Pinelema bailongensis Wang & Li, 2012 from Guangxi, China.

The total number of Pinelema species has increased to 25. They are P. bailongensis Wang & Li, 2012, P. cheni Zhao & Li, sp. n., P. cordata (Wang & Li, 2010) comb. n., P. cunfengensis Zhao & Li, 2017, P. curcici Wang & Li, 2016, P. damtaoensis Zhao & Li, 2018, P. huobaensis Wang & Li, 2016, P. huoyan Zhao & Li, sp. n., P. laensis Zhao & Li, 2018, P. liangxi (Zhu & Chen, 2002) comb. n., P. lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n., P. nuocnutensis Zhao & Li, 2018, P. pacchanensis Zhao & Li, 2018, P. podiensis Zhao & Li, 2017, P. qingfengensis Zhao & Li, 2017, P. spirulata Zhao & Li, 2018, P. strentarsi (Lin & Li, 2010) comb. n., P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n., P. wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n., P. xiezi Zhao & Li, 2018, P. xiushuiensis Wang & Li, 2016, P. yaosaensis Wang & Li, 2016, P. yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n., P. zhenzhuang Zhao & Li, 2018, and P. zhewang (Chen & Zhu, 2009) comb. n.

See Wang and Li (2016) and Zhao et al. (2018).

China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Vietnam (Vinh Phuc, Quang Binh, Phu Tho, Bac Kan).

Species of Pinelema bailongensis species group can be distinguished from all other Pinelema species by embolus distinctly longer than bulb and by endogyne U-shaped, J-shaped or spiral. In contrast, embolus of other Pinelema species shorter than bulb and endogyne bag-like.

China (western Guangxi, southern Guizhou).

Pinelema bailongensis species group is recognized as the first species group in Pinelema according to the long embolus relative to the bulb. Morphologically, the species in this group have quite simple and almost identical copulatory organs, only proportions of the bulb and its parts can help to separate the species, endogynes can not be used for distinguishing species (except P. bailongensis and P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n.). Genetically, each species in this group owns very significant difference comparing the congeners (Table 1).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise Prefecture, Pingguo County, Bailong Cave, 23°19.094’N, 107°34.387’E, 111 m, 1.VIII.2009, C. Wang & Z. Yao leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 1♂ and 4 ♀, same data as holotype.

5♂ and 5♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

Pinelema bailongensis resembles P. cordata (see Figure 5 and Wang and Li 2010: 9, figs 11–15) but can be distinguished by following characters: small apophyses present on embolus distal-retrolaterally (see Song et al. 2017b: figure 8A and Wang and Li 2012: figure 4) (apophyses absent on embolus distal-retrolaterally in P. cordata), larger Esl/El ratio (0.58–0.62, n = 5, mean: 0.60, Suppl. material 1: Figure S1) (smaller Esl/El ratio 0.51–0.54, n = 5, mean: 0.52 in P. cordata), and shape of receptacle spiral (see Wang and Li 2012: figs 8, 11) (receptacle U-shaped in P. cordata).

Figure 1. 

Pinelema bailongensis, male palp, retrolateral view showing bulb length (Bl), embolus length (El) and embolic slit length (Esl).

El/Bl ratio 1.40–1.48 (n=5, mean: 1.43, Suppl. material 1: Figure S1), Esl/El ratio 0.58–0.62 (n = 5, mean: 0.60, Suppl. material 1: Figure S1). For more detailed descriptions see Wang and Li (2012) and Song et al. (2017b).

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi Prefecture, Du’an County, Gaoling Town, Jiangzhong Village, Huoyan Cave, 24°01.820'N, 108°04.720'E, 243 m, 11.II.2015, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 3♂ and 3♀, same data as holotype.

4♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The specific name is a patronym in honor of the collector Zhigang Chen.

Pinelema cheni Zhao & Li, sp. n. can be easily distinguished from all other congeners by following characters: bifurcated tip of embolus (arrow 1 in Figure 3D) (arch-shaped tips on emboli in other congeners), right-angled bend onbulb dorso-subdistally (arrow 2 in Figure 3D) (no right-angled bend on bulbs in other congeners), and smaller Esl/El ratio (0.33–0.37, n = 5, mean: 0.34, Suppl. material 1: Figure S2) (larger Esl/El ratio 0.42–0.78 in other congeners).

Figure 2. 

Pinelema cheni Zhao & Li, sp. n., male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 3. 

Pinelema cheni Zhao & Li, sp. n., male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.38. Carapace 0.57 long, 0.51 wide. Abdomen 0.79 long, 0.69 wide. Carapace light brown (Figure 3A). Six eyes ringed with black, clypeus height 0.07, ocular quadrangle 0.17 wide (Figure 3A). Chelicerae, legs, labium, and endites yellow. Sternum light brown with sparse setae. Leg measurements: I 4.58 (1.36, 0.22, 1.48, 0.95, 0.57); II 3.80 (1.13, 0.22, 1.19, 0.75, 0.51); III 2.74 (0.81, 0.20, 0.79, 0.50, 0.44); IV 3.42 (1.06, 0.22, 0.97, 0.71, 0.46). Abdomen light blue with several long setae.

Palp: Tibia 2.8 times longer than patella, cymbium 2.0 times longer than tibia, cymbial apophysis cone-shaped (Figs 2A, 3C); bulb with papillae proximo-retrolaterally (Figure 2B) and a right-angled bend dorso-subdistally (arrow 2 in Figure 3D); embolus tube-shaped, with a bifurcated tip (arrow 1 in Figure 3D), spiral ridge dark brown (Figure 3B), El/Bl ratio 1.65 (Figure 3D), Esl/El ratio 0.37 (Figure 3D).

Female: Total length 1.30. Carapace 0.59 long, 0.54 wide. Abdomen 0.71 long, 0.59 wide. Coloration as in male and abdomen with many long setae (Figure 4A, B). Six eyes, well developed, clypeus height 0.10, ocular quadrangle 0.17 wide (Figure 4A). Leg measurements: I 4.38 (1.31, 0.21, 1.39, 0.86, 0.61); II 3.72 (1.13, 0.21, 1.13, 0.71, 0.54); III 2.73 (0.84, 0.19, 0.78, 0.48, 0.44); IV 3.28(1.03, 0.21, 0.96, 0.62, 0.46). Insemination duct thinner than receptacle (Figure 4C); receptacle with multiple membranous tubes, U-shaped (Figure 4C).

Figure 4. 

Pinelema cheni Zhao & Li, sp. n., female paratype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

In 4♂ paratypes: El/Bl ratio 1.69–1.78, Esl/El ratio 0.33–0.36.

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning Prefecture, Wuming County, Yiling Cave, 23°02.374'N, 108°17.529'E, 151 m, T: 23 °C, RH: 86%, 31.VII.2009, C. Wang and Z. Yao leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 1♂ and 4♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

5♂ and 5♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

This species resembles P. bailongensis (see Figure 1, Wang and Li 2012: 82, figs 1–17 and Song et al. 2017b: 85, figs 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12A) but can be distinguished by following characters: small apophyses absent on embolus distal-retrolaterally (Figure 5D) (small apophyses present on embolus distal-retrolaterally in P. bailongensis), smaller Esl/El ratio (0.51–0.54, n = 5, mean: 0.53, Suppl. material 1: Figure S3) (larger Esl/El ratio 0.58–0.62, n = 5, mean: 0.60 in P. bailongensis), and receptacle U-shaped (see Wang and Li 2010: figure 13C) (receptacle spiral in P. bailongensis).

Figure 5. 

Pinelema cordata comb. n., male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Male palp: Bulb with papillae proximo-retrolaterally (Figure 5B); El/Bl ratio 1.51–1.54 (n = 5, mean: 1.52, Suppl. material 1: Figure S3), Esl/El ratio 0.51–0.54 (n = 5, mean: 0.52, Suppl. material 1: Figure S3). For more detailed descriptions, see Wang and Li (2010).

This species is transferred to Pinelema because it shares similar morphological characters with P. bailongensis, such as the long, tube-shaped embolus (see Figure 5 and Wang and Li 2010: figs 11A–B, 12B), the presence of a distinct cymbial apophysis in the male palp prolaterally (see Figure 5A and Wang and Li 2010: figure 11B), and the U-shaped and medially strongly curved receptacle (see Wang and Li 2010: figure 13).

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi Prefecture, Du’an County, Gaoling Town, Jiangzhong Village, Huoyan Cave, 24°01.820'N, 108°04.720'E, 243 m, 11.II.2015, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 4♂ and 6♀, same data as holotype.

5♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species epithet refers to the type locality; noun.

Pinelema huoyan Zhao & Li, sp. n. differs from all other congeners of P. bailongensis species group by following combination of characters: eyeless (Figure 7A), embolus with small distal-retrolateral apophyses (arrow in Figure 6D), and Esl/El ratio 0.72–0.78 (n = 5, mean: 0.76). In other congeners, combination of relative characters are either eyeless and no apophyses, or eyes distinct and no apophyses, or eyes distinct and apophyses present, and Esl/El ratio 0.33–0.67.

Figure 6. 

Pinelema huoyan Zhao & Li, sp. n., male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 7. 

Pinelema huoyan Zhao & Li, sp. n., male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.58. Carapace 0.75 long, 0.64 wide. Abdomen 0.84 long, 0.71 wide. Carapace brown (Figure 7A). Eyeless (Figure 7A). Chelicerae, legs, labium, and endites brown. Sternum bright brown with sparse setae. Leg measurements: I 6.23 (1.84, 0.28, 1.96, 1.39, 0.76); II 5.42 (1.64, 0.27, 1.70, 1.18, 0.63); III 3.53 (1.28, 0.22, 1.18, 0.85, 0.53); IV 4.98 (1.60, 0.22, 1.44, 1.10, 0.62). Abdomen pale yellow with a few long setae (Figure 7A).

Palp: Tibia 2.0 times longer than patella, cymbium 2.2 times longer than tibia, cymbial apophysis dark brown and cone-shaped (Figure 7C); bulb shaped as in Figure 7D; embolus with numerous small apophyses distally (arrow in Figure 6D), spiral ridge brown (Figure 7B), El/Bl ratio 1.42, and Esl/El ratio 0.76.

Female: Total length 1.48. Carapace 0.65 long, 0.58 wide. Abdomen 0.85 long, 0.71 wide. Coloration as in male (Figure 8A, B). Leg measurements: I 5.89 (1.76, 0.25, 1.88, 1.25, 0.75); II 5.26 (1.62, 0.25, 1.64, 1.08, 0.67); III 3.75 (1.19, 0.23, 1.13, 0.73, 0.47); IV 4.64 (1.50, 0.24, 1.34, 0.96, 0.60). Abdomen light brown. Insemination duct with a membranous tube (Figure 8C); receptacle as wide as insemination duct, U-shaped, slightly swollen at end (Figure 8C).

Figure 8. 

Pinelema huoyan Zhao & Li, sp. n., female paratype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

In 4♂ paratypes: El/Bl ratio 1.38–1.43, Esl/El ratio 0.72–0.78.

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

holotype ♂ (MHBU), China, Guizhou Province, Qiannan Prefecture, Libo County, Maolan National Nature Reserve: Liangxi Cave, 24.5°N, 100.2°E, 5.XI.1999, H. Chen leg. Paratypes (MHBU): 2♀, same data as holotype. Not examined.

5♂ and 8♀ (including five molecular vouchers, IZCAS) from the type locality, 25°12'N, 108°00'E, 15.III.2011, C. Wang and L. Lin leg.

Pinelema liangxi resembles P. strentarsi (see Figs 15–17 and Lin and Li 2010: 23, figs 14–15) but can be distinguished by following characters: embolus curved (arrow 1 in Figure 10D) (embolus straight in P. strentarsi), bulb not protruding ventro-subdistally (arrow 2 in Figure 10D) (bulb protruding ventro-subdistally in P. strentarsi), and bulb not curved dorso-medially (arrow 3 in Figure 10D) (bulb curved dorso-medially in P. strentarsi).

Figure 9. 

Pinelema liangxi, male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 10. 

Pinelema liangxi, male. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male palp: Cymbial apophysis light brown (Figure 10C); bulb with a few papillae proximo-retrolaterally (Figure 9B); El/Bl ratio 1.14–1.25 (n = 5, mean: 1.20, Suppl. material 1: Figure S5), Esl/El ratio 0.49–0.51 (n = 5, mean: 0.50, Suppl. material 1: Figure S5). Endogyne: receptacle thin and long, U-shaped (see Figure 11C and Chen and Zhu 2009: figure 3M, N). For more detailed descriptions, see Zhu and Chen (2002).

Because this species shares similar morphological characters with P. bailongensis, such as the long, tube-shaped embolus (see Figs 9A–D, 10C–D and Zhu and Chen 2002: figs 5–6), the presence of a distinct cymbial apophysis in the male palp prolaterally (see Figs 9A, 10C and Zhu and Chen 2002: figure 5), and the U-shaped and medially strongly curved receptacle (Figure 11C), it is transferred to Pinelema.

Figure 11. 

Pinelema liangxi, female. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

The coordinates of the type locality of this species in Zhu and Chen (2002) is wrong because they refer to the place located approximately 700 kilometers from Liangxi Cave. The coordinate information reported here is confirmed by Dr H. Chen who collected type material.

China (Guizhou, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi Prefecture, Nandan County, Liuzai Town, Lizhuang Village, Cave without a name, 25°18.490'N, 107°22.910'E, 828 m, 28.I.2015, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 5♂ and 5♀, same data as holotype.

4♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species epithet refers to the type locality; noun.

This species resembles P. wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n. (Figs 21–23) but can be distinguished by following characters: bulb curved dorso-medially (Figure 13D) (bulb curved dorso-subdistally in P. wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n.), larger Esl/El ratio (0.63–0.67, n = 6, mean = 0.65, Suppl. material 1: Figure S6) (smaller Esl/El ratio 0.51–0.55, n = 5, mean = 0.53 in P. wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n.), and smaller El/Bl ratio (1.24–1.31, n = 6, mean: 1.27, Suppl. material 1: Figure S6) (larger El/Bl ratio 1.47–1.54, n = 5, mean: 1.49 in P. wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n.).

Figure 12. 

Pinelema lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n., male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 13. 

Pinelema lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n., male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.20. Carapace 0.50 long, 0.51 wide. Abdomen 0.67 long, 0.56 wide. Carapace pale brown (Figure 13A). Six eyes ringed with black (Figure 13A), clypeus height 0.11, ocular quadrangle 0.15 wide. Chelicerae, legs, labium, and endites light yellow with dark brown dots. Sternum dark brown with sparse setae. Leg measurements: I 3.83 (1.13, 0.19, 1.18, 0.78, 0.55); II 3.15 (0.92, 0.19, 0.96, 0.59, 0.49); III 2.29 (0.67, 0.16, 0.63, 0.43, 0.40); IV 2.36 (0.87, 0.18, 0.78, 0.53, 0.42). Abdomen purple-bluish (Figure 13A).

Palp: Tibia 2.9 times longer than patella, cymbium 2.0 times longer than tibia, cymbial apophysis cone-shaped (Figure 13C); bulb hemispherical (Figure 13C, D); spiral ridge brown (Figure 13B), El/Bl ratio 1.26 (Figure 13D), the distal part of embolus black (Figure 13C, D), and Esl/El ratio 0.65 (Figure 13D).

Female: Total length 1.39. Carapace 0.50 long, 0.48 wide. Abdomen 0.85 long, 0.73 wide. Coloration as in male (Figure 14A–B). Six eyes, well-developed, clypeus height 0.11, ocular quadrangle 0.17 wide. Leg measurements: I 3.42 (1.00, 0.19, 1.05, 0.65, 0.53); II 2.86 (0.85, 0.19, 0.85, 0.53, 0.44); III 2.06 (0.63, 0.19, 0.53, 0.37, 0.34); IV 2.68 (0.85, 0.19, 0.76, 0.48, 0.40). Abdomen purple-bluish (Figure 14A). Insemination duct as wide as receptacle (Figure 14C); receptacle C-shaped with several membranous tubes inside (Figure 14C).

Figure 14. 

Pinelema lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n., female paratype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

In 5♂ paratypes: El/Bl ratio 1.24–1.31, Esl/El ratio 0.63–0.67.

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

examined. Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi Prefecture, Dahua County, Jiangnan Township, Huangniu Cave, 23°55.120'N, 107°37.479'E, 8.III.2007, J. Liu and Y. Lin leg. Paratypes: 1♂ and 6♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

4♂ and 5♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS) from the type locality, 175 m, 10.IV.2017, Z. Chen leg.

This species resembles P. liangxi (see Figs 9–11, Zhu and Chen 2002: 82, figs 1–7 and Chen and Zhu 2009: 1709, figure 3E, M–N) but can be differentiated by following characters: embolus straight (arrow 1 in Figure 16D) (embolus curved in P. liangxi), bulb protruding ventro-subdistally (arrow 2 in Figure 16D) (bulb not protruding ventro-subdistally in P. liangxi), and bulb slightly curved dorso-medially (arrow 3 in Figure 16D) (bulb not curved dorso-medially in P. liangxi).

Figure 15. 

Pinelema strentarsi, male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 16. 

Pinelema strentarsi, male. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male palp: Cymbial apophysis finger-like (Figs 15A, 16C); spiral ridge pale brown (Figure 16B), El/Bl ratio 1.15–1.21 (n = 4, mean: 1.18, Suppl. material 1: Figure S7), Esl/El ratio 0.48–0.49 (n = 4, mean: 0.48, Suppl. material 1: Figure S7), Female endogyne: insemination duct wider than receptacle, receptacle comma-shaped (Figure 17C). For more detailed descriptions, see Lin and Li (2010).

Figure 17. 

Pinelema strentarsi, female. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

This species is transferred to Pinelema, because it shares similar morphological characters with P. bailongensis, such as the long, tube-like embolus (see Figs 15A–D, 16C–D and Lin and Li 2010: figure 14D–F), the presence of a distinct cymbial apophysis in male palp prolaterally (see Figs 15A, 16C and Lin and Li 2010: figure 14E), and the U-shaped and medially strongly curved receptacle (see Figure 17C and Lin and Li 2010: figure 15F).

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi Prefecture, Nandan County, Lihu Town, Wangshang Village, Wangshang Cave, 25°05.300'N, 107°38.420'E, 602 m, 1.II.2015, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 4♂ and 5♀, same data as holotype.

4♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species epithet refers to the type locality; noun.

This species resembles P. yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n. (Figs 25–27) but can be distinguished by following characters: bulb kidney-shaped (Figs 18A, B, 19C, D) (bulb pear-shaped in P. yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n.), curved dorso-medially (Figs 18A, B, 19C, D) (bulb not curved dorso-medially in P. yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n.), smaller El/Bl ratio (1.37–1.45, n = 5, mean: 1.41, Suppl. material 1: Figure S8) (larger El/Bl ratio 1.78–1.82, n = 4, mean: 1.80 in P. yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n.), and receptacle J-shaped (Figure 20C) (receptacle U-shaped in P. yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n.).

Figure 18. 

Pinelema wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n., male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 19. 

Pinelema wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n., male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.39. Carapace 0.54 long, 0.48 wide. Abdomen 0.79 long, 0.60 wide. Carapace brown (Figure 19A). Six eyes ringed with black, clypeus height 0.08, ocular quadrangle 0.15 wide (Figure 19A). Chelicerae, legs, labium, and endites yellow. Sternum light brown. Leg measurements: I 4.41 (1.25, 0.19, 1.41, 0.94, 0.62); II 3.78 (1.11, 0.19, 1.20, 0.75, 0.53); III 2.72 (0.85, 0.18, 0.76, 0.50, 0.43); IV 3.29 (1.05, 0.19, 0.96, 0.63, 0.46). Abdomen oval and light brown (Figure 19A).

Palp: Tibia 3 times longer than patella, cymbium 2 times longer than tibia, cymbial apophysis long and brown (Figure 19C); bulb with a U-shaped curve dorso-medially (Figs 18A–B, 19C–D) and with papillae proximo-retrolaterally (Figure 18B); embolus long and tube-like, spiral ridge distinct and brown (Figure 19B), El/Bl ratio 1.37 (Figure 19D), and Esl/El ratio 0.43 (Figure 19D).

Female: Total length 1.38. Carapace 0.54 long, 0.51 wide. Abdomen 0.84 long, 0.76 wide. Coloration as in male (Figure 20A–B). Six eyes ringed with black, clypeus height 0.11, ocular quadrangle 0.17 wide (Figure 20A). Leg measurements: I 4.22 (1.27, 0.18, 1.33, 0.85, 0.59); II 3.68 (1.20, 0.19, 1.08, 0.71, 0.50); III 2.69 (0.85, 0.18, 0.75, 0.50, 0.41); IV 3.37 (1.03, 0.19, 1.00, 0.67, 0.48). Insemination duct short (Figure 20C); receptacle J-shaped, as narrow as insemination duct, end globular (Figure 20C).

Figure 20. 

Pinelema wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n., female paratype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

In 4♂ paratypes: El/Bl ratio 1.37–1.45, Esl/El ratio 0.42–0.43.

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongzuo Prefecture, Taiping Township: Wenyang Cave, 22°26.792'N, 107°24.134'E, 180 m, 13.IV.2017, Z. Chen leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 4♂ and 5♀, same data as holotype.

5♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species epithet refers to the type locality; noun.

This species resembles P. lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n. (Figs 12–15) but can be distinguished by following characters: bulb curved dorso-distally (arrow in Figure 21B) (bulb curved dorso-medially in P. lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n.), smaller Esl/El ratio (0.51–0.55, n = 5, mean: 0.53, Suppl. material 1: Figure S9) (larger Esl/El ratio 0.63–0.67, n = 6, mean: 0.65 in P. lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n.), and larger El/Bl ratio (1.45–1.54, n = 5, mean: 1.49, Suppl. material 1: Figure S9) (smaller El/Bl ratio 1.23–1.29, n = 6, mean: 1.27 in P. lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n.).

Figure 21. 

Pinelema wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n., male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 22. 

Pinelema wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n., male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.33. Carapace 0.54 long, 0.53 wide. Abdomen 0.79 long, 0.68 wide. Carapace light brown (Figure 22A). Six eyes ringed with black, clypeus height 0.08, ocular quadrangle 0.16 wide (Figure 22A). Chelicerae, legs, labium, and endites light yellow. Sternum light brown. Leg measurements: I 4.55 (1.31, 0.22, 1.45, 0.94, 0.63); II 3.86 (1.13, 0.22, 1.19, 0.75, 0.57); III 2.93 (0.85, 0.20, 0.90, 0.53, 0.45); IV 3.34 (1.06, 0.22, 0.95, 0.63, 0.48). Abdomen grey with sparse, long setae (Figure 22A).

Palp: Tibia 3.2 times longer than patella, cymbium 2.1 times longer than tibia, cymbial apophysis approximately cone-shaped (Figs 21A, 22C); bulb strongly protruding ventro-subdistally (Figure 22D) and curved dorso-distally (arrow in Figure 22D); spiral ridge brown (Figure 22B), El/Bl ratio 1.54 (Figure 22D), and Esl/El ratio 0.52 (Figure 22D).

Female: Total length 1.33. Carapace 1.53 long, 0.50 wide. Abdomen 0.80 long, 0.67 wide. Coloration as in male (Figure 23A–B). Six eyes, well developed, clypeus height 0.09, ocular quadrangle 0.17 wide (Figure 23A). Leg measurements: I 4.23 (1.25, 0.19, 1.33, 0.83, 0.63); II 3.60 (1.08, 0.19, 1.13, 0.67, 0.53); III 2.69 (0.86, 0.17, 0.75, 0.48, 0.43); IV 3.16 (1.03, 0.18, 0.91, 0.59, 0.45). Insemination duct as wide as receptacle (Figure 23C); receptacle comma-shaped with a globular end (Figure 23C).

Figure 23. 

Pinelema wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n., female paratype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

In 4♂ paratypes: El/Bl ratio 1.45–1.50, Esl/El ratio 0.51–0.55.

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise Prefecture, Pingguo County, Xingning Village, Xiushui Cave, T: 24°C, RH: 90%, 23°34.048'N, 107°40.777'E, 285 m, 3.VIII.2009, C. Wang and Z. Yao leg. Paratypes: 1♂ and 4♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype. 5♂ and 5♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

This species resembles P. zhewang (see Figs 28–30 and Chen and Zhu 2009: 1709, figure 3A–D, F–L, O–Q) but can be differentiated by following characters: cymbial apophysis long (Figure 24A) (cymbial apophysis very short in P. zhewang) and smaller Esl/El ratio (0.50–0.52, n = 5, mean: 0.51, Suppl. material 1: Figure S10) (larger Esl/El ratio 058–0.63, n = 4, mean: 0.60 in P. zhewang).

Figure 24. 

Pinelema xiushuiensis, male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Male palp: Embolus bent (Figure 24A–D), El/Bl ratio 1.58–1.73 (n = 5, Suppl. material 1: Figure S10), and Esl/El ratio 0.50–0.52 (n = 5, Suppl. material 1: Figure S10). For more detailed descriptions, see Wang and Li (2016).

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS): China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi Prefecture, Du’an County, Gaoling Town, Sanlian Village, Cave without a name, 24°02.340'N, 108°03.720'E, 225 m, 12.III.2015, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes (IZCAS): 3♂ and 5♀, same data as holotype.

5♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The specific name is a patronym in honor of the collector Yunchun Li.

This species resembles P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n. (Figs 18–20) but can be distinguished by following characters: bulb pear-shaped (Figs 25A, B, 26C, D) (bulb kidney-shaped in P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n.), not curved dorso-medially (Figure 26C, D) (bulb curved dorso-medially in P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n.), larger El/Bl ratio (1.78–1.82, n = 4, mean: 1.80, Figs 25B, 26D) (smaller El/Bl ratio 1.37–1.45, n = 5, mean: 1.41 in P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n.), and receptacle U-shaped (Figure 27C) (receptacle J-shaped in P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n.).

Figure 25. 

Pinelema yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n., male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 26. 

Pinelema yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n., male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male (holotype): Total length 1.27. Carapace 0.56 long, 0.53 wide. Abdomen 0.68 long, 0.56 wide. Carapace light brown with black speckles (Figure 26A). Six eyes ringed with black, clypeus height 0.10, ocular quadrangle 0.17 wide (Figure 26A). Chelicerae, legs, labium, and endites light brown. Sternum dark brown. Leg measurements: I 4.43 (1.33, 0.22, 1.41, 0.86, 0.61); II 3.63 (1.08, 0.21, 1.14, 0.67, 0.53); III 2.64 (0.81, 0.19, 0.76, 0.45, 0.43); IV 3.21 (1.04, 0.19, 0.94, 0.59, 0.45). Abdomen blue with sparse setae (Figure 26A).

Palp: Tibia 2.3 times longer than patella, cymbium 2.0 times longer than tibia, cymbial apophysis brown and cone-shaped (Figs 25A, 26C); bulb nearly pear-shaped (Figs 25A–B, 26C–D) with papillae proximo-retrolaterally (Figure 25B); spiral ridge brown (Figure 26B), El/Bl ratio 1.81 (Figure 26D), Esl/El ratio 0.44 (Figure 26D).

Female: Total length 1.52. Carapace 0.61 long, 0.56 wide. Abdomen 0.89 long, 0.89 wide. Coloration and pattern as in male (Figure 27A–B). Six eyes, well developed, clypeus height 0.12, ocular quadrangle 0.17 wide (Figure 27A). Leg measurements: I 4.35 (1.33, 0.22, 1.39, 0.70, 0.71); II 3.54 (1.08, 0.20, 1.10, 0.63, 0.53); III 2.62 (0.80, 0.19, 0.75, 0.48, 0.40); IV 3.28 (1.03, 0.20, 1.01, 0.61, 0.43). Insemination duct as wide as receptacle (Figure 27C); receptacle U-shaped, slightly swollen at end (Figure 27C).

Figure 27. 

Pinelema yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n., female paratype. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

In 3♂ paratypes: El/Bl ratio 1.78–1.82, Esl/El ratio 0.43–0.45.

China (Guangxi, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Holotype ♂ (MLR): China, Guizhou Province, Qianxinan Prefecture, Ceheng County, Qingping Township, Zhewang village, Zhoujia cave, 600 m, 25°11.000'N, 105°55.000'E, 5.XI.1999, H. Chen and Y. Zhang leg. Paratypes: 13♂ and 22♀ (MHBU), same data as holotype. Not examined.

4♂ and 8♀ (molecular vouchers, IZCAS) from the type locality, 10.III.2011, C. Wang and L. Lin leg.

This species resembles P. xiushuiensis (see Figure 24 and Wang and Li 2016: 556, figs 9–12) but can be distinguished by following characters: cymbial apophysis very short (Figs 28A, 29C) (cymbial apophysis long in P. xiushuiensis) and larger Esl/El ratio (058–0.63, n = 4, mean: 0.60, Suppl. material 1: Figure S12) (smaller Esl/El ratio 0.50–0.52, n = 5, mean: 0.51 in P. xiushuiensis).

Figure 28. 

Pinelema zhewang, male. A Palp, prolateral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Embolus, prolateral view D Embolus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C–D).

Figure 29. 

Pinelema zhewang, male. A Habitus, dorsal view B Embolus, apical view C Palp, prolateral view D Palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A), 0.05 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Male palp: Embolus bent (Figs 28A–D, 29C–D), spiral ridge brown (Figure 29B), El/Bl ratio 1.73–1.83 (n = 4, mean: 1.76, Suppl. material 1: Figure S12); Esl/El ratio 0.58–0.63 (n = 4, mean: 0.60, Suppl. material 1: Figure S12). Female endogyne: insemination duct as wide as receptacle (Figure 30C); receptacle U-shaped, slightly swollen at end (Figure 30C). For more detailed descriptions, see Chen and Zhu (2009).

This species shares a combination of morphological characters with P. bailongensis, such as the long, tube-shaped embolus (see Figs 28A–D, 29C–D and Chen and Zhu 2009: figure 3C–D), the presence of a cymbial apophysis in the male palp prolaterally (see Figs 28A, 29C and Chen and Zhu 2009: figure 3F), and a U-shaped and medially strongly curved receptacle (see Figure 30C and Chen and Zhu 2009: figure 3J–L), so this species is transferred to Pinelema.

Figure 30. 

Pinelema zhewang, female. A Habitus, dorsal view B Habitus, ventral view C Endogyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.05 mm (C).

China (Guizhou, Figure 31), known only from the type locality.

Figure 31. 

Distribution records of Pinelema bailongensis species group: 1 P. bailongensis 2 P. cheni Zhao et Li, sp. n. 3 P. cordata 4 P. huoyan Zhao & Li, sp. n. 5 P. liangxi 6 P. lizhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n. 7 P. strentarsi 8 P. wangshang Zhao & Li, sp. n. 9 P. wenyang Zhao & Li, sp. n. 10 P. xiushuiensis 11 P. yunchuni Zhao & Li, sp. n. 12 P. zhewang.