The Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae) of Norway – Part I: species records published until December 2019, with an updated checklist

Frank Menzel; Øivind Gammelmo; Kjell Magne Olsen; Arne Köhler

doi:10.3897/zookeys.957.46528

Review Article

The Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae) of Norway – Part I: species records published until December 2019, with an updated checklist

Frank Menzel^‡, Øivind Gammelmo^§, Kjell Magne Olsen^§, Arne Köhler^‡

‡ Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany

§ BioFokus, Oslo, Norway

Corresponding author: Arne Köhler ( akoehler@senckenberg.de )

Academic editor: Netta Dorchin

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Menzel F, Gammelmo Ø, Olsen KM, Köhler A (2020) The Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae) of Norway – Part I: species records published until December 2019, with an updated checklist. ZooKeys 957: 17-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.46528

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:ECBF8EDB-7096-4563-991A-526901CC53B9

Abstract

Black Fungus Gnats (Sciaridae) are a megadiverse, cosmopoliltan family of bibionomorph Diptera. Even in Europe, the continent with the longest tradition in sciarid taxonomy, numerous taxonomic issues remain unresolved and countless species await discovery and description. The fauna of Norway is in these respects no exception. Recognising considerable knowledge gaps, the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre provided substantial funding for a detailed inventory of the Sciaridae species occurring in Norway, which was realised in 2014–2018. The results of this project will be published in a series of papers, of which the first is presented here, summarising available data on the taxonomy, faunistics, and autecology of Norwegian Sciaridae beginning with Zetterstedt’s pioneering work in 1838 and ending with 31 December 2019 as the cut-off date. All published records from that period were analysed. The result is a list of 143 species and four unplaced names. Following a consistent scheme, verified locality details are provide including alternative spellings, habitats, and flight times of adults in Norway, literature citations for the faunistic records, and general taxonomic references for classification or identification. A checklist of the sciarid fauna of Norway and a complete list of the relevant literature are also presented.

Keywords

armyworm, diversity, Europe, faunistics, habitats, literature review, localities, phenology, Scandinavia, Sciaroidea

Introduction

The Sciaridae is one of the largest families of Diptera, rich in both species and individuals, and plays a significant role in natural ecosystems (summarised in Menzel and Mohrig 2000; Menzel and Schulz 2007). For example, the larvae are important for the litter decomposition in forests (Hövemeyer 1989; Deleporte and Rouland 1991; Deleporte and Charrier 1996), and the adults for the transmission of basidiospores of fungi (Schmidt 1979) and the pollination of plants (Vogel and Martens 2000; Rulik et al. 2008). Sciarids are also well-known as pests in mushroom farms and greenhouses, or as common inhabitants of pot plants in houses (e.g., Broadley et al. 2018).

Often sciarids are one of the most dominant Diptera families in ecological studies (e.g., Thiede 1977; Feldmann 1992; Hövemeyer 1992; Bickel and Tasker 2004), and thousands of specimens can be collected in a short time (Menzel and Schulz 2007). Many species prefer moist, shady deciduous and coniferous woods with a high proportion of dead wood (Hövemeyer 1998, 1999, 2002; Menzel and Schulz 2007). Other species can be found in wetlands (e.g., moist meadows, fens) or xerothermic habitats (e.g., dry grassland, heath) (Hövemeyer 1996; Heller 1998, 2000; Menzel et al. 2006).

The Black Fungus Gnats (Figs 1–3) are inconspicuous, minute to medium-sized flies (0.8–7.0 mm body length) and are fairly uniform in appearance. While adults of most species are completely black or dark brown, others exhibit some yellow or orange. The head is relatively small and usually rounded, with the eyes meeting at a narrow bridge above the antennae. There are three ocelli on the forehead. The antennae are long and thin, with 16 segments. Of the mouthparts, which are generally inconspicuous, only the palpi are of relevance for taxonomy. The body is almost hairless at first glance. The wings are rather broad and rounded at the apex, often smoky-coloured, with a distinctively curved vein fork (M₁+M₂) in the middle of the apex of wing. Females of some species have reduced wings (e.g., in Epidapus Haliday). The legs are long and slender, but not as long as for example in Mycetophilidae. The larvae are cylindrical, white and shiny, with a clearly sclerotised, dark head capsule. Detailed descriptions for the preimaginal stages and adults, and their importance for the identification and classification of sciarids, are given by Menzel and Mohrig (2000) and Menzel and Smith (2017).

Figures 1–3.

Habitus of Norwegian Sciaridae 1 winged male of Bradysia fenestralis (Zetterstedt, 1838) 2 brachypterous female of Corynoptera minima (Meigen, 1818) 3 apterous female of Epidapus gracilis (Walker, 1848).

Compared to most other Diptera in Norway, Sciaridae have previously attracted little attention from entomologists. Notorious for their uniformity and small body size, adult sciarids are largely the domain of taxonomic specialists, while larvae of most species remain undiscovered. The earliest mention of Black Fungus Gnats in Norway was by Ramus (1735), who reported about the ‘armyworm’, a migration of thousands of sciarid larvae. However, the first taxonomic studies of Sciaridae in Norway are those of Zetterstedt (1838–1860), Walker (1848), Siebke (1853–1877), and Holmgren (1869). Later, Edwards (1923–1935), Lengersdorf (1926b–1930c), Soot-Ryen (1942), Frey (1948), and Tuomikoski (1960, 1967) contributed to the knowledge of the sciarid fauna of Norway. Some of these early records, but not all, were later treated in a modern review of the family (Menzel and Mohrig 2000). Relatively few recent studies exist, but notably Thunes et al. (2004), Hippa et al. (2010), Köhler et al. (2014), and Heller et al. (2016) have presented new and valuable information on the fauna of Norwegian Sciaridae.

In 2014 the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) granted the project ‘Sørgemygg i Norge’ (Sciaridae of Norway) funding for the period 2014–2016. Later NBIC also granted funding for the project ‘Sørgemygg i norske skoger’ (Sciaridae in Norwegian forests), which is effectively the second phase of our research work. This ran from January 2017 to December 2018. Our study collates the records published between 1735 and 2019 and provides many corrected locality data for the Norwegian sciarid fauna. The revised nomenclature and the evaluation of faunistic records at species level form the basis for an updated checklist. For the first time, information is also summarised on the identified habitats and the phenology of species in Norway. Consequently, all results presented here comprise the published ‘status quo’, form the basis for the evaluation of our faunistic work in both mentioned NTI projects, and are the starting point for a series of papers on the Norwegian fauna. Many unpublished data on the Black Fungus Gnats of Norway, based on the identification of specimens in several museum collections, or on the samples collected by the authors between 2014 and 2018, shall be published in this series.

Material and methods

Norway, Europe’s sixth largest country by land area, occupies approximately half of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering Sweden to the east, and Finland and Russia to the northeast (Fig. 4). The Norwegian mainland extends from 57.9 to 71.2N. The extensive coastline is dominated by many fjords and numerous islands, making it highly indented and irregular. The remote island of Jan Mayen (70.5–71.1N, 07.6–09.0E) and the archipelago of Svalbard comprising Bjørnøya (74.2–74.3N, 18.4–19.1E) and Spitsbergen (76.3–80.5N, 10.3–33.3E) are also parts of the Kingdom of Norway.

All data analysed here were taken from both the scientific literature and publications in the media. They relate exclusively to the sciarid specimens recorded from Norway. The great total amount of data made it impossible for us to validate all the species identifications on which published records are based. To enable comparison with previous faunal lists, references to earlier records were added to the list and the synonymous names were given for each species.

Figure 4.

The studied area for the sciarid fauna of Norway, subdivided into 18 mainland counties, the island Jan Mayen and the Svalbard archipelago comprising Bjørnøya and Spitsbergen.

Nomenclature and systematics

Employed nomenclature and systematics are mainly based on the revision of Palaearctic fauna (Menzel and Mohrig 2000), the revision of Nearctic fauna (Mohrig et al. 2013), and some works after 2000. These comprise Hippa and Vilkamaa (2004, 2016) [Xylosciara, Claustropyga]; Hippa et al. (2003, 2010) [Claustropyga, Corynoptera s. str.]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019) [Lycoriella, Hemineurina, Trichocoelina] and Vilkamaa et al. (2004, 2013a) [Dichopygina, Camptochaeta]. The proposal by Mohrig et al. (2017), who postulated Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, 1960 as a junior synonym of Austrosciara Schmitz & Mjöberg, 1924, was not followed here, because the procedure used therein is contrary to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), and the type specimens of the type species have not yet been revised and compared. Some other nomenclatural problems at the species level are discussed at the appropriate places in ‘Taxonomic notes’.

Presentation of data

All literature sources containing data and information on the Norwegian sciarid fauna are cited for each species under ‘Faunistics’. Various outdated catalogues (e.g., Kertész 1902, 1903; Gerbachevskaja-Pavluchenko 1986) were not evaluated because they do not contain primary data for the sciarid fauna of Norway and/or their abstracted and largely unverifiable content may lead to false results. In addition, in the category ‘Taxonomy’ publications are mentioned that are important for the classification, nomenclature and/or identification of the included sciarid species.

Locality data. Due to the geographical peculiarities, the Norwegian mainland with the offshore islands is treated first in the faunistic section on each species. Counties (fylke) and localities are listed in alphabetical order, unlike the traditional practice in lists of Norwegian fauna, which are arranged from south to north. Because the Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard are very remote from the Norwegian mainland, they are considered separately. Faunistic records for these islands are summarised in a separate block at the end of the locality lists, following the ‘mainland records’. Geographic names are given in both modern Norwegian script and the spelling(s) used in the original literature, to facilitate their location in geographical maps and electronic resources. The reclassification of the Norwegian counties valid since 1 January 2020 was not taken into account here.

If available, all information about a locality is presented in a unified data structure as follows:

“• County; municipality, region/island(s), city/village/collecting place without or with an explanation of more precise geographic location (= ‘citation of different original spellings in the analysed literature, including wrong spellings’)”. For example, datasets of localities in various publication languages and/or with different spellings would look as follows:

“• Finnmark; Vardø, Varangerhalvøya, Persfjorden (= ‘Finmark, Vardø, Persfjord’; = ‘Vardö, Persfjord’) • Oslo; Oslo, Tøyen (= ‘ad Christianiam in Tøien’; = ‘Tøien ad Christianiam’; = ‘in Tøien ad Christ.’; = ‘Töien nahe Kristiania [Oslo]’; = ‘Tøien’; = ‘Töien’; = ‘Toiën’).

• Jan Mayen; without further locality details (= ‘Jan Mayen’; = ‘Jan Mayen Island’) • Svalbard; Bjørnøya, mining camp Tunheim on the NE coast (= ‘Bear Island, Tunheim’) • Spitsbergen, Isfjorden, Dickson Land, Kapp Thordsen (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Cap Torsden in Isfjorden’; = ‘Cap Torsden’).”

Ecological data. If the literature sources provide information on habiat and/or temporal occurrence of a species, these data were summarised in an ‘Ecological note’. All data published here refer exclusively to the Norwegian sciarid fauna. It should be noted that for most species the habitat requirements are poorly known or missing, so notes in this paragraph should be considered as incomplete. For example, the listing of a single habitat type does not necessarily mean that the species is only adapted to that habitat or that this information applies to all published Norwegian records and/or collected specimens. For many Norwegian species with few published data, no information currently exists on the habitat or the flight time of adults. Such ‘negative results’ of our literature study are indicated in the ecological notes of the species concerned by ‘Habitat not specified’ and/or ‘Phenology: without data’.

Meanings of common Norwegian locality names

Listed here are Norwegian words, or suffixes, frequently occurring in place names together with their English translations:

-dal/-dalen = valley; -bukta/-bugten = bay; -elv/-elva = river; -fjell/-fjellet/-fjella = mountain(s); -fjellstue = mountain lodge/inn; -fjord/-fjorden = fjord; -halvøya = peninsula; -hytta = hut/bothy; -øy/-øya = island; -stua/-stue = cabin/hostel/mountain lodge; -vann/-vannet/-vatn/-vatnet = lake; -vidda = plateau.

Abbreviations

The following general abbreviations are used in the text: E = eastern; N = northern; NE = northeastern; NW = northwestern; S = southern; SE = southeastern; SW = southwestern; W = western; ? = questionable content (concerning locality names, species identifications, or cited references in literature); SG = subgenus (only used in the checklist); Mar.–Dec. = month (March to December) in relation to the collecting time (= flight time of imagines).

Some museums and institutions were abbreviated as follows: BFCO = BioFokus Collection, Oslo, Norway; NHMO = University of Oslo, Natural History Museum, Oslo, Norway; NIBR = Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway; NTNU-VM = Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, Department of Natural History, Trondheim, Norway; PWMP = Private Collection of Werner Mohrig, Poseritz, Germany; SDEI = Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany; TMUC = The Arctic University Museum of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway; UZMH = University of Helsinki, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland.

Results

Records of ‘armyworms’

Some publications, especially older ones, contain reports about spectacular processions of sciarid larvae. The up to ten meters long columns are called an ‘armyworm’ in the popular language. In the studied literature sources which refer to Norway, can also be found – partly in other languages – the synonym names ‘hærorm’ (= ‘Heervurm’; = ‘Heerwurm’), ‘dragfæ’ (=‘dragfæe’; = ‘fedrag’), ‘ormedrag’ (= ‘Orme-Drag’; = ‘Wurmdrache’), ‘budrag’, ‘markskrei’, ‘härmask’, ‘hærmygg’, ‘hærsørgemygg’ or ‘sørgemygg’. In Norway, these have been partly associated with the species Sciara hemerobioides (Scopoli, 1763) [= thomae (Linnaeus, 1767)] (Berthold 1854: 30; Berthold 1856: 66; Schøyen 1926: C31; Hansen and Granrud 2011: 46) and Sciara militaris Nowicki, 1868 (Schøyen 1893: 41; Schøyen 1917: 94; Schøyen 1936: 81; Sundby 1967: 6; Hansen and Granrud 2011: 46). No reliable information currently exists on the occurrence of the ‘armyworm creator’ Sciara militaris Nowicki, 1868 in Norway. Although adults of Sciara hemerobioides have been found several times in Norway, none of the specimens mentioned in the evaluated literature sources was reared from larvae of an ‘armyworm’. Besides the two Sciara species discussed above, other sciarids can also form long columns of larvae. The same phenomenon has already been reported from other European countries in the species Bradysia bicolor (Meigen, 1818), Cratyna perplexa (Winnertz, 1867), Ctenosciara hyalipennis (Meigen, 1804) and Sciara analis Schiner, 1864 (Menzel and Mohrig 2000: 17). Except for Sciara analis these are species that are also very common in Norway. For these reasons, all unspecified ‘armyworm’ records are not assigned to any Norwegian sciarid species and are listed in the section ‘Doubtful species’.

The Norwegian records of ‘armyworms’ were presented or summarised in the following publications: Ramus (1735) [1715]: 240; Berthold (1845): 65, 66; Boheman (1847): 22; Berthold (1854): 4, 5; Berthold (1856): 40, 41; Schøyen (1893): 41; Schøyen (1917): 94; Schøyen (1926): C31; Schøyen (1936): 81; Sundby (1967): 4; Greve Jensen (1979): [unpaginated page]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 18; Hansen and Granrud (2011): 45; Stenløkk (2011): 9 [without data]; Giske and Blåsmo Aronsen (2016): [unpaginated page]; Nesvold (2017a): [unpaginated page]; Nesvold (2017b): [unpaginated page]; Ringsaker (2018): [unpaginated page].

Finds of ‘armyworms’ have been reported from the following Norwegian localities: • Norway; without further locality details (= ‘i Norrige’; = ‘in Norwegen’) – Ramus (1735) [1715]: 240; Pontoppidian (1753): 67; Pontoppidian (1755b): 42; Berthold (1845): 65, 66; Boheman (1847): 22; Berthold (1854): 4, 5; Berthold (1856): 40, 41 • Akershus; Aurskog-Høland, N part of the area Aurskog [formerly ‘Urskog’] NW of Aursmoen and SE of Blaker (= ‘ved Blaker i Urskog’) – Schøyen (1917): 94; Sundby (1967): 5 • Buskerud; Modum [without exact locality] – Hansen and Granrud (2011): 48 [based on a forum blog by Haavik (2009)] • Hedmark; Eidskog [in the former district ‘Hedmarka’] (= ‘Eidsskogen, Hedemarken’; = ‘i Eidsskogen på Hedemarken’) – Schøyen (1917): 94; Sundby (1967): 5 • Løten, in Løten (= ‘i Løyten’) – Schøyen (1893): 41; Sundby (1967): 5 • Hordaland; Bergen (= ‘Bergen’) – Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 18 • Bergen, Søreidgrenda, Søviknes [today settlement area at the street Søvikneset] (= ‘på Søviknes i Fana’) – Greve Jensen (1979): [unpaginated page] • Møre Og Romsdal; Eide, Vevang SW of Kristiansund (= ‘ved Vevang pr. Kristiansund’; = ‘på Vevang ved Kristiansund’) – Schøyen (1926): C31; Sundby (1967): 5 • Nordland; Sørfold, Seljåsen (= ‘Seljåsen, Nordland’) – Ringsaker (2018): [unpaginated page] • Oppland; Sel, Heidal, side valley Heidal in the Gudbrandsdalen (‘Heidal i Sel kommune i Gudbrandsdalen’) – Hansen and Granrud (2011): 46 • Østfold; Eidsberg, Mysen (= ‘Mysen i Østfold’) – Schøyen (1936): 81 • Rømskog, Flaten near the Swedish border (= ‘på Flaten i Rømskog’; = ‘Flaten i Rømskog’) – Sundby (1967): 4; Hansen and Granrud (2011): 48 • Troms; Tromsø, village Tromvika on the Kvaløya (= ‘Tromvika i Tromsø’) – Giske and Blåsmo Aronsen (2016): [unpaginated page] • Trøndelag; Holtålen, Ålen, on the Hessjøvegen NW of the lake Hessjøen (= ‘ved Hessjøen i Holtålen, på Hessjøvegen’) – Nesvold (2017a): [unpaginated page]; Nesvold (2017b): [unpaginated page] • Vest-Agder; Flekkefjord, Gyland NE of Flekkefjord (= ‘Gyland ved Flekkefjord’) – Schøyen (1936): 81.

Faunistic note: Most of the Norwegian armyworm records in Menzel and Mohrig (2000: 18), taken from historical literature of the 18^th Century (Ramus 1735; Pontoppidan 1753, 1755b), were incorrectly translated or indicate only unspecified localities. So, the expression ‘Baand in Vejen’ (recte ‘og Baand i Vejen’)], originates from Ramus (1735: 240), lines 15–17: ‘Gemeene Folk, …, kaste deres Klæder og Baand i Vejen for dem, …’, which in Danish language simply means ‘Common people ... throw their clothes and ribbons in their way …’. The title ‘Firefodde Dyr, som findes i Norrige samt krybende Orme’ [= ‘Four-footed animals, found in Norway as well as creeping worms’] indicates, that Ramus (1735: 240) mentions the armyworm (‘dragfæ’ or ‘ormedrag’) for the first time for Norway, which was cited by Pontoppidan (1753: 68; 1755b: 42).

Those armyworm records included in Menzel and Mohrig (2000: 18) refer to the preceding definition of the area in the first part of the ‘Natural history of Norway’ by Pontoppidan (1752: 67; 1755a: 41) and are not certain. Accordingly, the following misinterpreted localities are to be deleted from the list of Norwegian armyworm records (cited from the secondary literature): ‘Bygle-Field = Byglefield; Dofre-Field = Dofrefield; File-Field = Filefield; Hardanger-Field = Hardangerfield; Halne-Field = Halnefield; Hekle-Field = Hecklefield [also as ‘Seklefield’]; Jokle-Field = Joklefield; Lang-Field = Langfield; Loms-Field = Lomsfield; Norden-Fields = Nordenfield; Sogne-Field = Sognefield; Sønden-Fields = Søndenfield; Tronhiems Stift; Vesten-Fields = Vestenfield’.

The single Norwegian record of Bradysia angustipennis was published by Vilkamaa and Hippa (2004) in a phylogenetic analysis (appendix 2) as ‘Norway’ without further locality details. The male specimen is deposited in the UZMH collection and was not revised here.

Ecological note

Habitat not specified. Phenology: without data.

Bradysia bicolor (Meigen, 1818)

Synonyms

= abdominalis (Lehmann, 1824); = bicolor var. alpestris (Lengersdorf, 1926); = bore (Walker, 1848); = rufiventris (Macquart, 1834).

Literature

Faunistics: Walker (1848): 107 [as Sciara bore]; Zetterstedt (1851): 3724 [as Sciara bicolor] and 3725 [as Sciara rufiventris]; Siebke (1853): 305; Zetterstedt (1855): 4889 [both as Sciara rufiventris]; Siebke (1866b): 417; Siebke (1877): 211 [both as Sciara bicolor and Sciara rufiventris]; Becher (1886): 62; Strand (1904): 9; Edwards (1923): 236 [all as Sciara bicolor]; Lengersdorf (1926b): 3 [as Sciara bicolor] and 9 [as Sciara rufiventris and Sciara bore]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 77 [as Neosciara bicolor]; Mohrig and Menzel (1993): 270 [as Bradysia bicolor]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 133 [as Bradysia bicolor and Sciara bore under Bradysia bicolor]. Coulson and Refseth (2004): 102 [as Bradysia bicolor]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 137, 139; Mohrig and Menzel (1993): 270; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 133 [all as Bradysia bicolor].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Nord-Norwegen’) • Buskerud; Røyken (= ‘in par. [parochia] Røken’; = ‘Røken’; = ‘Røyken’) • Finnmark; Alta, Jotkajavre fjellstue on the Finnmarksvidda between Karasjok and Alta (= ‘Jotkajavre’) • Hammerfest, Hammerfest (= ‘Hammerfest’; = ‘Hammerfest, Finmark’; = ‘Hammerfest, Finmark [Hammerfest auf der Insel Kvalöya]’) • Nordland; Hattfjelldal, Røssvatnet (= ‘Røsvand’; = ‘Røssvatn’) • Nord-Helgeland, Ranfjorden (= ‘Ranfjord’) • Oppland; Nord-Fron or Sør-Fron in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘Gudbrandsdalen, Fron’) • Øyer in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘Øier Gudbrandsdaliæ’; = ‘Gudbrandsdalen, Öier’; = ‘Öier’) • Øyer, Moshus in the SE part of Øyer in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘Øier Gudbrandsdaliæ ad Moshus’; = ‘Moshus, Øyer’) • Troms; Tromsø, Ramfjorden (= ‘Ramfjord’) • Trøndelag; Levanger, Alstadhaug (= ‘Alstadhaug, Levanger’; = ‘ad Alstadhaug’; = ‘ad Alstahaug’) • Levanger, Levanger (= ‘ad Levanger’; = ‘Levanger’) • Vestfold; Sandefjord (= ‘ad Sandefjord’; = ‘ved Sandefjord’; = ‘Sandefjord’) • Stavern (= ‘ad oppidum Staværn’; = ‘ved Staværn’; = ‘Staværn’).

• Jan Mayen; without further locality details (= ‘Jan Mayen’; = ‘Jan Mayen Island’).

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jul.–Aug.

= fucata (Meigen, 1818); = variabilis (Zetterstedt, 1838).

Literature

Faunistics: Zetterstedt (1838): 827 [as Sciara variabilis]; Walker (1848): 108 [as Sciara nervosa]; Zetterstedt (1851): 3738 [as Sciara variabilis]; Zetterstedt (1855): 4890 [as Sciara nervosa and Sciara variabilis]; Boheman (1866): 575; Holmgren (1869): 8 [both as Sciara variabilis]; Siebke (1877): 212 [as Sciara variabilis] and 213 [as Sciara nervosa]; Lengersdorf (1926b): 4 [as Sciara nervosa] and 9 [as Sciara variabilis]; Thor (1930): 4 [as Sciara variabilis]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 78 [in part as Neosciara nervosa; misidentification (only cited variabilis specimens)]; Coulson and Refseth (2004): 102; Coulson (2008): 160; Coulson (2013): 153 [all as Bradysia nervosa]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 125; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 161 [both as Bradysia nervosa].

Localities

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norwegen’) • Finnmark; Karasjok, Ravnastua fjellstue NW of Karasjok (= ‘Ravnastuen’) • Porsanger, farm Fæstningsstua near Lævnasjarvi W of Skoganvarre (= ‘Fæstningstuen’; = ‘Festningsstuen’) • Møre Og Romsdal; Fræna, Hammarøya NW of Hopadalen (= ‘Hammarøy’) • Haram, ? Ormeneset (= in Romsdalia ad Ormen’; = ‘Romsdals Amt, omkring Ormen’; = ‘Ormem’) • Rauma, between Veblungsnes and Romsdalshornet Mountain in the Romsdalsalpene SE of Åndalsnes (= ‘Romsdals Amt, mellem Veblungsnæsset og Romsdalshorn’) • Rauma, Horgheim SE of Åndalsnes in the Romsdalen (= ‘in Romsdalia ad Horgheim; = ‘Romsdals Amt, Horgheim’; = ‘Horgheim’) • Rauma, Veblungsnes at the Romsdalsfjorden SW of Åndalsnes (= ‘in Romsdalia ad Veblungsnæs; = ‘Veblungsnes, Romsdal’) • Smøla, Smøla Island (= ‘in insula Smølen in Nordmøre’; = ‘ad Smölen’; = ‘Smøla’) • Nordland; Hamarøy (= ‘Hammerø’) • Oppland; Lesja, Fogstuen on the Dovrefjell plateau (= ‘Fogstuen’; = ‘ad Fokstuen’; = ‘in alpe Dovre ad Fokstuen’; = ‘in alpe Dovre’) • Oslo; Oslo (= ‘ad Christianiam’; = ‘Oslo’) • Oslo, Botanisk hage (= ‘in horto botanico ad Christianiam’; = ‘Botanical Garden, Oslo’) • Troms; Balsfjord, Øverbygd (= ‘Øverbygd’) • Karlsøy, Vannøya (= ‘Vannø’; = ‘Vannøy’) • Tromsø, Ramfjorden (= ‘Ramfjord’) • Tromsø (= ‘Tromsø’) • Trøndelag; Levanger, Skogn SE of Levanger (= ‘ad Thyæs in par. [parochia] Skogn’; = ‘ad Thyæs in Skogn’; = ‘Thynäs’; = ‘Tynes, Værdal’) [= in the accommodation of Thy in Skogn] • Meråker, NE of mountain Kølhaugan near the Swedish border [maybe a collecting place in Sweden: Jämtland, village Skalstugan close to the border with Norway] (= ‘ad diversorium Skalstugan prope jugum alpinum Norwegiæ’) • Oppdal, Kongsvoll near Kongsvold Fjeldstue in the Drivdalen (= ‘Kongsvold’; = ‘ad Kongsvold’; = ‘in alpe Dovre ad Kongsvold’; = ‘in alpe Dovre’).

• Svalbard; Bjørnøya (= ‘Bear Island, southern part’) • Spitsbergen, Aldert Dirkses Bugt in the Wijdefjorden (= ‘Spitsbergen, Aldert Dirkses Bay District [Wijde Bay]’) • Spitsbergen, Bünsow Land, Brucebyen 0.5 km S of Kapp Napier (= ‘Spitsbergen, Klaas Billen Bay (Bruce City Region), around Bruce City’).

Ecological note

On beaches with Salix polaris and mosses; Cassiope heath; plant community ‘fjaeldmark’ (= feldmark; mountain field) with phanerogams, mosses, lichens and Salix polaris (all Svalbard records); on mountains; in botanical gardens. Phenology: Jun.–Aug.

Bradysia quercina Menzel & Köhler, 2014

Literature

Faunistics: Köhler et al. (2014): 325 [as Bradysia quercina]. Taxonomy: Köhler et al. (2014): 325; Heller et al. (2015): 12 [both as Bradysia quercina].

Locality

• Telemark; Drangedal, Djupedal 1.5 km SE of Henneseid (= ‘Drangedal, Djupedal, Henseid’).

Faunistic note

The first specimens of Bradysia quercina from Norway, on which the cited literature based, were identified in our NTI project 2014–2016.

Ecological note

Oak canopies of Quercus robur. Phenology: Jul.

Bradysia rufescens (Zetterstedt, 1852)

Synonyms

= pullula (Winnertz, 1867); = somnians (Winnertz, 1867); = testacea (Zetterstedt, 1851) [preocc.]; = villosa (Winnertz, 1867).

Literature

Faunistics: Zetterstedt (1851): 3763 [as Sciara testacea; preocc.]; Siebke (1853): 305; Zetterstedt (1855): 4890; Siebke (1863): 177 [all as Sciara rufescens]; Siebke (1877): 212 [as Sciara testacea] and 214 [as Sciara rufescens]; Lengersdorf (1926b): 3 [as Sciara pullula and Sciara rufescens]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 80 [as Neosciara pullula and Neosciara rufescens]; Tuomikoski (1960): 145 [as Bradysia rufescens]. Taxonomy: Zetterstedt (1852): 4545 [Sciara rufescens as new name for Sciara testacea [preocc.; not Sciara testacea Zetterstedt, 1838]; Tuomikoski (1960): 143, 145 [as Bradysia rufescens]; Menzel et al. (1990): 370 [as Bradysia rufescens, in part]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 129 [as Bradysia rufescens].

Localities

• Finnmark; Alta, Bojobæskihytta in the Stabbursdalen between Karasjok and Alta (= ‘Bojobæske’) • Alta, Bossekop in Alta (= ‘Bosekop’) • Vardø, Vardø (= ‘Vardø’) • Møre Og Romsdal; Smøla, Smøla Island (= ‘in insula Smølen’; = ‘ad Smölen’; = ‘Smøla’) • Oppland; Dovre, Hjerkinn NW of Folldal in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘in alpe Dovre ad Jerkin’; = ‘Jerkin’; = ‘Hjerkin, Dovre’) • Lesja, Fogstuen on the Dovrefjell plateau (= ‘Fogstuen’; = ‘ad Fokstuen’; = ‘Fokstuen, Dovre’; = ‘in alpe Dovre ad Fokstuen’; = ‘in alpe Dovre’) • Øyer in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘in parochiis Øyer … Gudbrandsdaliæ’; = ‘Gudbrandsdalen, Öier’; = ‘Öier’; = ‘Øyer’) • Ringebu in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘in parochiis … Ringebo Gudbrandsdaliæ’; = ‘Gudbrandsdalen, Ringebo’; = ‘Ringebo’; = ‘Ringebu, Gudbrandsdal’) • Oslo; Oslo, Botanisk hage (= ‘in horto botanico ad Christianiam’) • Oslo, Tøyen (= ‘ad Töien prope Christianiam’; = ‘Töien nahe Kristiania [Oslo]’) • Troms; Karlsøy, Torsvåg at the NW coast of Vannøya 15 km N of Tromsø (= ‘Torsvaag’) • Nordreisa, woodland and farm Hallen at the E shore of Reisaelva SE of Storslett (= ‘Nordreisa, Hallen’; = ‘Nordreisa’) • Tromsø (= ‘Tromsø’) • Trøndelag; Levanger, Hestøya NW of Alstahaug, southern tip Måkeskjær (= ‘Måkeskjær’) • Oppdal, in the Drivdalen (= ‘Drivdalen’) • Oppdal, Kongsvoll near Kongsvold Fjeldstue in the Drivdalen (= ‘Kongsvold’; = ‘ad Kongsvold’; = ‘Kongsvold, Dovre’; = ‘in alpe Dovre ad Kongsvold’; = ‘in alpe Dovre’).

Taxonomic note

After Lengersdorf (1930a: 52) and Tuomikoski (1960: 145) Sciara testacea Zetterstedt, described in Zetterstedt (1838: 826), does not belong to the Sciaridae, but to the Diadocidiidae [= Diadocidia testacea (Zetterstedt, 1938)]. Zetterstedt (1851: 3763) later describes another ‘Sciara testacea’ [preocc.; not Sciara testacea Zetterstedt, 1838], which without doubt belongs to the Sciaridae and was renamed by Zetterstedt himself as Sciara rufescens [see Zetterstedt (1852: 4545)]. Siebke (1877: 212) used the name ‘Sciara testacea Zetterstedt’ in connection with Zetterstedt’s original description in volume ‘X’ of ‘Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta’ (Zetterstedt 1851). For that reason the citation by Siebke (1877) and the Norwegian record on page 212 is preliminarily included here.

In the here presented checklist of Norwegian Sciaridae, Bradysia vagans (Winnertz, 1868) is missing, with its synonyms B. angustipennis Frey, 1948 [preocc.], B. callicera Frey, 1948 and B. richardi Gerbachevskaja, 1986. This is a very common species throughout Europe. It is dark brown, with rather broad wings and unicoloured dark-brown antennae, but is not distinguishable by the male genitalia from the reddish-yellow Bradysia rufescens (Zetterstedt). It is possible, that there are some misidentified specimens of Bradysia vagans (Winnertz) among the records of ‘Bradysia rufescens’, published before Tuomikoski (1960).

Ecological note

In the grass in humid places; in botanical gardens. Phenology: Jun.–Aug.

Bradysia sordida (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Literature

Faunistics: Siebke (1863): 176; Siebke (1877): 212 [both as Sciara sordida]. Taxonomy: Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 185 [as Bradysia sordida].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norwegen’) • Oppland; Dovre, Hjerkinn NW of Folldal in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘in alpe Dovre, ad Jerkin’; = ‘Jerkin’) • Trøndelag; Oppdal, in the Drivdalen (= ‘Drivdalen’) • Oppdal, Kongsvoll near Kongsvold Fjeldstue in the Drivdalen (= ‘in alpe Dovre ad Kongsvold’).

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jul.–Aug.

Bradysia strenua (Winnertz, 1867)

Synonyms

= annulata absoloni (Bezzi, 1911); = ardua (Grzegorzek, 1884); = watsoni Colless, 1962.

Literature

Faunistics: Broadley et al. (2018): 230 [as Bradysia strenua]. Taxonomy: Mohrig and Menzel (1993): 283; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 142; Broadley et al. (2018): 229 [all as Bradysia strenua].

Locality

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norway’).

Ecological note

Habitat not specified. Phenology: without data.

Bradysia strigata (Staeger, 1840)

Synonym

Camptochaeta delicata (Lengersdorf, 1935)

Synonyms

= macrodon (Frey, 1948); = pallidiventris (Holmgren, 1869) [preocc.].

Literature

Faunistics: Holmgren (1869): 15, 53 [as Sciara pallidiventris]; Edwards (1922): 196; Edwards (1924): 164; Summerhayes and Elton (1923): 262; Edwards (1925): 354; Summerhayes and Elton (1928): 209, 218, 228, 236; Lengersdorf (1930a): 55 [all as Sciara pallidiventris]; Edwards (1935): 534 [as Sciara sp. indet. and Sciara pallidiventris]; Lengersdorf (1935): 75; Soot-Ryen (1942): 77 [both as Neosciara delicata]; Frey (1948): 86, 91 [as Bradysia (Diorychophthalma) macrodon]; Tuomikoski (1967): 47 [as Corynoptera macrodon] and 50 [as Sciara delicata]; Hippa and Vilkamaa (1994): 36 [as Camptochaeta delicata]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 197 [as Camptochaeta delicata and Sciara pallidiventris]; Coulson and Refseth (2004): 102 [as Camptochaeta delicata (Frey); recte (Lengersdorf)]; Hågvar et al. (2007): 67; Komarova et al. (2007): 6 [both as Corynoptera delicata]; Coulson (2008): 161; Coulson (2013): 154 [both as Camptochaeta delicata (Frey); recte (Lengersdorf)]; Mohrig et al. (2013): 174 [as Camptochaeta delicata]. Taxonomy: Hippa and Vilkamaa (1994): 36; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 197; Mohrig et al. (2013): 174 [all as Camptochaeta delicata].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norway’) • Finnmark; Karasjok, 20 km N of Karasjok (= ‘20 km N of Karasjok’).

• Svalbard; Bjørnøya (= ‘Bear Island’) • Bjørnøya, Brettingsdalen at the E side of Miseryfjellet (= ‘Bear Island, Brettingsdalen’) • Spitsbergen, Adventdalen, Fivelflyane 8 km E of Longyearbyen (= ‘Adventdalen, Fivelflyane’) • Spitsbergen, Adventfjorden at the W coast (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Advent Bay’; = ‘Spetsbergia, Advent Bay’; = ‘Spitzbergen, bei der Advent Bay’; = ‘Adventfjorden [Advent Bay]’) • Spitsbergen, Aldert Dirkses Bugt in the Wijdefjorden (= ‘Spitsbergen, Aldert Dirkses Bay District [Wijde Bay]’) • Spitsbergen, Billefjorden between Dickson Land and Bünsow Land (= ‘head of Billefjorden [Klaas Billen Bay]’) • Spitsbergen, Bünsow Land, Brucebyen 0.5 km S of Kapp Napier (= ‘Spitsbergen, Bruce City, head of Klaas Billen Bay’; = ‘Spitsbergen, Klaas Billen Bay (Bruce City Region), around Bruce City’; = ‘Bruce City, Klaas Billen Bay (S.)’; = ‘Brucebyen [Bruce City]’) • Spitsbergen, Haakon VII Land, Bockfjorden at the W side of Woodfjorden (= ‘Bockfjorden’) • Spitsbergen, Haakon VII Land, Reinsdyrflya, at the Liefdefjorden (= ‘Spitsbergen, Reindeer Peninsula, at the Liefde Bay’; = ‘N. Spitsbergen, Liefde Bay’; = ‘Liefdefjorden [Liefde Bay]’) • Spitsbergen, Haakon VII Land, S side and centre of Reinsdyrflya (= ‘West Spitsbergen Island, south side and centre of the east half of Reindeer Peninsula’) • Spitsbergen, Isfjorden (= ‘Isfjorden’) • Spitsbergen, Isfjorden, Dickson Land, Kapp Thordsen (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Cap Torsden in Isfjorden’; = ‘Cap Torsden’) • Spitsbergen, Kobbefjorden at the NW coast near the Danskøya (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Kobbebay’; = ‘Kobbefjorden [Kobbebay]’) • Spitsbergen, Longyearbyen (= ‘Spitzbergen, Longyearbyen’; = ‘Longyearbyen auf Spitzbergen’; = ‘Longyearbyen’) • Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet (= ‘Spitsbergen, North-East Land’) • Spitsbergen, Nordenskiöld Land, Arctowskifjellet mountain S of Sassenfjorden (= ‘Arctowskifjellet’) • Spitsbergen, Nordenskiöld Land, Helvetiadalen between the mountains Helvetiafjellet and Artowskifjellet N of Adventdalen (= ‘front face of Helvetiadalen’) • Spitsbergen, Ny-Friesland, Dirksbukta at the S side of the Dirksodden (= ‘Dirksbukta [Aldert Dirkses Bay]’; = ‘N. Spitsbergen, Albert Dirkses Bay’) • Spitsbergen, Sassen-Bünsow Land, Sassendalen (= ‘Sassendalen’) • Spitsbergen, Sigridholmen, Kongsfjorden • Spitsbergen, Wijdefjorden (= ‘N. Spitsbergen, Wijde Bay’; = ‘Wijdefjorden [Wijde Bay]’) • Spitsbergen, without further locality details (= ‘Spetsbergen; = ‘Spitsbergen’; = ‘Spitzbergen’).

Ecological note

From plants on flower slopes; Dryas community on mountain slopes (Dryas octopetala, Carex misandra, Cerania vermicularis, Cetraria nivalis); over leaves and flowers of Dryas plants; Cassiope heath; lichen-moss heath; plant community ‘fjaeldmark’ (= feldmark; mountain field) with phanerogams, mosses, lichens and Salix polaris; on Saxifraga oppositifolia; from grass; under stones with some vegetation; on beaches with Salix polaris and mosses; on shingly raised beaches with Dryas (all Svalbard records). Phenology: Jul.–Aug.

Camptochaeta fallax Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994

Literature

Faunistics: Hippa and Vilkamaa (1994): 19; Rudzinski and Ševčík (2012): 146 [both as Camptochaeta fallax]. Taxonomy: Hippa and Vilkamaa (1994): 19; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 194 [both as Camptochaeta fallax].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norway’) • Finnmark; Lebesby, at the Matselva (= ‘Mattselva’) • Porsanger, Børselv NE of Lakselv at the E coast of Porsangerfjorden (= ‘Börselv’).

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jul.

Camptochaeta hirtula (Lengersdorf, 1934)

Synonym

Ecological note

On plants of Taxus media. Phenology: Apr.

Claustropyga brevichaeta (Mohrig & Antonova, 1978)

Literature

Faunistics: Hippa et al. (2003): 488; Vilkamaa et al. (2013): 22 [both as Claustropyga brevichaeta]. Taxonomy: Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 222 [as Corynoptera brevichaeta]; Hippa et al. (2003): 488 [as Claustropyga brevichaeta].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norway’) • Trøndelag; Oppdal, Kongsvoll near Kongsvold Fjeldstue in the Drivdalen (= ‘Oppdal, Kungsvoll’).

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jun.–Jul.

Claustropyga refrigerata (Lengersdorf, 1930)

Synonym

= scandinavica (Rudzinski, 1992).

Literature

Faunistics: Lengersdorf (1930b): 3; Soot-Ryen (1942): 80 [both as Neosciara refrigerata]; Tuomikoski (1960): 47; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 250 [both as Corynoptera refrigerata]; Hippa et al. (2003): 502 [as Claustropyga refrigerata]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 43, 46; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 250 [both as Corynoptera refrigerata]; Hippa et al. (2003): 501 [as Claustropyga refrigerata].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Nordnorwegen’) • Finnmark; ? Tana, Hangalacærro mountain near Austertana (= ‘Finnmark, Caerro’) • Troms; Balsfjord, Fjellfrøsvatnet [Fjellfroskvannet] N of Øverbygd (= ‘Fjellfrøskvann’) • Balsfjord, Øverbygd (= ‘Øverbygd’) • Kvænangen (= ‘Kvaenangen’) • Tromsø (= ‘Tromsø’) • Tromsø, lake Prestvannet on the Tromsøya (= ‘Prestvann, Tromsø’) • Tromsø, Ramfjorden (= ‘Ramfjord’) [misinterpretation in Menzel and Mohrig (2000), not ‘Ramsøyfjord zwischen den Inseln Smøla und Hitra’].

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jun.–Aug.

Corynoptera boletiphaga (Lengersdorf, 1940)

Synonyms

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jun.–Jul.

Ecological note

Birch forest with shrubs. Phenology: Jul.

Faunistics: Vilkamaa et al. (2013b): 329 [as Corynoptera subvariegata]. Taxonomy: Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 221; Vilkamaa et al. (2013b): 329 [both as Corynoptera subvariegata].

Locality

• Troms; Nordreisa, Sappen (= ‘Sappen’).

Ecological note

Habitat not specified. Phenology: Jul.

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Aug.

Cratyna (Spathobdella) nobilis (Winnertz, 1867)

Synonyms

= brachialis (Winnertz, 1867); = cunctans (Winnertz, 1871).

Literature

Faunistics: Lengersdorf (1926b): 3 [as Sciara nobilis]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 79 [as Neosciara nobilis]; Tuomikoski (1960): 39 [as Plastosciara (Spathobdella) nobilis]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 35, 38 [as Plastosciara (Spathobdella) nobilis]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 280 [as Cratyna (Spathobdella) nobilis].

Localities

• Finnmark; Tana, Tanafjorden, fjord Vestertana (= ‘Finmark, Vestertana’) • Vardø, Varangerhalvøya, Persfjorden (= ‘Finmark, Vardø, Persfjord’; = ‘Vardö, Persfjord’) • Nordland; Sørfold, Røsvik at the S shore of Sørfolda (= ‘Røsvik’) • Rogaland; Sandnes, Sandnes S of Stavanger (= ‘Sandnes’) • Troms; Balsfjord, Labukt (= ‘Labukt’) • Balsfjord, Fjellfrøsvatnet [Fjellfroskvannet] N of Øverbygd (= ‘Fjellfrøskvann’) • Tromsø (= ‘Tromsø’) • Tromsø, lake Prestvannet on the Tromsøya (= ‘Prestvann, Tromsø’) • Trøndelag; Levanger, Hestøya NW of Alstahaug, southern tip Måkeskjær (= ‘Måkeskjær’).

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jul.–Sep.

Cratyna (Spathobdella) perplexa (Winnertz, 1867)

Synonyms

= brevicornis (Tuomikoski, 1957); = dispar (Beling, 1885) [preocc.]; = gregaria (Beling, 1872); = pilosa (Rübsaamen, 1894) [preocc.]; = socialis (Winnertz, 1871).

Literature

Faunistics: Soot-Ryen (1942): 80 [as Neosciara socialis]; Menzel et al. (1990): 323 [as Plastosciara (Spathobdella) socialis]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1957): 14 [as Plastosciara (Spathobdella) brevicornis]; Tuomikoski (1960): 35, 37 [as Plastosciara (Spathobdella) socialis]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 284 [as Cratyna (Spathobdella) perplexa].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norwegen’) • Troms; Balsfjord, Fjellfrøsvatnet [Fjellfroskvannet] N of Øverbygd (= ‘Fjellfrøskvann’).

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jul.

Ctenosciara hyalipennis (Meigen, 1804)

Synonyms

= annulata (Meigen, 1818); = autumnalis (Winnertz, 1867); = electa (Grzegorzek, 1884); = eximia (Winnertz, 1867); = insularis (Frey, 1936); = rufa (Grzegorzek, 1884); = sordidella (Zetterstedt, 1851).

Literature

Faunistics: Zetterstedt (1851): 3728 [as Sciara hyalipennis] and 3729 [as Sciara sordidella]; Siebke (1863): 176 [as Sciara hyalipennis]; Siebke (1877): 211 [as Sciara hyalipennis] and 212 [as Sciara sordidella]; Lengersdorf (1926b): 3 [as Sciara autumnalis];

Soot-Ryen (1942) 75 [as Lycoria annulata]; Tuomikoski (1960): 110; Menzel and Martens (1995): 121; Thunes et al. (2003): 493; Thunes et al. (2004): 72, 85 [all as Ctenosciara hyalipennis]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 110; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 295 [both as Ctenosciara hyalipennis].

Localities

Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norwegen’) • Buskerud; Sigdal, Heimseteråsen (= ‘Sigdal’) • Finnmark; Alta, Bojobæskihytta in the Stabbursdalen between Karasjok and Alta (= ‘Bojobæske’) • Alta, Jotkajavre fjellstue on the Finnmarksvidda between Karasjok and Alta (= ‘Jotkajavre’) • Hordaland; Kvam, Geitaknottene naturreservat between Hardangerfjorden and Bjørnafjorden NE of Gjermundshamn (= ‘Kvam, Geitaknottane’) • Nordland; Herøy, Måsvær Island (= ‘Måsvær’) • Oslo; Oslo, Tøyen (= ‘ad Christianiam in Tøien’; = ‘in Töien prope Christianiam’; = ‘in Tøien; = ‘Tøyen, Oslo’) • Oslo, Ryenberg (= ‘monte Ryenbjerg’; = ‘Ryenberg, Oslo’) • Oppland; Dovre, Hjerkinn NW of Folldal in the Gudbrandsdalen (= ‘Hjerkin’) • Lesja, Fogstuen on the Dovrefjell plateau (= ‘Fogstuen’; = ‘Fokstuen’, Dovre’; = ‘in alpe Dovre ad Fokstuen’; = ‘in alpe Dovre’; = ‘Dovre’) • Troms; Nordreisa, woodland and farm Hallen at the E shore of Reisaelva SE of Storslett (= ‘Nordreisa, Hallen’) • Trøndelag; Levanger, Skogn SE of Levanger (= ‘ad diversorium Thyæs in parochia Skogn’; = ‘ad diversorium Thynäs prope Levanger’; = ‘Thynäs’) [= in the accommodation of Thy in Skogn] • Oppdal, Kongsvoll near Kongsvold Fjeldstue in the Drivdalen (= ‘Kongsvold’; = ‘in alpe Dovre ad Kongsvold’; = ‘in alpe Dovre’; = ‘Dovre’).

Ecological note

Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forests with Betula pubescens and Picea abies; rearing of adults from larvae found in rotten wood of gray alder (Alnus incana). Phenology: Jun.–Sep.

Faunistics: Tuomikoski (1960): 100 [as Caenosciara alnicola]; Menzel et al. (1990): 347 [as Caenosciara (Bonessia) alnicola]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1957): 16 [as Vimmeria alnicola]; Tuomikoski (1960): 100 [as Caenosciara alnicola]; Mohrig (1970): 144 [as Caenosciara (Bonessia) alnicola]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 319 [as Epidapus (Epidapus) alnicola].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norwegen’) • Troms; Nordreisa, woodland and farm Hallen on the E shore of Reisaelva SE of Storslett (= ‘Troms, Hallen’).

Ecological note

From rotten wood of gray alder (Alnus incana). Phenology: without data.

Epidapus (Epidapus) gracilis (Walker, 1848)

Synonyms

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Aug.–Sep.

Hemineurina inflata (Winnertz, 1867)

Synonyms

= difficilis (Grzegorzek, 1884); = interdicta (Grzegorzek, 1884); = nitens (Winnertz, 1867); = subvenosa (Mohrig & Krivosheina, 1983).

Literature

Faunistics: Zetterstedt (1851): 3758; Siebke (1877): 214 [both as Sciara venosa; misidentification]; Lengersdorf (1926b): 3 [as Sciara inflata]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 80 [in part as Neosciara vittigera; misidentification (only cited inflata specimens)]; Tuomikoski (1960): 77 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) venosa sensu Frey; misidentification]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 75, 77 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) venosa sensu Frey; misidentification]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 403 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) inflata]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019): 50 [as Hemineurina inflata].

Localities

• Nordland; Sømna, Sømnes at the bay Sømnesvika N of Vik (= ‘Sømnes’) • Sørfold, Røsvik at the S shore of Sørfolda (= ‘Røsvik’) • Oslo; Oslo, Tøyen (= ‘in Töien prope Christianiam’; = ‘ad Christianiam in Tøien’; = ‘Tøyen, Oslo’) • Troms; Balsfjord/Målselv/Tromsø [former municipality ‘Malangen’] (= ‘Malangen’) • Tromsø (= ‘Tromsø’) • Tromsø, Ramfjorden (= ‘Ramfjord’) • Trøndelag; Verdal, former poststation ‘Suulstuen’ SE of Vuku at the Jamtlandsvegen [road no. 72] (= ‘in jugo alpino Norvegiæ ad Suulstuen’; = ‘ad Suulstuen Værdaliæ’; = ‘ad Suul Værdaliæ’; = ‘Sulstuen, Værdal’; = ‘ad Suul’).

Ecological note

On mountains. Phenology: Jun.–Aug.

Hemineurina modesta (Staeger, 1840)

Synonyms

= arctica (Holmgren, 1869); = conglomerata (Pettey, 1918); = ecalcarata (Holmgren, 1869); = frigida (Holmgren, 1869) [preocc.]; = fumatella (Lundbeck, 1898); = globiceps (Becher, 1886); = groenlandica (Holmgren, 1872); = holmgreni (Rübsaamen, 1894).

Literature

Faunistics: Holmgren (1869): 16, 52 [as Sciara arctica and Sciara ecalcarata] and 15, 53 [as Sciara frigida]; Becher (1886): 62; Edwards (1923): 236 [both as Sciara globiceps]; Edwards (1925): 354; Summerhayes and Elton (1928): 209, 220, 221, 225 [both as Sciara holmgreni]; Lengersdorf (1930a): 55 [as Sciara arctica and Sciara frigida]; Lengersdorf (1930c): 52 [as Sciara groenlandica]; Edwards (1935): 533; Bertram and Lack (1938): 51 [both as Sciara holmgreni]; Frey (1948): 91 [as Bradysia (Hemineurina) modesta var. frigida]; Tuomikoski (1967): 48 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) modesta], 49 [as Sciara acrctica] and 50 [as Sciara ecalcarata]; Menzel et al. (1990): 337 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) modesta]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 405 [as Sciara acrctica, Sciara ecalcarata and Sciara frigida under Lycoriella (Hemineurina) modesta] and 198 [in the discussion of Camptochaeta delicata; misidentification]; Coulson and Refseth (2004): 103 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) globiceps and Lycoriella (Hemineurina) modesta]; Thunes et al. (2004): 85 [as Lycoriella globiceps]; Coulson (2008): 161; Coulson (2013): 154 [both as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) modesta]; ? Coulson et al. (2013): 6 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) sp.]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 75, 77; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 405; Mohrig et al. (2013) 213 [all as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) modesta]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019): 10, 51 [as Hemineurina modesta].

Localities

• Norway; without further locality details (= ‘Norwegen’) • Buskerud; Sigdal, Heimseteråsen (= ‘Sigdal’).

• Jan Mayen: without further locality details (= ‘Jan Mayen’; = ‘Jan Mayen Island’) • Svalbard; Bjørnøya (= ‘Bear Island’) • Bjørnøya, bay Austervåg at the E coast (= ‘bei Austervåg (B.)’) • Bjørnøya, mining camp Tunheim at the NE coast (= ‘Bear Island, Tunheim’) • Bjørnøya, Røyevatnet in the SW part of island (= ‘Bear Island, Röyevatnet’) • Spitsbergen, Amsterdamøya, Smeerenburg at the SE coast (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Smeerenberg’; = ‘Spitzbergen, Smeerenberg’) • Spitsbergen, Bellsund at the W coast (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Belsund’) • Spitsbergen, Edgeøya at the Storfjorden, ? Kvalpynten at the N side of the mouth of Tjuvfjorden (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Whales Point in Storfjorden’) • Spitsbergen, Grønfjorden (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Green Harbour’; = ‘Spetsbergia, Green Harbour’; = ‘Spitzbergen, Green Harbour’; = ‘Grønfjorden’) • Spitsbergen, Grønfjorden, Barentsburg (= ‘Barentsburg’; = ‘bei Barentsburg (S.)’; = ‘Grønfjord, Barentsburg’) • Spitsbergen, Haakon VII Land, Gerdøya in Dyrevika at the head of Kongsfjorden (= ‘Head of King’s Bay, Deer Bay Island’) • Spitsbergen, Haakon VII Land, Reinsdyrflya, at the Liefdefjorden (= ‘Spitsbergen, Reindeer Peninsula, at the Liefde Bay’) • Spitsbergen, Hiorthhamn [former mining settlement] at the E side of Adventfjorden (= ‘Hjorthhamn’; = ‘Hiorthhamn (S.), bei Residensen’) • Spitsbergen, Kobbefjorden at the NW coast near the Danskøya (= ‘in Spetsbergia ad Kobbebay’; = ‘in Spetsbergia ad Kobbebay [Spitzbergen, bei Kobbefjorden]’; = ‘Kobbebay’; = ‘Kobbefjorden’) • Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet (= ‘Spitsbergen, North-East Land’) • Spitsbergen, Nordenskiöld Land, Mälardalen at the N side of the mouth of Adventelva (= ‘Mælardalen’; = ‘Maelardalen [Mælardalen]’) • Spitsbergen, without further locality details (= ‘Spetsbergen; = ‘Spitzbergen’; = ‘Spitsbergen’).

Ecological note

Lichen-moss heath; bogs (grass-swamp); mats of Luzula confusa and mosses; in hollows and slight crevices of erratic boulders with mosses and lichens; plant community ‘fjaeldmark’ (= feldmark; mountain field) with phanerogams, mosses, lichens and Salix polaris; in mosses and lichens; on grass-leaves, moss-hummocks and hard snowdrifts near streams; among stones; from plants in stony areas and on large boulders; mixture of discarded greenhouse soil and manure from animal houses (all Svalbard records); Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forests with Betula pubescens and Picea abies. Phenology: Jun.–Sep.

Hemineurina postconspicua (Mohrig, 1985)

Literature

Faunistics: Hågvar et al. (2007): 67; Coulson (2008): 161; Coulson (2013): 154 [all as Lycoriella postconspicua]. Taxonomy: Mohrig (1985): 236 [as Lycoriella postconspicua]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 385 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) postconspicua]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019): 51 [as Hemineurina postconspicua].

Localities

• Svalbard; Spitsbergen, Kapp Linné by the Isfjord, Isfjord Radio station (= ‘Svalbard, Isfjord Radio’) • Spitsbergen, Ny-Ålesund.

Ecological note

On dry ridges and slopes, with Saxifraga oppositifolia, mosses and lichens; in the ground vegetation with Poa spec., Oxyria digyna and Deschampsia cespitosa. Phenology: Jun.–Jul.

Hemineurina venosa (Staeger, 1840)

Synonyms

= crassivenosa (Lengersdorf, 1943); = lepida (Winnertz, 1867); = praevenosa (Mohrig & Menzel, 1990).

Literature

Faunistics: Lengersdorf (1926b): 3 [as Sciara lepida]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 78 [as Neosciara lepida]. Taxonomy: Menzel et al. (1990): 337 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) praevenosa]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 407 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) venosa]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019): 51 [as Hemineurina venosa].

Locality

• Troms; Målselv, farm Frihetsli in the Dividalen 32 km SE of Øverbygd (= ‘Frihetsli’).

Ecological note

Habitat not specified. Phenology: Jul.–Aug.

Leptosciarella (Hirtipennia) hirtipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Synonyms

Ecological note

Habitat not specified. Phenology: May.

Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella) trochanterata (Zetterstedt, 1851)

Synonyms

Ecological note

Oak canopies of Quercus robur; in houses; as well as in caves and mines. Phenology: Jun.–Sep.; Mar. and Jul. in caves and mines.

Lycoriella latilobata Menzel & Mohrig, 2000

Literature

Faunistics: Thunes et al. (2004): 85 [as Lycoriella latilobata]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 79, 86 [as Lycoriella (Lycoriella) obscuratipes; misidentification]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 396 [as Lycoriella (Lycoriella) latilobata]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019): 52 [as Lycoriella latilobata].

Locality

• Buskerud; Sigdal, Heimseteråsen (= ‘Sigdal’).

Ecological note

Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forests with Betula pubescens and Picea abies. Phenology: Jun.–Jul.

Lycoriella parva (Holmgren, 1869)

Synonyms

Ecological note

In accumulations of seaweed on sea shores. Phenology: Aug.

Pseudolycoriella paludum (Frey, 1948)

Synonyms

= leucocera (Mohrig & Menzel, 1990); = polliciformis (Freeman, 1990).

Literature

Faunistics: Köhler et al. (2014): 329 [as Pseudolycoriella paludum]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 44, 47 [as Corynoptera paludum]; Menzel et al. (1990): 336 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) leucocera]; Freeman (1990): 54 [as Corynoptera polliciformis]; Menzel and Mohrig (1998): 369; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 474 [both as Pseudolycoriella paludum].

Locality

• Telemark; Drangedal, Djupedal 1.5 km SE of Henneseid (= ‘Drangedal, Djupedal, Henseid’).

Faunistic note

The first specimens of Pseudolycoriella paludum from Norway were identified in our NTI project 2014–2016.

Ecological note

Oak canopies of Quercus robur. Phenology: Jul.

Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara) atomaria (Zetterstedt, 1851)

Synonyms

= borealis (Rübsaamen, 1898); = falsaria (Winnertz, 1867); = hybrida (Winnertz, 1867); = mundula (Winnertz, 1867); = nacta (Johannsen, 1912); = pagana (Winnertz, 1867); = pratinicola (Winnertz, 1867); = radialis (Shaw, 1934); = silvestris (Frey, 1936); = soluta (Winnertz, 1867); = vivida (Winnertz, 1867).

Literature

Faunistics: Zetterstedt (1851): 3761; Siebke (1877): 214 [both as Sciara atomaria]; Lengersdorf (1926b): 4 [as Sciara vivida]; Lengersdorf (1930c): 52 [as Sciara borealis Rübsamer; recte Rübsaamen]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 76 [as Neosciara atomaria], 77 [as Neosciara borealis] and 80 [as Neosciara vivida]; Menzel et al. (1997): 140 [as Scatopsciara atomaria]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 494 [as Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara) atomaria]; Thunes et al. (2004): 85 [as Scatopsciara atomaria]; Mohrig et al. (2013): 235; Köhler et al. (2014): 329 [both as Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara) atomaria]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 151, 153 [as Scaptosciara vivida; recte Scatopsciara]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 494; Mohrig et al. (2013): 235 [both as Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara) atomaria]; Broadley et al. (2018): 234 [as Scatopsciara atomaria].

Localities

• Akershus; Frogn, Sønderstøa-Degerud (= ‘Degerud’) • Buskerud; Sigdal, Heimseteråsen (= ‘Sigdal’) • Finnmark; Alta, Bossekop in Alta (= ‘Bosekop’) • Alta, Jotkajavre fjellstue on the Finnmarksvidda between Karasjok and Alta (= ‘Jotkajavre’) • Karasjok, Karasjok at the river Karasjohka (= ‘Karasjok’) • Hordaland; Kvam, ‘Berge landskapsvernområde’ [protected landscape area with the Bergsvatnet] NW of Tørvikbygd (= ‘Kvam, Berge’) • Telemark; Drangedal, woodland Steinknapp SW of Drangedal (= ‘Drangedal, Steinknapp’) • Porsgrunn, Mule Varde SE of Porsgrunn at the Eidangerfjorden (= ‘Porsgrunn, Mule Varde’) • Troms; Tromsø (= ‘Tromsø’) • Tromsø, lake Prestvannet on the Tromsøya (= ‘Prestvann, Tromsø’) • Trøndelag; Levanger, Hestøya NW of Alstahaug, southern tip Måkeskjær (= ‘Måkeskjær’) • Levanger, Skogn SE of Levanger (= ‘ad diversorium Thynäs’; = ‘ad Thyæs in Skogn’; = ‘Thynäs’; = ‘Tynes, Værdal’) [= in the accommodation of Thy in Skogn].

• Svalbard; Bjørnøya, Mosevatnet near Kapp Forsberg (= ‘bei Mosevatnet (B.)’).

Taxonomic note

The syntypes (two females) of Sciara borealis Rübsaamen were studied by the senior author and identified as a junior synonym of Scatopsciara atomaria (Zetterstedt). More detailed information will be presented in a separate publication about the Sciara species described by Rübsaamen (1898).

Ecological note

Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forests with Betula pubescens and Picea abies; oak canopies of Quercus robur. In mosses, lichens and Salix plants (Svalbard records). Phenology: Jun.–Oct.

Faunistics: Lengersdorf (1926b): 6 [as Sciara brevicubitalis]; Soot-Ryen (1942): 77 [as Neosciara brevicubitalis]; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 408 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) brevicubitalis]. Taxonomy: Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 408 [as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) brevicubitalis]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019): 19, 53 [as Trichocoelina brevicubitalis].

Localities

• Finnmark; Alta, Bojobæskihytta in the Stabbursdalen between Karasjok and Alta (= ‘Bojobæske’) • Alta, Jotkajavre fjellstue on the Finnmarksvidda between Karasjok and Alta (= ‘Jotkajavre’) • Karasjok, Karasjok at the river Karasjohka (= ‘Karasjok’) • Nordland; Sørfold, Røsvik on the S shore of Sørfolda (= ‘Røsvik’).

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: Jul.–Aug.

Trichocoelina cochleata (Rübsaamen, 1898)

Synonym

= haemorrhoidalis (Lundbeck, 1898).

Literature

Faunistics: Soot-Ryen (1942): 77 [as Neosciara cochleata]; Tuomikoski (1960): 76; Tuomikoski (1967): 47; Coulson and Refseth (2004): 103; Coulson (2008): 161; Coulson (2013): 154; Mohrig et al. (2013): 270 [all as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) cochleata]. Taxonomy: Tuomikoski (1960): 75, 76; Menzel and Mohrig (2000): 409; Mohrig et al. (2013): 270 [all as Lycoriella (Hemineurina) cochleata]; Vilkamaa and Menzel (2019): 16, 21, 53 [as Trichocoelina cochleata].

Localities

Ecological note

Habitats not specified. Phenology: May–Jul.

Xylosciara (Xylosciara) trimera Tuomikoski, 1960

Literature

Checklist of Norwegian Sciaridae

Bradysia Winnertz, 1867

affinis (Zetterstedt, 1838)

alpicola (Winnertz, 1867)

angustipennis Winnertz, 1867

bicolor (Meigen, 1818)

brevispina Tuomikoski, 1960

confinis (Winnertz, 1867)

distincta (Staeger, 1840)

fenestralis (Zetterstedt, 1838)

flavipila Tuomikoski, 1960

forficulata (Bezzi, 1914)

fungicola (Winnertz, 1867)

giraudii (Egger, 1862)

hilariformis Tuomikoski, 1960

hilaris (Winnertz, 1867)

impatiens (Johannsen, 1912)

inusitata (Tuomikoski, 1960)

iridipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838)

lapponica (Lengersdorf, 1926)

longicubitalis (Lengersdorf, 1924)

nervosa (Meigen, 1818)

nitidicollis (Meigen, 1818)

opaca (Winnertz, 1871)

pallipes (Fabricius, 1787)

pauperata (Winnertz, 1867)

placida (Winnertz, 1867)

praecox (Meigen, 1818)

quercina Menzel & Köhler, 2014

rufescens (Zetterstedt, 1852)

sordida (Zetterstedt, 1838)

strenua (Winnertz, 1867)

strigata (Staeger, 1840)

tilicola (Loew, 1850)

trivittata (Staeger, 1840)

vernalis (Zetterstedt, 1851)

Bradysiopsis Tuomikoski, 1960

vittigera (Zetterstedt, 1851)

Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994

bournei (Shaw, 1941)

camptochaeta (Tuomikoski, 1960)

consimilis (Holmgren, 1869)

delicata (Lengersdorf, 1935)

fallax Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994

hirtula (Lengersdorf, 1934)

mimica Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994

truncata Vilkamaa & Mohrig, 2013

xystica Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994

Chaetosciara Frey, 1942

estlandica (Lengersdorf, 1929)

Claustropyga Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig, 2003

brevichaeta (Mohrig & Antonova, 1978)

refrigerata (Lengersdorf, 1930)

Corynoptera Winnertz, 1867

boletiphaga (Lengersdorf, 1940)

brachypennis (Lengersdorf, 1926)

defecta (Frey, 1948)

fatigans (Johannsen, 1912)

flavicauda (Zetterstedt, 1855)

forcipata (Winnertz, 1867)

hypopygialis (Lengersdorf, 1926)

irmgardis (Lengersdorf, 1930)

membranigera (Kieffer, 1903)

minima (Meigen, 1818)

montana (Winnertz, 1869)

penna (Pettey, 1918)

roederi (Lengersdorf, 1931)

saetistyla Mohrig & Krivosheina, 1985

sphenoptera Tuomikoski, 1960

spoeckeri (Lengersdorf, 1930)

subtilis (Lengersdorf, 1929)

subvariegata Rudzinski, 1992

trepida (Winnertz, 1867)

waltraudis Mohrig & Mamaev, 1987

Cratyna Winnertz, 1867

SG Cratyna Winnertz, 1867 s. str.

ambigua (Lengersdorf, 1934)

atra Winnertz, 1867

hirticornis (Meigen, 1818)

longipennis (Lengersdorf, 1931)

uliginosa (Lengersdorf, 1929)

uliginosoides Heller, Köhler & Menzel, 2016

SG Spathobdella Frey, 1948

colei (Freeman, 1990)

falcata (Tuomikoski, 1960)

longispina (Pettey, 1918)

nobilis (Winnertz, 1867)

perplexa (Winnertz, 1867)

Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, 1960

hyalipennis (Meigen, 1804)

lutea (Meigen, 1804)

Dichopygina Vilkamaa, Hippa & Komarova, 2004

aculeata Vilkamaa, Hippa & Komarova, 2004

bernhardi Vilkamaa, Hippa & Komarova, 2004

nigrohalteralis (Frey, 1948)

ramosa Vilkamaa, Hippa & Komarova, 2004

Dolichosciara Tuomikoski, 1960

flavipes (Meigen, 1804)

Epidapus Haliday, 1851

SG Epidapus Haliday, 1851 s. str.

alnicola (Tuomikoski, 1957)

gracilis (Walker, 1848)

Hemineurina Frey, 1942

abbrevinervis (Holmgren, 1869)

conspicua (Winnertz, 1867)

inflata (Winnertz, 1867)

modesta (Staeger, 1840)

postconspicua (Mohrig, 1985)

venosa (Staeger, 1840)

Leptosciarella Tuomikoski, 1960

SG Hirtipennia Mohrig & Menzel, 1997

hirtipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838)

SG Leptosciarella Tuomikoski, 1960 s. str.

fuscipalpa (Mohrig & Mamaev, 1979)

hispida (Winnertz, 1867)

nudinervis (Tuomikoski, 1960)

pilosa (Staeger, 1840)

scutellata (Staeger, 1840)

trochanterata (Zetterstedt, 1851)

truncata (Tuomikoski, 1960)

Lycoriella Frey, 1942

brevipila Tuomikoski, 1960

ingenua (Dufour, 1839)

latilobata Menzel & Mohrig, 2000

parva (Holmgren, 1869)

piristylata Vilkamaa, Hippa & Heller, 2013

sativae (Johannsen, 1912)

Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig, 1998

paludum (Frey, 1948)

Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927

SG Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927 s. str.

atomaria (Zetterstedt, 1851)

brevicornis (Zetterstedt, 1851)

calamophila Frey, 1948

fluviatilis (Lengersdorf, 1940)

multispina (Bukowski & Lengersdorf, 1936)

nana (Winnertz, 1871)

neglecta Menzel & Mohrig, 1998

pusilla (Meigen, 1818)

vitripennis (Meigen, 1818)

Schwenckfeldina Frey, 1942

carbonaria (Meigen, 1830)

tridentata (Rübsaamen, 1898)

Sciara Meigen, 1803

flavimana Zetterstedt, 1851

hemerobioides (Scopoli, 1763)

humeralis Zetterstedt, 1851

ruficauda Meigen, 1818

Trichocoelina Vilkamaa & Menzel, 2019

brevicubitalis (Lengersdorf, 1926)

cochleata (Rübsaamen, 1898)

ithyspina Vilkamaa & Menzel, 2019

jukkai Vilkamaa & Menzel, 2019

obesula Vilkamaa & Menzel, 2019

oricillifera Vilkamaa & Menzel, 2019

semisphaera Vilkamaa & Menzel, 2019

vitticollis (Holmgren, 1883)

Trichosia Winnertz, 1867

SG Mouffetina Frey, 1942

expolita (Coquillett, 1900)

SG Trichosia Winnertz, 1867 s. str.

caudata (Walker, 1848)

confusa Menzel & Mohrig, 1997

edwardsi (Lengersdorf, 1930)

flavicoxa Tuomikoski, 1960

lengersdorfi Heller, Köhler & Menzel, 2016

splendens Winnertz, 1867

Xylosciara Tuomikoski, 1957

SG Xylosciara Tuomikoski, 1957 s. str.

heptacantha Tuomikoski, 1957

spinata (Pettey, 1918)

trimera Tuomikoski, 1960

validinervis Tuomikoski, 1960

Zygoneura Meigen, 1830

SG Zygoneura Meigen, 1830 s. str.

sciarina Meigen, 1830

Doubtful species

fuscipennis Meigen, 1818 [Sciara]

longipes Meigen, 1818 [Sciara]

nigripes Meigen, 1830 [Sciara]

pulicaria Meigen, 1818 [Sciara]

Discussion

In this literature review we document the knowledge on the Sciaridae of Norway accumulated up to 31 December 2019, which was basically the status quo before we started our nationwide taxonomic inventory funded by the NBIC. Nonetheless, data compiled here are the result of a meticulous study of the literature in the past six years, and thus a direct outcome of our NTI projects.

History of data collection. The first mention of black fungus gnats in Norway was by Ramus (1735). In our literature study we evaluated 111 literature sources published during a period of 285 years (Fig. 5). Of these, 43 papers contain first records of species identified between 1838 and 2019 (Fig. 6). Most publications reported the occurrence of ‘army worms’ until the middle of the 19^th century and it was only with Zetterstedt (1838) that faunistic investigations began to be based on detailed Norwegian data at the species level. Of the 147 species now registered, the taxonomic status of four recorded by Zetterstedt (1838, 1851, 1855) is still unclear and these are treated here as doubtful species.

Figure 5.

Number of publications on Norwegian sciarid fauna per decade between 1730 and 2020.

Not surprisingly, knowledge about the composition of the Norwegian sciarid fauna did not increase continuously. Roughly three different time periods of taxonomic work can be distinguished (Fig. 6). The first period began with the work of Johann Wilhelm Zetterstedt (1785–1874), who described the first two Norwegian species in 1838. Later he published four additional books containing Norwegian records (Zetterstedt 1851, 1852, 1855, 1871). Other famous entomologists such as Francis Walker (1809–1874), Johan Heinrich Spalckhawer Siebke (1816–1875), August Emil Holmgren (1829–1888), and Wilhelm Maribo Schøyen (1844–1918) also contributed to an inventory of the Norwegian fauna. After 51 years, 41 sciarid species were recorded, representing 28% of the currently known species inventory. After an intermission of over 35 years, the second period began in 1926. Between 1926 and 1931 Franz Lengersdorf (1880–1965) added 19 new records to the faunistic inventory. Shortly thereafter, in the timescale of taxonomic and faunistic studies, Tron Soot-Ryen (1896–1986) and the founder of modern sciarid taxonomy Risto Kalevi Tuomikoski (1911–1989) recorded a further 17 species. Thus, in the second period, 36 species were recorded for the first time in Norway, representing a quarter of the known fauna. In the early 1990s, the number of publications and consequently the number of recorded species rose steeply. The increase was almost 86%, from 77 before 1990 to the current 143. The majority of these new records were provided by the dipterists Heikki Hippa, Frank Menzel, and Pekka Vilkamaa.

Figure 6.

Cumulative increase of the number of Norwegian species records of Sciaridae (red line) and the number of corresponding publications (bars) containing first records per decade until 31 December 2019.

For the closely related family Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats), Gammelmo and Søli (2006) described a similar curve of knowledge increase. Here, also, the beginning of the recording of the Norwegian fauna goes back to the middle of the 19^th century. Through several fundamental works by J.W. Zetterstedt and J.H.S. Siebke, Siebke (1877) was already able to list an inventory of 53 Norwegian species. After this period the Mycetophilidae received only little attention until a few publications appeared in the 1970s. This was followed in 1994 by a steep increase in faunistic knowledge, leading to more than 600 fungus gnat species having been recorded from Norway to date (see Gammelmo and Søli (2006), and subsequent papers). Records of approximately 200 additional species discovered in recent studies will soon be published (J. Kjærandsen, pers. comm.).

Diversity in Northern Europe. It is obvious that the 143 species summarised here are only a part of the extant sciarid fauna in Norway. We know of numerous additional species that will be dealt with in subsequent publications, including many new to science. We anticipate that the number of species in Norway is at least similar to that in Finland (370) (Vilkamaa 2014, Heller et al. 2015, Salmela et al. 2015, Hippa and Vilkamaa 2016, Vilkamaa and Menzel 2019) and Sweden (299) (Heller et al. 2009, 2015, 2016; Heller and Menzel 2013; Vilkamaa et al. 2013a–c; Vilkamaa and Menzel 2019), although the inventory for Sweden in particular is highly incomplete (Menzel et al. 2020). Even so, the results of our projects should not be regarded as exhaustive; there are still large areas, including very promising habitats, in which sciarids remain poorly sampled or have not been collected at all. Also, as the senior author’s experience with the German fauna (more than 650 species) has shown, the high proportion of rare, or rarely collected, species makes it impossible to achieve a comprehensive inventory during a study period of only five years. Due to the diversity of landscape structures, climate conditions, and habitats, the number of sciarid species in Norway, including the Arctic islands, must be 20% higher than that in Sweden and Finland. Consequently, knowledge on the black fungus gnats in Norway summarised here is still incomplete and represents only 30% of the estimated inventory of ca. 450–500 species. The numbers mentioned above are an indication that we are still far from having a complete knowledge of sciarid diversity in Scandinavia, and that extensive research will be needed in the future.

Distribution and phenology in Norway. A rough summary of recorded species by mainland counties south and north of the Arctic Circle, including the offshore islands (Fig. 7) shows that a majority of 83 species were found in southern Norway while the northern mainland supports 74 species. The known species inventory of the Arctic islands ranges from three (Jan Mayen) to 13 (Spitsbergen). Our literature survey shows that some species are very common and widely distributed on the Norwegian mainland (e.g., Bradysia nitidicollis, B. rufescens, Ctenosciara hyalipennis, Lycoriella ingenua, Scatopsciara atomaria, Sc. vitripennis), similar to the situation in other European countries. Some species not only inhabit the entire mainland, but also reach the arctic islands (e.g., Bradysia nervosa, B. praecox). In addition, there are also species with a relatively large number of records, which are apparently adapted to a harsh climate with a short vegetation-growth period. These species (e.g., Camptochaeta consimilis, Cam. delicata, Schwenckfeldina tridentata, Trichocoelina cochleata and Trichoc. vitticollis) were only found in the far north (Troms, Finnmark) and/or on the Arctic islands of Jan Mayen, Bjørnøya and Spitsbergen. On the other hand, several species seem to occur only in southern Norway (e.g., Cratyna uliginosoides, Sciara hemerobioides, Trichosia lengersdorfi). The areas south of the Arctic Circle in particular have not been sufficiently investigated. At least 350 sciarid species are expected in southern Norway including the high mountains. By contrast, the number of species on the Arctic islands will be probably increase only slightly (up to 20).

Figure 7.

Distribution of sciarid species in Norway based on published records until 31 December 2019. ‘North Norway’ includes the counties Nordland, Troms and Finnmark, while the remaining counties of the Norwegian mainland are grouped as ‘South Norway’.

The very species-rich genera Bradysia Winnertz, Corynoptera Winnertz and Scatopsciara Edwards are still largely underrepresented in the papers published so far (see checklist). Many Holarctic species of the genera Claustropyga Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig, Hemineurina Frey, and Lycoriella Frey are also still missing. Only one or two species of Epidapus Haliday, Dolichosciara Tuomikoski and Pseudolycoriella Menzel and Mohrig have been reported from Norway so far. The genera Cosmosciara Frey, Hyperlasion Schmitz, Phytosciara Frey, Prosciara Frey, Pnyxia Johannsen, Pnyxiopsis Tuomikoski, Scythropochroa Enderlein and Stenacanthella Vilkamaa and Menzel are not known yet from Norway. They were recorded from many countries in central and northern Europe, mostly with few species, and may also be present in Norway.

According to all literature sources, sciarids were found from March to October with a clear peak in July (Fig. 8). However, this is far from providing a realistic picture of the phenology. Together with the higher ‘accumulation of species’ in June and August, it reflects the preferred collecting period of entomologists in the summer rather than the actual phenology of Sciaridae. The sciarid records considered here are mostly from by-catches, whereas targeted long-term studies carried out with standardised trapping methods over several years in the same habitat type in Norway have not yet been undertaken.

Figure 8.

Phenology of sciarid species in Norway based on the flight times of adults summarised from the published records until 31 December 2019.

Thiede (1977) and Feldmann (1992), for example, studied the emergence times and activity patterns of sciarids over a two to three year period in selected beech, spruce and pine forests in Germany. They found that sciarid phenology can vary significantly between studied forest ecosystems based on the species identified. Under temperate climatic conditions (e.g., in Central Europe) adults usually have two activity phases: mid-March to early June and early August to late September, with two peaks in April and September. Depending on precipitation and temperature, the first peak may shift to March or May and the second peak to June/July or October/November. Numerous ecological studies have shown that some species complete two generations per year in Central Europe, in spring and late summer or autumn. Other species are univoltine, with only one generation in spring, summer or late summer (Thiede 1977).

Unfortunately, data on Norwegian sciarids are still too sparse for a solid evaluation. Some common species are present from spring to autumn, similar to those in Central Europe (e.g., Bradysia nitidicollis, Cratyna uliginosa, Cr. uliginosoides, Lycoriella ingenua, Scatopsciara atomaria, Scatopsciara vitripennis, Trichosia lengersdorfi). In southern Norway some species could be bivoltine (e.g., Bradysia iridipennis, Trichosia caudata). It is to be expected for Norway that the phenologies of species adapted to temperate habitats will differ clearly from those of subpolar sites. The period of adult activity probably shortens significantly with increasing northern latitude, shifting to the summer months of June to August due to the short vegetation-growth period in the far north and Arctic islands (e.g. Camptochaeta consimilis, C. delicata, Trichocoelina vitticollis).

Outlook. The Sciaridae is still one of the most poorly studied families of Diptera in Norway, especially in the interior of the country, which is mostly unexplored. The life history of most Norwegian sciarid species (including immature stages and life cycles) are largely unknown. In addition, at present only little information exists on habitat preferences of the northern European species, especially those with a subarctic and arctic distribution. As a consequence, the family was not included in the new Red List for Norway (Gammelmo et al. 2015). Knowledge on Sciaridae at the species level is important for understanding the complexity of terrestrial ecosystems, in particular woodland decomposition processes. The first step in establishing such knowledge must be to determine which species occur in Norway and in which habitats they thrive.

The above-mentioned NTI projects (including the present study) aimed to survey sciarids that are found in the wide array of natural habitats in Norway and in the ‘Natur i Norge’ (NiN) system. Another objective is to provide the Norwegian scientific community with tools for identifying Norwegian sciarids, including identification keys, reference collections and genetic resources. Both projects will also contribute to global biodiversity initiatives by providing data on species occurrence, genetic diversity and geographic distribution. Knowledge on the sciarid fauna in Norway is thus expected to increase considerably in the next few years. Continuous collecting efforts and taxonomic studies will provide a solid new base of knowledge on Sciaridae in Norway. Finally, we hope that the present study will contribute to a better understanding of an interesting insect group and close existing gaps of knowledge in biodiversity research, especially on the sciarid fauna of Scandinavia.

Acknowledgements

The authors are deeply grateful to the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative (Artsprosjektet) for funding our projects on the sciarid fauna of Norway (2014–2016: grant no. 70184228; 2017–2018: grant no. 70184237). Our colleagues Dr Mathias Jaschhof (Station Linné, Färjestaden, Sweden), Kai Heller (Heikendorf, Germany), and Björn Rulik (ZFMK, Bonn, Germany) read the manuscript critically and gave valuable comments and additions. This work was also supported by Prof. Dr Torbjørn Ekrem and Dr Elisabeth Stur (NTNU-VM, Trondheim, Norway), Prof. Dr Jostein Kjærandsen (TMUC, Tromsø, Norway), Prof. Dr Geir E.E. Søli (NHMO, Oslo, Norway), Dr Pekka Vilkamaa (UZMH, Helsinki, Finland), and Dr Karl H. Thunes (NIBR, Ås, Norway). They provided us with samples in alcohol, loaned Norwegian sciarid specimens, provided various information about the collections included, or looked after FM and AK during the working stays at the museums in Helsinki, Tromsø, and Trondheim. We are also indebted to Andrew Liston (SDEI, Müncheberg, Germany) for checking the English.

References

Antonova EB (1978) A review of the genus Sciara Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from the USSR. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 57(1): 180–187. [in Russian]

Becher E (1886) F. Insekten von Jan Mayen. Gesammelt von Dr. F. Fischer, Arzt der Österreichischen Expedition auf Jan Mayen. In: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften (Ed.) Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882–1883. Die Österreichische Polarstation Jan Mayen ausgerüstet durch seine Excellenz Graf Hanns Wilczek, geleitet vom k. k. Corvetten-Capitän Emil Edlen von Wohlgemuth. Beobachtungs-Ergebnisse. 3. Band, VI. Theil. Zoologie. Karl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien, 59–66. [+1 plate]

Berthold AA (1845) Mittheilung über den Heerwurm oder Wurmdrachen. Nachrichten von der Georg August Universität und der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 5: 65–78.

Berthold AA (1854) Der Heerwurm gebildet von Larven der Thomas-Trauermücke, Sciara Thomae [sic!]. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Physikalische Classe 6(1853–1855): 1–52. [+1 plate.]

Berthold AA (1856) Der Heerwurm gebildet von Larven der Thomas-Trauermücke (Sciara Thomae) [sic!]. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Physikalische Classe 6(1853–1855): 39–88. [+1 plate] [reprint of the original publication of 1854]

Bertram GCL, Lack D (1938) Notes on the animal ecology of Bear Island. Journal of Animal Ecology 7(1): 27–52. https://doi.org/10.2307/1113

Bickel DJ, Tasker EM (2004) Tree trunk invertebrates in Australian forests: conserving unknown species and complex processes. In: Lunney D (Ed.) Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna, second edition. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, 888–898. https://doi.org/10.7882/FS.2004.888

Broadley A, Kauschke E, Mohrig W (2018) Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions. Zootaxa 4415(2): 201–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.1

Boheman CH (1847) Årsberättelse om Framstegen i Insekternas, Myriapodernas och Arachnidernas Naturalhistoria under Åren 1845 och 1846. PA Norstedt and Söner, Stockholm, 276 pp.

Boheman CH (1866) Spetsbergens Insekt-Fauna. Öfversigt af Kungliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 22(8): 563–577. [+plate 35]

Camaño Portela JL, Pino Pérez JJ, Pino Pérez R, Silva-Pando FJ (2008) Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera in NW Spain – I. Boletín Biodiversidad en Galicia 4: 91–94.

Coulson SJ (2008) The Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate Fauna of Svalbard; a Check and Reference List. Report online, 17 October 2008, self publishing, Tunebreen, 197 pp. http://svalbardinsects.net/assets/files/pdf/Full%20report.pdf [Accessed on 01.08.2017]

Coulson SJ (2013) The Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate Fauna of Svalbard; a Checklist. Report online, 6 June 2013, self publishing, Tunebreen, 185 pp. [+21 unpaginated pp.] https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/16680115/checklist-of-the-terrestrial-and-freshwater-invertebrate-fauna-unis [Accessed on 03.08.2017]

Coulson SJ, Fjellberg A, Gwiazdowicz DJ, Lebedeva NV, Melekhina EN, Solhøy T, Erséus C, Maraldo K, Miko L, Schatz H, Schmelz RM, Søli G, Stur E (2013) The invertebrate fauna of anthropogenic soils in the High-Arctic settlement of Barentsburg, Svalbard. Polar Research 32(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v32i0.19273

Coulson SJ, Refseth D (2004) Chapter 3. The terrestrial and freshwater invertebrate fauna of Svalbard (and Jan Mayen). In: Prestrud P, Strøm H, Goldman HV (Eds) A Catalogue of the Terrestrial and Marine Animals of Svalbard. Skrifter 201. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, 57–122.

Deleporte S, Charrier M (1996) Comparison of digestive carbohydrases between two forest sciarid (Diptera: Sciaridae) larvae in relation to their ecology. Pedobiologia 40(3): 193–200.

Deleporte S, Rouland C (1991) Étude préliminaire de l’équipement digestif osidasique de Bradysia confinis (Diptera, Sciaridae): implications dans la dégradation de la matière organique. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances. Académie des Sciences Paris (Série 3) 312(4): 165–170.

Edwards FW (1922) XXI. Results of the Oxford University Expedition to Spitsbergen, 1921. No. 14. Diptera Nematocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 10: 193–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932308632762

Edwards FW (1923) XXIV. On the nematocerous Diptera of Jan Mayen Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 11: 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932308632846

Edwards FW (1924) Results of the Merton College Expedition to Spitsbergen, 1923. – No. 4. Diptera Nematocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 14: 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932408633103

Edwards FW (1925) Diptera (Nematocera) from Spitsbergen. Results of the Oxford University Expedition to Spitsbergen, 1924. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 16: 354–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932508633319

Edwards FW (1935) LI. Diptera from Bear Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) 15: 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933508654996

Feldmann R (1992) Die Bodenmakrofauna im Lennebergwald. 1. Die Dipteren. Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv 30: 171–241.

Freeman P (1983) Revisionary notes on British Sciaridae (Diptera). The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 119: 161–170.

Freeman P (1990) Notes on British Sciaridae (Diptera) with descriptions of three new species and of a species new to Britain. The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 126: 51–55.

Frey R (1948) Entwurf einer neuen Klassifikation der Mückenfamilie Sciaridae (Lycoriidae). II. Die nordeuropäischen Arten. Notulae Entomologicae 27(2–4): 33–112.

Gammelmo Ø, Søli G (2006) Norwegian fungus gnats of the family Mycetophilidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Norwegian Journal of Entomology 53(1): 57–69.

Gammelmo Ø, Søli G (2015) Tovinger (Diptera). Norsk rødliste for arter 2015. Electronic version, Artsdatabanken, Trondheim. http://www.artsdatabanken.no/Rodliste/Artsgruppene/Tovinger [Accessed on 30.08.2018]

Gerbachevskaja-Pavluchenko AA (1986) Family Sciaridae. In: Soós Á, Papp L (Eds) Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera 4: Sciaridae – Anisopodidae. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest and Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, 11–72.

Giske LAJ, Blåsmo Aronsen I (2016) Ronald skjønte ingenting da dette dukket opp i hagen: – Det så ut som det kom rett fra en film. – iTromsø, online published on 5 July 2016, unpaginated page + film. https://www.itromso.no/nyheter/2016/07/05/Ronald-skj%C3%B8nte-ingenting-da-dette-dukket-opp-i-hagen-%E2%80%93-Det-s%C3%A5-ut-som-det-kom-rett-fra-en-film-12998367.ece [Accessed on 19.07.2018]

Greve Jensen L (1979) Hærmygg-prosesjoner. Bergens Tidende, edition of 22 September 1979, 1 unpaginated page.

Hågvar S, Heller K, Greve L (2007) Lycoriella postconspicua Mohrig, 1985 (Sciaridae, Diptera) new to Svalbard and records of some other Diptera from Svalbard. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 54(1): 65–68.

Hansen LO, Falck M (2000) Insektfaunaen ved Østensjøvannet. Østensjøvannets Venner, Oslo, 27 pp. [+ 34 pp. appendix]

Hansen LO, Granrud M (2011) Hærorm i Gudbrandsdalen. Insekt-Nytt 36(1): 45–48.

Heller K (1998) Beiträge zur Sciaridenfauna Schleswig-Holsteins (Diptera). Teil 1. Das Trentmoor bei Plön. Dipteron 1(3): 45–56.

Heller K (2000) Naturschutzmanagement im Feuchtgrünland und seine Auswirkungen auf bodenlebende Nematocera (Diptera: Sciaridae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie 12(1–6): 611–614.

Heller K, Hippa H, Vilkamaa P (2015) Taxonomy of Bradysia Winnertz (Diptera, Sciaridae) in the Northern Holarctic, with the description of four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 122: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.122

Heller K, Köhler A, Menzel F, Olsen KM, Gammelmo Ø (2016) Two formerly unrecognized species of Sciaridae (Diptera) revealed by DNA barcoding. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 63(1): 96–115.

Heller K, Menzel F (2013) Drei neue Trauermückenarten aus Mitteleuropa (Diptera: Sciaridae). In: Weber D (Ed.) Die Höhlenfauna Luxemburgs. Ferrantia 69, Musée national d’histoire naturelle du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 337–348.

Heller K, Vilkamaa P, Hippa H (2009) An annotated check list of Swedish black fungus gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae). Sahlbergia 15(1): 23–51.

Hippa H, Vilkamaa P (1994) The genus Camptochaeta gen. n. (Diptera, Sciaridae). Acta Zoologica Fennica 194: 1–85.

Hippa H, Vilkamaa P (2004) The genus Xylosciara Tuomikoski (Diptera, Sciaridae) phylogeny and review of the species. Acta Zoologica Fennica 214: 1–38.

Hippa H, Vilkamaa P (2016) New species of Claustropyga Hippa, Vilkamaa and Mohrig (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the Holarctic region. Zootaxa 4088(4): 594–600. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4088.4.10

Hippa H, Vilkamaa P, Heller K (2010) Review of the Holarctic Corynoptera Winnertz, 1867, s. str. (Diptera, Sciaridae). Zootaxa 2695: 1–197. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2695.1

Hippa H, Vilkamaa P, Mohrig W (2003) Phylogeny of Corynoptera Winnertz and related genera, with the description of Claustropyga gen. nov. (Diptera, Sciaridae). Studia dipterologica 9(2) (2002): 469–511.

Holmgren AE (1869) Bidrag till Kännedomen om Beeren Eilands och Spetsbergens insekt-fauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 8(5): 3–55.

Hövemeyer K (1989) Der Einfluß von Streumenge und Streuqualität auf die Siedlungsdichte von Dipterenlarven: ein Freilandexperiment im Kalkbuchenwald (Zur Funktion der Fauna in einem Mullbuchenwald 4). In: Schaeffer M (Ed.) 17. Jahrestagung Göttingen 1987. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie, Band 17. Erich Goltze GmbH & Co. KG., Göttingen, 229–236.

Hövemeyer K (1992) Die Dipterengemeinschaft eines Kalkbuchenwaldes: eine siebenjährige Untersuchung. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 119(2): 225–260.

Hövemeyer K (1996) Die Dipterengemeinschaften eines Halbtrockenrasens und einer Hecke im südniedersächsischen Bergland: eine vergleichende Untersuchung. Drosera 96(2): 113–127.

Hövemeyer K (1998) Diptera associated with dead beech wood. Studia dipterologica 5(1): 113–122.

Hövemeyer K (1999) Abundance patterns in terrestrial dipteran communities. Pedobiologia 43(1): 28–43.

Hövemeyer K (2002) Sukzession von Dipteren an Buchentotholz. DgaaE-Nachrichten 16(2): 55–55.

ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition, adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.

Kertész C (1902) Catalogus dipterorum, hucusque descriptorum. Volumen 1. Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae, Bibionidae, Chironomidae, Stenoxenidae, Culicidae, Ptychopteridae, Dixidae, Blepharoceridae, Simulidae, Orphnephilidae, Psychodidae, Rhyphidae. Typis G. Wesselényi, Budapestini [Budapest], 338 pp.

Kertész K (1903) Orthorrhapha Nematocera. In: Becker T, Bezzi M, Bischof J, Kertész K, Stein P (Eds) Katalog der Paläarktischen Dipteren, Band 1. Orthorrhapha Nematocera. G. Wesselényi, Budapest, 382 pp.

Kjœrandsen J (1993) Diptera in mines and other cave systems in southern Norway. Entomologica Fennica 4(3): 151–160. https://doi.org/10.33338/ef.83761

Köhler A, Menzel F, Thunes KH, Søli GEE (2014) Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) in oak canopies: description of Bradysia quercina Menzel and Köhler spec. nov. and new records for Norway. Studia dipterologica 20(2) (2013): 325–331.

Komarov SS (2009) A review of the sciarid species of the genus Lycoriella Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae) in the Altai fauna. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 88(1): 99–105. [in Russian]

Komarova LA (2006) Review of species of the sciarid genus Sciara Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Sciaridae) of the Altai fauna. In: Alejnikova VN, Dolgovyh SV (Eds) Biodiversity, Problems of Ecology of the Gorny Altai and Neighboring Territories: Present, Past, Future. Materials of the 2^nd Interregional Scientific-practical Conference with international participation (11–13 September 2006, Gorno-Altaisk). RIO of the Gorno-Altaisk State University, Gorno-Altaisk, 51–54. [in Russian]

Komarova LA (2009) The sciarids of rufescens species-group of the genus Bradysia Winnertz (Diptera: Sciaridae) of Altai with description of new species. Far Eastern Entomologist 194: 1–5.

Komarova LA (2016a) A review of sciarids of the genus Leptosciarella Tuomikoski 1960 (Diptera, Sciaridae) in the Altai fauna, with description of three new species. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 95(2): 196–203. [in Russian] https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873816020123

Komarova LA (2016b) A review of sciarids of the genus Leptosciarella Tuomikoski 1960 (Diptera, Sciaridae) in the Altai fauna, with description of three new species. Entomological Review 96(2): 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873816020123

Komarova LA, Hippa H, Vilkamaa P (2007) A review of the sciarids species of the genus Camptochaeta Hippa et Vilkamaa, 1994 (Diptera: Sciaridae) of the Altai fauna. Far Eastern Entomologist 171: 1–9.

Leng R, Heller K, Huang J, Ye L, Wu H (2018) DNA barcoding of the genus Dichopygina, with a new species from China (Diptera: Sciaridae). Zoological Systematics 43(1): 18–26. https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.201802

Lengersdorf F (1926a) Die Sciariden des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Konowia 5(3): 247–255.

Lengersdorf F (1926b) Die Sciariden des Tromsø Museum. Tromsø Museums Årshefter 48(4) (1925): 1–9.

Lengersdorf F (Ed.) (1926–1930) 7. Lycoriidae (Sciaridae). In: Lindner E (Ed.) (1926–1930) Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region 2(1). E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 71 pp.

Lengersdorf F (1930a) Bemerkungen zu den Zetterstedtschen, Staegerschen und Holmgrenschen Sciara-Typen. (Dipt. Sciar.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1930(1): 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.193019300107

Lengersdorf F (1930b) Eine neue Sciaraart aus Norwegen. Neosciara refrigerata nov. spec. Tromsø Museums Årshefter 50(3) (1927): 3–4.

Lengersdorf F (1930c) III. Ordo: Diptera. Subordo: Orthorhapha [sic!]. Gruppe: Nematocera, Oligoneura. I. Fam. Sciaridae. In: Thor S (Ed.) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Invertebraten Fauna von Svalbard. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet 27. Hos Jacob Dybwad, Oslo, 51–53.

Lengersdorf F (1931) Zwei neue Arten der Familie Lycoriidae (Sciaridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 94(3–4): 65–67.

Lengersdorf F (1935) Neosciara delicata nov. spec. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 4(1–2): 1–75.

Lengersdorf F (1941) Bemerkungen zu verschiedenen Sciara- (Lycoria-) Arten. Decheniana. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Rheinlande und Westfalens 100 B: 47–50.

Menzel F (1992) Beiträge zur Taxonomie und Faunistik der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil II. Die Sciaridae des Museums für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Beiträge zur Entomologie 42(2): 259–277. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.42.2.259-277

Menzel F, Heller K (2005) Sechs neue Arten aus den Gattungen Bradysia, Camptochaeta und Corynoptera (Diptera: Sciaridae) nebst einigen Bemerkungen zur Nomenklatur europäischer Trauermücken. Studia dipterologica 11(2) (2004): 335–357.

Menzel F, Heller K (2006) Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae) aus dem Nationalpark “Hainich” (Thüringen) nebst der Beschreibung von Scatopsciara andrei Menzel spec. nov. Studia dipterologica 13(1): 45–59.

Menzel F, Heller K (2007) Bemerkungen zur Nomenklatur der Sciariden (Diptera, Bibionomorpha: Sciaridae). Studia dipterologica 13(2) (2006): 209–229.

Menzel F, Martens J (1995) Die Sciaridae (Diptera, Nematocera) des Nepal-Himalaya. Teil I. Die blütenbesuchenden Trauermücken an Aronstabgewächsen der Gattung Arisaema (Araceae Juss.). Studia dipterologica 2(1): 97–129.

Menzel F, Mohrig W (1991) Revision der durch Franz Lengersdorf bearbeiteten Sciaridae (Diptera, Nematocera) von Taiwan. Beiträge zur Entomologie 41(1) 9–26. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.41.1.9-26

Menzel F, Mohrig W (1993a) Beiträge zur Taxonomie und Faunistik der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil III. – Die Sciaridae des Zoologischen Instituts der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle/Wittenberg und des Staatlichen Museums für Tierkunde Dresden. Beiträge zur Entomologie 43(1): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.43.1.53-62

Menzel F, Mohrig W (1993b) Beiträge zur Taxonomie und Faunistik der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil IV. – Lengersdorfsche Sciaridentypen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Wien (1. Beitrag). Beiträge zur Entomologie 43(1): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.43.1.63-80

Menzel F, Mohrig W (1997) Revision der paläarktischen Arten von Trichosia Winnertz sensu Tuomikoski, 1960 (Diptera, Sciaridae). – Teil I. Gattung Trichosia Winnertz, 1867. Studia dipterologica 4(1): 3–40.

Menzel F, Mohrig W (1998) Beiträge zur Taxonomie und Faunistik der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil VI – Neue Ergebnisse aus Typenuntersuchungen und die daraus resultierenden taxonomisch-nomenklatorischen Konsequenzen. Studia dipterologica 5(2): 351–378.

Menzel F, Mohrig W (2000) Revision der Paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia dipterologica Supplement 6 (1999). Ampyx-Verlag, Halle an der Saale, 761 pp.

Menzel F, Mohrig W, Báez M (1997) Die Trauermücken-Fauna der Kanarischen Inseln, unter Berücksichtigung der von Richard Frey beschriebenen Arten (Insecta: Diptera, Sciaridae). Vieraea 25(1996): 133–146.

Menzel F, Mohrig W, Groth I (1990) Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Diptera – Sciaridae. Beiträge zur Entomologie 40(2): 301–400. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.40.2.301-400

Menzel F, Müller AH (2011) Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae) aus Pfahlwurzeln von Rumex obtusifolius Linnaeus in Südwest-Thüringen (Deutschland), mit Bemerkungen zur Variabilität von Bradysia scabricornis Tuomikoski. Studia dipterologica 17(1–2) (2010): 161–171.

Menzel F, Salmela J, Vilkamaa P (2020) New species and new records of black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) from the Viidumäe Nature Reserve, Estonia. European Journal of Taxonomy. [in press]

Menzel F, Schulz U (2007) Die Trauermücken in Deutschland – ökosystemare Bedeutung, zönologische Koinzidenzen und bioindikatorisches Potential (Diptera: Sciaridae). Beiträge zur Entomologie 57(1): 9–36. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.57.1.9-36

Menzel F, Smith JE (2017) 21 Sciaridae (Black Fungus Gnats). In: Kirk-Spriggs AH, Sinclair BJ (Eds) Manual of Afrotropical Diptera (Vol. 2). Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Suricata (Vol. 5). SANBI Graphics & Editing, Pretoria, 557–580.

Menzel F, Smith JE, Chandler PJ (2006) The sciarid fauna of the British Isles (Diptera: Sciaridae), including descriptions of six new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146(1): 1–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00190.x

Menzel F, Vilkamaa P, Smith JE (2013) Overview of the Black Fungus Gnats from the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, including a redescription of Hyperlasion viridiventris (Frey) (Diptera, Sciaroidea: Sciaridae). Contributions to Entomology 63(2): 283–296. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.63.2.283-296

Mohrig W (1969) Zur Kenntnis flügelreduzierter Dipteren der Bodenstreu. – I. Beitrag. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald (mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe) 18(1–2): 53–59.

Mohrig W (1970) Zur Kenntnis flügelreduzierter Dipteren der Bodenstreu. IV. Beitrag. Gattung Caenosciara (Sciaridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 185(1–2): 140–151.

Mohrig W (1978) Zur Kenntnis flügelreduzierter Dipteren der Bodenstreu. IX. Beitrag: Gattungen Corynoptera, Bradysia und Plastosciara (Sciaridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 201(5–6): 424–432.

Mohrig W (1985) Neue Trauermücken aus den Ostalpen (Insecta: Diptera, Sciaridae). Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins Innsbruck 72: 231–240.

Mohrig W, Heller K, Hippa H, Vilkamaa P, Menzel F (2013) Revision of Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) of North America. Studia dipterologica 19(1–2) (2012): 141–286.

Mohrig W, Kauschke E, Heller K (2017) Austrosciara Schmitz and Mjöberg, 1924, a senior synonym of Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, 1960 (Diptera: Sciaridae) and the description of a new brachypterous species in the genus. Zootaxa 4344(2): 357–366. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4344.2

Mohrig W, Mamaev B (1970) Zur Kenntnis flügelreduzierter Dipteren der Bodenstreu. II. Beitrag. Gattung Bradysia, Corynoptera, Lycoriella und Trichosia (Sciaridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 184(5–6): 349–359.

Mohrig W, Mamaev B, Krivosheina N (1985) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Trauermücken der Sowjetunion (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil IX. Neue Arten aus der Tundra nördlich des Polarkreises. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 112(4): 429–434.

Mohrig W, Menzel F (1993) Revision der paläarktischen Arten der Bradysia brunnipes-Gruppe (Diptera, Sciaridae). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 44(3–4): 267–291.

Mohrig W, Menzel F (1994) Revision der paläarktischen Arten von Phytosciara Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae). Beiträge zur Entomologie 44(1) 167–210. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.44.1.167-210

Mohrig W, Menzel F (1997) Revision der paläarktischen Arten von Trichosia Winnertz sensu Tuomikoski, 1960 (Diptera, Sciaridae). – Teil II. Gattungen Leptosciarella Tuomikoski, 1960 und Trichodapus gen. nov. Studia dipterologica 4(1): 41–98.

Mohrig W, Schuster R, Thaler K (1978) Flügelreduzierte Trauermücken (Fam. Sciaridae, Diptera) der Bodenstreu aus Österreich. Carinthia II 88(168): 393–402.

Nesvold NK (2017a) Tusenvis av små ekle kryp krysser bilvei. Nea Radio Holtålen (NR), online published on 23 July 2017, unpaginated page + film. http://nearadio.no/roros-holtalen/nyheter/tusenvis-av-sma-ekle-kryp-krysser-bilvei/19.17179 [Accessed on 19.07.2018]

Nesvold NK (2017b) Mysteriet i Hessdalen er løst. Nea Radio Holtålen (NR), online published on 24 July 2017, unpaginated page + 2 interviews. http://nearadio.no/roros-holtalen/nyheter/mysteriet-i-hessdalen-er-lost/19.17185 [Accessed on 19.07.2018]

Østbye E, Lauritzen S-K (2013) A checklist of invertebrates from Norwegian caves and mines. Fauna norwegica 33: 35–51. https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v33i0.1585

Pontoppidan E (1752) Det Første Forsøg paa Norges Naturlige Historie: Førestillende Dette Kongeriges Luft, Grund, Fielde, Vande, Væxter, Metaller, Mineralier, Steen-Arter, Dyr, Fugle, Fiske og Omsider Indbyggernes Naturel, Samt Sædvaner og Levemaade. Berlingske Arvingers Bogtrykkerie, Ludoph Henrich Lillie, Kiøbenhavn [Kopenhagen], 338 pp. [+ 54 unpaginated pages] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.70332

Pontoppidan E (1753) Det Første Forsøg paa Norges Naturlige Historie: Førestillende Dette Kongeriges Luft, Grund, Fielde, Vande, Væxter, Metaller, Mineralier, Steen-Arter, Dyr, Fugle, Fiske og Omsider Indbyggernes Naturel, Samt Sædvaner og Levemaade. Anden deel. Kongelige Wäysenhuses Bogtrykkerie, Gottmann Friderich Kisel, Kiøbenhavn [Kopenhagen], 464 pp. [+ 45 unpaginated pages] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.70332

Pontoppidan E (1755a) The Natural History of Norway: Containing, a Particular and Accurate Account of the Temperature of the Air, the Different Soils, Waters, Vegetables, Metals, Minerals, Stones, Beasts, Birds, and Fishes: Together with the Dispositions, Customs, and Manner of Living of the Inhabitants: Interspersed with Physiological Notes from Eminent Writers, and Transactions of Academies. Part I. A Linde, London, 206 pp. [+ 1 map] [translated from the Danish original by Pontoppidan (1752)] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64789

Pontoppidan E (1755b) The Natural History of Norway: Containing, a Particular and Accurate Account of the Temperature of the Air, the Different Soils, Waters, Vegetables, Metals, Minerals, Stones, Beasts, Birds, and Fishes: Together with the Dispositions, Customs, and Manner of Living of the Inhabitants: Interspersed with Physiological Notes from Eminent Writers, and Transactions of Academies. Part II. A Linde, London, 291 pp. [+ 11 unpaginated pp. ‘General Index’] [translated from the Danish original by Pontoppidan (1753)] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64789

Ramus J (1735) [1715] Norriges beskrivelse: hvorudi dette riges strekning, beskaffenhed og deeling udi visse lehn, biskopsdømmer, provstier, præstegield, laugdømmer, fogderier, tinglaug rc. saavelsom indbyggernes tilstand og næring, tillige med adskillige paa et eller andet sted forefaldne merkværdigheder samt forefundne monumenter forestilles, og til slutning er hosføjet en fortegnelse paa dyr, fugle, fiske, træer, og urter som findes i Norrige. HR Majsts. and Univ. Bogtrykkerie, JJ Hopffner, Kjøbenhavn [Kopenhagen], 274 pp. [Remark: The book was completed in 1715, but not printed until 1735.]

Ringsaker TH (2018) Hva er dette? Tinna trodde hun så orm – ble fascinert da hun så nærmere. VGTV, VG Nyheter, online published on 3 Aug. 2018, unpaginated page + film. https://www.vgtv.no/video/162419/tinna-trodde-hun-saa-orm-ble-fascinert-dahun-saa-naermere [Accessed on 10.08.2018]

Rübsaamen EH (1898) VIII. Grönländische Mycetophiliden, Sciariden, Cecidomyiden, Psylliden, Aphiden und Gallen. Bibliotheca Zoologica 20(8): 103–119.

Rudzinski H-G (1994a) Trauermückenfunde aus Nord-Mähren (Diptera: Sciaridae). Entomological Problems 25(2): 11–23.

Rudzinski H-G, Ševčík J (2012) Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer region (Central Slovakia) Part 3 – Sciaridae. Časopis Slezského zemského muzea (Série A – vědy přírodní) 61: 143–157.

Rulik B, Wanke S, Nuss M, Neinhuis C (2008) Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. (Aristolochiaceae) in the Mediterranean. Flora 203(2): 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.02.006

Sæthre M-G, Staverløkk A, Hågvar EB (2010) Stowaways in horticultural plants imported from the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 57(1): 25–35.

Salmela J, Siivonen S, Dominiak P, Haarto A, Heller K, Kanervo J, Martikainen P, Mäkilä M, Paasivirta L, Rinne A, Salokannel J, Söderman G, Vilkamaa P (2015) Malaise-pyynti Lapin suojelualueilla 2012–2014 [Malaise-trapping of insects in conservation areas in Lapland within 2012–2014]. Metsähallituksen luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja (Sarja A) 221: 1–141.

Schmidt HB (1979) Rasterelektronenmikroskopischer Nachweis der Übertragung von Basidiosporen des Kulturchampignons durch Dipteren (Sciaridae). Archiv für Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz 15(6): 425–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235407909437502

Schøyen TH (1917) Beretning om Skadeinsekter og Plantesygdommer i Land- og Havebruket 1916. Grøndahl and Søns boktrykkeri, Kristiania [Oslo], 37–94.

Schøyen TH (1926) Beretning om Skadeinsekter og Plantesykdommer i Land- og Havebruket i Årene 1924 og 1925. Grøndahl and Søns boktrykkeri, Oslo, C1–C31.

Schøyen TH (1936) Melding om Skadeinsekter på Skogtrærne i Årene 1931–1935. Tandberg and Jensens boktrykkeri, Oslo, 76–82.

Schøyen WM (1889) Supplement til H. Siebke’s Enumeratio insectorum Norvegicorum, Fasc. IV. (Diptera). Christiania Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger 1889(12): 1–15.

Schøyen WM (1893) Beretning om Skadeinsekter og Plantesygdomme i 1892. Grøndahl and Søns bogtrykkeri, Kristiania [Oslo], 42 pp.

Shin S, Menzel F, Heller K, Lee H, Lee S (2014) Review of the genus Cratyna Winnertz (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Korea, including the description of a new species. Zootaxa 3794(3) 344–354. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.2

Shin S, Menzel F, Lee H, Lee S (2014) Review of the genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Korea, with an updated checklist of the World species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 17(3): 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2014.05.004

Siebke H (1853) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1850 foretagen entomologisk Reise i en Deel af Gudbrandsdalen. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 7(3): 253–306.

Siebke H (1863) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1861 foretagen entomologisk Reise. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 12(1–2): 105–192.

Siebke H (1866a) Entomologisk Reise i Romsdals Amt i Sommeren 1864. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 14(4): 375–388.

Siebke H (1866b) Entomologiske Undersøgelser, foretagne i Sommeren 1865. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 14(4): 389–420.

Siebke H (1870) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1869 foretagen entomologisk Reise gjennem Ringerike, Hallingdal og Valders. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 17(4): 246–314.

Siebke H (1872) Bidrag til Norges Insektfauna. Beretning om en i Østerdalen foretagen Reise i 1870. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 19(1–2): 39–102.

Siebke H (1877) Catalogum Dipterorum Continentem. In: Schneider JS (Ed. ) Enumeratio Insectorum Norvegicorum 4, Typis AW Brœgger, Christianiæ [Oslo], 255 pp.

Soot-Ryen T (1942) A List of the Norwegian Lycoridae (Diptera Nematocera). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 6(2–3): 74–80.

Staverløkk A, Sæthre M-G (2007) Stowaways in imported horticultural plants: alien and invasive species – assessing their bioclimatic potential in Norway. Bioforsk Report 2(66): 1–71.

Stenløkk J (2011) Insekter i krigføring. Insect-Nytt 36(4): 5–18.

Strand E (1904) Norske lokaliteter for Diptera. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-selskabet i Christiana 1903(3): 1–11.

Summerhayes VS, Elton CS (1923) Contributions to the ecology of Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Journal of Ecology 11(2): 214–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2255863

Summerhayes VS, Elton CS (1928) Further contributions to the ecology of Spitsbergen. Journal of Ecology 16(2): 193–268. https://doi.org/10.2307/2255794

Sundby R (1967) Hærormen igjen observert i Norge. Fauna. Norsk Zoologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 20(1): 4–7.

Sundbye A (2005) Hærmygg. Norsk Hagetidend 3: 1–55.

Sundbye A, Johansen NS (2002) Nytteorganismer mot hærmygg i julestjerne. Gartneryrket 16: 26–27.

Sundbye A, Johansen NS (2003) Nytteorganismer mot hærmygg i julestjerne. Grønn kunnskap e 7(116): 1–3. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2505781

Sutou M, Ito MT, Menzel F (2004) A taxonomic study on the Japanese species of the genus Sciara Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia dipterologica 11(1): 175–192.

Thiede U (1977) Untersuchungen über die Arthropodenfauna in Fichtenforsten (Populationsökologie, Energieumsatz). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 104(2): 137–202.

Thor S (1930) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Invertebraten Fauna von Svalbard. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet 27, Hos Jacob Dybwad, Oslo, 156 pp. [+ 26 plates]

Thunes KH, Skartveit J, Gjerde I (2003) The canopy arthropods of old and mature pine Pinus sylvestris in Norway. Ecography 26(4): 490–502. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03392.x

Thunes KH, Skartveit J, Gjerde I, Starý J, Solhøy T, Fjellberg A, Kobro S, Nakahara S, zur Strassen R, Vierbergen G, Szadziewski R, Hagan DV, Grogan WL, Jonassen T, Aakra K, Anonby J, Greve L, Aukema B, Heller K, Michelsen V, Haenni J-P, Emeljanov AF, Douwes P, Berggren K, Franzen J, Disney RHL, Prescher S, Johanson KA, Mamaev B, Podenas S, Andersen S, Gaimari SD, Nartshuk E, Søli GEE, Papp L, Midtgaard F, Andersen A, von Tschirnhaus M, Bächli G, Olsen KM, Olsvik H, Földvári M, Raastad JE, Hansen LO, Djursvoll P (2004) The arthropod community of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) canopies in Norway. Entomologica Fennica 15(2): 65–90. https://doi.org/10.33338/ef.84211

Trail JWH (1889) The galls of Norway. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 17(1) (1887–1888): 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/03746608909468345

Tuomikoski R (1957) Beobachtungen über einige Sciariden (Dipt.), deren Larven in faulem Holz oder unter der Rinde abgestorbener Bäume leben. Annales Entomologici Fennici 23(1): 3–35.

Tuomikoski R (1959) Mitteilungen über Sciariden (Dipt.). Annales Entomologici Fennici 25(1): 35–49.

Tuomikoski R (1960) Zur Kenntnis der Sciariden (Dipt.) Finnlands. Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae “Vanamo” 21(4): 1–164.

Tuomikoski R (1966) Die Stellung von Sciara tridentata Rübs. (Dipt., Sciaridae). Annales Entomologici Fennici 32(2): 1–137.

Tuomikoski R (1967) Notes on the arthropod fauna of Spitsbergen I. 6. Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae from Spitsbergen, collected by Dr. J. Kaisila in 1965. Annales Entomologici Fennici 33(1): 43–51.

Vilkamaa P (2000) Phylogeny of Prosciara Frey and related genera (Diptera: Sciaridae). Systematic Entomology 25(1): 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2000.00094.x

Vilkamaa P (2014) Checklist of the family Sciaridae (Diptera) of Finland. In: Kahanpää J, Salmela J (Eds) Checklist of the Diptera of Finland. ZooKeys 441: 151–164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.441.7381

Vilkamaa P, Heller K, Hippa H (2013) New species of Sciaridae (Diptera) to the Finnish fauna. Sahlbergia 19(1–2): 20–29.

Vilkamaa P, Hippa H (2004) The genus Xenosciara gen. n. and the phylogeny of the Sciaridae (Diptera). Zootaxa 699: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.699.1

Vilkamaa P, Hippa H, Heller K (2013a) Review of the genus Camptochaeta Hippa and Vilkamaa (Diptera, Sciaridae), with the description of nine new species. Zootaxa 3636(3): 476–488. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3636.3.6

Vilkamaa P, Hippa H, Heller K (2013b) Notes on the taxonomy of the Holarctic Corynoptera Winnertz sensu lato (Diptera, Sciaridae) with description of six new species. Zootaxa 3710(4): 322–332. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3710.4.2

Vilkamaa P, Hippa H, Heller K (2013c) Taxonomy of the Sciaridae (Diptera) of Northern Europe: description of eight new species. Studia dipterologica 20(1): 47–58.

Vilkamaa P, Hippa H, Komarova LA (2004) The genus Dichopygina gen. n. (Diptera: Sciaridae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 35(1): 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631204788964691

Vilkamaa P, Menzel F (2019) Re-classification of Lycoriella Frey sensu lato (Diptera, Sciaridae), with description of Trichocoelina gen. n. and twenty new species. Zootaxa 4665(1): 1–67. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4665.1.1

Vogel S, Martens J (2000) A survey of the function of the lethal kettle traps of Arisaema (Araceae), with records of pollinating fungus gnats from Nepal. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 61–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01537.x

Walker F (1848) List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part 1. Edward Newman, London, 229 pp.

Zetterstedt JW (1838) Sectio Tertia. Diptera. Dipterologis Scandinaviae. In: Zetterstedt JW (Ed.) Insecta Lapponica. Leopold Voss, Lipsiae [Leipzig], 477–868.

Zetterstedt JW (1851) Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta 10. ex officina Lundbergiana, sumtibus regiis. Lundae [Lund], 3711–4090.

Zetterstedt JW (1852) Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta 11. ex officina Lundbergiana, sumtibus regiis. Lundae [Lund], 4091–4545.

Zetterstedt JW (1855) Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta 12. ex officina Lundbergiana, sumtibus regiis. Lundae [Lund], 4547–4942.

Zetterstedt JW (1860) Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta 14. ex officina Lundbergiana, sumtibus regiis. Lundae [Lund], 6191–6609.