Research Article |
Corresponding author: Bao-Zhen Hua ( huabzh@nwsuaf.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Ben Price
© 2019 Ji-Shen Wang, Xiao-Tong Gao, Bao-Zhen Hua.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wang J-S, Gao X-T, Hua B-Z (2019) Two new species of the genus Panorpa (Mecoptera, Panorpidae) from eastern China and a new synonym. ZooKeys 874: 149-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.874.36314
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Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 is the largest genus in the scorpionfly family Panorpidae. Herein we describe two new species from eastern China, Panorpa jinhuaensis sp. nov. from Jinhua, Zhejiang Province and Panorpa menqiuleii sp. nov. from Yuexi and Huoshan, Anhui Province. Panorpa wrightae Cheng, 1957 from Mount Mogan, Zhejiang Province is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 from the same locality. Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 is redescribed and illustrated in detail. A key to species of Panorpa from eastern China is also provided.
Anhui, biodiversity, Oriental region, scorpionfly, taxonomy, Zhejiang
Panorpidae is the largest family in the order Mecoptera (
The Holarctic Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 is the largest genus (ca. 260 spp.) in Panorpidae, and has been regarded a paraphyletic group in several studies (
An unofficial rank, “species group”, is adopted in the taxonomy of Panorpa by many researchers (
In this paper, we illustrate and describe two new species of Panorpa from eastern China. They resemble P. waongkehzengi Navás, 1935 (Jiangxi) mainly by the non-elongated cylindrical male A6–A7 (abdominal segments VI‒VIII), and the twisted posterior arms in the female medigynium, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by the male genitalia. In addition, Panorpa wrightae Cheng, 1957 from Mount Mogan is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 from the same locality. A key to species of Panorpa from eastern China is also provided.
Adult scorpionflies were caught with collecting nets, and preserved in 95% ethanol or pinned as permanent collections. The specimens examined are deposited in the Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling (
Terminology follows
Holotype: ♂ (
The specific name refers to the type locality, Jinhua City.
This new species is superficially similar to Panorpa waongkehzengi Navás, 1935 from Jiangxi, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by: in males, 1) apex of epandrium broadly rounded (cf. abruptly narrowed); 2) inner margin of hypovalve straight (cf. with an inner process); 3) paramere long and exceeding apex of gonocoxites (cf. short and not exceeding apex of gonocoxites); 4) apical portion of paramere spiral (cf. straight); 5) parameres crossed subbasally (cf. not crossed); and in females, 6) main plate of medigynium moderately developed (cf. poorly developed).
Male FL 10.2‒10.8 mm, FW 2.6‒2.8 mm; HL 9.0‒9.5 mm, HW 2.4‒2.6 mm. Female FL 11.0‒11.8 mm, FW 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL 10.0‒10.6 mm, HW 2.8‒3.0 mm.
Panorpa jinhuaensis sp. nov. A habitat B female, lateral view, photo by En Lin C male staying on a leaf of Humulus scandens D male, lateral view E female, dorso-lateral view. Red arrow in A points to an irrigation canal with dense herbaceous groundcover, where the specimens were caught. A, C–E taken on October 2, 2018, and B taken on April 19, 2018 from Jinhua City.
Head (Fig.
Thorax (Fig.
Wings (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Genital bulb (Fig.
Panorpa jinhuaensis sp. nov. A, C–H male B, I, J female. A, B Habitus, dorsal view C head, frontal view D dorsum, dorsal view E abdomen, lateral view F, G genital bulb, ventral and dorsal views, respectively H aedeagal complex, ventral view I subgenital plate, ventral view J medigynium, ventral view. ae, aedeagus; ax, axis; ce, cercus; dpr, dorsal process; ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalve; lpr, lateral process; mp, main plate; no, notal organ; pa, posterior arm; pm, paramere; pno, postnotal organ; sth, stalk of hypandrium; stp, stalk of paramere; vv, ventral valve.
Similar to males except relatively denser wing markings. In fore- and hindwings, pterostigmal band with apical branch intact, scattered into 1‒3 small spots anteriorly (Figs
Female genitalia (Fig.
China, Zhejiang (Jinhua).
The new species inhabits dense herbaceous ground cover aside an irrigation canal in a suburban field (Fig.
Holotype: ♂ (
The specific name is dedicated to the main collector of the type specimens, Qiu-Lei Men, for his generous help to our present research.
The new species is superficially similar to Panorpa waongkehzengi Navás, 1935 from Jiangxi and P. jinhuaensis sp. nov. in general appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter two by the presence (cf. absence) of a black pattern on the occiput, and a greatly shortened (cf. long) axis in the female medigynium.
Male FL 10.0‒10.2 mm, FW 2.8 mm; HL 9.0‒9.2 mm, HW 2.7 mm. Female FL 10.8‒11.0 mm, FW 2.9 mm; HL 9.5‒10.0 mm, HW 2.8 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax (Fig.
Wings (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Genital bulb (Fig.
Panorpa menqiuleii sp. nov. A, C–G male B, H, I female. A, B Habitus, dorsal view C head, frontal view D abdomen, lateral view E, G genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views, respectively F aedeagal complex, ventral view H subgenital plate, ventral view I medigynium, ventral view. ae, aedeagus; ax, axis; ce, cercus; dpr, dorsal process; ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalve; lpr, lateral process; mp, main plate; no, notal organ; pa, posterior arm; pm, paramere; pno, postnotal organ; sth, stalk of hypandrium; stp, stalk of paramere; vv, ventral valve.
Similar to males except relatively denser wing markings and darker terga (Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
China, Anhui (Yuexi and Huoshan Counties).
Two male-unknown species, Panorpa pusilla Cheng, 1949 from Shaanxi and Panorpa pieli Cheng, 1957 from Jiangxi, are probably related to P. menqiuleii sp. nov. by the unbranched R2 in both fore- and hindwings, and the twisted posterior arms and short axis in female medigynium. The black pattern on the occiput, however, can readily distinguish P. menqiuleii sp. nov. from these two species.
Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957a: 27, figs 1, 2.
Panorpa wrighti Cheng, 1957a: 28, figs 3, 4; P. wrightae nom. corr., Wang & Hua, 2017: 31. syn. nov.
2♂17♀, CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Deqing County [德清县], Mount Mogan [莫干山], Weird Rock Corner [怪石角] (30°36'34"N, 119°50'58"E, 640 m), 8.x.2018, leg. Ji-Shen Wang.
Male FL 10.8‒12.0 mm, FW 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL 9.8‒10.7 mm, HW 2.8‒3.0 mm. Female FL 12.9‒13.5 mm, FW 3.3‒3.5 mm; HL 11.9‒12.5 mm, HW 3.0‒3.3 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax (Fig.
Wings (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Genital bulb (Fig.
Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 A, C–H Male B, I–L female. A, B Habitus, dorsal view C head, frontal view D dorsum, dorsal view E abdomen, lateral view F, G genital bulb, ventral and dorsal views, respectively H aedeagal complex, ventral view I, J A8‒A11, ventral and lateral views, respectively K, L medigynium, ventral and lateral views, respectively. ae, aedeagus; ax, axis; ce, cercus; dpr, dorsal process; ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalve; lpr, lateral process; mdg, medigynium; mp, main plate; no, notal organ; pm, paramere; pno, postnotal organ; sgp, subgenital plate; sth, stalk of hypandrium; stp, stalk of paramere; vv, ventral valve.
Similar to males but darker in body color and denser in wing markings (Fig.
Female genitalia. Subgenital plate (Fig.
China, Zhejiang: Deqing County (Mount Mogan).
Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 and Panorpa wrightae Cheng, 1957 were described from the same locality, Mount Mogan, based on a single male (19.ix.1927) and a single female (28.ix.1927), respectively (
(Three species are not included because the males are unknown: P. klapperichi Tjeder, 1950, P. implicata Cheng, 1957 and P. pieli Cheng, 1957)
1 | A7 and A8 cylindrical, not constricted basally | 2 |
– | A7 and A8 constricted basally and enlarged toward apex | 7 |
2 | A6–A8 much longer than preceding segments; gonostyli approximately as long as gonocoxites | 3 |
– | A6–A8 shorter than or as long as preceding segments; gonostyli much shorter than gonocoxites | 4 |
3 | Gonostyli bearing three small protuberances on apical half of inner margin; basal stalk of hypandrium three times as long as hypovalves (Fujian) | Panorpa kellogi Cheng, 1957 |
– | Gonostyli lacking protuberances on inner margin; hypandrium with extremely reduced basal stalk and split into a pair of hypovalves basally (Jiangsu) | Panorpa baohwashana Cheng, 1957 |
4 | Wing membrane hyaline; dorsum of body dark brown; paramere bifurcated (Jiangxi) | Panorpa obliqua Carpenter, 1945 |
– | Wing membrane tinged with yellow; dorsum of body yellow to yellowish brown; paramere simple | 5 |
5 | R2 in both fore- and hindwings bifurcated; apex of epandrium broad and rounded (Zhejiang) | Panorpa jinhuaensis sp. nov. |
– | R2 in both fore- and hindwings simple; apex of epandrium abruptly narrowed | 6 |
6 | Occiput yellowish brown; each hypovalve with a small rounded process on basal portion of inner margin (Jiangxi) | Panorpa waongkehzengi Navás, 1935 |
– | Occiput with a black pattern; hypovalve straight on inner margin (Anhui) | Panorpa menqiuleii sp. nov. |
7 | T6 with an anal horn at apex | 8 |
– | T6 lacking an anal horn | 9 |
8 | A7 stalk-like at base and abruptly enlarged toward apex; paramere bifurcated (Zhejiang) | Panorpa anfracta Ju & Zhou, 2003 |
– | A7 evenly enlarged toward apex; paramere simple (Zhejiang, Fujian) |
Panorpa kiautai Zhou & Wu in |
9 | Pterostigmal band in both fore- and hindwings lacking an apical branch | 10 |
– | Pterostigmal band in both fore- and hindwings with an apical branch | 13 |
10 | Gonostyli with a large concavity on basal half of ventral surface (Jiangxi) | Panorpa cladocerca Navás, 1935 |
– | Gonostyli lacking a concavity on ventral surface | 11 |
11 | Gonocoxites with dense stout setae on inner margin (Fujian, Jiangxi) | Panorpa trifasciata Cheng, 1957 |
– | Gonocoxites lacking dense stout setae on inner margin | 12 |
12 | Median tooth of gonostyli acute; apex of paramere bulbous (Zhejiang) | Panorpa cheni Cheng, 1957 |
– | Median tooth of gonostyli rounded; paramere slender, sword-shaped (Zhejiang) |
Panorpa choui Zhou & Wu in |
13 | Paramere simple | 14 |
– | Paramere bifurcated | 15 |
14 | Paramere greatly elongated and extending beyond middle of gonostyli (Fujian) | Panorpa flavicorporis Cheng, 1957 |
– | Paramere short and not exceeding apex of gonocoxites (Fujian) | Panorpa fukiensis Tjeder, 1950 |
15 | Wing membrane strongly tinged with yellow; two branches of paramere approximately equal in length | 16 |
– | Wing membrane hyaline or slightly tinged with yellow; two branches of paramere distinctly unequal in length | 17 |
16 | Genital bulb long oval; paramere slender, extending beyond apex of gonocoxites (Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) | Panorpa aurea Cheng, 1957 |
– | Genital bulb broad oval; paramere short, not exceeding apex of gonocoxites (Anhui, Zhejiang) | Panorpa lutea Carpenter, 1945 |
17 | Paramere with ventral branch two-thirds as long as dorsal branch (Jiangxi) | Panorpa coomani Cheng, 1957 |
– | Paramere with ventral branch shorter than half length of dorsal branch | 18 |
18 | Aedeagus with dorsal valves finger-like and parallel (Jiangxi, Zhejiang) | Panorpa tetrazonia Navás, 1935 |
– | Aedeagus with dorsal valves slender and greatly diverged apically (Zhejiang) | Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 |
By adding two new species and synonymizing one species, the species number of Panorpa from eastern China is updated to 22.
Evidently, Panorpa jinhuaensis sp. nov., Panorpa menqiuleii sp. nov. and Panorpa waongkehzengi Navás, 1935 are more or less related to the northeastern Asiatic Panorpa amurensis, Panorpa japonica and Panorpa kongosana groups by the following characters: in males, 1) cylindrical A6‒A8; 2) long stalk of hypandrium; 3) greatly expanded stalk of paramere; and in females, 4) twisted posterior arms and weakly or moderately developed main plate in medigynium. In addition, basally crossed male parameres occur only in a small number of species in Panorpa (all six species in the P. amurensis group, ca. nine species out of eleven in the P. japonica group, all three species in the P. kongosana group, and P. jinhuaensis sp. nov.), likely suggesting their close affinities.
Bivoltinism is frequently reported in some species of Panorpa. For example, Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 from the Panorpa amurensis group (
Panorpa jinhuaensis sp. nov. is likely a bivoltine insect species. The spring generation (Fig.
We are grateful to En Lin (Jinhua) for allowing the use of his photograph, and Qiu-Lei Men (Anqing Normal University, Anqing) for collecting and donating precious specimens. We also thank Jun Chen and Hong Liu (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing) for arranging the access and loan of some specimens. Special thanks go to Agnieszka Soszyńska-Maj (University of Łódź, Łódź) and an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments on the revision of the manuscript. This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31672341 and 31172125).