New Guinea. The other two species are known from Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia (very near the border with Papua New Guinea so it is likely they also occur there but to date, we have not confirmed any specimens). This new species can be differentiated from the other two species in the stellae species group by the mesopleurae which have a prominent anterior tubercle followed by four additional small tubercles (only a single anterior tubercle in the other two species) and tegmina that are shorter, only about half the length of the metathorax (almost the length of the metathorax in the other two species).

Like the other members of the Nanophyllium stellae species group, the holotype is a male specimen and the female is unknown. It is expected that the female is larger than other known female Nanophyllium as the stellae species group members are larger than the pygmaeum species group members.

Male. Coloration. Antennae dark brown, a similar brown to that found throughout the head and thorax. The majority of the dorsal aspect throughout the remainder of the body and legs is of a similar lighter brown, but not a light as the stripe of light brown running along the sagittal plane along the head and thorax. Alae and tegmina have a similar dark brown to that found on the antennae. Throughout the ventral surface the coloration is the same as that found on the legs. Granulation on the body is mostly of a lighter brown than the surface it is found on.

Morphology. Head. Head capsule slightly longer than wide, with a vertex that is heavily granulose, which includes the two posteromedian tubercles which are no larger than the surrounding granulation around them (Fig. 20F). Three well-developed ocelli are slightly posterior to the compound eyes which are ovular and slightly protrude from the head capsule (Fig. 20F). Antennae. Antennae in the holotype are both damaged and repaired so the original number of antennomeres is unknown. The antennae are longer than the outstretched forelegs and the left antennae consist of 21 antennomeres and the right of 19 (including the scapus and pedicellus). Scapus and pedicellus with short clear setae and the scapus has a notable spur on the anterior rim lateral side. All segments beyond the scapus and pedicellus covered in stiff dark setae each longer than the segment is wide until the terminal four segments where the setae begin to steadily decrease in size until the terminal segment which has dense short setae. Thorax. Pronotum wider than long (width to length, 1 : 0.75) with parallel lateral margins, and all margins slightly granulose. Surface of the pronotum heavily granulose like the vertex of the head capsule. Prescutum significantly wider than long (width to length, 3.3 : 1), with converging lateral margins with a granular surface of at least five nodes (Fig. 20F). Surface of prescutum slightly granular but lacking significant features. Mesopleurae gently diverging, anterior edge armed with a single tubercle, remainder of the rim with four small tubercles with a single seta protruding from the tip of each. Mesopleurae surface irregularly granular with a single distinct pit in the center. Pro-, meso-, and metasternum covered in irregularly spaced granules. Wings. Tegmina short, only reaching about halfway through the metathorax. Alae developed; exposed section of folded alae moderately sclerotized. Abdomen. Abdominal segments with folding in the holotype so shape description is only approximate. Abdominal segment II slightly tapering, III gradually widening, IV widening for the first quarter, then parallel, V through the first half of VI parallel, VII converging, VIII–IX parallel to subparallel. Anal abdominal segment X longer than wide with a broad rounded apex (Fig. 20D). Poculum broad, about as broad as segment IX, ending in a broad rounded apex that reaches the anterior margin of segment X (Fig. 20E). Cercus about as wide as the vomer but slightly shorter, margins marked with a row of thin tan setae and a dorsal surface that is heavily granular. Vomer long, reaching the majority of the length to the apex, with sides gradually converging to the hooked apex (Fig. 20E). Legs. Profemora, interior lobe rounded with three small nubby, evenly spaced teeth (Fig. 20C). Exterior lobe wider than the interior lobe and with a slight recurve and an edge that is smooth with a row of single stout setae along the entire length. Protibiae lacking an exterior lobe, interior lobe a rounded scalene triangle spanning the entire length of the protibia (Fig. 20C). Mesofemora, exterior lobe smoothly arcing the length of the mesofemora, interior lobe smoothly triangular with five to six small nubby teeth on the distal half and about one and a half times as wide as exterior lobe. Interior and exterior lobe of metafemora smoothly arcing with interior lobe about twice as wide as the exterior lobe and the interior with a few small nubby teeth near the distal end. Meso- and metatibiae lacking exterior and interior lobes.

Figure 20. 

Holotype male Nanophyllium miyashitai sp. nov. A full body dorsal B full body ventral C right front leg D abdominal segment X and dorsal view of cerci E genitalia, ventral F head through thorax, dorsal.

[mm]. Length of body (including cerci and head, excluding antennae) 40.0, length/width of head 2.6/2.5, antennae (repaired) 16.4, pronotum 1.8, mesonotum 1.8, length of tegmina 5.9, length of alae 30.5, greatest width of abdomen 8.0, profemora 7.4, mesofemora 6.8, metafemora 7.3, protibiae 3.9, mesotibiae 5.0, metatibiae 6.7.

Currently only known from the type locality of Wau, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (Fig. 4).

Patronym. This species is dedicated to Mr. Tetsuo Miyashita (Japan). Miyashita is a major private collector who has amassed one of the largest insect collections in the world. Miyashita and the specimens from his collection have allowed the description of several new beetle taxa over the years with this being the first phasmid described from his collection.

Holotype ♀: Indonesia: Biak. 16/9.54; NNM-Leiden, ex collectie A. Veldhuyzen. In the collection RMNH, Leiden, Netherlands.

This small species (body length of the holotype only 54.0 mm) has several interesting morphological features which differentiate it from other known Nanophyllium females. The tegmina venation places this species most closely aligned to N. chitoniscoides due to the venation pattern having the radial bend occurring before the splitting of the first radial and the radial sector, therefore the radial sector is straight (Fig. 9A). Additionally, a radial and medial crossvein is present on the radial bend at or before the splitting of the first radial (Fig. 9A).

This new species can be differentiated from all other Nanophyllium by several morphological features. First, it is the only species which has exterior profemoral lobes which are obtuse (Fig. 21A), not right angles like in N. keyicum (Fig. 16D) or recurved acute angles like in all other known Nanophyllium species (for example Fig. 16C). Additionally, this is the only species known where the female has the abdomen tapering towards the posterior, giving the abdomen a spade-shaped appearance (Fig. 21C), all other known species have females with abdominal segments VI and VII either parallel sided (like in N. frondosum and N. keyicum, Fig. 16C, D respectively) or as the broadest segments (like in N. chitoniscoides and N. suzukii, Fig. 16A, B, respectively).

These unique morphological features coupled with the geographic isolation from the mainland makes it unlikely that this female represents the unknown female sex of one of the many species which are only known from males from the mainland (Fig. 4). Instead, we here describe this species as Nanophyllium daphne sp. nov. as the first recorded Phylliidae species from Biak Island, Indonesia.

Female. Coloration. Presently, only the dried holotype specimen is known, which is fairly well-preserved with only minimal discoloration along the midline due to a lack of gutting. The majority of the body is of a pale light green coloration, with the areas of discoloration (such as the head, thorax, and shafts of the legs) being a pale brown/tan in coloration. Leaf insects are more vibrantly colored in life and it can be assumed that this specimen was a brighter green in life.

Morphology. Head. Head capsule slightly longer than wide, vertex with small granulation throughout the surface and unevenly spaced in no detectable pattern (some right next to each other some with more spacing). The posteromedial tubercle is small, only slightly noticeable and split into two lobes. Frontal convexity stout, not prominently protruding, with a lumpy surface which is marked by numerous pale setae. Antennae. Antennae consisting of nine segments. The terminal segment has a narrower base than segment VIII, instead with a width only about as wide as segments IV or V, and it is about as long as the previous two segments combined length. All segments have setae present; segments I through III have sparse but long pale setae; segments IV through VIII have sparse, stout, tan setae; and the terminal segment IX has dense, stout, dark setae. Compound eyes slender and tightly formed to the head, only reaching across one quarter of the head capsule length. Ocelli absent. Antennal fields approximately the same dimensions as the compound eyes, wider than the base of the first antennomere, and not protruding back farther than the frontal suture. Thorax. Pronotum with anterior margin that is slightly concave and lateral margins that are straight that slightly converge to a broad, slightly convex posterior margin that is about the same width as the anterior rim (Fig. 21B). The pronotum surface has moderate granulation throughout that is evenly spaced, and the pronotum surface has a moderate pit in the center and furrows along the sagittal and lateral planes (Fig. 21B). Pronotum lacks prominent rims, with only the anterior rim moderately formed and with a rough texture (but no features as prominent as actual granulation present). Pro-, meso-, and metasternum with granulation throughout, with all granules evenly spaced and of even size. Prescutum wider than long, with an anterior margin 1.3 times wider than the posterior margin (Fig. 21B). Prescutum lateral rims and surface of the prescutum with granulation throughout, but no prominent spination. No prescutum crest present, the surface is only slightly raised so it is not perfectly flat, but it is not prominent. Prescutum anterior rim slightly raised in the center but not prominent, and lacks a sagittal spine, instead there is only weak granulation throughout the rim which is similar to the granulation found on the prescutum surface. Mesopleurae start near the anterior margin but not flush with it, instead they begin notably wider than the prescutum anterior margin. Mesopleurae are nearly straight and diverge evenly along their length (Fig. 21B). Mesopleurae margins on their anterior margin are marked by a prominent tubercle immediately adjacent to two more which are medium sized and followed by three small tubercles that are nearly evenly spaced throughout the remainder of the length of the mesopleurae with slight granulation interspersed (Fig. 21B). Face of the mesopleurae has a granular surface similar to the texture of the prescutum disk and marked with a distinct pit near the middle of the surface. Wings. Tegmina long, reaching past the anterior margin of abdominal segment VIII. The subcosta (Sc) is the first vein in the forewing and arcs smoothly unbranched towards the wing margin. The radius (R) gently bends towards the wing margin almost immediately and along this bend (first on the medial side) there is a notable radius to media crossvein (R-M), then following this first branching, the radius branches (on the distal side) into the first radius (R1) which runs unbranched to the wing margin, and the remainder of the radius as the radial sector (Rs) runs unbent to the wing margin, terminating slightly past the wings mid-length. The media (M) runs nearly parallel with the cubitus along the wing margin (there is a slightly wider than side by side gap near the anterior, but the veins are almost touching throughout a majority of their length). The media anterior (MA) diverges near the wing mid-length and arcs smoothly towards the wing margin where it terminates approximately three-quarters of the way through the length of the wing; this is followed by a splitting of the media posterior (MP) which runs parallel with the media anterior as it smoothly arcs towards the wing posterior margin. Following the media posterior split there is a small media to cubitus crossvein (M-Cu) which runs briefly parallel side by side with and then fuses to the cubitus. The cubitus (Cu) is bifurcate, branching into the cubitus anterior (CuA) and cubitus posterior (CuP) which diverge evenly, and both terminate at or near the wing posterior apex. The first anal vein (1A) is simple and fuses with the cubitus near the wing anterior margin. Alae rudimentary. Abdomen. Abdominal segments II through the anterior one third of IV uniformly diverging, posterior two thirds of IV through the anterior half of V parallel, the remainder of the abdominal segments are roundly converging to the broad rounded apex giving the abdomen an overall rounded appearance. Genitalia. Subgenital plate short and rounded, starting at the anterior margin of segment VIII and extending only about halfway onto segment IX, with straight, uniformly converging margins. Subgenital plate is only about a third the length of the gonapophyses, leaving a significant amount of the gonapophyses exposed. Gonapophyses are long and slender, not quite reaching the apex of the terminal abdominal segment (Fig. 21E). Cerci broad and slightly cupped, with a surface throughout that is rough in texture, and margins with only a few short setae, none prominent. Legs. Profemoral exterior lobe broad with a rounded obtuse angle, and slightly wider than the interior lobe. Edge of the profemoral exterior lobe without notable teeth but with a margin that is granular throughout the length (Fig. 21A). Profemoral interior lobe narrower than the exterior and shaped as a slightly obtuse angle marked with four small teeth (Fig. 21A). The proximal most tooth is very small, not much more than a bump along the margin, this is followed by a narrow gap, the first prominent tooth, then a larger gap twice as wide as the first, another prominent tooth the same size as the previous, a gap the same size as the first small gap, and then one more prominent tooth at the distal end which is about the same size as the previous two teeth. The gaps between teeth are not deep and looping, instead they are straight and shallow between each tooth (Fig. 21A). Mesofemoral exterior lobe arcs smoothly from end to end and lacks dentition. The interior and exterior mesofemoral lobes are of a similar width. Mesofemoral interior lobe arcs end to end with three serrate teeth only on the distal quarter of the lobe, which is slightly wider than the proximal portion of the lobe. Metafemoral interior lobe arcs end to end with the distal end wider than the proximal, and seven to eight irregularly shaped teeth on the distal third of the lobe only. Metafemoral exterior lobe is thin, smooth, and hugs the metafemoral shaft without teeth. Protibiae lacking an exterior lobe. Protibiae interior lobe spans the entire length of the protibiae and is not particularly wide, only about the same width as the protibial shaft itself. The lobe is smoothly triangular and is slightly wider towards the distal half. Mesotibiae and metatibiae lacking exterior and interior lobes.

Figure 21. 

Female holotype of Nanophyllium daphne sp. nov. A front left leg showing lobes and serration B antennae, head, and thorax dorsal details C full body dorsal D thorax, lateral view E genitalia, ventral.

[mm]. Length of body (including cerci and head, excluding antennae) 54.0, length/width of head 5.7/5.1, antennae 2.9, pronotum 4.0, mesonotum 2.7, length of tegmina 36.0, greatest width of abdomen 28.0, profemora 10.0, mesofemora 8.3, metafemora 9.9, protibiae 5.7, mesotibiae 6.4, metatibiae 8.2.

Noun. Named for the nymph Daphne of Greek mythology who was pursued tirelessly by the god Apollo and was eventually after pleading with her father for a way to escape the relentlessness of Apollo, was turned into a laurel tree. Derived from Greek, Δάφνη.

Currently only known from Biak Island, Papua Province, Indonesia.

One male, observed and collected by Mike Wild (USA/Indonesia) in 2015. Indonesia: Papua Province, Puncak Jaya Regency, Mokndoma, around 2,180 meters elevation.

This individual was observed and photographed by Mike Wild, who notes that despite living in the area for more than 14 years, and actively observing and collecting insects there the entire time, this is the only leaf insect he has ever seen. This species has highly reduced exterior profemoral lobes, which places it morphologically most similar to N. australianum (Fig. 11D) from Australia. This particular feature is not observed in other New Guinea known males to such a slender degree. This unknown species can be differentiated from N. australianum by the orange head, pronotum, and mesonotum (Fig. 22A) a unique feature in and of itself as all other known Nanophyllium males have the head and thorax the same color as the rest of the body. It is possible that this male may represent the unknown sex of one of the known female Nanophyllium or represent an undescribed species, but at this time it cannot be determined with so many species only known from a single sex.

Figure 22. 

Live observations of unidentifiable male Nanophyllium A individual observed by Mike Wild in Mokndoma, Indonesia B individual observed by Achmad Rian Dietra, May, 2017 on Aiduma Island, Indonesia.

Originally proposed by Rentz (1988) we agree that these darker and slightly metallic Nanophyllium males appear to not mimic foliage, but to instead be mimicking a wasp. Easily observed in this individual from Mokndoma and noted by Rentz (1988) the dark coloration is “shining black with a bluish overcast”. This coloration is common within Scoliidae and Pompilidae, both of which are large and intimidating wasps within the correct size range of a Nanophyllium male. Additionally, this particular specimen from Mokndoma has a bright orange head, pronotum, and mesonotum, and many species of these large wasps also have yellow, orange, or red segments of their bodies. We hope that examination of wasp species from this region and additional Nanophyllium males will help to identify possible species models.

One male, observed by Achmad Rian Dietra (Indonesia) in May of 2017. Indonesia: West Papua Province, Kaimana Regency, Aiduma Island.

Discussion. This is only known from photographs of a live individual taken by Achmad Rian Dietra (Indonesia). Based on pro- and mesofemoral lobes being strongly angular and not smoothly arcing from end to end, this individual belongs to the pygmaeum species group. This species group only has males known for six species: N. pygmaeum Redtenbacher, 1906, N. asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov., N. adisi Zompro & Größer, 2003, N. rentzi Brock & Größer, 2008, N. hasenpuschi Brock & Größer, 2008, and N. australianum Cumming, Le Tirant & Teemsma, 2018.

Based on the profemoral exterior lobe that is wider than the shaft width and not larger than the interior lobe, that rules out N. australianum (exterior lobe of profemora same width as shaft width; Fig. 11D) and N. adisi (exterior lobe of profemora larger than interior lobe; Fig. 11H). Nanophyllium rentzi (Fig. 18) and N. asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. (Fig. 17E, F), can also be ruled out as possible identifications, as their entire body coloration is green and the alae are completely transparent, in contrast this specimen from Aiduma Island has a brown body and dark tegmina and alae. The two remaining identification possibilities are N. pygmaeum and N. hasenpuschi which can easily be morphologically separated by the coloration of the alae, solid brown in N. pygmaeum or alae with a large transparent patch in N. hasenpuschi. Unfortunately, this individual has its wings closed so the interior color is impossible to see. A definitive identification is unfortunately not possible at this time. Geographically this individual is located near collection sites of both N. hasenpuschi and N. pygmaeum so no inference can be drawn from locality (Fig. 4). This is however a unique opportunity to share photos of a live individual and to add a new distribution checkpoint to the map of Nanophyllium collection/observation localities (Fig. 15). It is also possible that this individual represents an undescribed species on its own, or the male for an undescribed species based on one of the below females illustrated.