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New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia
expand article infoChao Wu‡, Chun-Xiang Liu‡
‡ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Chun-Xiang Liu ( liucx@ioz.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Gavin Svenson
© 2020 Chao Wu, Chun-Xiang Liu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Wu C, Liu C-X (2020) New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia. ZooKeys 922: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.47987
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6A2670F0-0040-4330-A2E8-C39ADE6C03E9
Open Access

Abstract

The genus Didymocorypha Wood-Mason, 1877 (Eremiaphilidae, Iridinae) has only been recorded in South Asia, including a sole species D. lanceolata (Fabricius). Here, we firstly extend its distribution to China, with description of one new species D. libaii sp. nov. Didymocorypha libaii sp. nov. lives in an area about 3000 meters above sea level on the southern slope of the Himalayas (Tibet in China), one of the highest-altitude inhabited areas of mantis in the Northern Hemisphere. It is also the first recorded Oriental mantis species in which both sexes are wingless. Life history of the new species, necessary illustrations and ecological images are provided. The distribution of the new Didymocorypha species is discussed and mapped.

Keywords

apterous mantis species, life history, new species, Oriental Region, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Didymocorypha was erected for a sole species D. ensifera Wood-Mason, 1877 from Sri Lanka with which Pyrgocotis gracilipes Stål, 1877 was synonymized (Wood-Mason 1882). Subsequently, Mantis lanceolata Fabricius, 1798, which was recorded from Eastern India, was transferred into the genus Didymocorypha by Bolivar (1897). Afterwards, D. ensifera was considered as a synonym of D. lanceolata (Kirby 1904). At the time of Ehrmann’s catalogue (Ehrmann 2002) the genus Didymocorypha only possessed one species, D. lanceolata, which is widely distributed in South Asia (e.g., Sri Lanka, Nepal and India). In Schwarz and Roy’s (2019) new taxonomic system, the genus Didymocorypha belongs to subfamily Iridinae (Eremiaphilidae). This subfamily includes eight genera, among which seven range from Africa to South Asia and one genus Iris Saussure ranges from Africa and Europe to northwestern China (Wang 1993). Until now, no other genera of the subfamily Iridinae or the family Eremiaphilidae have been recorded from China.

Within the order Mantodea, brachypterous females are common. Apterous females are a rarity except in some families, for example Thespidae and Haaniidae. It is also rare that both sexes of a certain species are wingless. As far as we know, both sexes are apterous in three Old World mantis genera, Apteromantis Werner, 1931 (Amelidae), Geomantis Pantel, 1896 (Rivetinidae), Holaptilon Beier, 1964 (Gonypetidae), one African genus Apterocorypha Roy, 1966 (Hoplocoryphidae) and one North American genus Yersiniops Hebard, 1931 (Amelidae) (Ehrmann 2002; Battiston et al. 2010). Most of these apterous mantis species are small-sized, and live in grassland or shrubland in temperate regions. No mantis species with apterous males and females has been recorded within the family Eremiaphilidae or in the Oriental Realm.

When investigating fauna on the southern slope of the Himalayas in Tibet, China, we collected apterous adult specimens of Didymocorypha from Gyirong County at an altitude of 3000 meters in 2017. After dissecting the male specimens and comparing them with Indian samples of D. lanceolata, we thought that those wingless specimens should belong to a unique new species of Didymocorypha. The new species is the first recorded species of Didymocorypha from China, and the first recorded Oriental mantis species with wingless male and female adults. Didymocorypha is the second recorded genus of the family Eremiaphilidae from China. Here, we review the genus Didymocorypha, provide a redescription of the known species, and thoroughly describe the new species and its life history.

Material and methods

Classification system follows Schwarz and Roy (2019). Descriptive terminology of adult morphology and the male genitalia follows Brannoch et al. (2017) and Schwarz and Roy (2019). All specimens of the new species were collected during daytime through careful observation. Genitalia were dissected in 10% KOH solution, cleared with pure water, and finally stored in 70% ethanol in Eppendorf tubes for further research. Pictures were taken with a Nikon digital camera.

The specimens were deposited in the following institutions or private collections.

IZCAS Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

CJZ Collection of Jia-Zhi Zhang, Shanghai, China

CWC Collection of Chao Wu, Beijing, China

Taxonomic treatment

Didymocorypha Wood-Mason, 1877

Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Schizocephalus (Didymocorypha): Wood-Mason, 1877: 221.

Pyrgocotis: Stål, 1877: 14; Westwood 1889: 3; Brunner de Wattenwyl 1893: 59; Kirby 1904: 218 (syn.); Giglio-Tos 1921: 31 (syn.).

Didymocorypha: Wood-Mason, 1882: 24; Westwood 1889: 3; Brunner de Wattenwyl 1893: 59; Bolivar 1897: 303; Kirby 1904: 218; Giglio-Tos 1919: 57; Giglio-Tos 1921: 31; Giglio-Tos 1927: 116; Beier 1935: 5; Beier 1964: 942; Beier 1968: 8; Ehrmann 2002: 122; Otte and Spearman 2005: 328; Ehrmann and Borer 2015: 231; Schwarz and Roy 2019: 115, 143.

Type species

Schizocephalus (Didymocorypha) ensifera Wood-Mason, 1877 by original monotypy =Mantis lanceolata Fabricius, 1798.

Diagnosis

Small-sized, slender (Figs 1–3). Head elongate (Fig. 4), with lateral lobes of vertex prolonged into triangular processes, running alongside each other but not fused. Compound eyes large, oblong. Lower frons approximately trapezoid. Pronotum slender, with nearly parallel lateral margins. Fore legs weak. Fore femur (Fig. 5A, B) with 4 ventro-posterior and 4 discoidal spines; claw groove in the middle; fore tarsus much longer than tibia, and basal tarsomere longer than total length of remaining segments. Middle and hind legs slim without expansions but with genicular spines. Hind legs longer and stronger than mesolegs, similar to jumping legs of locusts. Male winged (Fig. 1A) or wingless (Figs 1C, 3A); if winged, fore wings hyaline, a little shorter than body. Female wingless (Figs 1B, 2, 3C).

Figure 1. 

Didymocorypha spp. body in dorsal view and ootheca. A, C Male B female D oothecae. A D. lanceolata (Fabricius) B–D D. libaii sp. nov. (holotype and paratype).

Figure 2. 

Didymocorypha libaii sp. nov. adult female in its natural habitat.

Figure 3. 

Adult and nymph of Didymocorypha libaii sp. nov. in natural habitat. A Adult male B nymphs C feeding adult female D copulating adults E ecological habitat.

Figure 4. 

Head of Didymocorypha spp., anterior view. A Male, D. lanceolata (Fabricius) B male, D. libaii sp. nov. (holotype) C female, D. libaii sp. nov. (paratype). Red arrows point to ocelli.

Figure 5. 

Fore femur (A, B) and cerci (C–E) of Didymocorypha spp. A, B, D, E D. libaii sp. nov. C D. lanceolata (Fabricius). A Ventral view B dorsal view A, B, C, E male D female. Abbreviations: fb = femoral brush; ds = discoidal spines; gs = genicular spur; pvfs = posteroventral femoral spines.

Abdomen long, narrow. Cerci well-developed, with each segment wide, flat, lanceolate (Fig. 5C–E).

Distribution

(Fig. 7). India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China (new record).

Didymocorypha lanceolata (Fabricius, 1798)

Figs 1A, 4A, 5C, 6A, 7

Mantis lanceolata: Fabricius, 1798: 191.

Schizocephalus (Didymocorypha) ensifera Wood-Mason, 1877: 221–222.

Pyrgocotis gracilipes: Stål, 1877: 17; Westwood 1889: 3 (syn.); Kirby 1904: 218 (syn.); Giglio-Tos 1927: 116.

Didymocorypha ensifera: Wood-Mason, 1882: 24; Wood-Mason 1889: 34; Kirby 1904: 218 (syn.); Giglio-Tos 1927: 116.

Pyrgomantis lanceolata: Westwood 1889: 3.

Didymocorypha lanceolata: Bolivar 1897: 303; Kirby 1904: 218; Giglio-Tos 1921: 32; Giglio-Tos 1927: 116; Henry 1932: 9; Werner 1933: 898; Ehrmann 2002:123; Otte and Spearman 2005: 328; Ehrmann and Borer 2015:231, 244, 249; Schwarz et al. 2018: 206–207, 227.

Type locality

‘India orientali’ (Fabricius 1798).

Material examined

India • 5 ♂; Andhra Pradesh, Nellore District; 15.769N, 79.693E; 150 m; 10~25-IX-2012; IZCAS.

Description

Male. Slim and slender, withered-grass-like (Fig. 1A). Three ocelli large and hump (Fig. 4A). Fore femur approximately as long as fore coxa, with 4 posteroventral, 4 discoidal, 17 anteroventral spines; claw groove lying basally than middle of fore femur. Fore tibia about half as long as femur, with 5 posteroventral, 10 anteroventral spines and 1 strong tibial spur. Wings hyaline and iridescent, a little shorter than body; fore wings long and narrow, hind wings broad. Cerci flat, wide, lanceolate, with distal joints gradually becoming longer distad (Fig. 5C).

External genitalia (Fig. 6A) small; left phallomere narrow, long, with finger-like process paa and about 12 thick bristles on the afa; ventral phallomere with a robust short sharp spd.

Female similar as male, but larger, stronger, and wingless.

Male measurements (Length in mm). Body: 34.60–35.05; head: 7.10–7.14; pronotum: 5.90–5.95; fore coxae: 2.90–2.95; fore femora: 3.18–3.22; fore tibiae: 2.39–2.41; middle femora: 3.57–3.60; hind femora: 6.65–6.70; forewing: 14.05–14.10; hind wing: 15.33–15.38; cercus: 8.70–8.75.

Distribution

(Fig. 7). India, Nepal, Sri Lanka (Ehrmann 2002), Thailand (Unnahachote et al. 2019).

Figure 6. 

Male genitalia of Didymocorypha spp., Disarticulated genital complex, ventral view. A D. lanceolata (Fabricius) B, C D. libaii sp. nov. Abbreviations: L4A = sclerite extending over the ventral wall of left phallomere; L4B = sclerite extending over the dorsal wall of left phallomere; R3 = anteriorly extending sclerite of right phallomere; afa = phalloid apophysis; fda = main posterior lobe of right phallomere; pia = process posterolateral to pva of right phallomere; pva = process anteromesal to pia of right phallomere; paa = posterior process of left phallomere; sdp = secondary distal process.

Figure 7. 

Distribution map of the distribution Didymocorypha spp. in South Asia and East Asia (Himalaya).○: D. lanceolata (Fabricius) ; * D. libaii sp. nov.

Didymocorypha libaii Wu & Liu, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/B5D329E2-4E92-4853-911E-C6753EE240F3
Figs 1B–D, 2, 3–D, 4B, C, 5A, B, 5D, E, 6B, C, 7

Material examined

Holotype. China • ♂; Tibet, Gyirong County; 28.404N, 85.332E; 3300 m; 20-VII-2017; Chao Wu leg.; IZCAS. Paratypes. China • 4 ♂ 6 ♀; Tibet, Gyirong County; 28.397N, 85.351E; 2800~3300 m; 18~21-VII-2017; Chao Wu leg.; IZCAS • 3 ♂ 3 ♀; ditto; CWC • 1♀; ditto; CJZ • 1 ♀; Tibet, Gyirong County; 28.363N, 85.339E; 2672 m; 1-VIII-2018; Jin-Cheng Liu leg.; CWC.

Description

Holotype. Male. Slim (Figs 1B, C, 2, 3A, 3C).

Head : lanceolate. Paired juxtaocular bulges united into a conical extension with a complete median dorsal suture and a deep vertical ventral groove (Fig. 4B). Compound eyes long, oval, not bulging. Three ocelli, small, not obvious (Fig. 4B). Lower frons approximately trapezoidal, approximately as wide as high.

Thorax : pronotum longer than head, slender, about 3 times as long as wide. Prozona almost as wide as metazona. Mesothorax similar to metathorax, simple, nearly trapezoidal. Thorax with distinct medial keel. Wingless.

Prothoracic legs : fore coxa smooth, unarmed, shorter than metazona; fore femur as long as coxa, with a strongly-developed genicular spur (Fig. 5B), 4 posteroventral, 4 discoidal, 15–16 anteroventral spines, and without dilation on dorsal surface (Fig. 5A,B); claw groove lying basally to middle of fore femur; fore tibia about half as long as femur, with 5–6 posteroventral, 10 anteroventral tibial spines and 1 strong tibial spur; fore tarsus longer than tibia; basal tarsomere (= basitarsus) longer than total length of remaining segments.

Meso- and metathoracic legs : slim without expansions and with one small femoral genicular spur and one obvious tibial spur. Tarsus much shorter than tibia; basal tarsomere short, less than total length of remaining segments. Metathoracic legs longer and stronger than mesolegs.

Abdomen : almost as wide as pronotum. Each abdominal segment similar, nearly square; tergite 10 (Supra-anal plate) broad, widely trianglar. Cerci possessing 15 joints, with distal joints gradually becoming longer distad. Each of last 3 joints longer than wide (Fig. 5E). Coxosternite 9 (subgenital plate) nearly triangular, slightly asymmetrical, with a pair of styli.

External genitalia (Fig. 6B, C): relatively large-sized. Left phallomere narrow and long, posterior process of ventral phallomere (spd) indistinct; phalloid apophysis (afa) short, wide and strongly sclerotized, with a spine-like projection; posterior process of left phallomere (paa) with a finger-like extension, with a small obtuse tubercle in middle, and with a brush-like cluster of hairs on base.

Female. Similar to male, but distinctly larger and stronger (Figs 1B, 5C).

Measurements (Length in mm, Holotype in parentheses). Body: male 28.30–28.75 (28.45), female 32.50–35.15; head: male 5.85–5.95 (5.94), female 7.45–7.55; pronotum: male 5.35–5.39 (5.39), female 6.95–7.10; fore coxae: male 3.13–3.18 (3.15), female 4.11–4.20; fore femora: male 4.10–4.13 (4.11), female 4.62–4.80; fore tibiae: male 2.25–2.30 (2.27), female 2.85–3.02; middle femora: male 4.42–4.51 (4.45), female 5.70–5.79; hind femora: male 6.20–6.27 (6.25), female 7.43–7.52; cercus: male 5.45–5.50 (5.47), female 7.30–7.35.

Diagnosis

The new species is distinguished from D. lanceolata by small body size, small and indistinct male ocelli, wingless male adults, comparatively large-sized genitalia, ventral phallomere without secondary distal process (sdp), additional obtuse tubercle on paa and different structure of afa (Fig. 6).

Coloration

(Figs 2, 3). Monotonous, tawny, dry-grass-like, densely covered with little black spots. Some specimens possessing irregular black patches. Spines of fore legs brown.

Life history

The new species often lives at the bottom of bushes in a variety of angiosperms (Figs 2, 3A–D) in high-altitude coniferous forest. Nymphs were found to be clustering (Fig. 3B), without cannibalism. This peaceful situation is an exception for mantis. The mating (Fig. 3D) is also peaceful, and needs up to 4–8 hours. Female lays their oothecae on the fifth day after mating. Oothecae are fusiform, withered-leaf-like. Each ootheca contains 4–10 eggs (Fig. 1D). Color of ootheca varies from light to very dark brown. External wall of cotheca is thin, sparse.Oothecae did not hatch successfully in the laboratory probably due to significant elevation differences from the mantis’s natural habitat. In field, the mantis species prey on small-sized insects (e.g., Diptera, Hemiptera and Collembola) (Fig. 3C), based on our observations.

Distribution

China (Tibet: Gyirong County).

Etymology

The new species was named after Bai Li, who is a poet in the Tang dynasty of China and one of the most famous poets in Chinese history.

Discussion

Didymocorypha libaii sp. nov., is the first mantis species recorded at altitudes of more than 3000 meters (Fig. 3E) in China. At the type locality of D. libaii sp. nov., blankets of snow persist during the long winter, and the growing period is very short. In fact, it was difficult to distinguish the adults and nymphs of this new species from each other in general appearance. Initially, we judged them to be adults because they were mating when breeding indoors. Retention of nymph characteristics in the adults is called neoteny. We assume in the harsh environment of type locality of D. libaii sp. nov., that neotenic development could help to shorten the life cycle of the mantis, simultaneously, the large-sized male genitalia of the species can improve the success rate of copulation. In summary, the wingless adults and the large-sized male genitalia enable the species to adapt to the harsh environment.

We suppose that the new species was isolated by the uplifted Himalayas and diverged from its congener. Its ancestral population adapted to the environment at high altitudes, and was restricted to a very narrow range. In addition, a few mantis species (of genera Arria Stål, 1877, Odontomantis Saussure, 1871 and Phyllothelys Wood-Mason, 1877) are also found at an altitude of about 2500 m in China (including high-altitude areas of the Himalayas) based on our collections, which we will report in other papers. There are a range of suitable environments on the southern slopes of the Himalayas in China and more discoveries will possibly be made in the future. The other recorded mantis species at high altitude include Pseudopogonogaster hebardi (Terra, 1982) from Ecuador at elevations 3500 m and Armene breviptera Lindt, 1963 from Badakhshan (West Pamir Mountains) at elevations 2300–2700 m. One ootheca of A. breviptera was even found at 3700 m (Lindt 1963). Armene breviptera was the only species of Mantodea that was previously found in the harsh environment. The dominant ecosystem there is dry mountain grassland with short and sparse vegetation cover, without trees or bushes and with very low biodiversity comparing to the lower elevations in the same region. The snow cover during winter is intermittent and often does not provide sufficient thermal protection during the cold months (Khakimov et al. 2007). Armene breviptera is the only micropterous species in the genus, also suggesting a connection between harsh external conditions and wing adaptation in Mantodea. By comparison, Didymocorypha libaii sp. nov. lives in a significantly milder environment with abundant vegetation, including trees, in spite of long winters. The conditions of D. libaii are also atypical for Mantodea also suggesting possible adaptations of the species to the short growth period.

Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank Mr Chang-Qing Chen (Tianjin), for his support and help in research. We thank Mr Xiao-Dong Yang (Yibin, Sichuan) and Mr Hao Huang (Qingdao, Shandong) for their close friendships with the first author during the Tibet investigation. Our thanks go to Mr Jin-Cheng Liu (Beijing) and Mr Jia-Zhi Zhang (Shanghai) for providing us valuable specimen and Mr Qin Yuan (Beijing) for loaning us some specimens. We also express our thanks to Reinhard Ehrmann (Karlsruhe, Germany) for his help in collecting literature and significant suggestion, and to Evgeny Shcherbakov (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia) for his careful reviews and valuable comments. The study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31572308, 31750002).

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