Research Article |
Corresponding author: Cornelis van Achterberg ( kees@vanachterberg.org ) Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
© 2017 Cornelis van Achterberg, Khuat Dang Long, Xue-xin Chen.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
van Achterberg C, Long KD, Chen X-X (2017) Review of Stantonia Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Orgilinae) from Vietnam, China, Japan, and Russia, with descriptions of six new species. ZooKeys 723: 61-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.723.21668
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The genus Stantonia Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Orgilinae) is reviewed for Vietnam, China, Japan, and Russia. Six new species of the genus Stantonia are described and illustrated: Stantonia brevicaudata van Achterberg, sp. n., S. dickyyui van Achterberg & Long, sp. n., S. granulata Long & van Achterberg, sp. n., S. robustifemur van Achterberg & Long, sp. n., S. stilpnosoma Long & van Achterberg, sp. n., and S. vietnamica van Achterberg, sp. n. A new subgenus (Planitonia subg. n.: type species Stantonia robustifemur van Achterberg & Long, sp. n.) is proposed for the species with a flat clypeus and face, and reduced vein r-m of the fore wing. Three species are newly recorded from Vietnam: Stantonia gracilis van Achterberg, 1987, S. sumatrana Enderlein, 1908, and S. tianmushana Chen, He & Ma, 2004. A key to species of Stantonia from Vietnam, China, Russia, and Japan is provided.
Braconidae , China, Japan, key, new species, Orgilinae , Russia, Stantonia , Vietnam
Members of the small subfamily Orgilinae Foerster, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are comparatively rarely collected and little is known about their biology (
The specimens were mainly collected in Malaise traps, but a few by using a sweep net. The material was stored in 70% ethanol, prepared with the AXA method (
Morphology. For terminology used in this paper, see
Material. The examined specimens are kept in the parasitoid collections of Department of Insect Ecology (IEBR) at Hanoi, Vietnam; the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, (
Inside Vietnam, the distribution of the species is followed in order of provinces from north to south, and outside Vietnam, distribution of species follows in alphabetical order. An asterisk indicates a new record.
Stantonia
Ashmead, 1904: 146;
Mimagathis
Enderlein, 1905: 450. Type species: Mimagathis ashmeadi Enderlein, 1905 (designated by
Bentonia
van Achterberg, 1992: 339. Type species: Bentonia longicornis van Achterberg, 1992 (by original designation). Synonymised by
Antenna slender and 1.3–2.0 times longer than body, basal flagellar segments with medial constriction; scapus robust and strongly oblique apically (Figs
Koinobiont endoparasitoids of Pyralidae and Tortricidae.
Mainly circumtropical, with some species in East Palaearctic region.
The subgenus Planitonia subg. n. (with type species Stantonia robustifemur van Achterberg & Long, sp. n.) is proposed for the species with flat clypeus and face, reduced vein r-m of the fore wing and long ovipositor sheath (1.0–1.4 times as long as fore wing). Besides the type species described in this paper, S. lutea (Szépligeti, 1910) belongs to it. The subgenus is only known from the Oriental region and the biology is unknown. The name is derived from “planus” (Latin for flat, because of the flat clypeus) and the generic name Stantonia. Gender: feminine.
The genus Sulorgilus van Achterberg, 1994, is superficially similar and occurs in the treated area (
1 | Clypeus flat (Figs |
S. robustifemur van Achterberg & Long, sp. n. |
– | Clypeus convex (Figs |
2 |
2 | Anterior tentorial pits below lower level of eyes or near it (Fig. |
S. clappae Kittel, 2016 |
– | Anterior tentorial pits dorsally distinctly above lower level of eyes (Figs |
3 |
3 | Second metasomal suture curved and medial area behind suture convex (Figs |
4 |
– | Second metasomal suture straight and medial area behind suture flat or nearly so (Figs |
9 |
4 | Mesosoma entirely or largely black (Figs |
5 |
- | Mesosoma entirely yellow or brownish yellow (Figs |
7 |
5 | Antenna of both sexes with 14–17 white or ivory segments submedially (Fig. |
S. vietnamica van Achterberg, sp. n. |
– | Antenna of both sexes with 6–13 white or ivory segments (Figs |
6 |
6 | Epipleuron of second metasomal tergite partly brownish yellow (Fig. |
S. annulicornis Enderlein, 1921 |
– | Epipleuron of second metasomal tergite largely infuscated (Fig. |
S. spasskensis Belokobylskij, 1993 |
7 | Hind tarsus (except basitarsus) dark brown (Figs |
S. dickyyui van Achterberg & Long, sp. n. |
– | Hind tarsus (except telotarsus) ivory (Figs |
8 |
8 | Vein 3-SR+SR1 of fore wing approx. 2.9 times as long as vein r (Fig. |
S. issikii Watanabe, 1932 |
– | Vein 3-SR+SR1 of fore wing 3.7–3.8 times as long as vein r (Fig. |
S. xiangqianensis Chen, He & Ma, 2004 |
9 | Ventrally hind femur coarsely reticulate-rugose, densely sculptured, rather matt and ventrally apical 0.3–0.6 of femur black or dark brown (both sexes); mesopleuron ventrally and mesosternum often largely black; hind tarsus (except telotarsus and base of basitarsus) ivory, but fourth segment more or less dark brown; vertex largely dark brown or black; second epipleuron with large dark brown or brown patch; length of first metasomal tergite 2.0–2.8 times its apical width; [vertex rather coarsely and densely punctate] | 10 |
- | Ventrally hind femur smooth and shiny, finely punctate or finely to moderately coriaceous-rugose or -rugulose and matt; if rugose or rugulose, then hind femur ventrally entirely yellowish or nearly so; mesopleuron ventrally and mesosternum yellowish brown; hind tarsus (except basitarsus) and fourth segment largely dark brown or ivory; vertex yellowish brown; area below precoxal suture finely punctate; second epipleuron entirely yellow and without dark patch, but with patch in S. takeuchii; length of first metasomal tergite 3.0–3.7 times its apical width, but 2.4–2.7 times in S. sumatrana and S. brevicaudata | 11 |
10 | Length of ovipositor sheath approx. 0.2 times as long as fore wing and 0.3 times length of metasoma (Fig. |
S. angustata van Achterberg, 1987 |
– | Length of ovipositor sheath 0.4–0.5 times as long as fore wing and approximately as long as metasoma or slightly shorter (Fig. |
S. gracilis van Achterberg, 1987 |
11 | Vein r-m omitted comparatively low from vein 2-SR, and petiole of second submarginal cell distinctly longer than wide (Figs |
12 |
- | Vein r-m of fore wing omitted near connection of vein r and 3-SR+SR1 and petiole of second submarginal cell at most slightly longer than wide (Figs |
13 |
12 | Vein CU1b subequal to vein 3-CU1 (Figs |
S. tianmushana Chen, He & Ma, 2004 |
- | Vein CU1b 0.3 times as long as vein 3-CU1 (Fig. |
S. granulata Long & van Achterberg, sp. n. |
13 | Length of ovipositor sheath 0.40–0.60 times as long as fore wing (Figs |
14 |
– | Length of ovipositor sheath 0.10–0.25 times as long as fore wing (Figs |
16 |
14 | Antenna of ♀ with 8–13 white or ivory segments submedially (Fig. |
S. qui Chen, He & Ma, 2004 |
– | Antenna of ♀ yellowish brown submedially (Figs |
15 |
15 | Inner half of humeral plate (Fig. |
S. takeuchii (Watanabe, 1937) |
– | Humeral plate entirely, base and apex of first tergite and base of second tergite yellowish brown (Fig. |
S. sauteri Watanabe, 1932 |
16 | Lobes of mesoscutum dark brown or infuscate medially (Figs |
17 |
– | Lobes of mesoscutum brownish yellow medially (Figs |
18 |
17 | Second and third hind tarsal segments ivory or white (Fig. |
S. ruficornis Enderlein, 1921 |
– | Second and third hind tarsal segments dark brown (Fig. |
S. chaoi Chen, He & Ma, 2004 |
18 | First metasomal tergite of ♀ strongly shiny and 3.3–3.7 times as long as its apical width (Fig. |
S. stilpnosoma Long & van Achterberg, sp. n. |
– | First tergite of ♀ with satin sheen and 2.4–3.0 times as long as its apical width (Fig. |
19 |
19 | Humeral plate partly brown or dark brown (Fig. |
S. sumatrana Enderlein, 1908 |
– | Humeral plate entirely pale yellowish or slightly brownish (Fig. |
S. brevicaudata van Achterberg, sp. n. |
Stantonia
angustata
van Achterberg, 1987: 27–28;
1 ♂ (
Antenna dark brown, but scapus and pedicellus partly pale; vertex rather coarsely and densely punctate and largely dark brown or black; anteriorly precoxal sulcus below crenulae coarsely punctate; mesosoma yellow with black spots; tegulum blackish; mesopleuron dark ventrally and rather coarsely punctate; propodeum rugose medially but anteriorly largely smooth; hind tarsus pale yellow or white but fourth and fifth segments more or less dark brown; ventrally hind femur coarsely reticulate-rugose, densely sculptured and rather matt; ventral apical 0.3-0.6 of femur black or dark brown (both sexes); hind femur 6 times longer than wide; ventrally basal 0.2–0.4 of hind femur yellow; epipleuron of second tergite with equilateral triangular dark brown patch; length of ovipositor sheath 0.18–0.24 times as long as fore wing and 0.3 times length of metasoma; length of fore wing 4.7–6.3 mm.
Hind tibial spurs blackish (Cát Tiên N.P. and Cuc Phuong N.P.; Fig.
China (Sichuan, Yunnan), Brunei, East and West Malaysia, Vietnam (Lai Chau; Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P. (
If length of antenna 1.9 times fore wing, head blackish brown (except vertex); metasoma laterally blackish brown; second epipleuron with faint dark spot; length of body 3.8–5.3 mm, cf. S. jacobsoni van Achterberg, 1987.
Stantonia
annulicornis
Enderlein, 1921: 58;
Stantonia
spasskensis
;
1 ♀ (
Antenna of both sexes with band of 10–13 white or ivory segments (Fig.
Myanmar, Vietnam (Phu Tho; Hoa Binh; Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P.; Thua Thien-Hue (
Holotype of S. annulicornis from Myanmar has the middle coxa largely black (mainly brown to black in Vietnamese specimens), the propodeum finely punctate (variable in Vietnamese specimens, but often largely smooth) and the tegulum pale yellowish (pale yellowish brown to brown in Vietnamese specimens).
Holotype, ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ 1.8 times as long as fore wing and largely brown (Fig.
Stantonia brevicaudata sp. n., ♀, holotype. 6 wings 7 mesosoma, lateral aspect 8 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 9 first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect 10 hind leg, lateral aspect 11 head, anterior aspect 12 head, dorsal aspect 13 second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 14 hind tibia, ventral aspect 15 antenna.
The new species runs in the key by
Holotype, ♀. Body length 4.6 mm, fore wing length 4.4 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.7 mm.
Head. Antenna with 49 segments and 1.8 times as long as fore wing; middle antennal segments with distinct false division medially and 1.8 times as long as wide; third, fourth and penultimate antennal segments 3.6, 2.6 and 1.7 times as long as wide, respectively, and third segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment; width of face equal to height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times as long as high; pronotal side smooth dorsally and remainder sparsely finely punctate and medial sulcus anteriorly with few crenulae; notauli rather narrow and moderately crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig.
Legs. Ventrally hind femur mainly coriaceous, except some rugulae, matt (as outer side); length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of middle leg 7.4, 11.9 and 11.6 times as long as their width, respectively; inner and outer middle tibial spurs 0.55 and 0.40 times as long as basitarsus; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 7.7 and 6.8 times their width, respectively; inner and outer hind tibial spurs 0.5 and 0.4 times as long as basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite gradually widened (Fig.
Colour. Yellowish brown dorsally and remainder (including tegulum and humeral plate) pale yellowish, but antenna (except scapus and pedicellus) and ovipositor sheath brown, apex of first tergite, base of second tergite, telotarsi, apex of hind femur, apex of middle tibia, apical 0.4 of hind tibia, third and fourth hind tarsal segments, dark brown; hind basitarsus and second tarsal segment ivory, but apex of latter slightly infuscated (Fig.
Male. Body length 4.5 mm, fore wing length 4.2 mm; length of first metasomal tergite 2.6 times its apical width.
Vietnam (Ha Tinh, Vu Quang N.P.; Ninh Thuân, Núi Chúa N.P.; Dak Lak, Chu Yang Sin N.P.; Dông Nai, Cát Tiên N.P.).
Stantonia
chaoi
Chen, He & Ma, 2004: 356–358, 533;
1 ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ 1.6–1.7 times as long as fore wing and largely dark brown; frons with pair of dark brown spots posteriorly; vertex yellowish brown and strongly punctate, with interspaces approximately as wide as punctures or less; area below precoxal suture finely punctate; mesosoma yellowish brown, but lateral lobes of mesoscutum dark brown medially; mesoscutum and scutellum distinctly punctate; tegulum brownish yellow, but infuscate apically; propodeum rugose medially and remainder nearly smooth; fore wing infuscated apically; third segment of middle tarsus yellow or dark brown; outer side of hind femur rather shiny, parallel-sided and slender (Fig.
China (Yunnan), Vietnam (Hoa Binh (
Stantonia achterbergi Chen, He & Ma, (Sept.) 2004: 353–354, 531 (not S. achterbergi Braet & Quicke, (Feb.) 2004).
Stantonia clappae Kittel, 2016: 163 (replacement name).
Apical half of antenna of both sexes with band of 6-9 ivory or white segments; anterior tentorial pits distinctly below lower level of eyes and malar space comparatively long (Fig.
China (Palaearctic: Jilin; Oriental: Guangdong, Zhejiang).
Stantonia
xiangqianensis
;
Holotype, ♀ (
Basal half of antenna yellowish, without ivory or white segments, its apical half, and outer side of scapus and pedicellus darkened; vertex finely spaced punctate and interspaces distinctly wider than punctures and yellowish brown; mesosoma entirely yellowish brown; inner half of humeral plate yellowish brown, remainder and tegulum brownish yellow; propodeum mainly smooth, medially with coarse transverse rugae (Fig.
Stantonia dickyyui sp. n., ♀, holotype. 24 wings 25 mesosoma, lateral aspect 26 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 27 first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect 28 second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 29 hind leg, lateral aspect 30 base of antenna, dorsal aspect 31 head, anterior aspect 32 head, dorsal aspect 33 head, lateral aspect 34 apex of antenna, dorsal aspect 35 mandible and malar space, lateral aspect.
Holotype, ♀. Body length 6.8 mm, fore wing length 6.4 mm, ovipositor sheath 3.1 mm.
Head. Antenna with 58 segments and 1.7 times as long as fore wing; third, fourth and penultimate antennal segments 3.8, 2.4 and 2.1 times as long as wide, respectively, and third segment 1.6 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.9 times height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times as long as high; pronotal side shiny and largely smooth except some superficial granulation ventrally and rather coarsely crenulate medial sulcus, subposteriorly absent and posteriorly narrowly crenulate; prepectal carina angulate and medium-sized; mesopleuron angulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate, complete and with wide flange posteriorly (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa with coarse curved rugae dorsally and shiny (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite distinctly narrowed behind spiracles (Fig.
Colour. Yellowish brown; inner half of humeral plate yellowish brown, remainder of plate and tegulum brownish yellow; outer side of scapus and pedicellus, stemmaticum, pterostigma, hind tibial spurs, apex of hind basitarsus and base of second hind tarsal segment brown; apical half of antenna, remainder of hind tarsus, fore and middle telotarsi, fourth middle tarsal segment, apical 0.2 of hind tibia and ovipositor sheath dark brown; frons, face, clypeus, palpi, scapus and pedicellus ventrally, remainder of fore and middle legs, meso- and metasoma laterally and ventrally pale yellowish; apex of fore wing darkened and remainder subhyaline (Fig.
Male. Very similar to holotype; body length 6.6–6.8 mm, fore wing length 5.9–6.0 mm; antenna with 54(1), 56(1) segments and 1.9 times longer than fore wing; propodeum largely smooth and transverse rugae weakly or coarsely developed, length of first metasomal tergite 3.5–3.8 times its apical width; pterostigma and apical 0.3 of hind tibia dark brown.
Female: length of body 6.2–6.8 mm and of fore wing 5.8–6.4 mm; antenna with 58(1), 57(2) segments; propodeum smooth and without distinct transverse rugae or with some weak or coarse rugae medially; vein cu-a of fore wing antefurcal or narrowly postfurcal; length of first tergite 3.2–3.6 times its apical width; length of ovipositor sheath 0.49–0.54 times fore wing.
Vietnam (Phu Tho (Viet Tri); Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong); Ha Tinh (Vu Quang)).
Named after Dr Dicky Sick Ki Yu (Nepean, Canada) for creating Taxapad, the excellent and enormous database on parasitoid Hymenoptera. Nowadays, it is hardly imaginable to study successfully Braconidae without the help of this database.
Stantonia
gracilis
van Achterberg, 1987: 31–33;
2 ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ dark brown basally followed by pale brownish or ivory segments, resulting in a pale submedial band (Fig.
Indonesia (Sulawesi), Philippines (Luzon; Mindanao;
Holotype, ♀ (VNMN), “Orgi.008”, “NC Vietnam: Huong Son, Ha Tinh, Son Tay, forest, 5–8.v.2004, TX Lam”.
Antenna of ♀ incomplete, with 37 segments remaining; basal two-thirds of remaining part of antenna yellow, apical third brown; tentorial pits at lower level of eyes (Fig.
Holotype, ♀. Body length 4.6 mm, fore wing length 4.4 mm, ovipositor sheath 2.2 mm and exserted ovipositor 2.5 mm.
Head. Antenna incomplete, with 37 segments remaining; ventral length of scapus 2.3 times its maximum width; middle antennal segments 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment; width of face as long as height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.55 times as long as high; pronotal side crenulated medio-anteriorly; notauli deep, punctate, widened posteriorly; lobes of mesoscutum sparsely punctate; scutellar sulcus deep, 0.5 times as long as scutellum; precoxal sulcus short, punctate; anterior area above precoxal sulcus rugose-punctate; mesopleuron finely granulate posteriorly and ventrally; metapleuron granulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa rugose dorsally, finely granulate laterally; length of femur and tibia of middle leg 6.6 and 10.4 times as long as their width, respectively; basitarsus of middle leg missing; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.4, 8.4 and 8.0 times their width, respectively; hind basitarsus 0.9 times as long as second-fifth segments; inner and outer hind tibial spurs 0.55 and 0.45 times as long as basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite slightly narrowed behind spiracles (Fig.
Colour. Yellow; antenna brownish yellow basally, dark brown apically; fore and middle legs yellow; hind leg yellow but telotarsus and apex of hind tibia dark brown, hind basitarsus yellow basally, remainder of hind tarsus white.
Male. Unknown; but two very similar males are present in VNMN (Orgi.086&087, NE Vietnam, Cao Bang; Trung Khanh, Cao Thang, MT 21-29.iv.2012, N.Q. Truong). They differ by having the body surface shinier and its sculpture less pronounced (propodeum rugulose-granulate, first–second metasomal tergites superficially granulate and sparsely punctate, and hind coxa more or less punctate laterally) and vein cu-a of fore wing interstitial.
NC Vietnam: Ha Tinh (Huong Son).
Named after the granulate hind coxae and propodeum; “granum” is Latin for “grain”.
Stantonia
issikii
Watanabe, 1932: 187–188;
Holotype, ♀ (
1 ♀ (
Antenna yellowish ventrally, only dorsally and apically darkened; vertex finely spaced punctate and interspaces distinctly wider than punctures and yellowish brown; mesosoma entirely yellowish brown; inner half of humeral plate dark brown, remainder and tegulum yellowish brown; propodeum medio-anteriorly smooth; fore wing moderately infuscated apically; vein 3-SR+SR1 approx. 3 times as long as vein r; hind femur partly smooth and shiny ventrally, slender and apically yellowish brown; hind tarsus (except telotarsus) ivory or white; length of first metasomal tergite approx. 3.7 times its apical width; second epipleuron of metasoma without dark spot; apices of first and third metasomal tergites brownish yellow; length of ovipositor sheath 0.5–0.6 times as long as fore wing and somewhat longer than metasoma; length of fore wing approximately 8 mm.
Very similar to S. xiangqianensis as indicated in the original description, but differs mainly by small colour differences and the relative length of vein r of the fore wing. The variation of these characters is unknown for both species and only large series may prove the validity of S. xiangqianensis.
Holotype, ♀. Body length 7.8 mm, fore wing length 8.2 mm, ovipositor sheath missing, exserted ovipositor 5.5 mm.
Head. Antenna broken; third and fourth antennal segments 3.2 and 2.7 times as long as wide, respectively, and third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.9 times height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times as long as high; pronotal side largely smooth (with few punctures near dorsal rim) and medial sulcus coarsely and widely crenulate anteriorly, subposteriorly with two crenulate branches and posteriorly finely crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate, complete and with wide flange posteriorly (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa largely and densely rugose dorsally, only posteriorly transversely striate; ventrally hind femur shiny, basally rugulose and apically largely smooth; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of middle leg 7.0, 12.6 and 12.4 times as long as their width, respectively; inner and outer middle tibial spurs 0.40 and 0.35 times as long as basitarsus; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.2, 8.5 and 6.8 times their width, respectively; hind basitarsus rather adpressed; inner and outer hind tibial spurs 0.40 and 0.35 times as long as basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite slightly narrowed behind spiracles (Fig.
Colour. Yellowish brown; inner half of humeral plate dark brown, remainder of plate, tegulum and tibial spurs yellowish brown; basal segments of antenna (except scapus and pedicellus) dorsally dark brown and ventrally brownish yellow; outer side of scapus and pedicellus partly dark brown; face, clypeus, palpi and hind tibia (except apical third) rather pale yellowish; stemmaticum dark brown; apical third of hind tibia and telotarsi dark brown; remainder of hind tarsus ivory (Fig.
Stantonia issikii Watanabe, ♀, holotype. 47 fore wing 48 mesosoma, lateral aspect 49 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 50 propodeum and first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect 51 second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 52 hind leg, lateral aspect 53 detail of submedial and first subdiscal cells of fore wing 54 head, anterior aspect 55 head, dorsal aspect 56 head, lateral aspect 57 occipital flange, postero-lateral aspect.
China (*Beijing (Shangfangshan N.F.P.), Zhejiang, Hunan, Taiwan).
This species was reported from Papua New Guinea by
Stantonia qui Chen, He & Ma, 2004: 359–361, 531.
Antenna with a submedial band consisting of 8–13 white or ivory segments (Fig.
Similar to S. magnifica van Achterberg, 1987, from Indonesia and Malaysia, but S. magnifica differs by having the vertex largely smooth; the face finely punctate; the wing membrane dark brown up to apical 0.7 of the marginal cell; the hind coxa largely yellow or orange brown and the mesosoma entirely dark brown or black (
China (Guangdong, Zhejiang).
Stantonia sp. A Braet & Quicke, 2004: 1522.
Holotype, ♀ (
Antenna without a pale band, its basal two-thirds brownish yellow and apical third dark brown, 1.3 times as long as fore wing and subapical segments approximately 1.5 times longer than wide; clypeus flat and rather long (Fig.
The new species runs in the key by
Holotype, ♀. Body length 6.1 mm, fore wing length 4.9 mm, ovipositor sheath 5.3 mm.
Head. Antenna with 41 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; middle antennal segments with distinct false division medially and twice as long as wide; third, fourth and penultimate antennal segments 3.0, 2.7 and 1.4 times as long as wide, respectively, and third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment; width of face equal to height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times as long as high; pronotal side smooth above oblique and anteriorly crenulate medial sulcus, sparsely finely punctate posteriorly and ventrally superficially coriaceous; notauli complete and posteriorly moderately crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa mainly coriaceous, postero-dorsally with rugulae; ventrally hind femur mainly coriaceous, with satin sheen (as outer side); middle and hind tibia with numerous short spines; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of middle leg 5.9, 9.4 and 11.4 times as long as their width, respectively; inner and outer middle tibial spurs 0.55 and 0.35 times as long as basitarsus; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.1, 7.6 and 9.1 times their width, respectively; inner and outer hind tibial spurs 0.55 and 0.40 times as long as basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite gradually widened (Fig.
Colour. Yellowish brown dorsally and remainder (including tegulum) pale brownish yellow; antenna brownish yellow, but outer side of scapus and pedicellus, and apical third of antenna dark brown; ovipositor sheath, base and apex of first tergite narrowly, base of second tergite slightly, apex of third tergite, telotarsi, hind basitarsus subbasally (but basally narrowly white), apex of hind femur, apex of middle tibia, apical 0.2 of hind tibia, and middle tarsus (but basitarsus largely yellowish), dark brown; basal ring of hind tibia and hind tarsus ivory, but basitarsus subbasally and telotarsus dark brown; apical fifth of fore wing slightly darkened and remainder subhyaline (Fig.
Stantonia robustifemur sp. n., ♀, holotype. 60 wings 61 mesosoma, lateral aspect 62 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 63 first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect 64 second–fourth metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 65 hind leg, lateral aspect 66 head, anterior aspect 67 head, dorsal aspect 68 detail of clypeus and malar space, lateral aspect 69 antenna 70 hind femur, ventral aspect.
Male. Very similar to female: body length 5.0–5.5 mm, fore wing length 4.0–4.6 mm; antenna with 37(1), 38(2), 39(1) segments; length of hind femur 3.5 times its maximum width; length of first metasomal tergite 2.3–2.6 times its apical width.
Female: body length 4.9–6.8 mm, fore wing length 4.2–5.2 mm; antenna with 40(1), 41(2) segments; length of hind femur 3.9–4.1 times its maximum width; inner spur of hind tibia 0.50–0.55 times as long as hind basitarsus; length of first metasomal tergite 1.9–2.6 times its apical width; medial length of second tergite 1.1–1.3 times its basal width and 1.3 times length of third tergite; length of ovipositor sheath 1.07–1.36 times as long as fore wing. The female from Yen Thuy is excluded from the type series because it has the second and third metasomal tergites more convex, resulting in a slenderer metasoma in dorsal view.
Vietnam (Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong N.P).; Dak Lak, Chu Yang Sin N.P.; Dông Nai (Cát Tiên N.P.)).
Stantonia
ruficornis
Enderlein, 1921: 58;
1 ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ 1.6–1.7 times as long as fore wing and its basal half yellowish brown, apically dark brown; vertex finely punctate or punctulate and interspaces distinctly wider than punctures; vertex and frons (especially of ♂) medially often dark brown; tegulum dark brown or infuscated; middle and lateral lobes of mesoscutum infuscate or dark brown medially; remainder of mesosoma brownish yellow; propodeum with coarse transverse rugae; fore wing infuscated apically; middle tarsus (except basitarsus) dark brown; apex of hind coxa more or less dark brown dorsally; apical half or quarter of hind femur dark brown; third hind tarsal segment ivory; outer side of hind femur rather shiny; ventrally hind femur rather matt and densely micro-sculptured ventrally; middle tarsus (except its basitarsus) more or less dark brown; first metasomal tergite darkened basally and approximately 3 times as long as its apical width; epipleuron of second tergite without a dark spot; length of ovipositor sheath 0.17–0.25 times as long as fore wing; length of fore wing 5.5–8.0 mm.
China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Taiwan, Yunnan), West Malaysia, Philippines (Mindoro), Nepal (
Stantonia
sauteri
Watanabe, 1932: 188–189;
Holotype, ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ largely brownish yellow, without band of white or ivory segments submedially; vertex densely punctate and interspaces smaller than width of punctures and yellowish brown; mesosoma (including tegulum and humeral plate) brownish yellow, but middle lobe of mesoscutum with dark brown patch medially; fore wing infuscated apically; hind femur rugose ventrally, 5.2 times as long as wide and apically rather dark brown; hind tarsus (except telotarsus) ivory; length of first metasomal tergite approx. 2.5 times its apical width; base and apex of first tergite and base of second tergite yellowish brown; third and fourth tergites with dark brown patch; length of ovipositor sheath approx. 0.6 times as long as fore wing; length of fore wing approx. 5.5 mm. Stantonia xiangqianensis is similar, but has vertex sparsely punctate with interspaces much wider than punctures, hind femur smooth and shiny ventrally and first tergite approx. 3.7 times longer than wide posteriorly.
China (Taiwan).
Stantonia spasskensis Belokobylskij, 1993: 97, 1998: 503.
Antenna of ♂ with approximately 8 white or ivory segments (Fig.
Stantonia spasskensis Belokobylskij, ♂, holotype. 75 antenna and wings 76 head, lateral aspect and mesosoma, latero-dorsal aspect 77 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 78 first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect 79 head, anterior aspect 80 second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect. Photos: K. Samartsev.
Far East Russia.
The scanty material does not allow a conclusion about the validity of the taxon; the holotype may concern the melanistic male of S. annulicornis Enderlein, 1921. The male of S. spasskensis reported from Vietnam (
Holotype, ♀ (IEBR), “Orgi.004”, “N.W. Vietnam: Hoa Binh, Yen Thuy, orchard, MT 20°23'N, 105°36'E, 55 m, 1–10.ix.2001, K.D. Long”. Paratypes (2 ♀ + 4 ♂): 1 ♂ (IEBR), “Orgi.038”, “N.E. Vietnam, Phu Tho, Xuan Son N.P., 20.v.2005, P.Th. Nhi”; 1 ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ 1.7–1.8 times as long as fore wing (of ♂ 2.1 times), without white or ivory segments and largely dark brown; anterior tentorial pits dorsally distinctly above lower level of eyes and malar space comparatively short (Fig.
Stantonia stilpnosoma sp. n., ♀, paratype, Cuc Phuong N.P. 82 wings 83 mesosoma, lateral aspect 84 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 85 first–fourth metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 86 hind leg, lateral aspect 87 hind femur, ventral aspect 88 head, anterior aspect 89 head, dorsal aspect 90 detail of clypeus and malar space, lateral aspect 91 second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 92 antenna.
The new species runs in the key by
Holotype, female. Body length 5.4 mm, fore wing length 5.6 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.6 mm.
Head. Antenna with 46 segments but incomplete, at least 1.6 times as long as fore wing; middle segments twice as long as wide, third and fourth segments 3.3 and 2.3 times as long as wide, respectively, and third segment 1.2 times fourth segment; width of face 0.9 times height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; pronotal side smooth dorsally and remainder sparsely finely punctate, medial sulcus with several crenulae anteriorly; notauli narrow and sparsely crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 5.0 times as long as wide; r:2-SR:3-SR+SR1:r-m = 7:9:31:5; r issued behind middle of pterostigma; r-m present (Fig.
Legs. Ventrally hind femur punctate and interspaces smooth and shiny; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of middle leg 10.2, 11.7 and 13.3 times as long as their width, respectively; inner and outer middle tibial spurs 0.5 and 0.4 times as long as basitarsus; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.9, 8.0 and 9.2 times their width, respectively; inner and outer hind tibial spurs 0.4 and 0.3 times as long as basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite almost parallel-sided, 3.3 times as long as its apical width, its surface largely smooth (Fig.
Colour. Yellowish brown; antenna brown but apically dark brown; tegulum and humeral plate pale yellow; stemmaticum, pterostigma, veins and middle tarsus dark brown or infuscated, but middle basitarsus yellowish basally; apical one fourth of hind tibia and second–fifth hind tarsal segments black; hind basitarsus ivory, but apically dark brown; fore wing slightly infuscated apically.
Male. Very similar to female: length of body 6.0–7.1 mm, of fore wing 3.3–6.0 mm; antenna with 55(1), 57(1) segments and 2.1 times as long as fore wing; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.8, 8.6 and 9.0 times their width, respectively; fore wing: r:2-SR:3-SR+SR1 = 8:10:27; CU1b: 3-CU1 = 3:7; hind wing: M+CU:1-M: 1r-m = 8:30:2; propodeum without or with basal medio-longitudinal carina and with 2–5 transverse carinae medially.
Female: length of body 5.4–6.9 mm, of fore wing 5.3–6.0 mm; vein cu-a of fore wing antefurcal (Fig.
Vietnam (Phu Tho (Xuan Son N.P.); Hoa Binh; Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong N.P.)).
Named after the very shiny (“stilpnos” is Greek for “glittering, glisterning”) body (“soma” in Greek) of this species.
Stantonia
sumatrana
Enderlein, 1908: 110;
2 ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ 1.7–1.8 times as long as fore wing, without white or ivory segments, largely dark brown and penultimate antennal segments of ♀ at least twice as long as wide (Fig.
Apex of middle femur yellowish brown apically (also at inner side).
Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi), West Malaysia (
Microtypus takeuchii Watanabe, 1937: 95.
Stantonia
takeuchii
; Shenefelt, 1970: 268;
1 ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ yellowish submedially; vertex strongly punctate and interspaces approximately as wide as punctures or less (Fig.
Stantonia takeuchii (Watanabe), ♀, holotype. 100 wings 101 mesosoma, lateral aspect 102 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 103 propodeum and first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect 104 second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 105 hind coxa, dorsal aspect 106 head, anterior aspect 107 head, dorsal aspect 108 head, lateral aspect 109 hind leg, lateral aspect 110 detail of submedial and first subdiscal cells of fore wing.
Holotype, ♀. Body length 6.1 mm, fore wing length 5.8 mm, ovipositor sheath missing, but length of ovipositor in normal position 3.2 mm.
Head. Antenna broken; third and fourth antennal segments 3.4 and 2.5 times as long as wide, respectively, and third segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment; width of face equal to height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times as long as high; pronotal side largely smooth except some spaced coarse punctures and coarsely and widely crenulate medial sulcus, subposteriorly with two crenulate branches and posteriorly narrowly crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate, complete and with wide flange posteriorly (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig.
Legs. Anterior half of hind coxa punctate-rugulose and posterior half coarsely rugose dorsally (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite hardly narrowed behind spiracles (Fig.
Colour. Yellowish brown; inner half of humeral plate dark brown, remainder of plate and tegulum yellowish brown; tibial spurs, fore and middle legs (but telotarsi, third and fourth middle tarsal segments and apex of hind tibia dark brown) pale yellowish; remainder of hind tarsus ivory (Fig.
Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China (Taiwan (
Very similar to S. sauteri Watanabe and differs mainly by the partly dark brown basal metasomal tergites and hind coxa. The pair of dark brown patches of the propodeum is absent in the specimen from Hangzhou.
Stantonia sp. C Braet & Quicke, 2004: 1522.
Stantonia tianmushana Chen, He & Ma, 2004: 364–365, 533.
1 ♀ (
Antenna of ♀ without white or ivory segments and largely dark brown; anterior tentorial pits dorsally above lower level of eyes and malar space comparatively short; frons brownish yellow medially; clypeus convex; vertex finely to moderately punctate; middle lobe of mesoscutum brownish yellow medially; mesopleuron ventrally and mesosternum yellowish brown; propodeum with satin sheen and with coarse transverse rugae; vein r-m of fore wing partly pigmented (Fig.
First tergite 3.0-3.6 times as long as wide apically.
China (Zhejiang), *Vietnam (Vinh Phuc (Tam Dao N.P.); Ha Noi (Ba Vi N.P.); Ha Tinh (Vu Quang N.P.)). New record for Vietnam.
Stantonia spasskensis ; Braet & Quicke, 2004: 1578–1579.
Holotype, ♀ (
Antenna with a submedial band consisting of 14–17 ivory or white segments contrasting with blackish or dark brown basal third of antenna (Fig.
Stantonia vietnamica sp. n., ♀, holotype. 113 wings 114 mesosoma, lateral aspect 115 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 116 first–second metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 117 hind leg, lateral aspect 118 head, anterior aspect 119 head, dorsal aspect 120 detail of clypeus and malar space, lateral aspect 121 hind femur, ventral aspect 122 antenna.
The new species runs in the key by
Holotype, ♀. Body length 9.7 mm, fore wing length 9.2 mm, ovipositor sheath 4.9 mm.
Head. Antenna with 61 segments and 1.6 times as long as fore wing; middle antennal segments with distinct false division medially and 1.8 times as long as wide; third, fourth and penultimate antennal segments 4.5, 2.9 and 1.8 times as long as wide, respectively, and third segment 1.6 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.9 times height of face and clypeus combined (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times as long as high; pronotal side with complete Y-shaped crenulate grooves, postero-ventrally connected to crenulate border, largely smooth dorsally, partly coarsely punctate and with some rugae ventrally and remainder sparsely finely punctate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig.
Legs. Ventrally hind femur rugose, but posteriorly becoming obsolescent, with satin sheen (as outer side); length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of middle leg 5.5, 9.3 and 10.0 times as long as their width, respectively; inner and outer middle tibial spurs 0.45 and 0.30 times as long as basitarsus; middle tarsus very bristly; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 8.3 and 6.4 times their width, respectively; inner and outer hind tibial spurs 0.50 and 0.35 times as long as basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite parallel-sided, 3.6 times as long as its apical width, its surface with satin sheen, largely smooth (except some superficial micro-sculpture and some punctures; Fig.
Colour. Black; antenna dark brown but 3 basal antennal segments with pale brownish or greyish spots, 33rd segment pale brown, 17th–18th segments partly ivory and 19th–32nd segments white; tegulum, humeral plate, apex of middle tibia, patch on second epipleuron, third tergite (except antero-laterally), fourth and fifth tergites largely, sixth tergite dorsally and ovipositor sheath dark brown; middle tibial spurs, inner apex of middle femur, seventh and eight tergites dorsally, brown; tarsi ivory, but telotarsi black, hind basitarsus basally narrowly blackish and middle tarsus dark brown ventrally; coxae, hind femur (except basally), apical third of hind tibia, hind tibial spurs, first (except basal triangle) and second tergites dorsally, black; remainder of legs and of metasoma, palpi and clypeus pale yellowish; face brownish yellow; entire fore wing infuscated; veins and pterostigma dark brown.
Male. Unknown.
Length of body 7.2–9.7 mm; length of fore wing 7.0–9.2 mm; antenna with 55(1), 61(2) segments; length of first metasomal tergite 3.6–3.7 times its apical width; length of ovipositor sheath 0.51–0.54 times fore wing; 18th–30th or –32nd, or 19th–32nd antennal segments white.
Vietnam (Hoa Binh; Ha Tinh (Vu Quang N.P.); Dak Lak (Chu Yang Sin N.P.)).
A male from Thanh Son (
Stantonia sp. B Braet & Quicke, 2004: 1522.
Stantonia
xiangqianensis
Chen, He & Ma, 2004: 365–367, 532;
1 ♂ (
Basal half of antenna yellowish and apical half darkened, antenna 1.6 times as long as fore wing; vertex finely spaced punctate and interspaces distinctly wider than punctures and yellowish brown; mesosoma entirely yellowish brown; inner half of humeral plate dark brown, remainder of plate and tegulum yellowish brown; propodeum medio-anteriorly sparsely punctate anteriorly; fore wing moderately infuscated apically; vein 3-SR+SR1 approx. 3.7 times as long as vein r; hind femur partly smooth and shiny ventrally, slender and apically yellowish brown; hind tarsus (except telotarsus) ivory or white; length of first metasomal tergite approx. 3.7 times its apical width; epipleuron of second tergite partly darkened (Fig.
China (Hunan, Guizhou).
Very similar to S. issikii Watanabe, 1932, and differs mainly by the colour and shape of the tergites and the longer vein 3-SR+SR1 of fore wing.
The first author thanks the Uyttenboogaart-Eliasen Stichting for their financial support of the entomological expeditions in Vietnam. The second author gratefully acknowledges the funding by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED, grant No. 106-NN.05-2016.08). The first author is grateful for the loan of unidentified Braconidae from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing and the photos made by Ms Jiachen Zhu (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou). The types of Stantonia issikii Watanabe and S. takeuchii (Watanabe) were kindly loaned by Prof. Dr Masahiro Ohara and Dr Takuma Yoshida (Hokkaido University, Zoological Museum, Entomological Collection (