The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve, Southwestern Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species of Paussinae

Mahmoud S. Abdel-Dayem; Ali A. Elgharbawy; Iftekhar Rasool; Peter Nagel; Hathal M. Aldhafer

doi:10.3897/zookeys.812.30937

Research Article

The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve, Southwestern Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species of Paussinae

Mahmoud S. Abdel-Dayem^‡§, Ali A. Elgharbawy^|§, Iftekhar Rasool^§, Peter Nagel^¶, Hathal M. Aldhafer^§

‡ Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

§ King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

| Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

¶ University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Corresponding author: Mahmoud S. Abdel-Dayem ( mseleem@ksu.edu.sa )

Academic editor: Thorsten Assmann

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Abdel-Dayem MS, Elgharbawy AA, Rasool I, Nagel P, Aldhafer HM (2019) The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve, Southwestern Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species of Paussinae. ZooKeys 812: 93-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.812.30937

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F105E9A6-A4F8-4220-9E17-98923FC6535F

Abstract

We report the Carabidae collected at the Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve (SANR) in Baha Province in southwestern Saudi Arabia during 2013–2015. In total, 62 carabid species and subspecies representing 39 genera, 17 tribes, and 10 subfamilies were identified, including one new species, Paussus minutulus Nagel & Rasool, sp. n, four new country records, and 24 species that are new provincial records for Baha. The carabid fauna was dominated by the Lebiini with 19 species. A high number of species were rarely collected (34 species) in comparison to the more abundant and common species (9 species). The highest number of species (52 species) was collected during autumn. The carabids of SANR are represented by a large component of Afrotropical faunal elements (28.1%) and smaller numbers of Oriental species (3.5%) and endemic taxa (5.3%). In comparison to Garf Raydah Nature Reserve in Asir Province, also in southwestern Saudi Arabia, SANR had an equal number of carabids sharing 64.5% of the species but with lower number of endemic elements. Our study can serve as a component for implementing a conservation plan for SANR using carabid beetles as sentinel taxa. These research results may support future ecological studies on SNAR carabids.

Keywords

Baha, ground beetles, Shada, endemics, faunistic inventory, new records, new species, nature reserve, Saudi Arabia, zoogeography

Introduction

Over the past three decades, numerous new wildlife protected areas have been established in Saudi Arabia (SA). Not only the number of national parks has increased but also newly established nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and other protected landscapes and biosphere reserves (Abuzinada 2003). It is noted that SA has currently 16 protected areas and 12 national parks (Abuzinada 2003; SWA 2018). For this network of protected areas, biodiversity monitoring is fundamental for effective management. The invertebrate fauna of these protected areas has attracted relatively little attention as compared to those of vertebrates (Abuzinada et al. 2005), although international conventions signed by SA as a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity since 2001 (CBD 2011). Recent insect biodiversity survey and monitoring research projects in several protected areas in SA have been conducted by King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, Riyadh; resulting in several faunistic and ecological works being published (Aldhafer et al. 2012, 2016; Sharaf et al. 2013; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2016, 2017, 2018; El-Hawagry et al. 2016, 2017, 2018). One of these recent projects was focused on the insect biodiversity of Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve (SANR) in Baha Province in southwestern SA. The location and elevation range (470–2,222 m) of the SANR provides relative high rainfall, diverse microclimates, and a distinct biodiversity (SWA 2018). The SANR is undoubtedly one of the most interesting protected areas in SA because of the existence of unique treasure trove of biological diversity. About 22% (495 plant species) of the total SA flora has been reported from the Shada Mountains including 19 endemic plant species and 43% endangered species (Thomas et al. 2017). The SANR harbours important faunas, including griffon vultures and other endemic birds of the southwestern mountains and carnivores (e.g. the rock fox, caracal, striped hyena, wolf, genet, and the Arabian leopard) (SWA 2018). Regarding insects, 119 species of flies (Diptera) have been reported from the SANR (El-Hawagry et al. 2016).

The Carabidae have a cosmopolitan distribution and form one of the most diverse and abundant families of insects constituting a considerable component of the soil fauna (Duchesne et al. 1999). These beetles play an important role in ecosystems as polyphagous predators, whereas others are phytophagous (Thiele 1977). Additionally, carabid beetles play significant role as bioindicators in habitat management, landscape ecology, conservation, pollution, climatic changes and soil characteristics (Rainio and Niemelä 2003; Avgın and Luff 2010; Koivula 2011; Kotze et al. 2011). There are currently 33,920 valid species (Lorenz 2005), 183 of which have been reported from SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). Unexpectedly, the number of previously published carabid species records from Baha Province are low (30 species) (Mateu 1986; Balkenohl 1994; El-Hawagry et al. 2013; Moore and Robertson 2014; Häckel and Azadbakhsh 2016; Rasool et al. 2017, 2018a, b). In the most recent study of the Baha insect fauna (El-Hawagry et al. 2013), 17 carabid species were reported, with only ant nest beetle, Paussus cephalotes Raffray, 1886 known from SNAR. Rasool et al. (2017, 2018a, b) have reviewed the subtribes Cymindidina, Dromiusina and Lebiina of tribe Lebiini from southwestern SA and described Lebia raeesae Rasool, Abdel-Dayem & Felix, 2018 and reported Calodromius mayeti (Bedel, 1907), Dromius buettikeri Mateu, 1990, Lebia auberti Fairmaire, 1892, L. nilotica Chaudoir, 1871, Matabele arabica Mateu, 1986, Mesolestes quadriguttatus Mateu, 1979, Metadromius arabicus Mateu, 1979, Met. brittoni (Basilewsky, 1948), Microlestes discoidalis (Fairmaire, 1892), Mic. infuscatus fragilis Mateu, 1956 and Zolotarevskyella rhytidera (Chaudoir, 1876) from SANR.

However, despite the urgent conservation concerns associated with the SANR reserve, there have been no studies focused on beetles including the Carabidae. Thus, the objectives of this study are to provide a thorough baseline inventory of the carabid fauna of the SANR and to analyze its zoogeographical affinities. This information will assist in providing an essential cognitive basis for future management of this reserve. Additionally, our results will allow for future ecological studies of carabids of SNAR and will contribute to the overall knowledge of Carabidae of SA, the largest country of the Arabian Peninsula.

Methods

Study area

In Shada Al-A’Ala (Upper Shada) Mountain, an outlier of the Sarawat Mountains to the west, the SANR was established in 2002. The reserve is located (latitudes 19°48.894'–19°52.578'N and longitudes 41°17.130'–41°21.000'E) in Al-Mekhwa District (Baha Province); about 20 km southwest of Al-Mekhwa City, the capital of the district (Fig. 1). The SANR occupies an area of 67 km² and rises about 2,222 m. There is a perennial small freshwater stream in Wadi Neera at the west and southwest part of the reserve. Geologically the area belongs to the greater Afro-Arabian shield, which is a part of the Precambrian crust plate and is generally exposed and locally covered by tertiary volcanic rocks (Schmidt et al. 1972). There are terraced fields used by small local communities; these fields are very small scale and are used to grow distinctive varieties of coffee, banana, lemon, and natural figs (SWA 2018). The climate is similar to the uplands of southwestern SA. It is highly variable and characterized by cool winters, warmer partly cloudy summer, and high rainfall. The average annual temperature of 26.2 °C, and average annual rainfall of about 200 mm, and with wettest period concentrated between March and May (43% annual precipitation) (El-Hawagry et al. 2016).

Figure 1.

A Map of Saudi Arabia showing location of Baha Province B Location of Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve within Baha Province.

The vegetation is rich, with the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) and composites (Asteraceae) having the highest contribution, followed by graminoides (Poaceae) (Al Zubaide et al. 2017, Thomas et al. 2017). The vegetation comprises 72.4% perennials and 27.6% annuals; represented by 17.2% trees, 51.8% shrubs, and 31.1% weeds (Al Zubaide et al. 2017). The vegetation at the foothills of Shada Al-A’Ala Mountain consists predominantly of subtropical Acacia thorn woodlands extending from the base up to 1500 m a.s.l. The vegetation above 1000 m elevation is dominated by Acacia asak (Thomas et al. 2017). Higher up, above the Acacia zone, there are shrubs of Barbary fig or cactus pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae). For more details on the vegetation in SANR (see El-Hawagry et al. 2016).

Beetle collection

As part of a research project for studying the insect biodiversity in the SANR the adult ground beetles were sampled from 2013–2015. The sampling was conducted at various sites in varied habitats at 13 different elevation levels (Table 1) within the SANR. The geographical coordinate data of each collecting location were recorded using GPS Garmin, Montana 650 unit (Garmin Instruments Inc., Olathe, Kansas, USA).

Table 1.

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List of collecting elevation levels and geographical coordinates, in Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve, southwestern SA.

No.	Elevation (m)	Latitude (N)
1	471	19°44.870', 41°20.008'
2	825	19°52.717', 41°18.712'
3	851	19°52.685', 41°18.663'
4	892	19°52.598', 41°18.672'
5	1.008	19°52.023', 41°18.157'
6	1.225	19°51.762', 41°18.089'
7	1.325	19°51.066', 42°18.037'
8	1.388	19°51.387', 41°18.187'
9	1.448	19°47.511', 41°18.258'
10	1.474	19°50.710', 41°18.267'
11	1.563	19°50.329', 41°18.604'
12	1.611	19°50.411', 41°18.686'
13	1.666	19°50.575', 41°18.691'

Collected beetles were initially sorted to morphospecies level, mounted and then identified to species levels. Some species were sent to experts for identification or confirmation, as indicated in the remarks. The specimens are deposited in the collection of King Saud University Museum of Arthropods (KSMA), King Saud University, Riyadh, SA.

The description of the new species of Paussus was assisted using a Leica M205C dissecting microscope with 10× eyepieces and Planapo 1.0× and 1.6× front lenses, allowing magnification up to 240×. An eyepiece micrometer was used for measurements.

Classification and nomenclature

The subfamily and tribal classification of the family and nomenclature of the species in this study follows the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Löbl and Löbl 2017). However, the taxonomic order of species in the genus Sphaerotachys J. Miller, 1926 (Trechinae, Bembidiini) follows Sciaky and Vigna Taglianti (2003). The subfamilies, tribes, genera and species are listed alphabetically.

Faunal list

For each species, the following information is provided: current nomenclatural combinations, material examined, zoogeography, distribution, published records in SA, and remarks. The label data for examined specimens are listed as follows: elevation level within the SANR, followed by the date of collection (months as Roman numerals), the collecting method (handpicking (HP), light traps (LT), malaise traps (MT), pitfall traps (PT), sweeping net (SW) and vacuuming (VC)) and the number of examined specimens followed by sex (♂ for male, ♀ for female, ex(s) for example with unidentified sex). The material examined is arranged in ascending order with respect to the elevation, then chronologically with respect to the month of collection. A semicolon separates different records; if these are from the same elevation, the elevation is listed only at the beginning with the older record.

General distribution and zoogeography

The zoogeography, which were used in the analysis of carabid faunal affinity, were assigned for each species using the zoogeographic realms of the world suggested by Holt et al. (2013). The zoogeography is based on their modern general geographical distributions (each country is represented by two capital letters according to ISO 3166 “ISO Alpha VC–2 Country code”: The Nations Online Project: https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/country_code_list.htm :) provided by Löbl and Löbl (2017) and Lorenz (2017) unless otherwise stated.

Results

During this study, 3,287 adult carabid beetles were collected from SANR, comprising 62 species from 39 genera within 17 tribes and 10 subfamilies. These species include the description of a new species (Paussus minutulus sp. n.), three SA endemic species and six confined to Arabian Peninsula. Four species have not been previously recorded from SA, and 24 species recorded for the first time from Baha Province. The details of these species are provided in the faunal list below.

Of the carabids collected from SNAR, the most diverse tribe was the Lebiini, represented by 19 species (30.6% of the total species) in 13 genera (33.3% of the total genera) (Fig. 2). About 50% of the tribes are represented by one or two species. Nine species (14.5%) are classified as abundant and common species; Lebia nilotica, Metadromius arabicus, Sphaerotachys conspicuus (Schaum, 1863) were the most abundant species, comprising 50.4% of the total catch. Twenty species (32.3%) are considered rare, represented by four or fewer individuals collected over the two years. The maximum number of species were collected during autumn (52 species). The genus Anthracus Motschulsky, 1850 was recorded for the first time for SA. Three species have been identified to the genus level, belonging to Amblystomus, Metadromius and Singilis.

Figure 2.

The number of genera and species for each tribe of ground beetles recorded between 2013–2015, from Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve, southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Faunal List

Brachininae

Brachinini

Brachinus crepitans (Linnaeus, 1758)

Material examined

471 m: 10.XII.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AL, DZ, AM, AT, AZ, BY, BE, BA, BG, HR, CY, CZ, DK, EE, FI, FR, GE, DE, GB, GR, HU, IR, IQ, IE, IT, JO (Nasir and Katbeh-Bader 2017), KZ, KG, LV, LB, LT, LU, MK, MD, ME, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RU, SA, SK, SI, ES, SE, CH, SY, TJ, TN, TR, TM, UA, UZ. This range exemplifies PAL_SAR.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al., 2018), Riyadh (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species. The adult beetles were collected during autumn by hand picking under stones along the edge of a freshwater stream flowing through Acacia thorn woodlands. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Brachinus dorsalis Dejean, 1831

Material examined

892 m: 14.II.2014, LT, 1♂; 02. III.2014, LT, 1♂; 18.X.2014, LT, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 08.XII.2014, LT. 1♂; 09.XII.2014, LT, 1♂.

General distribution and zoogeography

SA, YE. END_AR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Jizan (Mateu 1990). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during autumn and winter by light trapping close to a freshwater stream flowing through Acacia thorn woodlands. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Pheropsophus africanus (Dejean, 1825)

Material examined

471 m: 03.III.2015, LT, 1♂; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 3♀; 10.XII.2014, HP, 9♂, 2♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, DZ, EG (including Sinai), ER, ET, IL, IQ, IR, JO (Nasir and Katbeh-Bader 2017), LY, MA, NE, SA, SD, TD, TN, YE. AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Basilewsky 1979), Baha (El-Hawagry et al. 2013), Makkah (Britton 1948; Basilewsky 1979).

Remarks

A frequent species, which was found only at low elevation (471 m) under stones and debris along the side of freshwater stream flowing through Acacia thorn woodlands. These adults were collected during autumn and winter by hand picking and by using a light trap. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Carabinae

Carabini

Calosoma imbricatum Klug, 1832

Material examined

892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 14.II.2014, LT, 2♂, 1♀; 15.II.2014, LT, 1♀; 12.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,225 m: 12.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 15.XI.2015, 1♀. 1,448 m: 03.XI.2013, LT, 1♀; 03.XI.2013, HP, 1♂. 1,474 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,611 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, BF, CV, DJ, DZ, EG, ER, ET, IQ, IR, KE, KW, LB, LY, ML, NE, OM, PK, QA, SA, SD, SN, SO, TD, YE. AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Baha (El-Hawagry et al. 2013), Eastern Province (Heinertz 1979), Jizan and Makkah (Britton 1948), Riyadh (Heinertz 1979; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017).

Remarks

A rare species, which was collected during autumn, winter, and spring. The adults were collected by light trapping and hand picking in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub community. Ali Elgharbawy identified this species.

Calosoma olivieri Dejean, 1831

Material examined

892 m: 15.II.2014, LT, ♀; 23.IV.2014, LT, 1♂; 13.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀. 1,225 m: 15.II.2014, PT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂, 3♀; 15.II.2014, PT, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 2♀. 1,474 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂. 1,611 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 3♂, 6♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AF, DZ, EG, IQ, IR, IT, JO, LY, MA, PK, SA, SY, TD, TM, TN, UZ, YE. PAL_SAR species.

Published records

Makkah (Britton 1948, Mateu 1990); Riyadh (Heinertz 1979; Abdel–Dayem et al. 2017). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during autumn, winter, and spring. The species was collected by light trapping and hand picking in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub community. Ali Elgharbawy identified this species.

Calosoma senegalense Dejean, 1831

Material examined

. 892 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,225 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂.

General distribution and zoogeography

AO, BF, BI, BJ, BW, CD, CF, CG, CI, CM, CV, ER, ET, GA, GH, GM, GN, GQ, GW, KE, LR, LS, MG, ML, MR, MW, MZ, NA, NE, NG, RE, RW, SL, SN, SO, SZ, TD, TG, TZ, UG, ZA, ZM, ZW. New to Arabian Peninsula. This range exemplifies the AFR realm.

Remarks

A rare species. The adults were collected only during autumn (November) by light trapping in an area dominated by Acacia trees. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Cicindelinae

Cicindelini

Calomera alboguttata (Klug, 1832)

Material examined

471 m: 03.III.2015, LT, 24 exs; 15.XI.2015, LT, 2 exs; 10.XII.2014, LT, 7 exs. 1,611 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

EG, ER, ET, KE, SA, SD, SO, YE. This range exemplifies the AFR realm.

Published records

Makkah (Britton 1948). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A frequent species collected during autumn and winter, with more individuals during late winter. These adult beetles were collected by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub community. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Cylindera rectangularis (Klug, 1832)

Material examined

1,474 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,611 m: 23.VIII.2014, LT, 2 exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

CD, ER, ET, KE, MW, MZ, SA, SD, SO, TZ, UG, YE. This range exemplifies the AFR realm.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Makkah (Abdel-Dayem and Kippenhan 2013). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A rare species. The adults were collected by light trapping during summer and autumn in Acacia thorn woodland community. Jürgen Wiesner identified this species.

Myriochila melancholica (Fabricius 1798)

Material examined

1,325 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♂. 1,474 m: 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AF, AL, AM, AO, AZ, BF, BH, BJ, BW, CD, CF, CG, CI, CM, CN, CV, CY, CZ, DZ, EG, ER, ES, ET, FR, GA, GE, GH, GM, GN, GQ, GR, GW, IL, IN, IQ, IR, IT, JO, KE, KG, KZ, LB, LY, MA, MG, MW, MZ, NA, NG, NP, OM, PK, PT, QA, SA, SC, SD, SL, SN, SO, ST, SY, TD, TG, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TZ, UZ, YE, ZA, ZM, ZW. This range exemplifies AFR_MAD_ORR_PAL_SAR.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Jizan and Najran (Britton 1948), Riyadh (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A rare species. The two specimens were collected during summer and spring by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Myriochila nudopectoralis (W. Horn, 1903)

Material examined

1,325 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

ET, OM, YE. New country record. This range exemplifies the AFR realm.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during summer by light trapping from Acacia thorn woodlands. Jürgen Wiesner identified this species.

Harpalinae

Chlaeniini

Chlaenius canariensis seminitidus Chaudoir, 1856

Material examined

892 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 2♂; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,225 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,325 m: 15.II.2015, LT, 2♂; 3.VI.2014, LT, 1♂. 1,611 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 2♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 3♂, 1♀. 1,666 m: 27.I.2014, LT, 1♂.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, DZ, EG, IL, IQ, IR, JO, LB, LY, MA, SA, SY, TN, TR. This range exemplifies the SAR realm.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A frequent species that was found at all elevation levels in the SANR in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. The adults were collected by light trapping during autumn, winter, and spring. Erich Kirschenhofer identified this subspecies.

Chlaenius flavipes Ménétriés, 1832

Material examined

1,008 m: 08.XII.2014, HP, 1♂.

General distribution and zoogeography

AF, AL, AM, AZ, BA, BG, GE, GR, HR, HU, IN, IQ, IR, KG, KZ, MD, MK, NP, PK, RO, RU, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017), TJ, TM, TR, UA, UZ. ORR_PAL_SAR species.

Published records

Asir and Riyadh (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017, 2018). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during autumn. The only adult specimen was collected by hand under a stone at the edges of freshwater pools in Acacia thorn woodlands. Erich Kirschenhofer identified this species.

Chlaenius laeviplaga saudiarabica Mandl, 1980

Material examined

471 m: 10.XII.2014, HP, 9♂, 5♀. 892 m: 10.XII.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, SA. END_AR species.

Published records

Asir (Mandl 1980; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during autumn. The adults were found under stones along the margins of a freshwater stream and collected by hand. Additional adults collected at night by using lights. Erich Kirschenhofer identified this subspecies.

Chlaenius pachys Chaudoir, 1876

Material examined

471 m: 10.XII. 2014, HP, 2♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

ER, ET, JO (Nasir and Katbeh-Bader 2017), SD, SO, SA, YE. AFR species.

Published records

Jizan and Makkah (Britton 1948). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during late autumn. The two adults were found under stones along the edge of freshwater stream collected by hand picking. Erich Kirschenhofer identified this species.

Cyclosomini

Tetragonoderus arcuatus Dejean, 1829

Material examined

1611 m, 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♂; 03.VI.2014, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

BD, CN, EG, ET, IL (Assmann et al. 2015), IN, IQ, LA, MM, NE, NP, OM, PK, SD, TD, YE. AFR_ORR_SAR species.

Published records

known only from Baha Province (El-Hawagry et al. 2013).

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during spring by light trapping in a Barbary fig shrub community. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Tetragonoderus quadrum (Fabricius, 1792)

Material examined

892 m: 14.II.2014, HP, 1♂; 15.II.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1♀; 03.VI.2014, LT, 1♂; 05.VI.2014, PT, 1♀. 1563 m, 17.X.2014, LT,1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

ER, ET, GM, MR, SA, SN, SO, TD. AFR species.

Published records

Jizan (Mateu 1990). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A rare species which was collected during autumn, winter, and spring from Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub communities. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Harpalini

Amblystomus orpheus (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1853)

Material examined

825 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 2 exs; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex. 892 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 1 ex; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1ex; 1,225 m: 2.IX.2015, LT, 2 exs. 1,325 m: 2.IX.2015, LT, 4 exs; 17.X.2014, LT, 1ex; 15.XI.2015, LT, 3 exs. 1,474 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1ex. 1,563 m: 20.IV.2014, LT, 2 exs; 14.XI.2015, LT, 4 exs. 1,611 m: 2.IX.2015, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AO, BF, BI, CD, CF, CM, CV, ER, ET, KE, ML, MR, MW, MZ, NA, NE, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), SN, SO, TD, TZ, UG, YE, ZA, ZW. AFR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during late summer (September) to autumn, and spring. The adult specimens were collected only using light traps in Acacia thorn woodlands and cactus communities. David Wrase identified this species.

Amblystomus sp.

Material examined

892 m: 16.X.214, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 08.XII.2014, LT, 1♀.1,611 m: 21.IX.2015, LT, 1♀.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during late summer and autumn. The above specimens were collected by light traps set at lower altitude in Acacia thorn woodlands. David Wrase and Boris Kataev identified this taxon.

Anthracus angusticollis (Péringuey, 1908)

Material examined

1,474 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, CD, ET, GM, MG, MR, NA, SN, SO, TD, TZ, ZA. New country record. AFR species.

Remarks. A rare species. The single above male was collected during autumn at light in Acacia thorn woodlands. Bernd Jaeger identified this species.

Crasodactylus punctatus Guerin-Meneville, 1847

Material examined

851 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 2 exs. 892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 1 ex; 15.II.2014, LT, 2 exs; 20.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex; 15.X.2014, LT, 4 exs; 17.X.2014, LT, 3 exs; 18.X.2014, LT, 2 exs; 14.XI.2015, LT, 3 exs; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex; 07.XII.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,225 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1 ex; 17.X.2014, LT, 3 exs; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,325 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 14 exs; 18.X.2014, PT, 1 ex; 15.XI.2015, LT, 9 exs. 1,474 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 1 ex; 18.X.2014, PT, 3 exs. 1,448 m: 03.XI.2013, LT, 31 exs. 1,563 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,611 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,666 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 10 exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

AF, CD, DJ, ER, ET, KE, IQ, IR, NE, OM, PK, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), SO, TD, TN, YE (including Socotra). AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A common species that was collected between an altitude of 851–1666 m in Acacia thorn woodlands and a Barbary fig shrub community using both light traps and pitfall traps. The highest number of individuals were collected during autumn. David Wrase identified this species.

Harpalus impressus Roth, 1851

Material examined

892 m: 23.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,474 m: 2.XI.2013, HP, 3 exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

ER, ET, SD, SA, YE, UG. AFR species.

Published records

Asir (Basilewsky 1979; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018).

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during summer and autumn from Acacia thorn woodlands. David Wrase identified this species.

Harpalus tenebrosus tenebrosus Dejean, 1829

Material examined

1,225 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀. 1,666 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AF, AL, AM, AT, AZ, BA, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DZ, EG, ES, FR, GB, GE, GR, HR, HU, IL, IQ, IR, IT, JO, MA, MD, ME, MK, MR, OM, PK, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), SI, SK, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, UA, UZ. PAL_SAR subspecies.

Published records

Asia (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species collected during late summer by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. David Wrase identified this species.

Progonochaetus planicollis (Putzeys, 1880)

Material examined

471 m: 10.XII. 2014, HP, 1♀. 892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 14.II.2014, LT, 3♂, 7♀; 15.II.2014, LT, 4♂, 5♀; 16.II.2014, LT, 1♂; 20.IV.2014, LT, 1♂; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♀; 23.IV.2014, LT, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀; 07.XII.2014, LT, 1♀; 08.XII.2014, LT, 1♂, 3♀; 10.XII.2014, LT, 1♂. 1,225 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 4♂; 02.III.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,474 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂. 1,448 m: 03.XI.2013, LT, 1♂. 1,563 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,611 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1ex. 1,666 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 1ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AO, BF, CM, CD, CF, CG, CI, DJ, ER, ET, GA, GH, GN, GQ, GW, KE, ML, MZ, NA, NG, RW, SA, SN, SO, TD, TZ, YE, ZM, ZW. AFR species.

Published records

Asir (Basilewsky 1979; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during all seasons with more individuals collected during winter. The adults were collected by light trapping and hand picking in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. David Wrase identified this species.

Siopelus quadraticollis (Putzeys in Chaudoir, 1878)

Material examined

892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 1ex; 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 18.X.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 5♀; 07.XII.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀. 1,225 m: 15. II.2014, HP, 1♂; 17.X.2014, LT, 6♂, 4♀; 12.XI.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,325 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 14♀; 18.X.204, PT, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 2♀; 08.XII.2014, HP, 2♀. 1388 m: 08.XII.2014, HP, 1♀. 1,448 m: 03.XI.2013, HP, 3♀. 1,474 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂; 18.X.2014, PT, 3♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 2♀. 1,563 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 3♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀. 1,611 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

ET, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), TZ. AFR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A common species that was collected during late summer, autumn, and winter. The adults were collected by light and pitfall trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. David Wrase identified this species.

Lebiini

Apristus arabicus Mateu, 1986

Material examined

1,325 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,474 m: 03.XI.2013, HP, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, IQ, SA. SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Makkah (Mateu 1986). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A rare species collected during autumn from Acacia thorn woodlands by light trapping and hand picking. Ron Felix identified this species.

Calodromius mayeti (Bedel, 1907)

Material examined

825 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀. 851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 16.II.2014, LT, 2♂; 13.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,225 m: 20.IV.2014, LT, 2♀; 12.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀. 1,325 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,474 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, DZ, IR, JO (Nasir and Katbeh-Bader 2017), LY, MA, SA, TN. SAR species.

Published records

Asir and Riyadh (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017, 2018), Baha (Rasool et al. 2018b), Madinah and Makkah (Mateu 1986).

Remarks

A frequent species that was found in Acacia thorn woodlands during the four seasons of year, but peak populations occurred during autumn. The adults were collected by light trapping and hand picking. Ron Felix identified this species.

Dromius buettikeri Mateu, 1990

Material examined

825 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂. 851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 892 m: 12.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀. 1,325 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,474 m: 27.I.2014, LT, 1♀; 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 08.XII.2014, LT, 1♂. 1,563 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,611 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,666 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

SA. END_SA species.

Published records

Asir and Baha (Rasool et al. 2018b), Riyadh (Mateu 1990).

Remarks

A frequent species. The adults were collected during autumn and winter from Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. The specimens were attracted only to light trap. Ron Felix identified this species.

Eremolestes sulcatus (Chaudoir, 1876)

Material examined

1,474 m: 23.IV.2014, PT, 1♂. 1562 m: 03.XI.2013, HP, 1♂, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

DJ, DZ, ER, ET, SA, SD, TD. This range exemplifies AFR realm.

Published records

Najran and Riyadh (Mateu 1979, 1986). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A rare species that was found during autumn and spring collected by pitfall trapping and hand picking in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub communities. Ron Felix identified this species.

Lebia auberti Fairmaire, 1892

Material examined

1,225 m: 08.XII.20114, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♂.

General distribution and zoogeography

DJ, SA (Rasool et al. 2018a). This range exemplifies AFR realm.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018, Rasool et al. 2018), Baha (Rasool et al. 2018a), Riyadh (Mateu 1986).

Remarks

A rare species with each sex represented by a single specimen collected from Acacia thorn woodlands during late summer and early autumn. Alexander Anichtchenko and Ron Felix identified this species.

Lebia nilotica Chaudoir, 1871

Material examined

825 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 7♂, 10♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 4♂, 7♀. 892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 2♂, 3♀; 14.II.2014, LT, 2♂, 3♀; 15.II.2014, LT, 2♂, 2♀; 20.IV.2014, LT, 4♂, 3♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 16.X.2014, LT, 1♂; 18.X.2014, LT, 2♂, 4♀; 14.XI.2015, HP, 20♂, 26♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 4♀; 09.XII.2014, LT, 1♀; 10.XII.2014, LT, 1♀; 11.XII.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,225 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 15.II.2014, HP, 3♀; 15.II.2014, LT, 3♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 3♂, 6♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 19♂, 31♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 3♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂, 5♀; 15.II.2014, MT, 1♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 4♂, 9♀; 03.VI.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 2♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 14♂, 25♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 4♂, 6♀. 1,474 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂, 3♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 2♂, 3♀; 05.V.2015, LT, 1♀; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 41exs; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,563 m: 05.V.2015, MT, 2exs; 02.IX.2015, LT, 96exs; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,611 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 4♂, 4♀; 03.VI.2014, LT, 1♂; 03.VI.2014, SW, 1♂; 02.IX.2015, LT, 62exs; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,666 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 2♂; 03.VI.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 217exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

EG, IQ, SA. This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Asir (Mateu 1979, Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018, Rasool et al. 2018), Baha and Jizan (Rasool et al. 2018a).

Remarks

An abundant species that was recorded during all seasons of the year from a wide altitudinal range (471–1666 m). Most individuals were collected during late summer (September). Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Iftekhar Rasool identified this species.

Lebia raeesae Rasool, Abdel-Dayem & Felix, 2018

Material examined

1,611 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,666 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 02.III.2015, LT, 1♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♀; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♂; 02.IX.2015, LT, 3♂, 4♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

SA, YE (Rasool et al. 2018a). This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Asir and Baha (Rasool et al. 2018a).

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during spring, summer, and winter by light trapping in Barbary fig shrubs communities. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Matabele arabica Mateu, 1986

Material examined

1,225 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,563 m: 23.VII.2015, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

OM, SA. This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Asir (Mateu 1986), Baha (Rasool et al. 2018a).

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during autumn and summer, represented by a single specimen during each season. Ron Felix identified this species.

Merizomena buettikeri (Mateu, 1986)

Material examined

825 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 2♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 20 exs. 851 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 23 exs; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀. 892 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 1♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 24 exs. 1,225 m: 17.X.2015, LT, 1♀; 12.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀;. 1611m: 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

SA. END_SA species.

Published records

Asir and Riyadh (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017, 2018), Madinah and Najran (Mateu 1986). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A common species with more individuals collected during autumn from Acacia thorn woodlands and relatively few individuals during late summer from a Barbary fig shrub community. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Metadromius arabicus Mateu, 1979

Material examined

825 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 4♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 5♂, 3♀. 851 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 15.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 2♀. 892 m: 16.X.2015, LT, 1♂; 17.X.2014, LT, 6♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀. 1,225 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 2♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 02.III.2015, LT, 1♂; 02.IX.2015, LT, 2♂, 1♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 3♂, 5♀. 1,474 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 38♂, 52♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 3♂, 2♀. 1562 m: 03.XI.2013, HP, 1♀. 1,563 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 2♂, 4♀; 02.IX.2015, LT., 51♂, 71♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 3♂, 6♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 2♂; 18.XI.2015, LT, 2♀. 1,611 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♂; 02.IX.2015, LT, 122♂, 146♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 4♂, 2♀. 1,666 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 3♂, 5♀; 05.V.2015, LT, 2♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 21♂, 29♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, IR, SA. This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Asir and Baha (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018; Rasool et al. 2018b), Riyadh (Mateu 1979).

Remarks

An abundant species that was collected during all four seasons with most specimens caught during late summer (September). The adults of this species were only collected using light traps. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Metadromius brittoni (Basilewsky, 1948)

Material examined

471 m: 3.III.2015, LT, 1♀; 10.XII.2014, LT, 1♀. 825 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 5 exs; 15.XI.2015, LT, 7 exs. 851 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 15.XI.2015, LT, 17 exs. 892 m: 16.II.2014, LT, 1♀; 03.III.2015, LT, 2♀; 23.IV.2014, LT, 12♂, 8♀; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♂; 17.X.2014, LT, 24♂, 15♀. 16.X.2014, LT, 2♂, 4♀. 1,225 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1♂; 02.III.2015, LT, 5♂, 3♀; 21.IV.2014, LT, 17♂, 10♀; 05.V.2015, LT, 9 exs; 03.VI.2014, LT, 21♂, 17♀; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 8♂, 5♀; 24.VIII.2014, LT, 1♂; 02.IX.2015, PT, 1 ex; 17.X.2014, LT, 2♂, 3♀; 18.X.2014, PT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 6 exs; 21.IV.2014, LT, 2♂, 3♀; 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 13♂, 10♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 3 exs; 17.X.2014, LT, 2♂, 5♀. 1,474 m: 20.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♂; 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♂; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂. 1562 m, 03.XI.2013, HP, 1♂. 1563 m, 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 03.VI.2014, LT, 3 exs. 1611 m 23.VIII.2014, VC, 1♂; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂; 02.IX.2015, LT, 2 exs; 18.X.2014, PT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

JO, SA, YE. This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Asir, Baha and Jizan (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018; Rasool et al. 2018b), Riyadh (Mateu 1979).

Remarks

A common species that was collected during all four seasons from different altitudinal ranges (471–1611 m) of the SANR. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Metadromius sp.

Material examined

471 m: 03.III.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,325 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1♀.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during late winter. It is similar to M. ephippiatus (Fairmaire, 1884), which is known from North Africa (DZ, MA, TN) (Löbl and Löbl 2017). However, these specimens along with SA specimens identified by Mateu (1986) are rather different from M. ephippiatus. The specimens from SA probably represent a new species. These specimens have been included in a current taxonomic revision of the Middle East Metadromius (R. Felix, personal communication). Ron Felix identified this species.

Microlestes discoidalis (Fairmaire, 1892)

Material examined

825 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 1♂; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂. 851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 1♀; 892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 2♂, 1♀; 15.II.2014, LT, 3♂, 8♀; 23.IV.2014, LT, 1♂; 1,563 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 2♂. 1,611 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AF, BD, CD, CV, DJ, ER, ET, IL, IN, IR, JO (Nasir and Katbeh-Bader 2017), KE, MR, NE, OM, SA, SD, SO, TD, TR, TZ, YE. AFR_ORR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir, Baha, Jizan and Riyadh (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017; 2018; Rasool et al. 2018b), Makkah (Britton 1948; Mateu 1986).

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during all seasons of the year with more individuals during the winter collecting dates. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Microlestes infuscatus fragilis Mateu, 1956

Material examined

892 m, 23.IV.2014, LT, 7♂, 9♀. 1,325 m: 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,474 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,666 m: 02.II.2015, PT, 1♀; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1♀; 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♂; 15.XI.2015, PT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AF, SA, YE. This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Asir, Baha and Jizan (Mateu 1979; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018; Rasool et al. 2018b).

Remarks

A frequent species, which recorded during all seasons with highest numbers collected during spring (April). Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Pseudomesolestes quadriguttatus Mateu, 1979

Material examined

851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 892 m: 26.I.2015, LT, 1♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♂; 18.X.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,563 m: 17.X.2014, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

SA. END_SA species.

Published records

Asir and Baha (Rasool et al. 2018b), Riyadh (Mateu 1979).

Remarks

A rare species that was collected by light trapping during late summer (September), autumn, and winter. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Singilis discoidalis (Mateu, 1986)

Material examined

851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂. 1,225 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♂; 03.VI.2014,1♀; 02.III.2015, 1♀. 1,325 m: 03.VI.2014, LT, 1♂, 2♀; 27.VII.2015, LT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

EG, IL, SA, YE. This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Madinah, Makkah and Najran (Mateu 1986). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A rare species that was caught by light trapping during the different seasons from Acacia thorn woodlands. Alexander Anichtchenko identified this species.

Singilis sp.

Material examined

851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands during autumn. This unidentified species is closely related to S. cordiger (Peringuey, 1896), which is known from NA, ZA and ZW. Unfortunately, only a single female was collected, and males are needed for identification. Alexander Anichtchenko identified this species.

Syntomus submaculatus (Wollaston, 1861)

Material examined

892 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,225 m: 28.VIII.2014, LT, 1♀; 08.XII.2014, VC, 2♀. 1,325 m: 15.XI.2015, PT, 1♀. 1388 m: 08.XII.2014, HP, 5♂ 6♀. 1,474 m: 08.XII.2014, VC, 1♀. 1562 m: 03.XI.2013, 2♂ 4♀. 1,563 m: 05.VI.2014, PT, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

CV, MR, SA TD, YE. This range exemplifies SAR realm.

Published records

Jizan (Mateu 1986). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during spring, summer, and autumn. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Zolotarevskyella rhytidera (Chaudoir, 1876)

Material examined

1,474 m: 18.X.2014, PT, 1♀. 1562 m: 03.XI.2013, HP, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

CD, CV, ER, ET, GM, ML, NE, SA, SD, SN, TD, YE. This range exemplifies AFR realm.

Published records

Asir, Baha and Jizan (Rasool et al. 2018b), Najran (Mateu 1986).

Remarks

A rare species collected during the autumn from Acacia thorn woodlands and a Barbary fig shrub community. Iftekhar Rasool, Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem and Ron Felix identified this species.

Perigonini

Perigona nigriceps (Dejean, 1831)

Material examined

1,225 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 2 exs; 24.VIII.2014, LT, 1 ex; 02.IX.2015, LT, 1 ex; 17.X.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,325 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 5 exs; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1 ex; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex; 15.XI.2015, LT, 2 exs. 1,563 m: 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,611 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 2 exs; 02.IX.2015, LT, 130 exs. 1,666 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 99 exs; 02.IX.2015, PT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BE, BG, BI, CA, CD, CG, CH, CI, CM, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, ES, ET, FI, FR, GB, GH, GN, GP, GR, HR, HU, ID, IN, IQ, IR, IT, JP, KE, KH, KM, KP, KR, LK, LR, LU, LV, MD, MG, MM, MQ, MU, NC, NG, NL, NO, NZ, PG, PH, PL, PR, PT, RE, RU, RW, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), SB, SC, SE, SI, SK, SL, SN, ST, TH, TW, TZ, UG, US, VN, YE, ZA, ZM, ZW. COS species.

Published records

Only reported from Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A common species that was collected during all seasons with the highest number of individuals caught during late summer (September). The adults were collected mainly by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub communities. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Melaeninae

Cymbionotini

Cymbionotum microphthalmum Chaudoir, 1876

Material examined

892 m: 23.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

ET, NE, SA, SN, TR, YE. AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Known only from Eastern Province (Basilewsky 1979). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during spring from Acacia thorn woodlands community. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Panagaeinae

Panagaeini

Microcosmodes arabicus Häckel & Azadbakhsh, 2016

Material examined

825 m: 13.XI.2015, LT, 4♂, 8♀. 851 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 5♀. 892 m: 16.X.2014, LT, 1♂, 1♀; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 6♂, 13♀; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 3♀; 10.XII.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 15.XI.2015, PT, 1♂.

General distribution and zoogeography

OM, SA, YE. END_AR species.

Published records

Paratypes known from the SANR, Baha (Häckel and Azadbakhsh 2016).

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during autumn from Acacia thorn woodlands with highest number of individuals collected by light traps at lower altitudes. Martin Häckel identified this species.

Paussinae

Paussini

Paussus cephalotes Raffray, 1886

Material examined

1562 m, 03.XI.2013, HP, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

SA, YE. END_AR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Baha (El-Hawagry et al. 2013; Moore and Robertson 2014), Hejaz Mountains (Nagel 1982).

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during autumn. The female of this species was found under a stone in a Barbary fig shrub community. Iftekhar Rasool identified this species and confirmed by Peter Nagel.

Paussus minutulus Nagel & Rasool, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/EE392B1D-8B68-4CA1-A49C-61E4529093FD

Figs 4, 5, 6

Holotype (hereby designated)

Female; dry-mounted, glued on pinned pointed card; head with antennal clubs, left middle tibia with tarsus, left hind leg detached, and glued on to same card.

Original labels

1. White, rectangular, black printed text and thin frame (verbatim, slash = line break): “KSA. Baha; / Shada Al-A’ Ala Nature Reserve; / 19°50.411'N, 41°18.686'E; / 1611 m; 2.IX.2015; PT.2; / Aldhafer, H., Fadl, H., Abdel-Dayem, M., / Elgharbawy, A., El Torkey, A., Soliman, A.”. 2. White, rectangular, black handwriting: “Paussus sp. 3”.

Added labels

1. Red, rectangular, printed in black: “HOLOTYPUS/ Paussus minutulus / Nagel & Rasool, 2018”. 2. White label, printed: “♀”.

Holotype repository

King Saud University Museum of Arthropods (KSMA), Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Type locality

Arabian Peninsula, western Saudi Arabia, Baha Province, Upper Shada Mountain, Shada Al-A’ Ala Nature Reserve 19°50.411'N, 41°18.686'E), 1611 m, pitfall trap no. 2, emptied on 2 September 2015 after 48 hours of exposure. The place of exposure of pitfall trap no. 2 is dominated by the cactus pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae). This “cactus zone” covers the area of the nature reserve above approximately 1500 m. It is an extensively cultivated area, also characterized by small-scale terraced fields (Fig. 4). More details are given in “Study area” above.

Figure 3.

Zoogeographical affinities of the carabid fauna of Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve, southwestern Saudi Arabia. AFR, Afrotropical; COS, Cosmopolitan; END_AR, endemic to the Arabian Peninsula; END_SA, endemic to Saudi Arabia; MAD, Madagascan; ORR, Oriental; PAL, Palaearctic; SAR, Saharo_Arabian; SJP, Sino_Japanese.

Figure 4.

Photo of the cactus pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae) in the foreground and background, and the shrubs Capparis cartilaginea Decne. (Capparaceae) in the middle ground; the type locality for Paussus minutulus Nagel & Rasool, sp. n. at Shada Al-A’ Ala Nature Reserve, Baha Province, southwestern Saudi Arabia at an elevation of 1611 m.

Etymology

The specific epithet is the Latin adjective for very small, because it is the smallest known Arabian Paussus.

Diagnosis

Paussus minutulus sp.n. is a small Paussus of the P. cucullatus group sensu lato and is most similar to P. abditus Nagel, 2018 (SA) and P. rougemontianus Lorenz, 1998 (Yemen). It is distinguished from both by the tumid antennal club with its posterior basal angle large, thick, and apically truncate. Further specific characters are as follows: antennal club with excavation ending far in front of apex; head with vertex produced, with two distinct pores at the top; collar of anterior pronotum low, with transverse edge rounded and with lateral projections absent; pronotal trichome well developed at both ends of transverse furrow; pygidium with lower (posterior) margin with dense fringe of hair; fore and middle legs robust, not compressed, hind femur dilated and flattened, hind tibiae little wider than thick; small, apically fringed setae present at several body parts, most obvious at antennomere 1 and all legs.

Description of female holotype specimen

(Fig. 5) Standardized body length from tip of head to tip of elytra 3.4 mm (3.5 mm total body length from tip of head to tip of pygidium), width across mid-elytra 1.5 mm. Body castaneous, appendices little darker, ventral abdomen and anterior part of pronotum little lighter; compacted or reinforced marginal areas of head, antennal clubs and pronotum narrowly blackish. Surface smooth and shining, except forehead matt and antennomere 1 (scape) with dense and coarse, yet shallow punctuation. Pubescence of elytra inconspicuous, restricted mostly to apical and lateral parts (abraded in the middle?), of short and upright as well as recumbent, narrowly lanceolate setae; elytra additionally with very few, long, thin, upright setae on lateral part of disc and as series umbilicata; head, pronotum, pygidium and appendices with scattered, short, mostly appressed setae; these short setae have a multiple split (fringed) apex and are most obvious at antennomeres 1, femora and tibiae, yet absent at elytra; antennal clubs with the normal apical sensory field and with scattered upright or slightly curved medium setae. Head 1.3 times wider than long, frontal margin broadly truncated, slightly biconvex; in dorsal view head in front of eyes little narrowed apically, gena and eye of equal length; temples not projecting; head with vertex produced, with two distinct pores at the top; pores broadly marginate with orifice slightly sunk. Antennomere 1 devoid of distinctly marked longitudinal edges; antennal club excavate on its exterior (posterior) side, 1.5 times longer than wide (basal tooth disregarded), tumid; frontal margin distinctly emarginate near base, with one small and one tiny fenestriform pit; anterior basal angle of club acute, marked; posterior basal projection large, thick, apically truncate; hind (exterior) side of the club with excavation limited by broad dorsal and ventral borders, and ending far before apex; at posterior view dorsal and ventral margins of excavation swollen, undulate with 3 or 4 low tubercles, each with one to three subapical setae; club without distinct trichome near ventral base, just an indistinct assemblage of three slightly thicker setae. Mouthparts as shown in Figure 6, not dissected; ligula at ventral view with longitudinal carinula in the middle of the disc (not shown in Fig. 6); (antepenultimate) maxillary palpomere II at broadest view 1.5 times as long as wide with mesal margin almost straight; (terminal) labial palpomere III long, narrow, five times as long as wide, apically rounded; gula with width/length ratio at narrowest point 0.9 (for measurement see Robertson and Moore (2016). Pronotum approximately as long as wide (1.1 times wider), transversely bipartite, with large trichomes at both ends of furrow; anterior part little wider than head (1.2 times), low, with transverse dorsal edge of collar broadly rounded, slightly indented in the middle, not angulate, lateral angles obscure; posterior part narrowed towards base. Elytral pubescence of two types: a few, very scattered, thin, long, erect setae on lateral parts of the disc (in addition to the similarly looking hairs of the series umbilicornis), plus scattered, recumbent, narrowly lanceolate setae on lateral and apical parts of disc; lateral subapical folds (“flange of Coanda”) normal, without peculiarities. Hind wings present. Pygidium with central disc almost even, with indistinct microsculpture, weakly shining; lower (anatomically posterior) margin explanate; pygidial trichome of dense fringe of long hair set semicircular along lower margin; ventral part of explanate margin set with one row of short, appressed setae. Legs robust, femora and tibiae of fore and middle legs not compressed, hind femur and tibia slightly compressed and dilated, the whole inner side of hind tibia with longitudinal shallow groove; pubescence of femora and tibiae of scattered, small, apically fringed setae; all tibiae without terminal spurs; terminal tarsomere of posterior tarsus as long as three preceding ones together; tarsomeres ventrally with few lateral setae, and glabrous in the middle. Inner side of hind femur subbasally with file of stridulatory organ; the file consists of multiple parallel fine grooves and is located at both the anterior and posterior parts of a longitudinal, short carinula.

Figure 5.

Paussus (Hylotorus) minutulus Nagel & Rasool, sp. n. A Habitus, dorsal view, appendices of right and left side at broadest and narrowest view respectively B Head, lateral view C Types of setae of dorsal pubescence, from left to right: one long, thin, hair-like seta; two shorter, lanceolate bristles, the right one with split apex; four short scaliform setae with multiply split, fringed apex; the setae are shown at enlarged view and at sizes relative to each other, yet without scale. Scale bar: 1 mm. Illustration: Adrian Gertsch. Copyright: Peter Nagel.

Figure 6.

Paussus (Hylotorus) minutulus Nagel & Rasool, sp. n. A Head, ventral view B Left maxillary palpus, broadest view C Left labial palpus, broadest view. Scale bar: 1 mm. Illustration: Adrian Gertsch. Copyright: Peter Nagel.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

The new species is only known from the holotype female specimen from the type locality at Shada Al-A’ Ala Nature Reserve.

Ecology

This single specimen of Paussus was found in an area with low impact small-scale agriculture. The vegetation is characterized by dominant cactus pear. The altitude is ca 1610 m, the winters are cool and most of the 200 mm annual rainfall is concentrated between March and May (see details in chapter “Study area” above). The specimen of P. minutulus sp.n. was taken by a pitfall trap which also caught ants of the following taxa: Camponotus aegyptiacus Emery, 1915; Messor ebeninus Santschi, 1927; Monomorium jizane Collingwood & Agosti, 1996; Pheidole Westwood, 1839, sp.; Tetramorium simillimum Smith, 1851) and Tetramorium sericeiventre Emery, 1877. Members of all these genera are known as host of one or more species of Paussini (Geiselhardt et al. 2007). Paussus minutulus sp.n. forms part of the Afrotropical P. cucullatus species group, of which several members are known to be associated with Pheidole sp., including the Arabian P. rougemontianus (see, for example, Luna de Carvalho 1989).

Remarks

The new species is assigned to Paussus subgenus Hylotorus Dalman, 1823, according to the phylogenetically based classification of Robertson and Moore (2016) (see Nagel et al. 2017a). The description of P. minutulus sp.n. given above agrees generally well the diagnosis and characters used in the key provided by Robertson and Moore (2016) and their subgenus description. The labial palpomere III is longer and narrower than described as usual for the Subgenus Hylotorus, yet still within the range of variation of this character, and similar to P. abditus Nagel, 2018 in Abdel-Dayem et al. (2018). The lacinia was not dissected. The fringed setae are conspicuous, despite their tiny size. Sometimes, individuals of a few Paussus species were found to show the same type of setae with both split and unsplit apices. In these cases, the splitting is most probably an artifact caused by a treatment during or after collecting (use of certain chemicals in the killing bottle or relaxing chamber, for example). In P. minutulus sp.n. this particular shape is obviously an intrinsic character, because they are alike at all body parts where they occur.

Paussus minutulus sp.n. forms part of the P. cucullatus group sensu lato and is most similar to and possibly part of the same clade as P. abditus Nagel, 2018 in Abdel-Dayem et al. (2018) (SA) and P. rougemontianus Lorenz, 1998 (Yemen) (replacement name for Cochliopaussus rougemonti Luna de Carvalho, 1989). It differs from P. abditus by the slightly shorter pronotum, the less compressed and dilated hind leg, the absence of a distinct subbasal antennal trichome, the smaller extension of the excavation at the posterior antennal club, the large, thick, apically truncated posterior basal projection of the antennal club, the presence of fringed setae, and the clearly marked, distinct cephalic orifices.

It differs from P. rougemontianus by the slightly shorter pronotum, the less compressed and dilated hind leg, the absence of a distinct subbasal antennal trichome, the dorsal hind margin of the antennal club retracted, the presence of fringed setae, and, above all, the large, thick, apically truncated posterior basal projection of the antennal club in the new species. The new species differs from the little-known Ethiopian P. cyathiger Raffray, 1886, among others, by the long, thin peg-like posterior basal angle of the antennal club, and the longitudinal crescent margin at the external part of the cephalic pores of the latter (see Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018).

It is the smallest known Arabian Paussus and at the same time it is among the smallest Paussus at global scale (smallest measurements 3.3–3.5 mm total body length): Paussus (Subg. incertae sedis) exiguus Reichensperger, 1929, Sudan; P. (Anapaussus) asperulus Fairmaire, 1898, Madagascar; P. (Anapaussus) pipitzi Dohrn, 1884 [ssp. pictor Reichensperger, 1922, and possibly further subspecies], Madagascar and P. (Edaphopaussus) favieri Fairmaire, 1851, southwestern Europe and northwestern North Africa).

The Arabian Peninsula and adjacent regions harbour ten (with P. minutulus sp.n. included) species of Paussinae, all members of the genus Paussus Linnaeus, 1775 (see Nagel et al. 2017b; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). The following eight species have been recorded from the montane ecoregion of southwestern SA and Yemen (linked to the Eastern Afromontane Highlands Hotspot, see Mittermeier et al. 2004). The presence of all of them is in line with the zoogeographical affiliation of southwestern Arabian Peninsula to the Afrotropical Region: Paussus abditus Nagel, 2018 (END_SA); P. arabicus Raffray, 1886 (AFR_SAR); P. brittoni Reichensperger, 1957 (END_YE); P. cephalotes Raffray, 1886 (END_AR); P. cirenaicus Fiori, 1914 (PAL_SAR); P. minutulus Nagel & Rasool, sp.n. (END_SA); P. rougemontianus Lorenz, 1998 (END_YE) and P. thomsonii Reiche, 1860 (PAL_AFR_SAR).

Pterostichinae

Abacetini

Abacetus crenulatus Dejean, 1831

Material examined

892 m: 23.IV.2014, LT, 2 exs; 1,225 m: 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,325 m: 03.VI.2015, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

BF, BJ, CI, ML, MR, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), SN, TD. AFR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species collected during spring by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Abacetus quadrisignatus Chaudoir, 1876

Material examined

471 m, 10.XII.2014, HP, 2 exs. 892 m, 15.II.214, LT, 2 exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

ET, ER and YE (Socotra Island) (Felix et al. 2012). New country record. This range exemplifies AFR realm.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during autumn and winter from lower elevations in area of Acacia thorn woodlands. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Scaritinae

Clivinini

Coryza beccarii Putzeys, 1873

Material examined

471 m, 15.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex; 10.XII.2014, LT, 2 exs; 10.XII.2014, HP, 15 exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

EG (Sinai), ER, GN, IL, OM, SA, YE. AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Basilewsky 1979), Jizan and Makkah (Britton 1948, Balkenohl 1994). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during autumn at lower altitudes. The adults were caught by hand picking under stones and by light trapping along the edge of a freshwater stream. Michael Balkenohl and Ali Elgharbawy identified this species.

Dyschiriini

Dyschirius chalybeus gibbifrons Apfelbeck, 1899

Material examined

825 m: 15.XI.2015, LT., 1 ex. 851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT., 1 ex. 892 m: 16.II.2014, LT, 1 ex; 23.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex; 15.XI.2015, LT, 2 exs. 1225 m, 17.X.2014, LT, 4 exs. 1,325 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 2 exs; 17.X.2014, LT, 11 exs; 14.XI.2015, LT. 12 exs. 1,474 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1 ex; 14.XI.2015, LT., 1 ex. PAL_SAR species.

General distribution and zoogeography

AL, AT, AZ, BG, CZ, GE, GR, IL, IR, IT, MD, RO, RS, RU (South European Territory), SA (Balkenohl 1994), SK, TM, TR, UA. PAL_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Baha (Balkenohl 1994).

Remarks

A frequent species that was recorded during all seasons with more individuals were collected during autumn. The adults were caught using light traps set in Acacia thorn woodlands. Michael Balkenohl, Ali Elgharbawy and Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Scaritini

Scarites striatus Dejean, 1825

Material examined

1,225 m: 23.VIII.2014, PT, 3 exs. 1,325 m: 08.XII.2014, HP, 2 exs. 1,666 m: 02.IX.2015, PT, 1 ex; 15.XI.2015, HP, 5 exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

DZ, EG (including Sinai), LY, SA, TN, YE. SAR species.

Published records

Asir, Makkah (Balkenhol 1994; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New provincial records for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during late summer and autumn from Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub communities. Michael Balkenohl, Ali Elgharbawy and Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Scarites terricola aethiopicus Bänninger, 1933

Material examined

471 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex; 10.XII.2014, HP, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

DZ, EG (Sinai), ER, ET, IL, OM, SA, YE. AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Baha, Eastern Province, Jizan, Madinah, Makkah, Riyadh (Britton 1948; Balkenohl 1994).

Remarks

A rare species collected during autumn at lower altitudes in Acacia thorn woodlands. The adults were caught along the edge of a freshwater stream by hand picking under stones and by using light traps. Michael Balkenohl, Ali Elgharbawy and Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Trechinae

Bembidiini

Bembidion atlanticum atlanticum Wollaston, 1854

Material examined

892 m, 16.II.2014, LT, 1♂; 17.X.2014, LT, 1♀. 1,225 m: 02.IX.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,325 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,611 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 3♂, 1♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AF, AM, AZ, BG, CV, CY, DZ, EG (including Sinai), FR, GE, GR, IL, IN, IQ, IR, KG, KZ, MA, MD, MR, MT, NE, PT, RU (South European Territory), SA, SY, TD, TJ, TM, TN, TR, UA, UZ, YE. AFR_ORR_PAL_SAR species.

Published records

Asir, Baha and Riyadh (Basilewsky 1979; El-Hawagry et al. 2013; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018).

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during late summer, autumn, and winter by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub communities. Paolo Neri and Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this subspecies.

Bembidion niloticum niloticum Dejean, 1831

Material examined

825 m, 15.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 3♀. 851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 2♂, 2♀. 892 m: 16.II.2014, LT, 2♂; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1♀. 1,225 m: 03.VI.2014, LT, 1♀; 14.XI.2015, LT, 1♂, 2♀.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AF, AM, AZ, BG, CN, CY, EG, GE, GR, IL, IN, IQ, IR, JO, JP, KG, KH, KP, KR, KZ, MM, NP, OM, PH, PK, RU (South European Territory), SA, SY, TM, TR, TW, UZ, VN. ORR_PAL_SAR_SJP species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Makkah (Britton). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A frequent species that was sporadically collected during autumn, winter, and spring in Acacia thorn woodlands. Paolo Neri and Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this subspecies.

Sphaerotachys conspicuus (Schaum, 1863)

Material examined

471 m: 2.III.2015, LT, 4 exs. 825 m, 15.XI.2015, LT, 15 exs. 851 m, 14.XI.2015, LT, 3 exs; 15.XI.2015, LT, 17 exs. 892 m: 23.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,225 m: 2.III.2015, LT, 41 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex; 03.VI.2014, LT, 1 ex; 2.IX.2015, LT, 2 exs; 14.XI.2015, LT, 4 exs. 1,325 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 27 exs; 15.II.2014, LT, 1 ex; 2.III.2015, LT, 108 exs; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex; 03.VI.2014, LT, 6 exs; 17.X.2014, LT, 2 exs; 15.XI.2015, LT, 5 exs. 1,474 m: 15.II.2014, LT, 1 ex; 2.III.2015, LT, 7 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,563 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1 ex; 2.III.2015, LT, 4 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 2 exs. 1,611 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 2 exs; 2.III.2015, LT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1614 m, 20.X.2014, LT, 3 exs. 1,666 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AO, DZ, EG, ER, ET, IL, KE, LY, MR, NE, SA, SD, SO, TD, YE. AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Basilewsky 1979; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Baha (El-Hawagry et al. 2013).

Remarks

An abundant species, which was collected during all four seasons, with highest number of individuals collected during winter (March) and lowest numbers during the late summer (September). The adults were caught by light traps set at various altitudinal zones (471–1666 m) in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig shrub communities. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Sphaerotachys tetraspilus variabilis (Chaudoir, 1876)

Material examined

471 m: 03.III.2015, LT, 11 exs. 851 m, 15.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex. 892 m: 23.IV.2014, LT, 2 exs. 1,325 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 53 exs. 15.II.2015, LT, 1 ex. 17.X.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,474 m: 26.I.2015, PT, 5 exs. 27.I.2015, LT, 57 exs; 15.II.2014, LT, 2 exs; 02.III.2015, PT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 5 exs; 18.X.2014, PT, 1 ex. 1,563 m: 26.I.2015, PT, 2 exs; 27.I.2015, LT, 7 exs; 02.III.2015, LT, 8 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 3 exs. 1,611 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 25 exs; 02.III.2015, LT, 5 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 25 exs; 03.VI.2014, LT, 1 ex; 17.X.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,666 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1 ex; 02.III.2015, LT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 5 exs.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, AO, BF, CD, CI, CV, DZ, ER, ET, GM, IN, KE, ML, MR, NE, PK, SA, SD, SN, SO, TD, UG. AFR_ORR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Basilewsky 1979; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Baha (El-Hawagry et al. 2013), Makkah (Britton 1948).

Remarks

A common species that was collected during autumn, winter, and spring, with a peak during winter. The adults were collected at various altitudinal zones in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this subspecies.

Tachyura biblis (Britton, 1948)

Material examined

471 m: 03.III.2015, LT, 3 exs. 963 m: 03.XI.2013, HP, 1 ex. 1225 m, 02.III.2015, LT, 6 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 2 exs. 1,325 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 2 exs; 02.III.2015, LT, 24 exs; 21.IV.2014, LT, 2 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 19 exs; 23.VIII.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,474 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1 ex; 02.III.2015, LT, 14 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 8 exs. 1,563 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 3 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 6 exs. 1,611 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 2 exs; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 3 exs; 03.VI.2014, SW, 1 ex; 27.VII.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,666 m: 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex; 27.VII.2015, LT, 1 ex; 17.X.2014, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, DJ, DZ, IR, MR, NE, SA, TD, YE. AFR_SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), Riyadh (Basilewsky 1979).

Remarks

A common species, which was collected during all seasons of the year with the peak reached during winter (March). The adults were collected from both major plant communities in the SANR and from a wide altitudinal range (471–1666 m). Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Trechini

Perileptus areolatus Creutzer, 1799

Material examined

1,225 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 2 exs; 02.III.2015, LT, 11 exs; 21.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,325 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1 ex; 02.III.2015, LT, 2 exs; 05.V.2015, 2 exs. 1,474 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 2 exs; 02.III.2015, LT, 2 exs. 1,563 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex; 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,611 m: 27.I.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,666 m: 03.V.2015, PT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AL, AM, AT, AZ, BA, BE, BG, CH, CZ, DE, DZ, ES, FR, GB, GE, GR, HR, HU, IE, IL, IR, IT, LT, LV, MA, MD, MK, NO, PL, PT, RO, RU, SA, SE, SI, SK, SY, TN, TR, UA. PAL_SAR species.

Published records

Makkah (Britton 1948). New record for Baha Province.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during winter and spring from Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Perileptus rutilus Schaum, 1860

Material examined

471 m: 03.III.2015, LT, 2 exs; 10.XII.2014, HP, 1 ex; 10.XII.2014, LT, 1 ex. 1,325 m: 02.III.2015, LT, 2 exs; 05.V.2015, LT, 2 exs. 1,474 m: 02.III.2015, PT, 1 ex; 02.IX.2015, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

EG, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), SD, TD, YE. SAR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New provincial record for Baha.

Remarks

A rare species that was collected during all seasons from Acacia thorn woodlands. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Perileptus testaceus Putzeys, 1870

Material examined

825 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 3 exs. 851 m: 15.XI.2015, LT, 7 exs. 1,225 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,325 m: 14.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex; 15.XI.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,474 m: 05.V.2015, LT, 1 ex. 1,563 m: 21.IV.2014, LT, 1 ex.

General distribution and zoogeography

AE, DJ, ET, OM, SA (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), SO, YE. AFR species.

Published records

Asir (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). New provincial record for Baha.

Remarks

A frequent species that was collected during spring and autumn by light trapping in Acacia thorn woodlands and Barbary fig communities. Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem identified this species.

Discussion

The Carabidae of SA, comprising the ground and tiger beetles, has been reviewed with currently approximately 183 recognized species (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). However, not every SA province has been equally surveyed and studied. The highlands of the southwestern SA are a major hotspot of biodiversity (Hegazy et al. 1998; Heneidy and Bidak 2001), yet, the knowledge of the carabid diversity in this region is incompletely understood. This includes Baha Province, which includes SANR. Thirty species have been documented from Baha Province (Mateu 1986; Balkenohl 1994; El-Hawagry et al. 2013; Moore and Robertson; 2014; Häckel and Azadbakhsh 2016; Rasool et al. 2017, 2018a, b). The study of El-Hawagry et al. (2013) included the first recorded carabid species in the SANR, reporting only Paussus cephalotes. Häckel and Azadbakhsh (2016) and Rasool et al. (2018) documented 13 species in which Lebia raeesae and Microcosmodes arabicus were newly described. It should be noted that none of these three studies specifically targeted this family for the SANR.

This study represents the first baseline inventory of the carabid beetles in SNAR, within the mountains in the southwestern Saudi Arabia. The study revealed 62 species belonging to 39 genera, 17 tribes and 10 subfamilies. This number of species represent about 33% of the total known carabid fauna of SA. Also, our study includes a new species, three species endemic to SA, six confined to Arabian Peninsula, four new country records, and 24 species recorded for the first time from Baha Province. The result expands the number of carabid species recorded from Baha to 67. The number of species in this current list is similar to that of Garf Raydah Nature Reserve (GRNR) in Asir Province (61 species), a much smaller area as compared to SANR (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018). This may be due to the wide altitudinal range (1,150–2,820 m), high annual rainfall range (600–800 mm/annum), cool temperatures, relatively high humidity, and the presence of the last remnants of dense African pencil cedar forest, Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. (Cupressaceae) in GRNR (El-Juhany 2015, SWA 2018). Both nature reserves sharing about 64.5% (40 species) of the recorded carabid species. The Lebiini species are prevailed the carabid fauna of SNAR (30.6% of the total species), a similar finding was recently being reported from GRNR (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018).

Biogeographically, SA is heterogeneous region that hosts an interesting mixture of biodiversity from Afrotropical, Palaearctic, and traces of Oriental realms due to its position between Africa and Eurasia (Büttiker 1979; Larsen 1984; Hölzel 1998). This mixture of taxa is also apparent in Baha Province, including SANR (El-Hawagry et al. 2016, 2017). The carabid fauna of the SANR is characterized by the prevalence of Afrotropical (28.1%) and Saharo-Arabian (19.3%) elements. The influence of the Palaearctic species is moderate (10.5%) and Oriental species is noticeably smaller (3.5%) (Fig. 3). Based on the zoogeographical analysis of the insect fauna, El Hawagry et al. (2013) suggested that the fauna of Baha Province is biologically related to the Afrotropical region rather than to the Palaearctic or Eremic zone and has little Oriental affinity. The specificity of the SANR carabid fauna is enhanced by a small fraction of endemics (5.3%). This percentage of endemic species is low compared to the percentage endemic species of the carabid fauna in Garf Raydah Nature Reserve (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018).

In conclusion, our study provides a first account of the carabid beetle fauna of the SANR, Baha Province, in the southwestern SA. The SNAR has a relatively diverse carabid fauna (62 species), reflecting its rich flora. In its composition, the carabid fauna of SANR has almost the same number of species as GRNR, in Asir Province (Abdel-Dayem et al. 2018), and shares with the GRNR 64.5% of its species. The SNAR carabid fauna is mostly of Afrotropical origin with high influence of Saharo–Arabian and relatively little influence of the Oriental elements. The carabid fauna of the SNAR has a low level of endemism and high number of Lebiini species. Extensive surveying of the highlands in southwestern SA, may reveal further species. Beyond enhancing our knowledge of the SA carabid fauna, these results will provide useful information for guiding the conservation activities (Koivula 2011; Kotze et al. 2011) in the SANR and starting point to the future more detailed investigation on the fauna in the southwestern SA.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Saudi Wildlife Authority (SWA) for the opportunity to visit the Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve (SANR). Special thanks are due to the staff at the SANR who facilitated the work in the reserve. We greatly appreciate the field assistance and specimen processing provided by the King Saud University Museum of Arthropods members. We acknowledge the identification and confirmation of carabid species kindly provided by the following specialists: Alexander Anichtchenko, Daugavpils University, Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils, Latvia; Bernd Jaeger, Natural History Museum, Berlin, Germany; Boris Kataev, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg, Russia; David W. Wrase, Gusow-Platkow, Germany; Erich Kirschenhofer, Natural History Museum Wien, Austria; Jürgen Wiesner, Wolfsburg, Germany; Martin Häckel, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Michael Balkenohl, Bonstetten, Switzerland; Paolo Neri, San Lorenzo in Noceto, Forlì, Italia; and Ron Felix, Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, The Netherlands. We express our gratitude to Jacob Thomas, Herbarium, Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for plant identification. We thank Boris Kondratieff, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, for his critically reviewing and valuable comments. We extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for its funding of this research group number (RGP–1438–082).

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