South America • 1 ♂, holotype of Aphritis angustiventris Macquart; OUMNH.

Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “A. angustiventris / Ex coll. Bigot”; label 3: “Aphritis / angustiventris / [male sign] Macq.”. Coll. OUMNH.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Amapá, Oiapoque Rancho Km-9, Varredura; 03°47'53"N, 51°48'03"W; 15 Nov. 2014; J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier leg.; INPA • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Demeni, Pirico; 0°19'30"S, 62°47'21"W; Aug. 2008; A. Silva & R. Machado leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Manaus; Aug. 1959; C. Elias leg.; UFPR • 1 ♂; R. Ducke; 23 Mar. 1982; J.A. Rafael leg.; INPA • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Manaus, AM010 km 50; 02°44'13"S, 59°54'32"W; 5–8 Feb. 2005; F.F. Xavier & G.M. Lourido leg.; (INPA) • 1 ♂; Novo Airão, AM 352, Ramal Km 10; 02°42'56.5"S, 60°56'26.7"W; 28–29 Aug. 2011; J.A. Rafael, D. Takiya & J.T. Câmara leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Novo Airão, AM 352, Ramal Km 10; 02°42'56.5"S, 60°56'26.7"W; 29 Aug. 2011; J.A. Rafael, D. Takiya & J.T. Câmara leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Novo Airão, AM 352, Ramal Km 10; 02°42'56.5"S, 60°56'26.7"W; 29–30 Aug. 2011; J.A. Rafael, D. Takiya & J.T. Câmara leg. (INPA) • 1 ♂; Faz. Taperinha, prox. Santarem, PA; 29 Dec. 1967–9 Jan. 1968; Exp. Perm. Amaz. leg.; MZUSP • 1 ♂; Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes; 5–16 Nov. 1996; W.J. Hanson leg.; LACM.

Ecuador • 1 ♂; Napo, Tena.; 500 m a.s.l.; 11–28 Apr. 1976; M. Cooper leg.; NHMUK (“B.M. 1976-290”).

Guyana • 1 ♂; Bartica; 11 May 1901; CNC • 1 ♂; Kartabo; Sep. 1922; M.D. Haviland leg.; NHMUK.

Suriname • 1 ♀; Republiek; 30 May 1963; P.H. van Doesburg Jr. leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Zanderij; 11 May 1963; P.H. van Doesburg Jr. leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Colakreek; 9 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Colakreek; 30 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Body length: male 12–15 mm, female 14–16 mm. A large species with elongate, not constricted abdomen. Tergites 2 and 3 are yellowish brown, while tergite 4 may be orange brown or dark brown. The wings are yellow anterobasally, the fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture is complete (not interrupted medially), and the face is entirely yellow. Male genitalia as in Fig. 275.

In the present concept, this species only differs from P. luridescens by tergite 3 being largely yellowish instead of dark brown. Several specimens of both P. angustiventris and P. luridescens are represented in material from Suriname in the RMNH collection (see images in Reemer 2014), and these specimens fall into two discrete groups based on this character (tergites 3 and 4 entirely yellowish brown in P. angustiventris, tergites 3 and 4 blackish brown in P. luridescens). In Suriname, P. angustiventris and P. luridescens do not seem to co-occur, with P. angustiventris found in the savannah areas of the old coastal plain (localities Colakreek, Republiek, Zanderij), and P. luridescens in the bauxite containing plateaus in the interior at higher elevation (Brownsberg, Nassau Mts., Lely) (Reemer 2014). However, specimens which could be considered intermediates are known from other countries. In these specimens, tergite 3 is yellowish brown whereas tergite 4 is blackish brown. Here, such specimens are preliminarily assigned to P. angustiventris, because they agree with the type specimen in colouration of tergite 3. This preliminary solution is unsatisfactory, as colouration of the abdomen is variable in these intermediate specimens. Possibly, the intermediates represent a third species or even a species complex, but there are too few specimens available to make a decision on this. Another possibility is that P. angustiventris and P. luridescens are the extreme ends of one highly variable species, but the fact that specimens from within one country (Suriname) can clearly be assigned to two different groups without significant character variation is here taken as a clue that this is not the case. The results of analyses of the barcodes of a few specimens do not shed light on this matter.

Known from the Brazilian Amazon region, Ecuador, Guyana, and Suriname.

Suriname • 1 ♀, neotype of Aphritis angustus Macquart [designated by Reemer 2014]; Commewijne, Mopentibo, near Meerzorg; 05°47'57"N, 55°07'05"W; 19 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Suriname • 1 ♀; Peperpot; 21–28 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Body length: female 14 mm. A large species with elongate, not constricted abdomen. The tergites are reddish with a median blackish vitta on tergites 3 and 4. The wings are yellow anterobasally and blackish along the margins. The fascia of golden pile along the transverse suture of the mesonotum is widely interrupted medially. The face is darkened medially. This species is morphologically very similar to P. bidens, from which it differs by the partly yellow wings and the dark median vitta on tergites 3 and 4. It differs from P. angustiventris and P. luridescens by the widely interrupted fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture.

The type of this taxon is considered lost, and Reemer (2014) designated a neotype.

Known from French Guiana and Suriname.

Amazon Region • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon aureoscutus Hull; Amazon; NHMUK. Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “Amazon / 6653”; label 3 (red): “Holotype / Microdon / aureoscutum / Hull”. According to Hull (1943) this specimen was collected by H.W. Bates.

Body length: male 11 mm. The triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum places this species in a group together with P. aureus, P. trilinea and P. trivittatus. From the latter two species, P. aureoscutus differs by the absence of golden pile along the anterior and lateral margins of the mesoscutum. The species differs from P. aureus by the triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum being wider than long and restricted to the posterior half of the mesoscutum. In the male, the ratio vertex width:head width is approximately 1:4.3 (Fig. 19), and the lateral margins of tergite 2 are rather evenly diverging posteriad. Male genitalia as in Fig. 257. The female is unknown.

See P. aureus.

Known from the Brazilian Amazon region.

Ecuador • 1 ♀, holotype of Microdon aureus Hull; Jatun Yacu, Rio Napu watershed, Oriente; 700 m a.s.l.; Jan.-Jul. 2003; C. McIntyre leg.; MCZ.

Label 1: “Jatun Yacu / Rio Napu / watershed / 700 m”; label 2: “Oriente / Ecuador”; label 3: “Wm. C. / Mcintyre”; label 4 (red): “M.C.Z. / Type / 23807”; label 5: “Microdon aureus Hull n. sp. holotype”; label 6: “Jan.-July 2003 / MCZ Image / database”; label 7: “MCZ-ENT /00023807”.

Ecuador • 3 ♂; Pompeya, Napo R., Pastaza; 14–22 May 1965; L. Pena leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; Coca, Napo R., Napo; 250 m a.s.l.; May 1965; L. Pena leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; Sucumbios, Sacha Lodge; 00.5S, 76.5W; 290 m a.s.l.; Jul. 1994; P. Hibbs leg.; LACM • 1 ♂; Napo Prov., Limoncocha; 16 Jun. 1977; D.L. Vincent leg.; USNM.

Body length: male 11–14 mm, female 16–19.5 mm. The triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum places this species in a group together with P. aureoscutus, P. trilinea and P. trivittatus. From the latter two species, P. aureus differs by the absence of golden pile along the anterior and lateral margins of the mesoscutum. The species differs from P. aureoscutus in the triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum being longer than wide and reaching the anterior half of the mesoscutum. In the male, the ratio vertex width:head width is approximately 1:3.3 (Fig. 14), and the lateral margins of tergite 2 are more or less parallel in the anterior half and diverging in the posterior 1/2 to 1/3. The female is figured in Fig. 102. As the female of P. aureoscutus is unknown, it is uncertain whether the characters described for the males of both species also apply to the females.

This taxon is very similar to P. aureoscutus. Although both taxa were described by F.M. Hull, he apparently was unaware of this similarity, as Hull (1944b) only noted that it was ‘related distantly to beebei’ (a species nowadays placed in the genus Pseudomicrodon Hull, 1937).

Known only from Ecuador.

Brazil • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon aurifascia Hull; Sao Paulo, Alto da Serra; 12 Mar. 1912; G.E. Bryant leg.; NHMUK.

Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “Alto da Serra, / Sao Paulo, / Brazil. / G.E. Bryant. / 12.III.1912.”; label 3 (red): “Holotype / Microdon / aurifascia / Hull”. Coll. NHMUK.

Argentina • 1 ♀; Misiones, Leandro N. Alem; 24 Feb. 1951; Duret leg.; MNHN.

Brazil • 1♀; Nova Teutonia; 14 Oct. 1940; F. Plaumann leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; São Paulo, M. das Cruses; Aug. 1939; M. Carrera leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; Est. Biol. Boracéia, Salesópolis, S.P.; 16 Sep. 1993; W. Wilms leg.; CSCA • 1 ♀; Est. Biol. Boracéia, Salesópolis, S.P.; 19 Sep. 1965; Rabello leg.; MZUSP • 1 ♀; Floresta da Tijuca; Mar. 1964; C.A.C. Seabra leg.; MZUSP.

Body length: male 12.5–13 mm, female 14–15 mm. A large species with elongate, unconstricted abdomen. Male with wing yellowish (Fig. 38, 134), female with wing yellow only anterobasally and with grey subapical cloud (Fig. 135). The abdomen is dark brown, except for a pair of yellow maculae on tergite 2. The species resembles P. angustiventris and especially P. luridescens but differs from those by the absence of a fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture. It also differs from most other Peradon species (except for some small species of the flavofascium group) in the smooth and shining bare median facial vitta (Fig. 70). Male genitalia as in Fig. 273.

Known from the Misiones province in northeastern Argentina and from the Santa Catarina and São Paulo states in southern Brazil.

Bolivia • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon aurigaster Hull; Prov. Sara, Steinbach; MCZ.

Label 1: “Bolivia / Prov. Sara / Steinbach”; label 2: “M.C.Z. / Type / 23795”; label 3: “Microdon/ aurigaster / Hull n. sp.”; label 4: “Jan. –July 2003 / MCZ Image / database”; label 5: “MCZ-ENT / 00023795”. Coll. MCZ.

Bolivia • 1 ♂; Mapiri; RMNH.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Pará, Belem; 20 Apr. 1967; Y. Sedman leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; Rondônia, Vilhena; 12°65'55"S, 60°22'18"W; 25 Apr. 2006; J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Dist. Fed. Planaltina, cerrado; 1000 m a.s.l.; 24 Sep.–6 Oct. 1985; Scott E. Miller leg.; USNM (USNMENT01371107) • 1 ♀; Dist. Fed. Planaltina, cerrado; 1000 m a.s.l.; 6–25 Oct. 1985; Scott E. Miller leg.; USNM (USNMENT01371106) • 1 ♀; Mato Grosso; 12°50'S, 51°47'W; 26 Feb. 1968; O.W. Richards leg., R.S. & R.G.S. Exped. B.M. 1968-260; NHMUK • 1 ♀; West border Mato Grosso; May 1931; R.C. Shannon leg.; USNM (red label “Paratype”, see Notes).

Peru • 1 ♀; Tingo Maria, Rio Huallaga; 700 m a.s.l.; Nov. 1947; Weyrauch leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; San Martin, around San Ruque de Cumbaza; 6°23'4.96"S, 76°25'53.47"W; 15–31 Jan. 2015; T. Faasen leg.; RMNH.

Body length: male 7.5–9.5 mm, female 9.5–10 mm. The conspicuous golden pile on tergite 4 places this species in the flavofascium species group. Within this group, this species is distinguished by the combination of the following characters: basoflagellomere longer than scape, postpronotum bare, wing cell c bare on posterobasal 1/4 or less, alula largely bare, wing cell r₄₊₅ partly yellow. Male genitalia as in Fig. 283.

A Brazilian female specimen from the USNM collection carries a red label stating “Paratype” (see Additional specimens). As Hull (1941) based his description on a single specimen and does not mention additional material, this specimen cannot be considered a paratype. Variation in colouration in this species is considerable. Based on the present material, it is not possible to assess the taxonomic relevance of this variability, but it seems possible that P. aurigaster as defined here represents a species complex.

Known from Bolivia, Brazil (Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia), and Peru.

Holotype. Argentina • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon ballux sp. nov.; Misiones, 5 km E Puerto Iguazo, behind Hotel Orquidaes; 6 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU.

Label 1: “Argentina: Misiones / 5 km E Puerto Iguazo / behind Hotel Orquidaes / 1–6.ii.1992 / S.A. Marshall”; label 2: “Peradon sp. 02 / det. M. Reemer 2016 / Voucher code MR715”.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Paraná, Piraquara, Mananciais da Serra, Mar; 25°29'46"S, 48°58'54"W; 6 Dec. 2007; J.A. Rafael leg.; INPA (INPA-DT0000058).

(based on holotype). Adult male. Body size: 8 mm.

Head. Face occupying 0.47 of head width in frontal view; black, except for pale yellow, oblique vittae laterally on ventral half; white pilosity, more golden medially. Gena black with white pilosity. Lateral oral margin weakly produced; black with white pilosity. Frons and vertex black with golden pilosity, except ocellar triangle with black pilosity. Occiput black with golden pilosity dorsally, white pilosity ventrally. Eye bare. Antennal fossa approx. as wide as high. Antenna brown. Ratio scape:basoflagellomere approximately 1:1. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, ca. 3/5 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull black; short, appressed black pile, except for narrow fasciae of pale golden pile along anterior margin, transverse suture, and posterior margin. Postpronotum brown; bare. Postalar callus brown; golden pilosity. Scutellum black with faint metallic green hue, posterior margin brownish; short yellow pilosity; with two apical calcars of ca. 1/6 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance slightly more than 1/2 length of scutellum. Pleura blackish brown. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; golden pilosity anteriorly, whitish pile posteriorly, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely whitish pilose. Katepisternum white pile dorsally, bare ventrally. Other pleura bare (except for microtrichiae). Calypter whitish with yellow margin. Halter yellow.

Wing. Hyaline, except for pale yellow macula in basal half of cell r₂₊₃, with dark veins, except veins c and R₁ yellow between wing base and stigmal crossvein. Wing microtrichose, except bare on posterobasal 5/6 of br, basal 3/4 of bm, anterobasal 1/4 of cup, and most of alula (only microtrichose along margins).

Legs. Brownish black with faint metallic hues; white pilosity, except tarsi and tibiae ventrally dark golden pilosity.

Abdomen. Elongate, widest at middle of tergite 3, although this tergite almost parallel-sided; blackish brown, except pale brown on lateral margins of tergites 3 and 4, and largely golden metallic medially on tergite 4; tergite 1 white pilosity; tergites 2 and 3 short black pilosity, except short golden to white pilosity along lateral margins; tergite 4 golden pilosity with narrow median vitta of short black pile. Sternites blackish brown; white pilosity, except sternite 1 bare.

Female. Unknown.

Body length: male 8–9 mm. The conspicuous golden pile on tergite 4 places this species in the flavofascium species group. Within this group, this species is distinguished by the combination of the following characters: basoflagellomere longer than scape, postpronotum bare, wing cell c bare on posterobasal 1/4 or less, alula largely bare, wing cell r₄₊₅ without yellow colouration. Male genitalia as in Fig. 282.

The additionally studied male specimen from Brazil (Paraná) differs from the holotype in its larger body size (9 mm), slightly smoky wings, and the presence of a pair of submedian vittae of black pile on tergite 4. Possibly, this specimen belongs to another species, which is why it is not designated as paratype. However, the number of available specimens is too low to make a decision on this.

Known from the Argentinian province Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná.

The Latin word ballux means gold-dust, and this was chosen as specific epithet in reference to the golden pilosity of tergite 4. It is to be treated as a noun in apposition.

South America • 1 ♂, holotype of Mulio bidens Fabricius; UZMC. Label 1 (red): “TYPE”; label 2: “M: bidens / ‘Am:mer:Schmid”. Coll. UZMC.

Brazil • 1 ♀, holotype of Ceratophya bicolor Walker; Para; NHMUK. Female. Label 1 (round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2 (round, green-bordered): “ Type”; label 3: “Para”; label 4: “Ceratophya / bicolor / Wlk.”; label 5: “bicolor Wlk”.

Peru • 1 ♀, holotype of Microdon flavomarginatum Curran; La Sombra to El Encanto, Putumayo Dist.; 23 Aug. 1923; Cornell University Expedition Lot 569 leg.; CU. Label 1: “La Sombra to El Encanto, Putumayo Dist., PERU, Aug. 23 ‘20”; label 2: “Cornell Univ. Expedition Lot 569”; label 3 (red): “Holotype Cornell U. No. 1732”; label 4 (red): “Type Microdon flavomarginatum Curran”; label 5: “Microdon flavomarginatum Curran Det. C.H. Curran”.

Guyana • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon langi Curran; Kumakusa; Sept. 1922; H. Lang leg.; AMNH. Label 1: “Kumakusa, Brit. Guiana, IX-1922. H. Lang”; label 2 (red): “Type Microdon langi Curran”; label 3: “C.H. Curran collection, Acc. 31144”; label 4: Microdon langi Curran, Det. C.H. Curran”.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Serra do Navio, Terr. Amapá; 20 Oct. 1957; J. Lane leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; Itaituba; MZH (Frey collection).

Peru • 1 ♀; Chanchamayo; USNM • 1 ♂; Pará, Belém; 8 May 1967; Y. Sedman leg.; USNM [dwarf specimen, see Notes] • 1 ♀; Pará, Belém; 12 Aug. 1962; K. Lenko leg.; USNM.

French Guiana • 1 ♀; Alicoto-Oyapock; 14 Nov. 1969; Balachowsky-Gruner leg.; MNHN. GUYANA • 1 ♀; Georgetown; H.W.B. Moore leg.; USNM.

Peru • 1 ♀; Marcapota; RMNH.

Suriname • 1 ♀; Paramaribo; 15 Jul. 1944; D.C. Geijskes leg.; RMNH • 1 ♀; Paramaribo; 28 Jan. 1960; D.C. Geijskes leg.; RMNH • 1♂; Lely, 29 Oct.1979; G.F. Mees; RMNH • 1 ♂; Peperpot; 4 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Peperpot; 14–21 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Resex Unini, Rio Unini, Lago 03 Bocas; 01°34'13"S, 62°58'54"W; 14–28 Jul. 2004; M.L. Oliveira, A. Silva F., L. Aquino leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Serra do Navio, Terr. Amapá; 21 Oct. 1957; K. Lenko leg.; MZUSP.

Suriname • 1 ♂; Colakreek; 30 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Mopentibo; 19 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Body size: male (9–)12–14 mm (single dwarf specimen of 9 mm known, see Notes), female 15–16 mm. Two colour morphs are known of this species. In the red morph (corresponding with the type of Mulio bidens) tergites 2–4 are entirely red. From other species with an entirely reddish abdomen, the red morph of P. bidens differs by the uniformly greyish wings, lacking any pale areas or veins. In the black morph (corresponding with the type of Microdon langi) the abdomen is entirely black. The following combination of characters distinguishes it from other Peradon species with a black abdomen: wings uniformly greyish to blackish, vertex more or less flat, face yellow, mesoscutum with medially interrupted fascia of golden pile along transverse suture, wing cell bm entirely microtrichose, cell br largely bare. In both colour morphs, the wings of the females are generally darker than those of the males.

The holotype of Microdon flavomarginatum Curran was studied in order to find differences with Peradon bidens. In this type specimen the face is widely dark brown medially, and tergite 1 is orange brown. In most specimens of P. bidens the face is entirely yellow and tergite 1 is blackish. However, intermediate character states occur in certain specimens. Besides these characters, no differences of taxonomic importance could be found. Therefore, Microdon flavomarginatum Curran syn. nov. is here considered a junior synonym of Mulio bidens Fabricius. Ceratophya bicolor Walker was already synonymized with Peradon bidens by Reemer and Ståhls (2013a) (see also Reemer 2014).

A dwarf male specimen from Brazil (Pará, Belém, coll. USNM) measures only 9 mm. However, this specimen does not differ in any other morphological character from the other studied males.

As noted by Reemer (2014), specimens of P. bidens (red abdomen) are morphologically identical to specimens of P. langi Curran (black abdomen). Two Surinamese specimens of both taxa were included in the barcode dataset in order to find molecular clues for their taxonomic status. All three analyses (ML, parsimony and NJ, Fig. 8, Suppl. material 1: Figure S1, Suppl. material 2: Figure S2) of these data resolved two clades, both consisting of one specimen of P. bidens and one of P. langi with 100% identical barcodes. This is puzzling, but here the view is taken that all four specimens represent the same species, and two haplotypes are involved, which both happen to be represented by both a red and a black specimen. Therefore, Microdon langi Curran syn. nov. is here considered as a junior synonym of Mulio bidens Fabricius.

Amazonian. Known from northern states of Brazil (Amapá, Pará), French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Suriname.

Brazil • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon bispina Hull; São Paulo; H.W. Bates leg.; NHMUK. Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “S. / Paulo”; label 3: “Holotype / Microdon / bispina / Hull”. Hull (1943) notes that the specimen was collected by H.W. Bates.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Manaus, Amazonas; 13 May 1967; Y. Sedman leg.; CNC.

Body length 8.5–11.5 mm. A small, slender, black species of the bidens group, of which only males are known. The wings are infuscate and there is a narrow yellow marking on cell r₄₊₅ between the apical part of the vena spuria and vein M posterior to it (Fig. 37). This separates the species from similar species, in which the yellow wing marking is either absent or situated in a different part of the wing.

In the holotype, the head of a species belonging to a different microdontine genus has been glued to the specimen: it is too large and of uncharacteristic shape for Peradon (lateral oral margin not produced). The specimen from Manaus is considerably smaller (8.5 mm) than the holotype from Sao Paulo (11.5 mm). The specimens are considered conspecific because of the otherwise striking similarities in morphology and colouration.

Known from Manaus and São Paulo in Brazil.

Holotype. Ecuador • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon brevis sp. nov.; “Pr. Mor. -S.”; 900 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 1982; R. Hensen & A. Aptroot leg.; RMNH. Label 1: “ECUADOR; Pr. Mor. -S.; / Palora; 900 m; / Leg. R. Hensen et A. / Aptroot; 18-8-1982”; label 2: “Peradon sp. 04 [male symbol] / Det. M. Reemer 2016 / Voucher code MR717”; label 3: “HOLOTYPE / Peradon brevis / M. Reemer”.

(based on holotype). Adult male. Body size: 7 mm.

Head. Face occupying 0.5 of head width in frontal view; black, except for pale yellow, oblique yellow maculae laterally on ventral half; golden yellow pilose, with narrow bare mid line. Gena black; white pilose. Lateral oral margin clearly produced; black; white pilosity. Frons and vertex black, golden pilose. Occiput black; golden pile dorsally, white pile ventrally. Eye bare. Antennal fossa approx. as wide as high. Antenna dark brown, basal half of scape pale brown. Ratio scape:basoflagellomere approximately 1:1.2. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, ca. 3/5 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull blackish brown; golden yellow pilose, except for mediolateral patches of black pile. Postpronotum pale brown; bare. Postalar callus brown; golden yellow pilosity. Scutellum dark brown with faint metallic green hue, posterior margin paler; short golden yellow pilosity; with two apical calcars of ca. 1/6 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance approximately equal to length of scutellum. Pleura blackish brown. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; golden pile anteriorly and posteriorly, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely whitish pilosity. Katepisternum white pilosity dorsally, bare ventrally. Other pleura bare (except for microtrichiae). Calypter whitish with yellow margin. Halter yellow.

Wing. Hyaline with yellow veins, except for dark veins in apical 1/3 of wing and around apical 1/2 of cell br, wing membrane also somewhat infuscate around apical 1/2 of br. Wing microtrichose, except bare on posterobasal 1/4 of br, posterobasal 1/3 of bm, anterobasal 1/6 of cup, and most of alula (only microtrichose along margins).

Legs. Brownish black, except ‘knees’ of mid leg (narrow part of apex of mid femur and base of mid tibia), hind tibia and basal three tarsomeres of hind leg yellowish brown; white pile on dark brown parts and yellow pile on yellowish brown parts.

Abdomen. Oval, widest at posterior margin of tergite 2, with tergite 3 approximately parallel-sided; blackish brown, except pale brown on posterior margin of tergite 4; tergite 1 white pilose; tergite 2 short black pilose except longer yellow pilosity along anterior and lateral margins, tergite 3 short black pilose except golden yellow pilose along lateral and posterior margins, tergite 4 entirely thick golden pile. Sternites dark brown; white pilose, except sternite 1 bare. Genitalia as in Fig. 280.

Female. Unknown.

Body length: male 7 mm (female unknown). A small species with densely golden pilose tergite 4. Distinguished from similar species by: basoflagellomere longer than scape, mesonotum with anterior and median fascia of golden pile fused into a single wide fascia, which is connected to the posterior fascia by a wide median vitta (Fig. 96). Postpronotum bare.

The species is only known from the type locality in Ecuador.

The specific epithet brevis (Latin) means short, which refers to the sturdy appearance of this species.

Mexico • 1 ♀, holotype of Ubristes chrysopyga Giglio-Tos; Orizaba; MRSN. Label 1: “836.”; label 2 (green): “Orizaba”; label 3: “Ubristes chrysopyga / Giglio-Tos”. Only photographs of the holotype were studied.

Belize • 1 ♀; Mtn. Pine Ridge; 14–15 Jan. 1991; MZH.

Costa Rica • 1 ♀; Guanacaste, 3 m SE R. Naranjo; 20–29 Nov. 1991; F.D. Parker leg.; LACM • 1 ♂ 3 ♀; same as previous except date Apr. 1992 • 2 ♀; same as previous except date 1–15 Apr. 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 16–20 Apr. 1992 • 1 ♂ 2 ♀; same as previous except date 20–30 Apr. 1992 • 2 ♂ 4 ♀; same as previous except date May 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 11 May 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 16–31 May 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 24–31 May 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 1–5 Jun. 1992 • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; same as previous except date 1–15 Jun. 1992 • 1 ♂; same as previous except date 21–30 Sep. 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 1–9 Oct. 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 1–10 Oct. 1992 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 15–30 Apr. 1993 • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; same as previous except date May 1993 • 2 ♀; same as previous except date 12–14 May 1993 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 17 May 1993 • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; same as previous except date 1–15 Jun. 1993 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 10–14 Jun. 1993 • 1 ♂; same as previous except date 18–23 Jun. 1993 • 1 ♂; same as previous except date 22 Jun. 1993 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 13–31 Jul. 1993 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 29–31 Jul. 1993 • 3 ♀; same as previous except date 14–20 Aug. 1993 • 2 ♀; same as previous except date 1–14 Sep. 1993 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 7 Sep. 1993 • 1 ♂; Alajuela, 20 km S Upala; 1–10 May 1990; F.D. Parker leg.; LACM • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 11–15 May 1990 • 1 ♀; same as previous except data 17 Sep. 1990 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 11–21 Sep. 1991 • 1 ♀; same as previous except date 1–10 Oct. 1992 • 1 ♂; Puntarenas, Cordillera de Tilarán, Monteverde; 17 Aug. 2010; M. Hauser leg.; RMNH (genitalia in fig. 281 drawn after this specimen).

El Salvador • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Los Chorros National Park; 13 Jul. 1961; M.E. Irwin leg.; CNC.

Mexico • 1 ♀; Oaxaca, El Camaron; 9.VI.1987; T. Taylor leg.; LACM • 1 ♀; Veracruz 24, 1 mi E Jaltipan; 2 Sep. 1972; leg. Byers & Thornhill; SEMC • 1 ♂; Chiapas, Montebello Nat. Pk.; 1 Jun.1969; J.W. Boyes leg.; CNC.

Body length male 8–10 mm, female 10–12 mm. Peradon chrysopygus belongs to the flavofascium species group. Within this group, it is the only species in which the male has no yellow wing markings, the wing being entirely dusky grey. In the female there is a large yellow part in the wing basally, whereas cells r₂₊₃ and r₄₊₅ are entirely dark. The postponotum is pilose.

Known from Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico. This is the only known species of the flavofascium-group in Central America.

Holotype. Costa Rica • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon costaricensis sp. nov.; Braulio Carillo National Park; 10°10'N, 84°07'W; 500 m a.s.l.; 10 Apr. 1985; H. Goulet-L. Masner leg.; CNC.

Label 1: “COSTA RICA / B. Carrillo N.P. / 10°10'N, 84°07'W / 10.IV.85; 500 m. / H. Goulet-L. Masner”.

Paratypes. Costa Rica • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; National Park Braulio Carillo, Quebrada Gonzales, 30 km NNE San José; 10°09'N, 83°55'W; 7 Apr. 2004; J.-H. Stuke leg.; ZFMK.

(based on holotype). Adult male. Body size: 13.5 mm.

Head. Face occupying 0.44 of head width in frontal view; yellow; pale golden yellow pile. Gena black; white pilosity. Lateral oral margin weakly produced; black; white pilosity. Frons and vertex black; pale golden yellow pilosity, except black pilosity at ocellar triangle. Occiput black; pale golden yellow pile dorsally, white pilose ventrally. Eye bare. Antennal fossa approx. as wide as high. Antenna brown. Ratio scape:basoflagellomere approximately 1:1.6. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, ca. 3/4 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull black; short black pilosity, except for narrow uninterrupted fasciae of golden yellow pile along anterior and posterior margins and transverse suture. Postpronotum brown; golden yellow pile. Postalar callus blackish brown; golden yellow pilosity. Scutellum blackish brown with faint metallic shine, posterior margin yellow; white pilosity; with two apical calcars of ca. 1/4 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance approximately equal to length of scutellum. Pleura brown. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; golden yellow pile anteriorly and posteriorly, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely pale golden yellow pile. Katepisternum white pilose dorsally, bare ventrally. Other pleura bare (except for microtrichiae). Calypter pale yellowish grey, halter yellow.

Wing. Hyaline, slightly brownish in anterior cells; veins around cell br and vena spuria yellow. Wing microtrichose, except bare on posterobasal 1/2 of cell br, basal 3/4 of cell bm (but with for narrow median strip of microtrichiae over entire length of cell), and most of alula (only microtrichose along margins).

Legs. Pale brown; yellow pilosity, except coxae silvery white pilose.

Abdomen. Elongate, widest at posterior 1/2 of tergite 2, tergite 3 slightly tapering distally. Tergites dark brown, except tergite 2 yellowish brown along lateral margins. Tergite 2 with relatively long golden pilosity, except for long white pile anterolaterally. Tergite 3 with very short dark golden yellow pile, except for longer appressed silvery white pile along lateral margins. Tergite 4 with very short blackish pilosity, although under certain angles the pile may seem to have a golden sheen. Sternites brown; yellow pile, except sternite 1 bare. Genitalia as in Fig. 268.

Female. As male, except for the following differences: body length 14 mm. Face dark brown. Fascia of golden pile along transverse suture narrowly interrupted medially. Wing yellow on anterior half. Tergite 3 short black pile, except for longer whitish pile laterally. Tergite 5 short black pile.

Body length: male 12.5–13.5 mm, female 14 mm. Pale specimens are readily recognizable by the colour pattern of the abdomen: entirely dark brown except for yellowish lateral margins of tergite 2 (Fig. 67). Dark specimens differ from the black morph of P. bidens by the partly bare wing cell bm, and the uninterrupted fascia of golden pile along the transverse suture (widely interrupted in P. bidens). Dark specimens also resemble P. sciarus but differ by the presence of a fascia of golden pile along the transverse suture (absent in P. sciarus).

The male paratype is considerably darker in colouration than the holotype and the female paratype. All wing veins are dark and the lateral margins of tergite 2 are only slightly paler than the rest of this tergite. In other characters, however, the specimens are more or less identical.

The species is only known from Costa Rica.

The specific epithet is an adjective referring to Costa Rica, the country of origin of the type specimens.

Paraguay • 1 ♀, neotype of Microdon diaphanus Sack (new designation, see notes); Encarnacion; 15 Jun. 1927; Shannon & Del Ponte leg.; USNM.

Label 1: “ex ant colony / in arboreal / bromelia”; label 2: “Encarnacion / Paraguay 15.6.27 / Shannon & Del Ponte””; label 3: “USNMENT / [barcode] / 01371103”. Coll USNM. With empty puparium mounted on same pin.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Jundiahy; 13 Aug. 1899; NHMUK.

Paraguay • 2 ♀; same label data as neotype; USNM.

Body length: male 16 mm (based on Sack 1921), female 16.5–18.5. The constricted abdomen, absence of a triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum, and partly dark wings place P. diaphanus in a group with P. elongatus, P. hermetia and P. hermetoides. Peradon diaphanus differs from the other three species by tergite 2 being longer than wide, and also by the rufous golden pilose mesoscutum.

According to Pape and Thompson (2013), Reemer and Ståhls (2013a) and Thompson et al. (1976), the type of Microdon diaphanus is deposited in the DEI (Müncheberg). However, attempts to find it in that collection failed (pers. comm. F. Menzel). The DEI is part of the Senckenberg research institute, which also holds entomological collections in Dresden (SNSD) and Frankfurt (SMF). Enquiries at these institutions did not result in finding the type either. As a large part of the collection of P. Sack was destroyed during World War II (Franz 1967), it seems probable that this has also happened to the type of M. diaphanus. In order to ensure the stability of this taxon, a neotype designation is deemed desirable. One female from Brazil (coll. NHMUK) and three females from Paraguay (coll. USNM) agree well with the original description and the figure in Sack (1921). As the species was originally described from Paraguay, one of the Paraguayan females is here designated as neotype.

The three females from Paraguay are mounted together with empty puparia and carry labels stating “ex ant colony in arboreal bromelia”. This is the first known record of an association of a Peradon species with ants. Unfortunately, the ants remain unidentified.

Known from the Brazilian state São Paulo and from Paraguay.

Brazil • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon elongatus Hull; Pará, Santarem; NHMUK. Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “Braz. / Santarem”; label 3 (red): “Holotype / Microdon /elongata / Hull”. Coll. NHMUK. • 1 ♀; Villa nova; NHMUK. Label 1 (small, round, yellow-bordered): “Para- / type”; label 2: “Villa / nova”; label 3 (yellow): “Paratype / Microdon / elongata / Hull”.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Amazonas, Novo Aripuanã, Malaise Igarapé, “Floresta úmida”; 05°15'53"S, 60°07'08"W; Sep. 2004; Henriques, Silva & Pena leg.; INPA (“INPA-DT / 0000080”) • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Parque Nacional Jaú, Arm. Malaise, Campinarana baixa; 8–16 Apr. 2001; 01.5427 S, 61.3510 W; Henriques & Vidal leg.; INPA (“INPA-DIP / 001569”).

Body length: male 10.5–11 mm, female 11–12 mm. The basally constricted abdomen, absence of a golden pilose triangle on the mesoscutum, and partially infuscated wings place this species in a group together with P. diaphanus, P. hermetia and P. hermetoides. Among these species, P. elongatus is the only one with yellow colouration on the wing: in the male, only the vena spuria is yellow, in the female the yellow parts are more extensive.

Brazil (Amazonas, Pará).

The yellow wing colouration is much more extensive on the female than on the male. Similar sexual dimorphism in wing colouration also occurs in other Peradon species, e.g., P. chrysopygus and P. flavofascium. The male from the Brazilian state Amazonas was collected in humid forest along a small stream (“igarapé”). The female from Amazonas was collected in a “campinarana”: a type of vegetation occurring in flat, sandy soils prone to waterlogging, usually dominated by thin trees (pers. comm. G.F.G. Miranda).

Amazon Region • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon fenestratus Hull; NHMUK.

Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “Amazon / 66 53”; label 3 (red): “Holotype / Microdon / fenestratus / Hull”.

Brazil • Amazonas: 3 ♀; Barcelos, Rio Demeni Pirico; 01°19'30"S, 62°47'21"W; Aug. 2008; A. Silva & R. Machado leg.; INPA • 1 ♀; Barcelos, Rio Demeni Alubiá; 00°16'07"S, 62°44'45"W; Aug. 2008; A. Silva & R. Machado leg.; INPA • 1 ♀; Barcelos, Serrinha; 00°25'05"N, 63°23'05"W; Jul. – Aug. 2007; A.S. Filho & T. Krolow leg.; INPA. French Guiana • 1 ♂; St-Laurent du Maroni; 1909; E. Le Moult leg.; MNHN.

Body length: male 17 mm, female 17–19 mm. The triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum place this species in a group with P. aureoscutus, P. aureus, P. trilinea and P. trivittatus. Peradon fenestratus differs from all four of those by the erect (instead of appressed) pile on the scutellum (Fig. 16).

Label information of the studied Brazilian specimens in the INPA collection states that these were collected in “terra firme” (non-flooded) forest and at a small stream (“igarapé”).

Known from the Brazilian Amazon region and from French Guiana.

Guyana • 1 ♀, holotype of Microdon flavipennis Curran; Bartica; 5 Apr. 1901; C.W. Johnson leg.; MCZ. Label 1: “Bartica, BG / IV-5-1901”; label 2: “Collection / C.W. Johnson”; label 3: “M. / flavipennis Curran / Det. / C.H. Curran”; label 4 (red): “TYPE / Microdon / flavipennis / Curran”; label 5 (red): “Type / 7657”; label 6: “Jan.-July 2003 / MCZ Image / database”; label 7: “MCZ-ENT / 00007657”.

Body length: female 17 mm. The alula is largely bare and cell br is largely bare posteriad of the vena spuria. These characters separate P. flavipennis from P. niger and P. pompiloides, two other species with a contrasting wing pattern. However, P. flavipennis is most similar to morph SUR-17b of P. normalis, from which it differs by the more extensive yellow in the wing and the different position of the dark cloud in the wing, as described in the key. Theoretically, P. flavipennis might be yet another colour form of P. normalis. However, with only the type specimen available and DNA data lacking, it seems better to be conservative with regard to the specific status of P. flavipennis.

Only known from the type specimen from Guyana.

Brazil • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon flavofascium Curran; Minas Garais, Lassance; 9–19 Nov. 1919; Cornell Univ. Expedition leg.; CU. Label 1: “Lassance, Min- / as Ger’s Brazil / 9–19 Nov. 1919”; label 2: “Cornell Univ. Ex- / pedition. Lot 569”; label 3 (red): “TYPE / Microdon / flavofasciatum [sic] / Curran / No.”; label 4 (pink): “HOLOTYPE / Cornell U. / No. 1737”; label 5: “Microdon / flavofascium / Curran / Det. / C.H. Curran”.

Brazil • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Utiariti, Rio Papagaio, Mt; Oct. 1966; Lenko & Pereira leg.; MZUSP • 1 ♀; Utiariti, Rio Papagaio, Mt; Nov. 1966; Lenko & Pereira leg.; MZUSP • 1 ♂; Minas Gerais, Serra Caraça; Nov. 1961; Kloss, Lenko, Martins & Silva leg.; MZUSP • 1 ♀; Cáceres, MT; 9–11 Nov. 1984; C. Elias leg.; UFPR.

Body length: male 7.5–8.5 mm, female 8.5–9.0 mm. A rather small species of Peradon with a yellow macula in the wing, silvery white pile on tergites 4 (and 5 in the female) and a bare postpronotum. These three characters are only shared with P. surinamensis sp. nov., from which it differs as follows: alula bare for maximally 30% (only narrowly microtrichose in P. surinamensis), male with yellow wing macula extending to cell r₁ anteriorly, and additional characters stated in the key.

The genitalia of the male holotype are figured in Fig. 277. The genitalia of additional specimens from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais (where the holotype is also from) were found to look more similar to those of P. surinamensis sp. nov. However, in external characters these specimens are very similar to the type of P. flavofascium. Re-examination of the latter type revealed that the appearance of the surstylus strongly depends on the viewing angle: from certain angles, the shape of the surstylus is similar in P. flavofascium and P. surinamensis. Despite this, the specimens are considered different enough in external characters to consider them as different taxa.

Known from the Brazilian states Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais.

Panama • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon hermetia Curran; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone; 23 Dec. 1928; C.H. Curran leg; AMNH. Label 1: “Barro Colo Isld. / Canal Zone / XII-23-1928”; label 2: “Collector / C.H. Curran”; label 3 (red): “Microdon / hermetia / Curran. [male sign] / Holotype”.

Body length: male 16 mm. The constricted abdomen, absence of a triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum, and partly dark wings place this species in a group with P. diaphanus, P. elongatus, and P. hermetoides. From P. diaphanus it differs by tergite 2 being wider than long, from P. elongatus by the absence of yellow in the vena spuria, from P. hermetoides by the partly hyaline wing cell bm. The male genitalia are figured in Fig. 261.

Only known from the type specimen from Panama.

Guyana • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon hermetoides Curran; Essequibo River, Moraballi Creek, dark forest; 31 Sept. 1929; Pxf. University Expedition leg.; NHMUK. Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “Dark forest / British Guiana: / Essequibo R., / Moraballi Creek. / 31.IX.1929. / Pxf. Univ. Expedn. / B.M. 1929-485.”; label 3 (red): “Microdon / hermetoides / Curran [male sign] / Holotype”; label 4: “Microdon / hermetoides / Curran / Det. / C.H. Curran”; label 5: “note 392”; label 6: “2508.”.

French Guiana • 1 ♀; Roura, Kaw Road, PK37 (km 37), Relais Patawa; 04°32'42"N, 52°09'09"W; Nov. 2008; J.A. Cerda leg.; RMNH.

Body length: male 13.5 mm, female 12.5 mm. The constricted abdomen, absence of a triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum, and partly dark wings place this species in a group with P. diaphanus, P. elongatus, and P. hermetia. From P. diaphanus it differs by tergite 2 being approx. as wide as long, from P. elongatus by the absence of yellow in the vena spuria, from P. hermetia by the entirely infuscated wing cell bm. The male genitalia are figured in Fig. 262.

Known from Guyana and French Guiana.

Amazon Region • 1 ♀, holotype of Ceratophya luridescens Walker; NHMUK. Label 1 (round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2 (round, green-bordered): “Type”; label 3: “Amaz”; label 4: “luridescens Wlkr”; label 5: “Ceratophya / luridescens. / Wlk.”.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Acre, 15 km SE Rio Branco, Emprapa; 10°01'S, 67°41'W; 9 Jul.2008; G. Melo leg.; UFPR • 1 ♂; Roraima, Rio Uraricoera, Ilha de Maraca; 2–18 May 1987; Rafael leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Amazonas, R. Campina; 22 Jan. 1987; F.J.A. Peralta leg.; INPA • 1 ♀; Rondonia, 62 km S Ariquemes, Fazenida Rancho Grande; 10.53°S, 62.80°W; 19–29 Sep. 1996; B. Harris leg.; LACM • 1 ♂; Pará, Canindé, Rio Gurupí; May 1963; B. Malkin leg.; MZUSP • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 20 Sep. 2001; J.A. Rafael & J.F. Vidal leg.; INPA • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Resex Unini, Rio Unini, Lg. Galomanha, Terra Firme; 13–28 Jul. 2004; M.L. Oliveira, L. Aquino & A. Silva-Filho leg.; INPA.

Peru • 1 ♂; Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 air km SW of Puerto Maldonado; 1–26 Nov. 1982; E.S. Ross leg.; CAS • 1 ♂; Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata, Sachavacayoc centre, main trail, mal. trap; 12°51'46.4"S, 69°21'46.6"W; 16–24 Mar. 2011; J.T. Smit; JTS. SURINAME • 1 ♀; Brownsberg; 14 Sep. 1938; D.C. Geijskes leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Lely; 30 Oct. 1979; G.F. Mees leg.; RMNH • 2 ♂; Nason; 19 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH • 2 ♂; Nassau Mts.; 23 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; MZH & RMNH • 3 ♂; Nassau Mts.; 24 Mar. 2009; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Body length: male 13–15 mm, female 16 mm. A large species with elongate, unconstricted abdomen. Tergite 2 has a pair of large yellowish maculae, while both tergites 3 and 4 are entirely dark brown (at least tergite 3 is yellowish brown in the otherwise very similar P. angustiventris). The wings are yellow anterobasally, the fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture is complete (not interrupted medially), and the face is entirely yellow. Male genitalia as in Fig. 274.

This species is closely related to P. angustiventris and the (colour) character used here to distinguish between them may not be sufficient. The male genitalia are very similar as well. For further notes see P. angustiventris. The colour of the scutellum seems to divide the available specimens of P. luridescens into two more or less discrete groups: in some the scutellum is entirely yellow, while in other specimens it is black with a greenish metallic hue, leaving only the margins narrowly yellow. In males with a dark scutellum the wings tend to be more extensively yellow towards the apex than in males with a yellow scutellum. In all studied females, the yellow colouration of the wing extends all the way to the wing apex, except in one specimen (Brazil, Manaus, 5–8.II.2005), in which it does not reach further than crossvein rm.

Known from the Brazilian states Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondonia, Roraima, from Amazonian parts of Peru, and from Suriname.

Mexico • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon niger Williston; Pancina, Vera Paz., Champion”; 1903; F.D. Godman & O. Salvin leg.; NHMUK. Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “Pancina, / Vera Paz. / Champion.”; label 3: “Sp. figured.”; label 4: “Microdon [male sign] / niger, Will.”; label 5: “Biol. Centr. Amer. / Dipt. - Syrphidae. / F.D. Godman, / O. Salvin. / 1903-51.”.

Bolivia • 1 ♀, holotype of Microdon manni Shannon; USNM. Label 1: “Ivon Beni / Mann. Bol.”; label 2: “W.M. Mann / collector”; label 3 (red): “Type No. / 25951 / U.S.N.M.”; label 4: “Microdon / manni / Shannon”; label 5: “= niger Will. / C.T.G.”; label 6 (barcode): “USMM ENT 00250236”.

Mexico • 1 ♂; Chiapas, 6.0 km SW Ocosingo; 22 Sep. 1992; M. Wood leg.; CNC.

Peru • 1 ♀; Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 air km SW Puerto Maldonado; 1–26 Nov. 1982; E.S. Ross leg.; CAS.

Body length: male 14.5–15 mm, female 15.5–16 mm. This is a species with a black body and blackish wings with a large whitish apical wing mark. From similarly coloured species (P. bispina, P. normalis, P. pompiloides) this species differs by the entirely microtrichose alula.

The two specimens from Mexico (including the type of P. niger) are males, whereas the two specimens from Bolivia (i.e., the type of P. manni) and Peru are both females. Apart from usual sexual dimorphism, no morphological differences could be found. This supports the synonymization of Microdon manni Shannon with M. niger Williston by Thompson et al. (1976). However, the type localities of these taxa (Bolivia and Mexico, respectively) are far apart, and the types are of opposite sexes. Support for this synonymy would be stronger if males and females of both areas could be compared with each other.

Known from southern Mexico and Amazonian parts of Bolivia and Peru.

Guyana •1 ♀, holotype of Microdon normalis Curran; Demara River, West Bank; 9 Feb. 1923; AMNH. Label 1: “W. Bank, Dem. R. / 9-ii-1923”; label 2 (red): “TYPE / Microdon / normalis / Curran”; label 3: “Microdon / normalis / Det. C.H. Curran”. Coll. AMNH. Type locality according to Curran (1925): West Bank Demarara River.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Pará, Guama; 8 May 1956; E. Lobato leg.; MZUSP.

French Guiana • 1 ♀; Roura, Kaw Road, PK37 (km 37), Relais Patawa; 04°32'43"N, 52°09'09"W; Nov. 2008; J.A. Cerda leg.; RMNH.

Suriname • 1 ♀; Brownsberg; 04°56'45"N, 55°10'59"W; 2 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH [previously published as Peradon SUR-17a by Reemer 2014].

Brazil • 1 ♀; Pará; Baker leg.; LACM.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Cepiac, Manaus; 3 Apr. 1977; INPA.

Suriname • 1 ♀; Brownsberg; 04°56'45"N, 55°10'59"W; 2 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH [previously published as Peradon SUR-17b by Reemer 2014].

Brazil • 1 ♂; Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes; 8–20 Nov. 1994; W.J. Hanson leg.; LACM.

Body length: male 13 mm (based on P. cf. normalis), female 11–17 mm. In the concept presented here, Peradon normalis is a very variable species in colouration. In females, three colour morphs are recognized. In the typical morph the abdomen and legs are black and the wings are blackish with a subapical yellow marking (Figs 43, 120). In the red morph the abdomen and legs are red, and the wings are coloured as in the typical morph (Fig. 121). In morph SUR-17b the abdomen and legs are black, and the wings are yellow basally with a blackish subapical marking, almost a photo negative of the typical variation (Figs 42, 122). In all of these variations, the alula is largely bare and cell br is largely bare posteriad of the vena spuria. These characters separate P. normalis from the other species with blackish wings and subapical yellow wing markings: P. bispina, P. niger and P. pompiloides. Morph SUR-17b resembles Peradon flavipennis in wing colouration, but differs from that species by the more extensive yellow in the wing and the different position of the dark cloud in the wing, as described in the key. Additional characters distinguishing females of P. normalis from females of P. pompiloides and P. cf. sciarus are the absence of a basomedian patch of greyish pruinescence on tergite 4 (Figs 53, 54), and the presence of greyish pruinescence on the basal 1/3 of tergite 3 (Figs 57–59). These characters are only visible when viewing from a frontal angle. The male is not known with certainty. One male specimen from Brazil (Rondonia) is here preliminarily assigned to P. cf. normalis because of the partly bare alula and wing cell br, and the presence of small, not interconnected yellow marks in the wing apex (Fig. 119). Genitalia as in Fig. 269.

The typical colour morph and the red morph are considered conspecific because of the identical morphology, including the patterns of the wing microtrichosity. The pattern of greyish pruinescence on tergite 3 is also similar in both colour forms (Figs 57–59). A similar case of colour variation is found in Peradon bidens. In the case of Peradon SUR-17b of Reemer (2014), the barcode is identical to that of Peradon SUR-17a (see paragraph Barcode results). Peradon SUR-17b does not agree in morphology and colouration with any described species, but P. SUR-17a corresponds with the type of P. normalis in all morphological and colour characters, except that it is smaller (body length 11 instead of 17 mm). The specimen of Peradon SUR-17a is identical in morphology and body size to P. SUR-17b. Both specimens of P. SUR-17a and P. SUR-17b were collected at exactly the same locality within five minutes on the same day (Reemer 2014). Combined with the identical barcodes and identical morphology this suggests that the specimens belong to the same species, so both are here assigned to P. normalis. Extra support for this conclusion is provided by the similar pattern of greyish pruinescence on tergite 3 (Figs 57–59).

In the only male specimen assigned to P. normalis, the yellow wing markings are not interconnected, so they do not form one large subapical macula as is found in the females of the typical variation. However, such sexual dimorphism in which the yellow wing colouration is less extensive in the male is also known from other species of Peradon, such as P. chrysopygus, P. flavofascium and P. luridescens. Whether this male specimen really belongs to P. normalis can only be resolved based on additional material, which is currently unavailable.

The only known specimen of Peradon flavipennis only differs from P. normalis in wing colouration. Therefore, it seems possible that P. flavipennis is merely a colour form of P. normalis. Without any further specimens or DNA data available, however, it seems premature to change the taxonomic status of P. flavipennis.

Known from the Brazilian states Pará and Rondonia, French Guiana, Peru, and Suriname.

Holotype. Argentina • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon notialus sp. nov.; Prov. Tucumán, N307 betw. Monteros and Tafi del Valle nr. km 16; 27°05.70'S, 65°36.93'W; 560 m a.s.l.; 13 Oct. 2003; S.M. Blank & C. Kutzscher; CSCA. Label 1: “Argentina: Prov. Tucumán, / N307 betw. Monteros and / Tafi del Valle nr km 16 / 27°05.70'S, 65°36.93'W / 560 m alt., 13.10.2003, / S.M. Blank & C. Kutzscher”.

Paratypes. Brazil • 1 ♂, paratype of Peradon notialus sp. nov.; Rio Grande do Sul, 60 km NE de Bagé, Palmas; 30°59'S, 53°37'W; 270 m a.s.l.; 17 Nov. 2007; E. & J. Almeida leg.; UPFR • 1 ♀; same data as previous paratype except leg. D. Parizotto.

(based on holotype). Adult male. Body size: 6 mm.

Head. Face occupying 0.48 of head width in frontal view; black; white pile. Gena black; white pilosity. Lateral oral margin weakly produced; black; white pilosity. Frons and vertex black; black pile. Occiput black; white pilosity. Eye bare. Antennal fossa approx. as wide as high. Antenna brown. Length ratio of scape:basoflagellomere approximately 1:1. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, ca. 2/3 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull black; short, pale yellowish pile, except for narrow fascia of silvery white pile across mesoscutum. Postpronotum brown; bare. Postalar callus brown; yellow pilosity. Scutellum black with faint metallic shine; yellowish white pilosity; with two apical calcars of ca. 1/4 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance slightly more than 1/2 length of scutellum. Pleura blackish brown. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; white pilosity anteriorly and posteriorly, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely whitish pilosity. Katepisternum white pile dorsally, with very small patch of pile ventrally. Other pleurae bare (except for microtrichiae). Calypter and halter yellow.

Wing. Hyaline, except cells bc, c, sc, and vena spuria yellow. Wing microtrichose, except cell bc largely bare. Legs: brownish black; white pilose, except tarsi ventrally golden yellow pile.

Abdomen. Elongate, widest at apex of tergite 2; blackish brown, except posterior margin of tergite 4 yellow; tergite 1 white pile; tergite 3 with short black pilosity, except longer golden yellow pilosity along lateral and posterior margins; tergite 4 golden yellow pilose, with pile more dense laterally and medially, very sparse in between. Sternites brown; white pilosity, except sternite 1 bare. Genitalia as in Fig. 279.

Female As male, except for following differences. Body length 7.5 mm. Length ratio of scape:basoflagellomere approximately 1:1.1. Yellow wing colouration more extensive, including cell br entirely, most of bm, a small anterior part of cup, median parts of r₄₊₅ and apex of wing. Pilosity of tergite 5 more or less like that of tergite 4 in the male, except there is a narrow median bare vitta.

Body length: male 6–8.5 mm, female 7.5 mm. This is the only species of Peradon in which the basoflagellomere is (slightly) shorter than the scape, and also one of the few with a fully microtrichose alula (this character is only shared with P. manni and P. niger, which have largely blackish wings and lack the golden pile on tergites 4 and 5).

The species is known from Tucumán province (Argentina) and the Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul.

The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the Latin notialis, meaning southern, and refers to the distribution of this species in southern parts of South America.

Brazil • 1 ♀, holotype of Microdon oligonax Hull; Pto. America, R. Putumayo; 30 Aug. –2 Sep. 1920; Cornell University Expedition leg.; CU. Label 1: “Pto. America, R. Putumayo BRAZIL, Aug. 30 Sep. 2 ‘20”; label 2: “Cornell Univ. Expedition. Lot 569”; label 3 (red): “HOLOTYPE Cornell U. No. 2197”; label 4 (red): “Holotype oligonax Hull”; label 5:”Holotype Microdon oligonax Hull”.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Amazonas, Tabalinga; 11–14 Jul. 1991; Socorro & Vidal leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes; 7–18 Nov. 1995; W.J. Hanson; LACM.

Bolivia • 1 ♂; Songo; RMNH • 1 ♂; La Paz Prov., Mapiri Arroyo Tuhiri; 15°17'26"S, 68°15'46"W; 508 m a.s.l.; 13 Apr. 2004; M. Hauser leg.; CSCA.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Amazon “66.53”; NHMUK.

Colombia • 1 ♂; Vaupes, Mirafiores; 31 Jan. –5 Feb.1972; M. Cooper leg.; NHMUK.

Ecuador • 1 ♂; Pompeya, Napo R., Pastaza; 14–22 May 1965; L. Pena leg.; CNC •1 ♂; Napo, Tena; 9–14 Dec. 1971; M. Cooper leg.; NHMUK.

Peru • 1 ♀; Tingo Maria; 670 m a.s.l.; Weyrauch leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; Previsto; 8 Jun. 1965; J. Schunke leg.; NHMUK • 3 ♂; Previsto; 25 Jun. 1965; J. Schunke leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Previsto; 26 Jun. 1965; J. Schunke leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; SAM, around San Roque de Cumbaza; 6°23'4.96"S, 76°25'53.47"W; 15–31 Jan. 2015; T. Faasen leg.; RMNH • 1 ♀; Tingo Maria; 670 m a.s.l.; Weyrauch leg.; CNC.

(based on holotype). Adult female. Body size: 16 mm.

Head. Face occupying slightly more than 1/3 of head width in frontal view; yellow; brown pile, except with white pilosity ventrolaterally. Gena brown; with white pilosity. Lateral oral margin strongly produced, brown. Frons black, with black pilosity. Vertex brown; with pale pilosity. Occiput black; with pale pruinescence; black pilosity dorsally, pale pilosity ventrally. Eye bare. Antennal fossa approx. as wide as high. Antenna dark brown, except basoflagellomere black. Antennal ratio approximately 4:1:6. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, approx. 3/4 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull black; short, appressed black pile. Postpronotum and postalar callus pale brown; mixed black and yellow pilose. Scutellum brown, yellow along posterior margin; brown pilose; with two yellow apical calcars of approx. 1/4 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance ca. four times their length. Pleura brown. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; black pilose anteriorly, pale pilose posteriorly, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely pale pile. Katepisternum white pilose dorsally, bare ventrally. Katatergum and anatergum microtrichose. Other pleurae bare. Calypter and halter yellow.

Wing. Hyaline, tinged yellow on anterior half and all veins yellow; microtrichose, except alula 90% bare leaving only margins microtrichose.

Legs. Fore and mid legs (including coxae and trochanters) yellowish brown, yellow pilose. Hind coxa, trochanter and femur brown, yellow to white pilose. [Hind tibia and tarsus missing in type specimen

Abdomen. Elongate, slightly constricted at segment 2, approx. as wide as thorax, with widest point at anterior part of tergite 4. Sternite 1 brown; bare. Sternite 2 yellow; yellow pile. Sternite 3 yellowish brown; yellow pilose. Sternites 4 and 5 dark brown; dark pilose.

Male (based on additional specimens). As female, except for following differences. Body size 14–15 mm. Antennal ratio approximately 4:1:5. Scutellar calcars shorter and less far apart. Abdomen more slender.

Body length: male 13–16 mm, female 16 mm. Based on the somewhat constricted abdomen, this species is here placed in the trivittatus species group. From all other species in this group, P. oligonax differs by the presence of a (medially interrupted) fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture (similar to several species of the bidens species group).

Colouration varies from reddish brown to blackish. The pale markings on tergite 2 are often fused into one large macula, but sometimes there is a narrow dark median line dividing them. In the specimen labelled ‘Amazon / 66.53’ (coll. NHMUK) the side margins of tergite 2 are slightly more convex in dorsal view than in the other specimens, in which tergite 2 is more parallel-sided.

Thompson et al. (1976) state Ecuador as type locality, but this seems to be incorrect. Both the label of the holotype and the description of Hull (1944) only mention Brazil (Rio Putumayo) as type locality. This is also discussed by Marín-Armijos et al. (2017).

In the key to the species, Peradon oligonax is included in the trivittatus species group because of its constricted abdomen. However, other characters suggest it may be more closely related to species of the bidens group. For instance, the fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture is also found in several species of the bidens group, and there also are similarities in the male genitalia. Unfortunately, attempts to obtain a DNA barcode of this species failed.

Bolivia, Brazil (Amazon region), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Alt. 400–860 m.

Holotype. Argentina • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon palpator sp. nov.; Tucumán, Horco Molle, ca. 12 km W of Tucumán; 700 m a.s.l.; 17 Mar. 1974; C.R. Vardy leg.; NHMUK. Label 1: “Argentina: Tuc. / Horco Molle ca. 12 km. / W. of Tucuman. 700 m. / Malaise trap / 17.iii.1974. C.R. Vardy / B.M.1974-204”.

Paratypes. Argentina • 1 ♂, paratype of Peradon palpator; Tucumán, Horco Molle, ca. 12 km W of Tucumán; 700 m a.s.l.; 17 Mar. 1974; C.R. Vardy leg.; NHMUK • 5 ♂, paratypes of Peradon palpator; Tucumán, Horco Molle, c. 12 km W of Tucumán; 700 m a.s.l.; 18–21 Mar. 1974; C.R. Vardy leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, paratype of Peradon palpator sp. nov.; Tucumán, Horco Molle, ca. 12 km W of Tucumán; 700 m a.s.l.; 22–24 Mar. 1974; C.R. Vardy leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀, paratype of Peradon palpator sp. nov.; Catamarca Co., Trampasacha, 8 km W of Chumbicha, 650 m; 28°49.97'S, 66°18.29'W; 25 Oct.–12 Nov. 2003; F.D. Parker & M.E. Irwin leg.; LACM.

Argentina • 1 ♂; Salta Rosario de Lerma; Dec. 1982; Fritz leg.; CAS • 3 ♂; Salta Rosario de Lerma, INESALT yard, Malaise; 16–28 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU • 1 ♂; Salta Rosario de Lerma, pasture edge; 1 Mar. 1992; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU • 1 ♂; Tucuman Prov., 25 km S Tafi del Valle; 1320 m a.s.l.; 27°01.04'S, 65°39.33'W.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Goias, R Saia Velha, 30 km S Brasilia, on Brazilia-B.H. highway; 1 Oct. 1974; L. Knutson leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; D.F. Brasilia, L. Paranoa; 4–5 Oct. 1974; L. Knutson leg.; USNM.

(based on holotype). Adult male. Body size: 9 mm.

Head. Face occupying approximately 1/2 of head width in frontal view; black; with pale golden pilosity. Gena black; with white pilosity. Lateral oral margin weakly produced; black with white pilosity. Frons black and vertex black, with pale golden pilosity. Occiput black with whitish pilosity. Eye bare. Antennal fossa slightly wider than high. Antenna black, except scape brown. Ratio scape:basoflagellomere approximately 1:2.7. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, ca. 1/2 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull black; short, appressed black pilose, except for fasciae of pale golden pile along anterior margin, transverse suture (medially interrupted), and posterior margin. Postpronotum and postalar callus brown; pale pile. Scutellum black; pale golden pilose; with two apical calcars of ca. 1/4 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance approx. the same as length of scutellum. Pleura black. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; golden pilose anteriorly, whitish pilose posteriorly, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely whitish pilose. Katepisternum white pile dorsally, bare ventrally. Katatergum and anatergum dark microtrichose. Other pleurae bare. Calypter whitish. Halter dark yellow.

Wing. Hyaline, tinged yellow in costal and subcostal cells, and with yellow stripe over posterior half of br, ranging along vena spuria to apex of r₄₊₅, posteriorly extending into dm. Wing microtrichose, except bare on posterobasal 2/5 of br, basal 3/4 of bm, anterobasal 1/4 of cup, and most of alula (only microtrichose along margins).

Legs. Black; silvery white pile, except tarsi ventrally pale golden pilose.

Abdomen. Elongate, widest at apex of tergite 2; black; mostly pale golden pilose but more silvery white laterally, with large triangular patches laterally on tergite 3. Sternites blackish brown; white pilose, except sternite 1 bare.

Female (based on 1 paratype from Argentina, Catamarca). As male, except for following differences. Body size: 9.5 mm. Ratio of scape:basoflagellomere apporximately 1:2. Mesoscutum with only very narrow fasciae of pale golden pile. Yellow wing markings more extensive, including basal parts of cells r₁ and cup. Tergites mostly black pilose, except pale golden pilose on tergite 1, tergite 2 medially, lateral margins of tergites 3 and 4, and posterior triangular parts on tergites 3 and 4.

Body length: male 7–10 mm, female 9.5 mm. This is the only known Peradon species in which the basoflagellomere is more than twice as long as the scape. The body is entirely black and its pale golden and silvery white pilosity is not very conspicuous.

The fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture is either complete or medially interrupted. In the key, this species is included in the flavofascium species group, even though it lacks the conspicuous golden or silvery pile on tergite 4 characteristic of this group. Nevertheless, it is hypothesized to be related to this group because of similarities in the male genitalia, especially the shape of the surstylus.

The species is known from northwestern Argentina (provinces Catamarca, Salta, and Tucumán), and central Brazil (state of Goiás).

The specific epithet palpator (Latin: stroker, taster, feeler; noun in apposition) is inspired by the long antennae of this species.

Holotype. Ecuador • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon pompiloides sp. nov.; Napo, Jatun Sacha Res., 6 km E Misahualli; 1°4'S, 77°37'W; 450 m a.s.l.; 30 Apr.–8 May 2002; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU. Label 1: “ECU [Ecuador]: Napo, Jatun Sacha / Res., 6 km E. Misahualli, 450 / m. 1°4'S, 77°37'W, SOL / trail, 30 Apr–8 May 2002, / S.A. Marshall, / debu00179136”.

Paratype. Brazil • 1 ♀; “Amazon 66 53”; NHMUK.

Suriname • 1 ♂; “Amer. mer. Surinam”; RMNH.

(based on holotype). Adult male. Body size: 9.5 mm.

Head. Face occupying 0.43 of head width in frontal view; yellow; with white pilosity. Gena black with white pilosity. Lateral oral margin weakly produced; black with white pilosity. Frons and vertex black, with pale golden yellow pilosity, except black pilosity at ocellar triangle. Occiput black with pale golden yellow pilosity dorsally, white pilosity ventrally. Eye bare. Antennal fossa slightly wider than high. Antenna black, except scape brown basally. Antennal ratio approximately 1:1.4. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, ca. 2/3 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull black with faint bronze hues on wide areas along all margins; short, appressed black pilose, except for fasciae of more erect golden yellow pile along anterior and posterior margins. Postpronotum pale brown; pale yellow pile. Postalar callus dark brown; black pile. Scutellum dark brown with faint bronze hue; pale yellow pilose anteriorly, black pilose posteriorly; with two apical calcars of approx. 1/4 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance ca. the same as length of scutellum. Pleura blackish brown. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; golden yellow and black pile anteriorly, yellow pilose along posterior margin, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely white pilose. Katepisternum white pilose dorsally, bare ventrally. Katatergum and anatergum dark microtrichose. Other pleurae bare. Calypter grey. Halter yellow.

Wing. Blackish anterobasally and dark grey otherwise, except for yellow subapical macula in parts of cells r₁, r₂₊₃, r₄₊₅ and apex of dm. Wing microtrichose, except bare on basal 50% of alula.

Legs. Blackish brown; yellow to white pile, except fore and mid femora black pile anteriorly, and hind femora black pilose posteriorly.

Abdomen. Elongate, widest at apex of tergite 2; black; short black pilose, except longer yellowish to white pilose on following parts: posterior part of tergite 1, anterior margin and anterolateral corners of tergite 2, lateral margins of tergite 3 and most of tergite 4. Sternites blackish brown; black pilose, except sternite 1 bare.

Female (based on paratype from Brazil, Amazon region). As male, except for following differences. Body size: 12 mm. Tergite 5 with large anteromedian triangular patch of grey pruinescence (Fig. 55).

Body length: male 9.5–11.5 mm, female 12 mm. This is a slender, black species with infuscate wing and a subapical yellow wing mark. It can be separated from similar species by the partly bare alula, entirely microtrichose cell br, yellow wing marking situated in apical parts of cells r₄₊₅ and r₂₊₃.

The male specimen from Suriname differs from the male holotype by its longer body (11.5 mm) and the less extensive yellow wing marking. This specimen is here considered as a colour variety of P. pompiloides, but this should be re-assessed if additional material becomes available.

The species is known from the Brazilian Amazon, Ecuador, and Suriname.

The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the noun pompilus, literally meaning ‘pompilus-like’. The name is inspired by the resemblance of this species to certain Neotropical spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae).

Suriname • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon satyricus Reemer; Brownsberg; 04°56'45"N, 55°10'59"W; 2 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH. Label 1: “SURINAME. Brownsberg / 04°56'45"N, 55°10'59"W / 2.iv.2006. M. Reemer”. Coll. RMNH.

French Guyana • 1 ♂, paratype of Peradon satyricus Reemer; Montagne de Kaw, Piste Lallane; C.M.T. Raper & A. Nelid leg.; RMNH.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, 26 km N of Manaus; 31 Aug. 1982; J.A. Rafael leg.; INPA.

Body length: male: 8 mm (female unknown). A sturdy, entirely black species without pale wing markings, without golden pile on thorax or abdomen, with a produced vertex. Male genitalia as in Fig. 265.

In the specimen from Brazil the vertex is slightly less produced than in the type material, the median bulge on the face is somewhat less prominent, and the scutellar calcars are more or less straight (as opposed to curved and converging in the type specimens). The taxonomic value of these characters can only be assessed when further specimens become available.

Known from the Brazilian state Amazonas, French Guiana, and Suriname.

Suriname • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon sciarus Reemer; Awarradam, along Gran Rio River; 03°50'41"N, 55°36'48"W; 13 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH. Label 1: “SURINAME. Awarradam / along Gran Rio river. / 03°50'41"N, 55°36'48"W / 13.iv.2006 / M. Reemer” • 1 ♂, paratype of Peradon sciarus Reemer; same data as holotype.

French Guiana • 1 ♂, paratype of Peradon sciarus Reemer; Roura, Kaw road, PK 37, Relais Patawa; 04°32'42"N, 52°09'09"W; Nov. 2008; J.A. Cerda leg.; RMNH.

Colombia • 1 ♂; Caqueta, 10 km south Florencia; 23 Jan. 1969; R.E. Dietz leg.; USNM.

Peru • 1 ♂; San Martin, around San Roque de Cumbaza; 7°23'4.96"S, 76°25'53.4"W; 15–31 Jan. 2015; T. Faasen leg.; RMNH (DNA voucher MR566 / CNC464839).

Peru • 1 ♀; San Martin Prov. 23 km S Picota, Concervacion Mun. Zona Barreal; 07°04.88'S, 76°18.89'W; 335 m a.s.l.; M.E. Irwin & J.D. Vasquez leg.; CSCA.

Body length: male 10–12 mm. Males are entirely black without pale wing markings, the face is black medially, and there is no fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture. Males are clearly more slender than P. satyricus, which has a produced vertex.

The female is not known with certainty, but one specimen from Peru possibly belongs to this species. In contrast with the male, the female has large yellowish white subapical wing patches (Figs 244, 245), which make it look like P. niger, P. normalis and P. pompiloides. From P. niger it differs by the partly bare alula. From P. normalis it differs by the absence of a fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture, the presence of a large basomedian patch of greyish pruinescence on tergite 4, and the absence of such pruinescence on the basal 1/3 of tergite 3. From P. pompiloides it differs by the partly bare wing cell br.

The male specimens from Colombia and Peru are 1–2 mm larger than the male type specimens from Surinam and French Guiana, and their wings are a little darker.

The genitalia figured in Fig. 266 are those of the holotype. Reemer (2014) figures the genitalia of the paratype, but in less detail and also from a slightly oblique angle, instead from a proper lateral view. The figure in the present paper should be considered more accurate.

The female from Peru here identified as P. cf. sciarus is assigned to this species based on the COI barcode, which is almost identical to that of a Peruvian male of P. sciarus, from which it differs in one single nucleotide (Fig. 8). The most striking difference of this female with the males is the presence of a large yellowish white subapical wing patch (Figs 244, 245). Similar cases of sexual dimorphism in wing colouration occur in other Peradon species (e.g., P. chrysopygus), so this does not contradict the hypothesis that this female belongs to P. sciarus. This female is also similar to the males in other characters, such as the absence of a fascia of golden pile along the mesonotal transverse suture, the partially bare wing cell br and the partly bare alula.

Known from Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, and Suriname.

Holotype. Suriname • 1 ♂, holotype of Peradon surinamensis sp. nov.; Coppename River, Raleigh Falls; 16 Jul. 1963; P.H. van Doesburg Jr. leg; RMNH. Label 1: “Suriname / Coppename Riv. / Raleigh Falls / 16 July 1963 / P.H. v. Doesburg Jr.”; label 2: “Microdon [male symbol] / flavofascium Curr. / det. v. Doesburg”; label 3: “Peradon / cf. flavofascium / Det. M. Reemer 2016 / Voucher code MR033”.

Suriname • 1 ♀, paratype of Peradon surinamensis sp. nov.; Distr. Brokopondo, Brownsberg N.P., Witti Kreek; 20 Jul. –3 Aug. 2001; N. Grol & N. Marseille leg.; RMNH •1 ♀, paratype of Peradon surinamensis sp. nov.; Distr. Para, Colakreek, 5 km SE Zanderij; 05°27'58"N, 55°13'47"W; 1 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Rondonia, Vilhena; 13 Nov. 1986; C. Elias leg.; UFPR; 1 ♀; Amazonas [“Amazon / 66 53”]; NHMUK.

(based on holotype). Adult male. Body size: 8 mm.

Head. Face occupying approximately 0.45 of head width in frontal view; black except for pale yellow, oblique yellow maculae ventrolaterally; with white pilosity. Gena black; with white pilosity. Lateral oral margin weakly produced; black; with white pilosity. Frons and vertex black; with pale golden yellow pile pilosity. Occiput black; with pale golden yellow pilosity dorsally, white pilosity ventrally. Eye bare. Antennal fossa ca. as wide as high. Antenna brown. Ratio of scape:basoflagellomere approximately 1:1.1. Basoflagellomere parallel-sided with rounded apex. Arista slender, approx. 2/3 of length of basoflagellomere.

Thorax. Mesoscutum dull black; short black pile, except for narrow fasciae of short pale golden yellow pile along anterior and posterior margin and transverse suture. Postpronotum brown; bare. Postalar callus blackish brown; yellow pilose. Scutellum black with faint blue green metallic shine, posterior margin yellow; white pilose; with two apical calcars of approx. 1/5 of length of scutellum, with mutual distance approximately equal to length of scutellum. Pleura blackish brown. Anterior and posterior part of anepisternum separated by deep sulcus; white pilose anteriorly and posteriorly, with wide bare area in between. Anepimeron entirely whitish pilose. Katepisternum white pile dorsally, bare ventrally. Other pleura bare (except for microtrichia). Calypter and halter yellow.

Wing. Hyaline, except for pale yellow macula in basal half of cell r₄₊₅, which anteriorly extends into cell r₂₊₃ and posteriorly into cell dm; somewhat infuscated around crossvein r-m and posterior appendix of vein R₄₊₅. Wing microtrichose, except bare on basal 1/2 of cell c, basal 1/4 of r₁, basal 3/4 of br, basal 4/5 of bm, anterobasal 1/3 of cup, and most of alula (only microtrichose along margins).

Legs. Shining brown; white pilose, except tarsi ventrally golden yellow pilose.

Abdomen. Elongate, widest at apex of tergite 2, tergite 3 parallel-sided; blackish brown, tergite 4 somewhat paler; tergite 1 white pile; tergites 2 and 3 short black pile, except for longer silvery white pile laterally; tergite 4 silvery white. Sternites brown; white pile, except sternite 1 bare. Genitalia as in Fig. 278.

Female. As male, except for following differences. Body length 9 mm. Vertex black pilose medially. Pale wing macula a little more extensive anteriorly and posteriorly, and infuscation around crossvein r-m and posterior appendix of vein R₄₊₅ more pronounced. Tergite 5 silvery white pilose.

Body length: male 8 mm, female 9–10.5 mm. A rather small species of Peradon with a yellow macula in the wing, silvery white pile on tergite 4 (and 5 in the female) and a bare postpronotum. These three characters are only shared with P. flavofascium, from which it differs as follows: alula only narrowly microtrichose along margins (bare for maximally 30% in P. flavofascium), male with yellow wing macula extending to posterior part of cell r₂₊₃ anteriorly, female with face occupying 0.45 of head width. See key for additional characters.

The species is known from Suriname, the Brazilian state Rondonia and an unknown locality in the Brazilian Amazon region.

The specific epithet is an adjective referring to Suriname, the country of origin of the type specimens.

Amazon Region • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon trilinea Hull; NHMUK.

Label 1 (small, round, red-bordered): “Holo- / type”; label 2: “Amazon / 66 53”; label 3 (red): “Holotype / Microdon / trilinea / Hull”.

Peru • 1 ♀; Pucallpa; 19 Apr. 1962; J. Schunke leg.; NHMUK.

Body size: male 13 mm, female 15 mm. The triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum place this species in a group together with P. aureus, P. aureoscutus and P. trivittatus. From the first two species, P. trilinea differs by the presence of golden pile along the anterior and lateral margins of the mesoscutum. The male differs from P. trivittatus by tergite 2 being parallel-sided (widened posteriorly in P. trivittatum), and by the presence of a bulge-like, long pilose, median tubercle on the anterior 1/3 of sternite 4 (Fig. 25) (sternite 4 evenly convex and short pilose in P. trivittatus). Male genitalia as in Fig. 259. The female differs from P. trivittatus by the strongly arched sternite 3, with a wide yellowish membrane between its posterior margin and the straight anterior margin of tergite 4 (Fig. 27).

The examined female from Peru is associated with the male holotype because of the shape of tergite 2 (flatter and more parallel-sided than in P. trivittatus), and because of the modified sternite 3 (unmodified in P. trivittatus).

Know from the Brazilian Amazon and eastern Peru.

Guyana • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon trivittatus Curran; Kartabo; AMNH.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Ouro Puerto[?]; 20 Jun. 1978; E.M. Bratel leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Amazonas, Rio Jau, Meriti, Mun. Novo Airao; 4–10 Jun. 1994; J.A. Rafael leg.; INPA • 1 ♂’; Am. Manaus ZF-03, BR174 km 41 Res. 1501; 02°27'26"S, 59°45'00"W; 17–31 Jan. 1996; L.E.F. Roche e Silva leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Am. Manaus, Res. Biol. do Cueiras (ZF-2), km-34, trilha em frente ao LBA; 02°35'37"S, 60°12'39"W; 22 Jul. 2012; G.F.G. Miranda leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, 26 km N. of Manaus; 24 Sep. 1982; J.A. Rafael leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Am. Borba, Rio Abacaxis, Paxiúba; 04°28'48"S, 58°34'24"W; 2–4 Jun. 2008; J.A. Rafael leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Amazonas, Florest Canutama, Terra Firme; 7 May 2013; 6.5069S, 64.5515W; Oliveira & Somavilla leg.; INPA • 1 ♀; Am. Manaus, AM010, km 54 B12; 02°45'22"S, 51°31'03"W; 22–31 Sep. 1997; INPA • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 30 Nov.1981; J.A. Rafael leg.; INPA.

Colombia • 1 ♂; Letitia, Amazonas Pr.; 185 m a.s.l.; 19–26 Feb. 1972; D. Ward & A. Forsyth leg.; CNC [BOLD barcode specimen CNCDB1893-11] • 1 ♂; Vaupes, Miraflores; 31 Jan. –5 Feb.1972; M. Cooper leg; NHMUK • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (“in cop.”); Meta, La Macarena; 29 Oct. –7 Nov. 1976; M. Cooper leg.; NHMUK.

French Guiana • 1 ♂; Charvein; 1914; R. Benoist leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; Roura, Kaw Road, PK 37, Relais Patawa; 4°32'42"N, 52°9'9"W; Jan. 2008; J.A. Cerda leg.; RMNH • 1 ♀; Roura, Kaw Road, PK 37, Relais Patawa; 4°32'42"N, 52°9'9"W; Jul. 2009; J.A. Cerda leg.; RMNH.

Suriname • 1 ♂; Brownsberg; 3 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Carolinakreek; 30 Apr. 1962; P.H. van Doesburg Jr. leg.; RMNH • 1 ♀; Perica; 11–25 Jun. 1997; B. De Dijn leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Raleigh Falls; 11 Jul. 1963; P.H. van Doesburg Jr. leg.; RMNH.

Guyana • 1 ♂; Mazaruni-Potaro District, Takutu Mountains; 6°15'N, 59°5'W; 6 Dec. 1983; W.E. Steiner leg.; USNM.

Peru • 1 ♂; Pucallpa; 17 Jan. 1964; J. Schunke leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; SAM: around San Roque de Cumbaza; 6°23'4.96"S, 76°25'53.47"W; 15–31 Jan. 2015; T. Faasen leg.; RMNH (DNA voucher CNC464837).

Suriname • 1 ♂; Carolinakreek; 30 Apr. 1962; P.H. van Doesburg Jr. leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Raleigh Falls; 11 Jul. 1963; P.H. van Doesburg leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Raleigh Vallen-Voltzberg res.; 90 m a.s.l.; 29 Jan–13 Feb. 1982; J. Carpenter & D. Trail leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; Perica; 11–25 Jun. 1997; B. De Dijn leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Brownsberg; 3 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Venezuela • 3 ♂; T.F. Zmaz., Cerro de la Neblina, basecamp; 140 m a.s.l.; 0°50'N, 66°10'W; 10–20 Feb. 1985; P.J. & P.M. Spangler, R.A. Faitoute & W.E. Steiner leg.; USNM.

Body size: male 7–13 mm, female 9–14 mm. The triangle of golden pile on the mesoscutum place this species in a group together with P. aureus, P. aureoscutus and P. trilinea. From the first two species, P. trivittatus differs by the presence of golden pile along the anterior and lateral margins of the mesoscutum. The male differs from P. trilinea by tergite 2 being widened posteriorly (parallel-sided in P. trilinea), and by sternite 4 being evenly convex and short pilose (with bulge-like, long pilose tubercle in P. trilinea). Male genitalia as in Fig. 260. The female differs from P. trilinea by sternite 3 being more or less flat and only narrowly separated from sternite 4 (instead of strongly arched and with wide intermediate membrane in P. trilinea).

Body size variation is considerable in this species. The smallest males (known from Venezuela and the Brazilian state of Amazonas) measure only 7 or 8 mm, which at first sight gives the impression that they belong to a different species. However, many intermediates occur between these ‘dwarfs’ and the largest specimens, and all specimens are very similar in morphology and colouration.

Known from Amazonian parts of Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.