Monograph |
Corresponding author: Hannah M. Wood ( woodh@si.edu ) Academic editor: Stefan Foord
© 2018 Hannah M. Wood, Nikolaj Scharff.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wood HM, Scharff N (2018) A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae). ZooKeys 727: 1-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222
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An endemic genus of Madagascan spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae, Eriauchenius) is revised. All 20 species of Eriauchenius are described and keyed, of which 14 are new species: Eriauchenius andriamanelo sp. n., Eriauchenius andrianampoinimerina sp. n., Eriauchenius goodmani sp. n., Eriauchenius harveyi sp. n., Eriauchenius lukemacaulayi sp. n., Eriauchenius milajaneae sp. n., Eriauchenius milloti sp. n., Eriauchenius rafohy sp. n., Eriauchenius ranavalona sp. n., Eriauchenius rangita sp. n., Eriauchenius rixi sp. n., Eriauchenius sama sp. n., Eriauchenius wunderlichi sp. n., Eriauchenius zirafy sp. n. Additionally, six species of the new genus Madagascarchaea gen. n. are described and keyed, of which four are new species: Madagascarchaea fohy sp. n., Madagascarchaea lotzi sp. n., Madagascarchaea moramora sp. n., Madagascarchaea rabesahala sp. n. Diagnostic characters for the Madagascan and African genera are described, and based on these characters and previous phylogenetic analyses the following species transfers are proposed: Eriauchenius cornutus (Lotz, 2003) to Afrarchaea; Afrarchaea fisheri (Lotz, 2003) and Afrarchaea mahariraensis (Lotz, 2003) to Eriauchenius. Finally, we propose that the distribution of Afrarchaea be restricted to South Africa. While several Madagascan specimens have previously been identified as Afrarchaea godfreyi (Hewitt, 1919), we argue that these are likely misidentifications that should instead be Eriauchenius.
Afrarchaea , Palpimanoidea , new species, taxonomy
Archaeid spiders, commonly called pelican or assassin spiders, are an ancient, paleoendemic group that has existed since Pangaean times (
The morphological interspecific diversity in the carapace and chelicerae shape seems to relate to their global distribution and diversification patterns. Archaeid spiders have distinct Northern Hemisphere lineages, now extinct and known only from fossils dated from the Eocene to the Jurassic (
Phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological data by
Total evidence phylogeny from Bayesian analysis of molecular and morphological data, from
Specimens examined in this study were primarily from the California Academy of Sciences collection. Additional material was borrowed from the museums referred to in Table
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American Museum of Natural History, New York |
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The Natural History Museum, London |
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California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco |
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California Academy of Sciences, Entomology Department |
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Field Museum, Chicago |
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Muséum National D'Historie Naturelle, Paris |
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National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC |
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National Museum of Natural History, Entomology Department |
a | anterior portion of embolus |
AME | anterior median eye |
C | conductor |
CtH | carapace tilt height |
E | embolus |
FSGP | female sclerotized genital plate |
LE | lateral eye |
M | membranous area on male pedipalpal bulb |
MA | median apophysis |
p | posterior portion of embolus |
PB | posterior bar |
PP | poreplates |
S1 | additional sclerite on male pedipalpal bulb in Madagascarchaea |
SC | pedipalpal bulb sclerite, likely a part of the conductor |
W | wings, lateral projections on FSGP |
Ecribellate, haplogyne, araneomorph spiders, three claws, with peg teeth, with cheliceral and pedicel stridulatory systems; modified carapace that wraps around the base of the chelicerae forming a constricted neck; extant genera with set of anterior booklungs and pair of posterior spiracles (configuration unknown in fossil archaeids). For complete description see Forster & Platnick (1984).
While archaeids have a substantial fossil record (12 genera;
Eriauchenius
O. P.-Cambridge, 1881: 767.
E. workmani O. P.-Cambridge, 1881, by original designation.
Distinguished from the Australian genera by lacking spermathecae in the female genitalia, and instead having a bursa with secretory poreplates and a FSGP, and, in males, lacking the long wiry embolus on the male pedipalps seen in the Australian species. Distinguished from Afrarchaea by lacking the perpendicular keel on the FSGP, and from Madagascarchaea gen. n. by having 2–4 spines on the apex of the cephalon instead of 6, and lacking the retrolateral apophysis on the male pedipalpal patella.
Total length 1.64–6.72. Carapace reddish-to-orangish brown with many white setae on small tubercules, organized in branching rows (see figs 5D, 6B in
Abdomen rounded in the “bourgini” (Figs
Spinnerets surrounded by ring; rudimentary-to-fleshy colulus present. The following spinneret description is taken from examining published images of E. workmani (
Legs reddish or orangish to light brown, often with dark brown bands throughout, but especially on the tibia; covered sparsely with setae; ratio 1-2-4-3 or 1-4-2-3, typically 1-2-4-3 for species found in vegetation and 1-4-2-3 for species found in forest litter; one or two anterior rows of scopulae present on leg I, sometimes also present on leg II, and sometimes with a posterior row as well; metatarsus III and IV with a ventral cluster of modified hairs; femur IV distinctly curved (see fig. 7D in
Male pedipalpal femur, patella, tibia and cymbium without apophyses, however a cluster of spine like setae with enlarged bases occurs on the distal retrolateral side of the femur in some “bourgini group” species. Palpal bulb very diverse in shape, forming an enclosed pit that the conductor wraps around in the “workmani group” (Fig.
Female genitalic bursa height in “workmani group” greater than bursa width (Fig.
Included species: 6 described species E. bourgini (Millot, 1948), E. fisheri (Lotz, 2003), E. mahariraensis (Lotz, 2003), E. pauliani (Legendre, 1970), E. ratsirarsoni (Lotz, 2003), E. workmani O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881, and 14 new species described here: E. andriamanelo sp. n., E. andrianampoinimerina sp. n., E. goodmani sp. n., E. harveyi sp. n., E. lukemacaulayi sp. n., E. milajaneae sp. n., E. milloti sp. n., E. rafohy sp. n., E. ranavalona sp. n., E. rangita sp. n., E. rixi sp. n., E. sama sp. n., E. wunderlichi sp. n., E. zirafy sp. n. One species originally described as Archaea, with the extant members later revived as Eriauchenius, has been transferred to Afrarchaea: A. cornutus (Lotz, 2003) (new combination).
Madagascar.
Eriauchenius contains two main clades, the “workmani group” and the “bourgini group” (Fig.
The “bourgini group” is further broken up into two groups, the “enclosed embolus group” and the “exposed embolus group.” Unfortunately, specimens from the “enclosed embolus group” were not included in the phylogeny of
E. fisheri and E. mahariraensis were transferred to Eriauchenius from Afrarchaea because they lack the FSGP keel observed in Afrarchaea and because the FSGP has a posterior bar. E. mahariraensis was included in the phylogenetic analysis of
1 | In males and females, abdomen triangular, with a single tubercule on the dorsal side (Fig. |
2, “workmani group” | ||
– | Abdomen rounded in both sexes, without a tubercle (Fig. |
11, “bourgini group” | ||
“Workmani-group” | ||||
2 | Male | 3 | ||
– | Female: females are indistinguishable except for E. andriamanelo sp. n., E. andrianampoinimerina sp. n., and E. ranavalona sp. n. | 8 | ||
3 | Conductor split (Fig. |
E. andriamanelo | ||
– | Conductor triangular (Fig. |
4 | ||
4 | Anterior side of the pedipalpal bulb with a large bump (Fig. |
E. workmani | ||
– | Anterior side of pedipalpal bulb smooth or only slightly rounded (Fig. |
5 | ||
5 | Abdomen with green patches on the lateral and posterior sides (sometimes faded in preserved specimens) (Fig. |
E. ranavalona | ||
– | Abdomen lacking the green patches (Fig. |
6 | ||
6 | Median apophysis with trifurcation: with one deep bifurcation, and the prolateral piece of that bifurcation with an additional shallow bifurcation (Fig. |
E. rangita | ||
– |
MA with bifurcation in median apophysis (Figs |
7 | ||
7 | Abdomen pattern typical (Fig. |
E. rafohy | ||
– | Abdomen pattern distinctive with undulating brown ‘rings’ (Fig. |
E. andrianampoinimerina | ||
8 | Bursa in posterior view with sclerotized projection that forms a “T” shape (Fig. |
E. andriamanelo | ||
– | Bursa in posterior view with a membranous projection that is not “T” shaped (Fig. |
9 | ||
9 | Abdomen with green patches on the lateral and posterior sides (sometimes faded in preserved specimens) (Fig. |
E. ranavalona | ||
– | Abdomen pattern usually distinctive with undulating brown ‘rings’ (Fig. |
E. andrianampoinimerina | ||
“Bourgini-group” | ||||
11 | Male pedipalpal bulbs with apical conductor encircling a pit-like cavity (Figs |
12, “enclosed embolus group” | ||
– | Male pedipalpal bulbs with a large embolus, encircled by conductor, with a white membraneous sac of cuticle that sits close to the base of the embolus (Figs |
15, “exposed embolus group” | ||
“Enclosed embolus group” | ||||
12 | In males, embolus is long and narrow, wire-like (Figs |
13 | ||
– | In males, embolus is wide (Figs |
14 | ||
13 | In males, embolus broadly curved (Fig. |
E. harveyi | ||
– | In males, embolus tip with two curves making an “s” shape (Fig. |
E. fisheri | ||
14 | In male pedipalpal bulb, the apical portion of the tegulum, where the conductor swirls around, is elongated so that the bulb is almost twice as long as it is wide (Fig. |
E. wunderlichi | ||
– | In males, apical portion of the tegulum not as elongated (Fig. |
E. goodmani | ||
“Exposed embolus group” | ||||
15 | In both males and females, posterior pair of spines on the apex of the cephalon on large protrusions (Figs |
16 | ||
– | Posterior spines on cephalon not on large protrusions (Fig. |
17 | ||
16 | In males and females, coxa I with pointed protrusions (Fig. |
E. bourgini | ||
– | Coxa I rounded and without pointed protrusions in both sexes; in males, basal triangular piece of conductor with numerous small bumps and pores (Fig. |
E. zirafy | ||
17 | Sternum completely fused to carapace, cephalon triangular in shape (Fig. |
E. pauliani | ||
– | In males and females, sternum not fused to carapace; cephalon not triangular in shape (Figs |
18 | ||
18 | In males, sharp point on posterior side of pedipalpal tegulum (Fig. |
E. rixi | ||
– | Posterior side of male pedipalpal tegulum rounded (Fig. |
19 | ||
19 | On male pedipalpal bulb, conductor with distal membranous region (Fig. |
E. mahariraensis | ||
– | Conductor lacking distal membranous region (Figs |
20 | ||
20 | In males and females, cheliceral seta projecting perpendicular to the cheliceral cuticle (Fig. |
21 | ||
– | In both sexes, cheliceral seta downward pointing (Figs |
22 | ||
21 | In males, pedipalpal bulb shape with the embolus and conductor originating from the posterior portion of the bulb (Fig. |
E. ratsirarsoni | ||
– | Male pedipalpal bulb shape with the embolus and conductor originating from the center of the bulb (Fig. |
E. sama | ||
22 | Male pedipalpal bulb posterior half-moon shaped, although there is variation in degree (compare tegulum shape in Fig. |
E. milloti | ||
– | Posterior edge of male pedipalpal bulb more rounded (Fig. |
E. lukemacaulayi | ||
– | Males unknown; in females, FSGP with a broad, rectangular posterior elongation, and with posterior bar more than half, but less than the full length of the FSGP (Fig. |
E. milajaneae |
Male holotype: Madagascar, Antsiranana Prov., Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 3.6 km 235° SW of Joffreville, 12°32'4"S, 49°10'46"E, 925 m, 20–26 Jan 2001, montane rainforest, general collection, day. Coll. J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: Female paratype, same data as holotype, but collected by L.J. Boutin (CASENT9000729); 1M,1F,1Juv, same data as paratype (CASENT9000728); 1M,1Juv, same data as paratype, but collected by beating and sweeping forest understory; 1M, same data as holotype, but by beating low vegetation, EB17 (CASENT9006679); 8M,2F,2Juv Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 2.79 air km NE park entrance, 12°32'S, 49°10'E, 1000 m, 21–30 Nov 1993, forest, J. Coddington, C. Griswold, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9010067, CASENT9010069, CASENT9046597, CASENT9046588, CASENT9046591, CASENT9046580, CASENT9010070); 1M, Antsiranana, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambre, 3.5 km 235° SW Sakaramy, 12°28'8"S, 49°14'32"E, 325m, 26–31 Jan 2001, L.J. Boutin (CASENT9000786); 1M, Antsiranana, Montagne d’Ambre, 12°30'57"S, 49°11'4"E, 12 Aug 1992, V. & B. Roth (CASENT9010068); 1M,1F,1Juv, Park National Montagne d’Ambre, 1.2 km 184° S Joffreville, 12°31'53.5"S, 49°10'36.8"E, 1000–1200 m, 14–20 Dec 2005, montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, H. Wood, H. Raholiarisendra, J. Rabemahafaly (USNMENT01377255, USNMENT01377256, USNMENT01377257); 1M,1Juv, Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, 12.2 km 211° SSW Joffreville, 12°35'47"S, 49°9'34"E, 1300 m, 2–7 Feb 2001, montane rainforest, general collecting day, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9004508); 2M,2Juv, Antsiranana, Nosy Be, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Lokobe, 6.3 km 112° ESE Hellville, 13°25'10"S, 48°19'52"E, 30 m, 19–24 Mar 2001, rainforest, general collecting night, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9003299); 1F, Antsiranana, Nosy Be, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Lokobe, 6.3 km 112° ESE Hellville, 13°25'10"S, 48°19'52"E, 30 m, 19–24 Mar 2001, rainforest, general collecting day, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9003265); 1F,4Juv, Antsiranana, Nosy Be, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Lokobe, 6.3 km 112° ESE Hellville, 13°25'10"S, 48°19'52"E, 30 m, 19–24 Mar 2001, rainforest, EC30 beating low vegetation, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9003228); 1M, Antsiranana, Nosy Be, Lokobe Forest, 13°24'58.8"S, 48°18'26.5"E, 11–14 Aug 1992, V & B Roth (CASENT9010071); 1F, Antsiranana, Nosy Be, Reserve Naturelle Integrale de Lokobe, 3.61 km ESE Hellville, 13°24'31.4"S, 48°18'9.8"E, 0–50 m, 9–11 Dec 2005, rainforest, general collecting day and night, two feet off ground on vegetation, H. Wood, H. Raholiarisendra (USNMENT01377258); 1M,3F, Antsiranana, Réserve Spéciale de l’Ankarana, 22.9 km 224° SW Anivorano Nord, 12°54'32"S, 49°6'35"E, 80 m, 10–16 Feb 2001, tropical dry forest, EF28, beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9007025, CASENT9007026); 1M,2Juv, Antsiranana, Ampasindava, Forêt d’Ambilanivy, 3.9 km 181°S Ambaliha, 13°47'55"S, 48°9'42"E, 600 m, 4–9 Mar 2001, rainforest, general collecting night, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9002367, CASENT9002369); 1F, Antsiranana, Ampasindava, Forêt d’Ambilanivy, 3.9 km 181°S Ambaliha, 13°47'55"S, 48°9'42"E, 600 m, 4–9 Mar 2001, rainforest, EC30 beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9007370); 2M,3F, Antsiranana, Forêt d’Anabohazo, 21.6 km 247° WSW of Maromandia, 14°18'32"S, 47°54'52"E, 120 m, 11–16 Mar 2001, tropical dry forest, EF28, beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9007495, CASENT9007494, CASENT9007496); 2F, Antsiranana, Forêt d’Anabohazo, 21.6 km 247° WSW of Maromandia, 14°18'32"S, 47°54'52"E, 120 m, 11–16 Mar 2001, tropical dry forest, general collecting night, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9002561, CASENT9002562); 2M,1F,3Juv, Antsiranana, Forêt d’Anabohazo, 21.6 km 247° WSW of Maromandia, 14°18'32"S, 47°54'52"E, 120 m, 11–16 Mar 2001, tropical dry forest, EF28, beating low vegetation, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9003125); 2M,1F, Antsiranana, Réserve Spéciale de l’Ankarana, 13.6 km 192° SSW Anivorana Nord, 12°51'49"S, 49°13'33"E, 210 m, 16–20 Feb 2001, tropical dry forest, beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9001532); 2M,1F, Mahajanga, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Forêt de Tsimaloto, 18.3 km 46° NE de Tsaramandroso, 16°13'41"S, 46°8'37"E, 135m, 2– 8 Apr 2001, tropical dry forest, EF28, beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (CASENT9007694, CASENT9002864); 1F, Mahajanga, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Ampijoroa Station Forestière, 40 km 306° NW Andranofasika, 16°19'15"S, 46°48'38"E, 130 m, 26 Mar - 1 Apr 2001, tropical dry forest, EF28, beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9007562); 1M, Mahajanga, Réserve Spéciale de Bemarivo, 23.8 km 223° SW Besalampy, 16°55'30"S, 44°22'06"E, 30 m, 19–23 Nov 2002, tropical dry forest, general collecting day, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9017961); 1M,2F,1Juv, same as previous except EF28, beating low vegetation, (CASENT9017958); 3M,2F, same as previous except general collecting night (CASENT9017991); 2Juv, same as previous except general collecting, beating and puffing spiders (CASENT9018002).
The specific name is a noun in apposition and commemorates King Andriamanelo, the founder of the Merina Kingdom.
Males and females are considered part of the “workmani group” based on having a single dorsal protuberance on the abdomen (a triangular shaped abdomen). Males are distinguished from all other species in the “workmani group” by the tip of the conductor, which is divided into two separate sclerotized processes (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9002806). Total length 4.57, carapace 1.69 long, 1.52 wide. Abdomen 2.61 long, 2.50 high, with a dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 81.5°, tilt height (CtH) 4.20, constriction 0.55, head length 1.88, neck length 2.29. CtH divided by carapace length 2.49. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular protrusions on the apex of the cephalon (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9003265). Total length 4.61, carapace 1.55 long, 1.37 wide. Abdomen 2.83 long, 3.52 wide, with dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 79.8°, tilt height (CtH) 4.21, constriction 0.47, head length 1.52, neck length 2.32. CtH divided by carapace length 2.72. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 4.09 long, and with spine 0.57 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 6.59 long. Sternum 1.02 long, 0.55 wide. Colours as in male. Female genitalia with sclerotized plate and bursa pores similar to other “workmani group” species, however, having a “T” shaped sclerotized structure on the posterior of the bursa (Fig.
Eriauchenius andriamanelo sp. n. A male (CASENT9004508) habitus, lateral view. B, L female (CASENT9003265) internal genitalia, arrow showing sclerotized T-shaped projection: B dorsal view L posterior view D–F male right pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9010070), image reversed C, G–I left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9017991) J–K left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9002367) C median apophysis, apical view D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I retrolateral view K arrows showing the two portions of the divided conductor tip. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 3.98–5.17 (males; n=5), 4.47–5.31 (females; n=5); Carapace length 1.58–1.97 (males; n=5), 1.55–1.90 (females; n=5); Femur I 5.38–6.48 times the length of carapace in males (n=5) and 3.80–4.25 times the length of carapace in females (n=5). CtH divided by carapace length 2.35–2.85 in males (n=5) and 2.13–2.72 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 10.44 (males; n=5), 6.89 (females; n=5).
Specimen were collected in montane rainforest, rainforest and tropical dry forest, by beating low vegetation, by beating and sweeping forest understory, and by general collecting day and night. Specimens occur from 30–1300 m in elevation.
Northern to central western Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: Madagascar, Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15°11'18"S, 49°36'54"E, el. 470 m., rainforest, EC30 beating low vegetation, 8–12 Mar 2003, C. Griswold, B. Fisher et al. (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: 1M, together with holotype (CASENT9018910); 1F paratype, Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18 km21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15°11'18"S, 49°36'54"E, el. 470 m., rainforest, general collecting night, 8–12 Mar 2003, C. Griswold, B. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018902); 3F, Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15°10'42"S, 49°38'06"E, el. 1100 m, 12–16 Mar 2003, montane rainforest, general collecting night, Griswold, Fisher et al. (CASENT9018889); 1M, Taomasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina, Mt. Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, elev. 600–650 m., rainforest, 28 Feb 2003, general coll. night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva et al. (
The specific name is a noun in apposition and commemorates King Andrianampoinimerina, who unified the Merina Kingdom.
Males and females are considered part of the “workmani group" based on having a single dorsal protuberance on the abdomen (a triangular shaped abdomen) (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9018910, from Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, Madagascar). Total length 4.32, carapace 1.52 long, 1.29 wide. Abdomen 2.40 long, 1.73 high, with a dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 88.1°, tilt height (CtH) 3.94, constriction 0.35, head length 1.32, neck length 2.34. CtH divided by carapace length 2.59. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular protrusions on the apex of the cephalon (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9018902). Total length 4.17, carapace 1.56 long, 1.21 wide. Abdomen 2.41 long, 1.74 wide, with dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 84.2°, tilt height (CtH) 3.90, constriction 0.36, head length 1.27, neck length 2.27. CtH divided by carapace length 2.50. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 3.64 long, and with spine 0.38 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 6.81 long. Sternum 0.95 long, 0.47 wide. Colors as in male. Female internal genitalia indistinguishable from other “workmani group” species (Fig.
Eriauchenius andrianampoinimerina sp. n. A female (CASENT9018902) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B female (CASENT9015417) internal genitalia, dorsal view C–F male right pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9015371), image reversed G–I left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9015518) C median apophysis close-up, apical view D, G prolateral view H, K ventral view I, L retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 3.24–4.32 (males; n=5), 3.50–4.67 (females; n=5); Carapace length 1.16–1.46 (males; n=5), 1.36–1.86 (females; n=5); Femur I 6.17–6.39 times the length of carapace in males (n=5) and 3.71–4.35 times the length of carapace in females (n=5). CtH divided by carapace length 2.36–2.59 in males (n=5), 2.13–2.49 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 8.70 (males; n=5), 6.27 (females; n=5).
Specimens were collected in montane rainforest, rainforest, and montane shrubland, by beating low vegetation, beating vegetation, sweeping, raking, and by general collecting day and night. Specimens were collected from 195–2000 m in elevation.
Northeastern Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: Madagascar, Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72° NE Ankazobe, 18°13'31"S, 47°17'13"E, 1410 m., 17–22 Apr 2001, montane rainforest, general collecting night, J.J. Rafanomezantsoa et al. (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: 3F, together with the holotype (
The specific name is a noun in apposition and commemorates Queen Rafohy.
Males and females are considered part of the “workmani group” based on having a single dorsal protuberance on the abdomen (a triangular shaped abdomen) (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9006503, from Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Madagascar). Total length 4.41, carapace 1.75 long, 1.29 wide. Abdomen 2.57 long, 1.29 wide, 2.91high, with a prominent dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 74.82°, tilt height (CtH) 3.93, constriction 0.56, head length 1.38, neck length 2.29. CtH divided by carapace length 2.25. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular protrusions on the apex of the cephalon (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9015039). Total length 4.60, carapace 1.69 long, 1.51 wide. Abdomen 2.65 long, 2.39 wide, 3.91 high, with dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 73.3°, tilt height (CtH) 4.00, constriction 0.59, head length 1.54, neck length 2.26. CtH divided by carapace length 2.37. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 3.99 long, and with spine 0.44 from base of chelicerae. Tarsus of pedipalps with ventral patch of long thick setae. Femur I 6.30 long. Sternum 1.10 long, 0.66 wide. Colors as in male, but generally darker. Female internal genitalia indistinguishable from other “workmani group” species (Fig.
Eriauchenius rafohy sp. n. A male (CASENT9015039) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B female (CASENT9006503) internal genitalia, dorsal view D–F, L male right pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9004087), image reversed G–K left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9015039) C median apophysis variation, apical view (CASENT9004087 & CASENT9015039) D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I retrolateral view L close-up, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 3.39–4.73 (males; n=4), 4.32–4.86 (females; n=6); Carapace length 1.50–1.80 (males; n=4), 1.57–1.75 (females; n=6); Femur I 5.10–5.72 times the length of carapace in males (n=4) and 3.48–3.88 times the length of carapace in females (n=6). CtH divided by carapace length 2.17–2.35 in males (n=4), 2.20–2.39 in females (n=6). Average femur I length 8.70 (males; n=4), 6.16 (females; n=6).
Specimens have been collected in montane rainforest through general collecting, beating vegetation, sweeping, raking, cryptic searching, and among fallen logs and litter in altitudes from 1300–1638 m above sea level. One specimen was collected with a hatched eggsac.
Known only from Antananarivo Province in central Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, Piste Touristique, 21°13.6'S, 47°24.0'E, 1000 m., 26–27 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (deposited in
MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana: Female paratype, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21°17'24"S, 47°26'00"E, 1100 m., 27–31 Mar 2003, Griswold, Fisher et al., montane rainforest, EB17 beating low vegetation (CASENT9018917); 2M,1F,1Juv, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8'S, 47°23.0'E, 1100 m., 24–25 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010042); 5M,1Juv, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243’S, 47°23.842’E, 1150 m., 13–14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377245, USNMENT01377246, USNMENT01377247, USNMENT01377254); 1F, Vatoharanana, 4 km S Ranomafana, 21°17'15.0"S, 47°25'38.5"E, 1100 m, 12 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation, A. Saucedo & H. Wood (USNMENT01377248); 2M,3F,2Juv, Vohiparara, Sahamalaotra forest, 41.1 km 54° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°14'19.9"S, 47°23'39.2"E, 1200 m, 26 Dec 2005-14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, beating vegetation: in clumps of dead dry foliage, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison, V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377249, USNMENT01377240); 1M, Vohiparara, 3.62 km ENE Ranomafana, 21°14'28.7"S, 47°23'65.3"E, 1137 m, 13 Jan 2009, evergreen secondary rainforest, general collecting, D. Andriamalala, C. Griswold, G. Hormiga, A. Saucedo, N. Scharff and H. Wood (CASENT9048515); 1F, 7 km SW Ranomafana, 1200 m, 23 Oct 1988, W. Steiner, C. Kremen, R. Van Epps (USNMENT00879986).
The specific name is a noun in apposition and commemorates Queen Ranavalona III, the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar before it became a French colony.
Males and females are considered part of the “workmani group” based on having a single dorsal protuberance on the abdomen (a triangular shaped abdomen) (Fig.
Male holotype (CALENT9010047, from Parc Nationale Ranomafana, Madagascar). Total length 3.53, carapace 1.48 long, 1.28 wide. Abdomen 1.93 long, 2.23 high, with a dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 75.1°, tilt height (CtH) 3.25, constriction 0.44, head length 1.03, neck length 1.83 (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9018917). Total length 3.86, carapace 1.24 long, 1.15 wide. Abdomen 2.20 long, 2.24 wide, with dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 67.6°, tilt height (CtH) 2.71, constriction 0.42, head length 1.05, neck length 1.39. CtH divided by carapace length 2.19. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 2.62 long, and with spine 0.48 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 4.52 long. Sternum 0.79 long, 0.53 wide. Colors as in male, but abdomen mottled brown and beige instead of just mottled brown. Female abdomen also with posterior-dorsal lemon-green area. Female internal genitalia indistinguishable from other “workmani group” species (Fig.
Eriauchenius ranavalona sp. n. A male (holotype, CASENT9010047) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B female (USNMENT01377248) internal genitalia, dorsal view C–D abdomen, showing color pattern (USNMENT01377246) C lateral view D posterior view E–G male right pedipalpal bulb (holotype, CASENT9010047), image reversed H–J left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9010042) E, H prolateral view F, I ventral view G, J retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 3.49–3.68 (males; n=5), 3.34–3.86 (females; n=4); Carapace length 1.35–1.43 (males; n=5), 1.24–1.49 (females; n=4); Femur I 5.25–5.65 times the length of carapace in males (n=5) and 3.53–4.10 times the length of carapace in females (n=4). CtH divided by carapace length 2.16–2.26 in males (n=5), 2.01–2.28 in females (n=4). Average femur I length 7.65 (males; n=5), 5.23 (females; n=4).
Specimens have been collected in montane rainforest and evergreen secondary rainforest through beating vegetation, including clumps of dead, dry foliage, by beating low vegetation, and general collecting day and night. Specimens were collected from 900–1200 m above sea level.
Known only from Ranomafana National Park in southwestern Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: Madagascar, Antananarivo, NE outskirts Antananarivo, Ambohimanga Village, 27 Jul 1992, cryptic searching, V. & B. Roth (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: Female paratype, Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Atsirakambiaty, 7.6 km 285° WNW Itremo, 20°35'36"S, 46°33'48"E, 1550 m., 22–26 Jan 2003, montane rainforest, general collecting day, includes one hatched eggcase, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9005939); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Atsirakambiaty, 7.6 km 285° WNW Itremo, 20°35'36"S, 46°33'48"E, 1550 m., 22–26 Jan 2003, montane rainforest, general collecting day, includes one hatched eggcase, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9005772); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Atsirakambiaty, 7.6 km 285° WNW Itremo, 20°35'36"S, 46°33'48"E, 1550 m., 22–26 Jan 2003, montane rainforest, general collecting night, includes one hatched eggcase, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9016773); 1F,1Juv, Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Atsirakambiaty, 7.6 km 285° WNW Itremo, 20°35'36"S, 46°33'48"E, 1550 m., 22–26 Jan 2003, montane rainforest, general collecting, beating and puffing spiders, Fisher, Griswold et al. (
The specific name is a noun in apposition and commemorates Queen Rangita.
Males and females are considered part of the “workmani group” based on having a single dorsal protuberance on the abdomen (a triangular shaped abdomen) (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9010053, from Ambohimanga Village, Madagascar). Total length 4.15, carapace 1.58 long, 1.37 wide. Abdomen 2.44 long, 2.74 high, with a prominent dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 71.52°, tilt height (CtH) 3.64, constriction 0.50, head length 1.50, neck length 2.09. CtH divided by carapace length 2.30. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular protrusions on the apex of the cephalon (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9005939). Total length 4.17, carapace 1.66 long, 1.36 wide. Abdomen 2.32 long, 1.94 wide, 2.52 high, with dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 75.0°, tilt height (CtH) 3.55, constriction 0.46, head length 1.43, neck length 2.06 (Fig.
Eriauchenius rangita sp. n. A male (CASENT9018159) habitus, lateral view B, L female (CASENT9018159) internal genitalia B dorsal view L posterior view, arrow showing membranous projection on bursa D–F, J–K male right pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9018251) image reversed G–I left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9018159) C median apophysis variation, apical view (CASENT9018159 & CASENT9010053, holotype) D, G prolateral view E, H ventral view F, I retrolateral view J close up, prolateral view K close-up, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 3.70–4.17 (males; n=3), 4.30–4.84 (females; n=5); Carapace length 1.47–1.66 (males; n=3), 1.63–1.94 (females; n=5); Femur I 4.3–4.39 times the length of carapace in males (n=3) and 3.22–3.55 times the length of carapace in females (n=5). CtH divided by carapace length 2.13–2.31 in males (n=3), 2.19–2.31 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 6.82 (males; n=3), 6.04 (females; n=5).
Specimens have been collected in montane rainforest through general collecting day and night, ‘cryptic searching’, and within a fallen palm frond, at altitudes of 1050–1550 m above sea level. Several specimens have been collected with separate eggsacs that are almost the size of the spider and contains 30–40 relatively large white eggsacs wrapped in thin transparent silk. A couple of hatched eggsacs have also been collected.
Known only from central Madagascar (Fig.
Eriauchenius workmanni O. P.-Cambridge, 1881: 768, pl. 66, fig. 2.
Archaea
workmani
(O. P.-Cambridge):
Eriauchenius workmanni O. P.-Cambridge: Perez-Gonzalez et al. 2016: 37, fig. 3D.
Originally named Eriauchenius workmanni by Pickard-Cambridge in 1881, but subsequently referred to as Eriauchenius workmani, except for a very recent reference to the original spelling (World Spider Catalogue 2017). Article 33.3.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature states that “when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling”. We here follow the World Spider Catalogue and consider the spelling “workmani” as “prevailing use” and therefore the correct spelling of this species name.
Juvenile holotype: Madagascar, T. Workman (examined, deposited in
1M,1F, MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 14°26.2'S, 49°46.5'E, 450 m, 12–15 Nov 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018947).
MADAGASCAR: 2F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243’S, 47°23.842’E, 1150 m, 13–14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, with prey, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377241, USNMENT01377242); 3M,2Juv, Toamasina, Station Forestier, Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783’S, 48°24.696’E, 964m, 31 Jan - 03 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected at night in vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377243, USNMENT01377244, USNMENT01377235, USNMENT01377236); 8M,1F,1Juv, Antsiranana, Marojejy Reserve, 8.4 km NNW Manantenina, 14°26'S, 49°45'E, 700 m, 10–16 Nov 1993, C. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9046573, CASENT9046587, CASENT9046604, CASENT9046581, CASENT9046583, CASENT9010048); 2M,6F,5Juv, Toamasina, Parc National Perinet, nr Andasibe, 18°56'S, 48°24'E, 1000 m, 4–5 Nov 1993, J. Coddington, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana, and N. Scharff (CASENT9010061, CASENT9046574, CASENT9048501); 1M,1F, Toamasina, Ivoloina Parque Zoologique, 12 km from Tamatave, 18°03'21.6"S, 49°21'32.5"E, 26m, 19 Feb 2003, disturbed rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015765); 2M,1F, Toamasina Res., Analamazaotra, Parc National Andasibe, 23 road km E Moramanga, 18°56'38.2"S, 48°25'03.2"E, 960 m, 16–18 Jan 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, C. Griswold, D. Silva, and D. Andriamalala (CASENT9005234); 2M,2F,1Juv, same as previous except beating vegetation (CASENT9005155); 1M, Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 91 km 233° SW Daraina, 13°15'48"S, 49°36'12"E, 650–800 m, 3 Dec 2003, rainforest, general collecting day B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018941); 1M,2F,1Juv, Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15°11'18"S, 49°36'54"E, 470 m, 8–12 Mar 2003, EC30 beating low vegetation, rainforest, C. Griswold, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018909); 3M,2Juvs, same as previous except general collecting, beating and puffing spiders (CASENT9018914); 1F, same as previous except general collecting night (CASENT9018903); 1M,1F, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, 650 m, 26 Feb-03 Mar 2003, rainforest, general collecting, camp, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015605); 1F, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, 600–650 m, 28 Feb 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015519); 2F,1Juv, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, 600–650 m, 01–02 Mar 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015370, CASENT9015132); 1F, Toamasina, Sahafina forest, 11.4 km W Brickaville, 18°48'52"S, 48°57'43"E, 140 m, 13–14 Dec 2007, rainforest, sifted litter, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9028392); 1M,2Juvs, Toamasina, Ambatovy, 18°51'03"S, 48°19'17"E, 1075 m, 23 Mar 2004, montane rainforest, general collecting, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018977); 1M,1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21°17'24"S, 47°26'00"E, 1100 m, 27–31 Mar 2003, montane rainforest, EB17 beating low vegetation, C. Griswold, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018919); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243’S, 47°23.842’E, 1150 m, 13–14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected at night in vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377237); 1F, same as previous except general collecting day and night (USNMENT01377238); 1M, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783’S, 48°24.696’E, 964m, 31 Jan-3 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377239); 1M,5Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21°17'24"S, 47°26'00"E, 1100 m, 27–31 Mar 2003, general collecting night, montane rainforest, C. Griswold, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018968); 1F,2Juvs, same as previous except general collecting, beating and puffing spiders (CASENT9018922); 1M,1F,3Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 21°14'S, 47°24'E, 900 m, 5–7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9048502, CASENT9010051); 1M,2F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 15–18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010050); 1M,2F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 5–7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9048504); 1M,1F,5Juvs, same as previous except night collecting (CASENT9012326); 1M,1Juv, Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro, 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15°17'18"S, 49°32'54"E, 600 m, 17–21 Mar 2003, rainforest, EC30 beating low vegetation, B.L. Fisher, C. Griswold et al. (CASENT9018887); 10 Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, ca. 21°14.3'S, ca. 47°26.0'E, 800 m, 22 Apr 1998, roadside vegetation near park entrance, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9048506); 2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Vohiparara, broken bridge, 21°13.57'S, 47°22.19'E, 3640 ft, 8–15 Nov 2001, rainforest, high altitude, malaise, R. Harin’Hala (CASENT9010479); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8'S, 47°23.0'E, 1100 m, 24–25 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010066); 1Juv, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8'S, 47°23.0'E, 1100 m, 28 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9048508); 3F, 2 eggcases, Fianarantsoa Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 19–30 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010063, CASENT9010049, CASENT9010041); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, near Cascade Riana, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 19–30 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010059); 2F,6Juvs, 1 eggcase, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 5–18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010062, CASENT9010055); 2M, same as previous except collected at night (CASENT9010043); 1M,1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 900 m, 5–7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9010064); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, nr. Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 900 m, 7 Dec 1993, C.E. Griswold (CASENT9010045); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 8–21 Oct 1998, montane rainforest, malaise trap in small clearing, W.E. Steiner (CASENT9010054); 1Juv, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, Sakaroa Falls, 21°15'S, 47°26'E, 1050 m, 31 Nov 1998, V.F. lee & K.J. Ribardo (CASENT9048509); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, Belle Vue Trail, 1000 m, 13–22 Apr 1998, E.I. Schlinger (CASENT9012335); 1M, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 22–31 Oct 1998, montane rainforest, pyrethrin fogging of dead leaves on fallen trees, W.E. Steiner (CASENT9010057); 5M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21.25041°S, 47.41945°E, 900 m, 2–22 Jan 2001, mixed tropical forest, D.H. & K.M. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, E. Elsom, F. Vargas (CASENT9003490); 1F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 21.24032°S, 47.39399°E, 1150 m, 2–22 Jan 2001, mixed tropical forest, D.H. & K.M. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, E. Elsom, F. Vargas (CASENT9003438); 3M,2F, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783’S, 48°24.696’E, 964m, 31 Jan-3 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377230, USNMENT01377231, USNMENT01377232); 3M,1F,4Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 19–30 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012324); 2M,1F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 900 m, 5–7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9012325); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, Piste Touristique, 21°13.6'S, 47°24.0'E, 1000 m, 16–27 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010058); 2M,8Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8'S, 47°23.0'E, 1100 m, 18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012323); 1M,1Juv, Toamasina, Res. Analamazaotra, Parc National Andasibe, 23 road km E Moramanga, 18°56'38.2"S, 48°25'03.2"E, 960 m, 16–18 Jan 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, C. Griswold, D. Silva, and D. Andriamalala (CASENT9005571); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatekely forest, 42.3 km 58° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°15'28.0"S, 47°25'21.8"E, 1050 m, 24 Dec 2005–14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison, V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377233); 1M,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vatoharanana, 4 km S Ranomafana, 21°17'15.0"S, 47°25'38.5"E, 1100 m, 12 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation, A. Saucedo & H. Wood (USNMENT01377234); 1M, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, 2 hour hike from Tompolo, 39 km SE Maroantsetra, 15°41'35.5"S, 49°58'22.5"E, 450 m, 15–17 Dec 2008, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377225); 1F, Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Parcelle I, Manangotry, off Rte. 118, 34 km N Taolagnaro, 24°44'35.0"S, 46°51'23.3"E, 670 m, 23 Dec 2008–3 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377226); 1M, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783'S, 48°24.696'E, 964m, 31 Jan–3 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected at night in vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo & H. Wood (USNMENT01377227); 1Juv, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.62 km ENE Ranomafana, 21°14'28.7"S, 47°23'65.3"E, 1137 m, 13 Jan 2009, Evergreen secondary rainforest, general collecting, D. Andriamalala, C. Griswold, G. Hormiga, A. Saucedo, N. Scharff and H. Wood (CASENT9048517); 1M,2F, Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Parcelle I, Manangotry, off Rte. 118, 34 km N Taolagnaro, 24°44'35.0"S, 46°51'23.3"E, 670 m, 23 Dec 2008–3 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377228); 1M,2F,1 eggcase, same as previous except one female with eggcase found on ground under palm frond, and one specimen caught by beating (USNMENT01377229); 9M,4F,3Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatekely forest, 42.3 km 58° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°15'28.0"S, 47°25'21.8"E, 1050 m, 24 Dec 2005-14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison & V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377220, USNMENT01377221, USNMENT01377222, USNMENT01377223, USNMENT01377224); 1F, 1 eggcase hatched in captivity to ~20 juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, Sahamalaotra forest, 41.1 km 54° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°14'19.9"S, 47°23'39.2"E, 1200 m, 26 Dec 2005-14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation: in clumps of dead dry foliage, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison & V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377215); 1F, 1 eggcase hatched in captivity to ~30 juvs, same as previous (USNMENT01377216); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 8–21 Oct 1988, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879974); 1M,2F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 1–7 Nov 1988, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879981); 1M,1Juv, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12’S, 47°27’E, 1100 m, 1–9 Feb 1990, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879978); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 14–19 Mar 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879963); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12’S, 47°27’E, 1100 m, 1–7 Nov 1988, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879964); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 22–31 Oct 1988, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879979); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12’S, 47°27’E, 900 m, 23–28 Feb 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879966); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 5 Mar 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879989); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 1–9 Feb 1990, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879972); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12’S, 47°27’E, 900 m, 1–7 Mar 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879970); 1F, feeding on Oxyopidae spider, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 3 Feb 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879982).
Males and females are considered part of the “workmani group” based on having a single dorsal protuberance on the abdomen (a triangular shaped abdomen). Males of E. workmani are distinguished from all other species by the large bump on the pedipalpal bulbs (see arrow in Fig.
Male (based on CASENT9018947, from Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar). Total length 4.27, carapace 1.64 long, 1.36 wide. Abdomen 2.49 long, 1.92 wide, 2.67 high, with a prominent dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 75.56°, tilt height (CtH) 4.19, constriction 0.46, head length 1.57, neck length 2.38. CtH divided by carapace length 2.55. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular protrusions on the apex of the cephalon (Fig.
Female (based on CASENT9018947, from Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar). Total length 4.53, carapace 1.62 long, 1.36 wide. Abdomen 2.88 long, 2.65 wide, 3.59 high, with dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 74.48°, tilt height (CtH) 3.90, constriction 0.46, head length 1.47, neck length 2.25. CtH divided by carapace length 2.41. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 3.77 long, and with spine 0.35 from base of chelicerae. Tarsus of pedipalps with ventral patch of long thick setae. Femur I 6.15 long. Sternum 1.04 long, 0.60 wide. Colors as in male, but generally darker. Female internal genitalia indistinguishable from other “workmani group” species (Fig.
Eriauchenius workmani Pickard-Cambridge, 1881. A male (CASENT9010050) habitus, lateral view B female (CASENT9010045) internal genitalia, dorsal view D–F, L male right pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9010058) image reversed G–I left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9003490) J–K left pedipalpal bulb (CASENT9010056) C median apophysis variation, apical view D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view, arrow showing the large bump on the anterior side F, I retrolateral view K close-up, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 3.45–5.27 (males; n=5), 3.89–6.72 (females; n=5); Carapace length 1.37–2.17 (males; n=5), 1.45–2.40 (females; n=5); Femur I 5.09–6.10 times the length of carapace in males (n=5) and 3.75–4.04 times the length of carapace in females (n=5). CtH divided by carapace length 2.19–2.67 in males (n=5), 2.12–2.48 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 9.55 (males; n=5), 6.81 (females; n=5).
Specimens have been collected in montane and lowland rainforest through general collecting, beating vegetation, sweeping, raking, cryptic searching, and among fallen logs and litter at altitudes of 26–1200 m above sea level. Several specimens were collected with eggcases that look similar to eggcases from other “workmani group” species.
Widely distributed in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar from north to south (Fig.
The holotype is a juvenile. We assume it to be the species we are describing because this species is the most widespread common species of the “workmani group”.
There were many "workmani group" specimens that could not be confidently identified to a known species, listed below, due to the absence of adult male specimens and molecular data. Additionally, there was one penultimale male specimen that died while molting in captivity that was included in the molecular phylogeny of
Additional unknown material examined. MADAGASCAR: 1F, Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina, 14°26'06"S, 49°45'36"E, 775m, 15–18 Nov 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018971); 1juv, Fianarantsoa, Forêt d’Analalava, 29.6 km 280° W Ranohira, 22°35'30"S, 45°7'42"E, 700 m, 1–5 Feb 2003, dry forest on sandy soil, general collecting, beating and puffing spiders, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9017402); 14juv, Toliara, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohijanahary, Forêt d’Ankazotsihitafototra, 35.2 km 312° NW Ambaravaranala, 18°16'00"S, 45°24'24"E, 1050 m, 13-17 Jan 2003, montane rainforest, EB17 beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9018107, CASENT9018226); 1F, Parc National Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, 24°45'50"S, 46°45'6"E, 900 m, 21–25 Jan 2002, montane rainforest, general collecting, beating and puffing spiders, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9009553); 1juv, Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Betanana, 23°24'52"S, 46°27'32"E, 1360 m, 8 Feb 2009, montane rainforest, beating low vegetation, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9034283); 1F, Antananarivo, Manjakatompo, 17 km W Ambatolampy, 18°58’S, 47°17’E, 1500 m, 11 Feb 2003, disturbed montane rainforest, EBD17 general collecting night, D. Silva, D. Andriamalala et al. (CASENT9005722); 3F,13juv,1 egg case, Antananarivo, Ambohimanga, 18°44’S, 47°34’E, 1400 m, 1 Nov 1993, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (
Afrarchaea fisheri Lotz, 2003: 234, fig. 6A–C.
Female holotype: Afrarchaea fisheri Lotz, 2003, from Fianarantsoa, Reserve Andringitra, 8.5 km SE Antanitotsy, 22°10'S, 46°58'E, 1990 m, 6 Mar 1997, rainforest, sifted litter, B.L. Fisher (examined, deposited in
Other material examined: MADAGASCAR: 1M, Fianarantsoa, Reserve Andringitra, 38 km S Ambalavo, 22°12'S, 46°58'E, 1680 m, 23 Oct 1993, rainforest, sifted litter, B.L. Fisher (CASENT9018939); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Res. Special Ivohibe, 8.0 km E Ivohibe, 22°29.0'S, 46°58.1'E, 1200 m, 15–21 Oct 1997, forest, leaf litter, B.L. Fisher (CASENT9012344).
Males are distinguished from other “bourgini group” species except E. harveyi sp. n., E. goodmani sp. n., and E. wunderlichi sp. n., by having the pedipalpal tegulum of the “workmani group” form, with the apical conductor encircling a pit-like cavity (Fig.
Female holotype (CASENT9012340, from Reserve Andringitra, Madagascar). This specimen was damaged during shipping so that the “head” is broken off from the “neck,” rendering some measurements impossible. Total length 2.38, carapace 1.11 long, 0.98 wide. Abdomen 1.16 long, 1.17 high. Carapace tilt height (CtH) 1.61, head length 0.98, carapace tilt angle, carapace constriction, and neck length unknown due to damage. CtH divided by carapace length 1.45. Cephalon with AME virtually flush with surrounding cuticle, and with a single pair of short modified spines at the apex (Fig.
Male paratype (CASENT9018939). Total length 2.18, carapace 1.01 long, 0.92 wide. Abdomen 1.13 long, 1.16 high. Carapace tilt angle 79.9°, tilt height (CtH) 1.53, constriction 0.65, head length 0.91, neck length 0.72 . CtH divided by carapace length 1.51. Cephalon as in female. Chelicerae 1.58 long, and with long spine 0.20 from base of chelicerae and projecting perpendicular. Femur I 1.64 long. Sternum 0.65 long, 0.44 wide. Colors as in female. Pedipalpal tegulum of the “workmani group” form, with apical conductor encircling a pit-like cavity (Fig.
Eriauchenius fisheri (Lotz, 2003). A male (CASENT9018939) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (holotype, CASENT9012340) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view D–L male pedipalpal bulbs (CASENT9018939) D–F, L right bulb, image reversed G–K left bulb D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I retrolateral view K close-up, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 2.69–2.38 (females; n=2); Carapace length 1.11–1.17 (females; n=2); Femur I 1.48–1.55 times the length of carapace in females (n=2). CtH divided by carapace length 1.45–1.52 in females (n=2). Average femur I length 1.69 (females; n=2). For female CASENT9012344, carapace tilt angle 80.4, carapace constriction 0.83, and neck length 0.87.
Specimens were collected in rainforest in the leaf litter from 1200–1990 m in elevation.
Known only from around Andringitra Massif in southeast Madagascar (Fig.
Distributions of E. fisheri and E. harveyi sp. n. are in close proximity, however, E. fisheri seems to occur at higher elevations than E. harveyi sp. n. Furthermore, E. fisheri is slightly larger than E. harveyi sp. n. Male and female conspecifics were associated based on these factors, but due to the small number of specimens available, this association may be incorrect. Future molecular work as well as additional collection of specimens from more localities can help resolve this issue.
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Toliara, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, parcel 1, 15.0 km NW Eminiminy, camp 4, 24°34.2’S, 46°43.9’E, 1500 m, 17–27 Nov 1995, Steve Goodman (deposited in
Female paratype, same data as holotype, except 20.0 km SE Andranondambo, camp 5, 24°33.7’S, 46°43.3’E, 1875 m, 27 Nov – 5 Dec 1995 (
The specific name is a patronym to honor Dr. Steven Goodman, who collected the specimens and for his extensive work on Madagascar’s biodiversity.
Males are distinguished from other “bourgini-group” species except E. harveyi sp. n., E. fisheri, and E. wunderlichi sp. n., by having the pedipalpal tegulum of the “workmani group” form (Fig.
Eriauchenius goodmani sp. n. A male (holotype, Field Museum) habitus, lateral view B–C female (Field Museum) genitalia B dorsal view C ventral view D–F male left pedipalpal bulb (holotype, Field Museum) D prolateral view E ventral view F retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Male holotype (
Female paratype (
Eriauchenius harveyi sp. n. A male (holotype, CASENT9012110) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (CASENT9012342) genitalia B dorsal view C ventral view D–K male pedipalpal bulbs (CASENT9012109) D–F right bulb, image reversed G–K left bulb D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I retrolateral view L male (CASENT9012109), arrow showing the long cheliceral seta that projects perpendicularly from the chelieral cuticle, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Eriauchenius wunderlichi sp. n. A female (CASENT9062648) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (CASENT9062648) genitalia B dorsal view, arrow showing the large bulge on the posterior bar C ventral view D–F male left pedipalpal bulb (holotype, CASENT9062702) D prolateral view E ventral view F retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
no other known material.
Specimens were collected in rainforest from 1500–1875 m in elevation.
Known only from Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela in southeast Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Massif Andringitra, 43 km S Ambalavo, 22°14'S, 47°00'E, 825 m, 4 Oct 1993, rainforest, sifted litter B.L. Fisher (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: Female paratype, same data as holotype, (CASENT9012342); 1M, Fianarantsoa, 9.0 km NE Ivohibe, 22°25.6'S, 46°56.3'E, 900 m, 12–17 Nov 1997, forest, leaf litter, B.L. Fisher (CASENT9012109)
The specific name is a patronym to honor Dr. Mark Harvey for his work on the Australian archaeids.
Males are distinguished from other “bourgini group” species except E. fisheri, E. goodmani sp. n. and E. wunderlichi sp. n. by having the pedipalpal tegulum of the “workmani group” form, with the apical conductor encircling a pit-like cavity (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9012110, from Massif Andringitra, Madagascar). Total length 2.05, carapace 0.87 long, 0.75 wide. Abdomen 1.08 long, 1.15 high. Carapace tilt angle 76.1°, tilt height (CtH) 1.29, constriction 0.55, head length 0.73, neck length 0.61. CtH divided by carapace length 1.48. Cephalon with AME virtually flush with surrounding cuticle, and with 2 short modified spines at the apex (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9012342). Total length 2.31, carapace 0.97 long, 0.86 wide. Abdomen 1.23 long, 1.24 high. Carapace tilt angle 76.3°, tilt height (CtH) 1.45, constriction 0.65, head length 0.82, neck length 0.70. CtH divided by carapace length 1.49. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.44 long, and with long spine 0.17 from base of chelicerae and projecting perpendicular. Femur I 1.50 long. Sternum 0.63 long, 0.42 wide. Colours as in male. Genitalia with a noncomplex sclerotized plate, with posterior bar, and with “wings” reduced, with poreplates in two large groups, divided down the middle of the bursa and on a sclerotized plate that covers the ventral side of the bursa (Fig.
Total length 2.05–2.12 (males; n=2); Carapace length 0.87–0.92 (males; n=2); Femur I 1.57–1.64 times the length of carapace in males (n=2). CtH divided by carapace length 1.47–1.48 in males (n=2). Average femur I length 1.43 (males; n=2).
Specimens were collected in rainforest in the leaf litter from 825–900 m in elevation.
Known only from around Andringitra Massif in southeast Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Befotaka-Midongy, Papango, 28.5 km S Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango, 23°50'27"S, 46°57'27"E, 1250 m, 17–19 Nov 2006, montane rainforest, sifted litter, B.L. Fisher et al. (deposited in
Female paratype, MADAGASCAR: Toliara, Réserve Spéciale Kalambatritra, Ampanihy, 23°27'49"S, 46°27'47"E, 1270 m, 9–10 Feb 2009, montane rainforest, sifted litter, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9062648).
The specific name is a patronym to honor Jörg Wunderlich, for his work documenting fossil archaeids.
Males are distinguished from other “bourgini group” species except E. harveyi sp. n., E. fisheri, and E. goodmani sp. n., by having the pedipalpal tegulum of the “workmani group” form, with the apical conductor encircling a pit-like cavity (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9062702, from Parc National Befotaka-Midongy, Madagascar). The abdomen of this specimen is missing making some measurements impossible. Carapace 1.11 long, 0.89 wide. Carapace tilt angle 76.7°, tilt height (CtH) 1.80, constriction 0.76, head length 1.02, neck length 0.87. CtH divided by carapace length 1.62. Cephalon with AME virtually flush with surrounding cuticle, and with 2 short modified spines at the apex. Chelicerae 1.78 long, and with long spine 0.19 from base of chelicerae and projecting perpendicular to the cheliceral cuticle (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9062648). Total length 2.59, carapace 1.25 long, 1.04 wide. Abdomen 1.26 long, 1.36 high. Carapace tilt angle 73.5°, tilt height (CtH) 1.99, constriction 0.78, head length 1.02, neck length 1.02. CtH divided by carapace length 1.59. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 2.18 long, and with long spine 0.24 from base of chelicerae and projecting perpendicular (Fig.
no other known material.
Specimens were collected in montane rainforest from 1250–1270 m in elevation by sifting litter.
Known only from southeast Madagascar (Fig.
The male and female of E. wunderlichi sp. n. occur in rainforest areas in southwestern Madagascar that are not contiguous. The male and female may not be conspecifics, however based on morphology they likely belong in the “enclosed embolus group.” Future molecular work as well as additional collection of specimens from more localities can help resolve these issues.
Archaea bourgini Millot, 1948: 10, figs 1C,2C,3B,3E.
Archaea bourgini Legendre, 1970: 26, figs 10–11,14C.
As Archaea bourgini Millot, 1948: 6M, 3F, Madagascar, La Mandraka (examined, deposited in
Material described and other material examined: 3M,5F,4Juvs, MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72° NE Ankazobe, 18°13'31"S, 47°17'13"E, 1410 m, 17–22 Apr 2001, montane rainforest, EB17 beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9001207)
Males and females are distinguished from other Eriauchenius by having pointed extensions on coxae I (Fig.
Male (based on CASENT9001207, from Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Madagascar). Total length 1.94, carapace 0.79 long, 0.74 wide. Abdomen 1.09 long, 0.97 high. Carapace tilt angle 72.1°, tilt height (CtH) 1.80, constriction 0.33, head length 0.89, neck length 0.93. CtH divided by carapace length 2.28. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular spines on the crown of the cephalon, with the posterior pair on large protrusions and the anterior pair not on protrusions, and with 1 small spine between the LE and median eyes (on each side, for a total of 2). Chelicerae 1.68 long, and with a short spine 0.70 from base of chelicerae, projecting downward. Femur I 2.13 long. Sternum 0.51 long, 0.36 wide. Carapace, chelicerae, and sternum dark reddish brown with white setae. Coxae and legs lighter brown, with darker annulations on tibiae and metatarsi. Coxae I with posterior extensions (Fig.
Female (based on CASENT9001207, from Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Madagascar). Total length 1.89, carapace 0.74 long, 0.72 wide. Abdomen 1.09 long, 1.98 high. Carapace tilt angle 63.0°, tilt height (CtH) 1.85, constriction 0.36, head length 0.92, neck length 0.97. CtH divided by carapace length 2.50. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.73 long, and with small spine 0.84 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 2.03 long. Sternum 0.49 long, 0.33 wide. Colors as in male, except abdomen lacking the bright white lateral patches (Fig.
Eriauchenius bourgini (Millot, 1948). A female (CASENT9001207) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (CASENT9001207) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view, arrows showing two sclerotized invaginations on the bursa D–K male pedipalpal bulbs (CASENT9001207), D–F, K right bulb, image reversed G–J left bulb D, G, J prolateral view E, H ventral view F, I retrolateral view K apical view L coxae I male (CASENT9001207), ventral view, arrows showing the pointed extensions on coxae I. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.125 mm (B); 0.25 mm (D).
Total length 1.76–1.94 (males; n=5), 1.89–2.15 (females; n=5); Carapace length 0.73–0.79 (males; n=5), 0.74–0.81 (females; n=5); Femur I 2.54–2.71 times the length of carapace in males (n=5) and 2.45–2.75 times the length of carapace in females (n=5). CtH divided by carapace length 2.20–2.39 in males (n=5), 2.37–2.54 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 2.09 (males; n=5), 2.05 (females; n=5).
Specimens were collected at 1410 m in elevation in montane rainforest by beating vegetation.
Known only from central-eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Andrigitra, 34 km S Ambalavao, 22°09'24.9"S, 46°57'08.7"E, 1830 m, 8–9 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation, H. Wood (deposited in
Female paratype, same as holotype except general collecting day (USNMENT01377192); 1F, 1 eggcase, same as holotype except general collecting day, 1.5 feet above ground in a log leaning against tree (USNMENT01377193); 2F, same as holotype except hand collected in litter ~6 feet off ground in the leaf bases of Pandanus (USNMENT01377194, USNMENT01377185); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Andrigitra, 34 km S Ambalavao, 22°08'48.9"S, 46°57'03.4"E, 1580 m, 7 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected under dead log, H.Wood (USNMENT01377186).
The specific name is a patronym to honor Dr. Luke Macaulay for his help collecting palpimanoid spiders.
Male is distinguished from other “bourgini group” species except E. milloti sp. n. and E. pauliani (and presumably E. milajaneae sp. n.) by the presence of a lateral process on the conductor (Fig.
Male holotype (USNMENT01377191, from Parc National Andrigitra, Madagascar). Total length 2.38, carapace 1.05 long, 0.97 wide. Abdomen 1.30 long, 1.47 high. Carapace tilt angle 63.59°, tilt height (CtH) 2.29, constriction 0.55, head length 1.03, neck length 1.04. CtH divided by carapace length 2.18. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular spines on the crown of the cephalon, not on protrusions, and with 1 small spine between the LE and median eyes (on each side, for a total of 2). Chelicerae 1.99 long, and with a spine 0.27 from base of chelicerae and projecting perpendicular to the cheliceral cuticle. Femur I 2.56 long. Sternum 0.66 long, 0.44 wide. Carapace, chelicerae, sternum, and legs reddish brown with white setae. All legs with parts that are lighter brown and parts with darker annulations. Abdomen dark brown mottled with yellowish white spots and interspersed with white setae. Pedipalpal bulb with a membranous sac above the base of the embolus on the retrolateral side, with a greatly exposed embolus that is encircled by the conductor as conductor tapers off (Fig.
Female paratype (USNMENT01377192). Total length 2.42, carapace 1.00 long, 0.93 wide. Abdomen 1.34 long, 1.56 high. Carapace tilt angle 65.6°, tilt height (CtH) 2.18, constriction 0.53, head length 0.97, neck length 1.04. CtH divided by carapace length 2.18. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 2.04 long, and with short spine 0.37 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward (Fig.
Eriauchenius lukemacaulayi sp. n. A female (USNMENT01377191) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C, F female internal genitalia (USNMENT01377192) B posterior view C anterior view F dorsal view, arrow showing the rounded posterior elongation on the FSGP that curves dorsally. D–E, G–I male pedipalpal bulbs (holotype, USNMENT01377191), right bulb, image reversed D, G prolateral view E, I retrolateral view H ventral view, arrow showing the large bulge that occurs after the constriction in the conductor. Asterisk (*) showing the narrow, lateral process on the conductor. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B); 0.5 mm (D).
Total length 2.17–3.09 (females; n=5); Carapace length 1.01–1.06 (females; n=5); Femur I 2.37–2.55 times the length of carapace in females (n=5). CtH divided by carapace length 2.09–2.25 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 2.48 (females; n= 5).
Specimens were collected in leaf litter, in and under logs and through beating vegetation in primary rainforest from 1580–1830 m in elevation.
Known only from Parc National Andrigitra in southeast Madagascar (Fig.
Afrarchaea mahariraensis Lotz, 2003: 237, figs 5A, 8A–B.
Female holotype: as Afrachaea mahariraensis Lotz, 2003, from MADAGASCAR, Ranomafana N.P., Maharira, trail, 10 Apr 1992, sifting, Emile for Kariko/Roth (examined, deposited in MCZ).
MADAGASCAR: male paratype, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243’S, 47°23.842’E, 1150 m, 13–14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, sifting dead ferns on ground, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377173)
Males and females are distinguished from other Eriauchenius, except E. ratsirarsoni and E. sama sp. n., by the presence of 4 small spines on the apex of the cephalon, and having the cheliceral spine pointing perpendicular (as in Fig.
Female holotype (MCZ, from Parc National Ranomafana, Madagascar). Total length 1.91, carapace 0.74 long, 0.69 wide. Abdomen 1.06 long, 1.24 high. Carapace tilt angle 64.4°, tilt height (CtH) 1.32, constriction 0.44, head length 0.68, neck length 0.64. CtH divided by carapace length 1.77. Cephalon with AME on a small bulge. Cephalon with 4 small post-ocular spines (one is missing or broken off) on the crown of the cephalon, not on protrusions, and 1 spine between the LE and AME (on each lateral side, for a total of 2, but broken off on the right side). Chelicerae 1.33 long, and with a spine 0.24 from base of chelicerae, however, the spines are broken off and only the socket remains; the socket shape suggests the spines would projecting perpendicular to the cheliceral cuticle. Femur I 1.46 long. Sternum 0.51 long, 0.35 wide. Carapace, chelicerae, sternum, and legs reddish brown with white setae; patellas lighter brown. Abdomen anterior dark brown with light circular patches and posterior light tan; abdomen with white and brown setae (Fig.
Male paratype (USNMENT01377173). Total length 1.64, carapace 0.78 long, 0.68 wide. Abdomen 0.83 long, 0.97 high. Carapace tilt angle 66.7°, tilt height (CtH) 1.31, constriction 0.44, head length 0.72, neck length 0.61. CtH divided by carapace length 1.69. Cephalon with AME on a small bulge, and with 4 small post-ocular spines (one is missing or broken off) on the crown of the cephalon, and 1 spine between the LE and AME (on each side, for a total of 2). Chelicerae 1.23 long, and with small spine 0.17 from base of chelicerae (Fig.
Eriauchenius mahariraensis (Lotz, 2003). A male (USNMENT01377173) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (holotype, MCZ) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view, arrow showing the small sclerotized piece next to the poreplates D–K male pedipalpal bulbs (USNMENT01377173) D–F right bulb, image reversed G–L left bulb: D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I, L retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.125 mm (B, D)..
no other known material.
Male specimen was collected at 1150 m in elevation. Both specimens were collected in montane rainforest by general sifting, or sifting dead ferns on the ground.
Known only from Parc National Ranomafana in central-eastern Madagascar (Fig.
E. mahariraensis and E. sama sp. n. both occur at Parc National Ranomafana. Males and females were associated based on body size and carapace shape.
Female holotype: MADAGASCAR, Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, 24°45'50"S, 46°45'6"E, 900 m, 21–25 Jan 2002, montane rainforest, EB17 beating low vegetation, B.L. Fisher et al. (
MADAGASCAR: 1F,1Juv, same locality and data as holotype, general collecting at night (CASENT9009481).
The specific name is a patronym for Mila Jane Macaulay in the hope that one day she will go to Andohahela to find this spider.
Females of E. milajaneae sp. n., E. milloti sp. n., and E. lukemacaulayi sp. n. (and presumably E. pauliani, although the females are unknown) are distinguished from other “bourgini group” species by the enlargement of the U-shaped posterior bar of the internal genitalia. While the PB is present in other “bourgini group” species, in E. milajaneae sp. n., E. milloti sp. n., and E. lukemacaulayi sp. n., this bar is very large and curved into a u-shape (Figs
Female holotype (
Eriauchenius milajaneae sp. n. A female (holotype, CASENT9009881) habitus, lateral view B–C female (holotype, CASENT9009881) internal genitalia: B dorsal view, arrow showing broad, rectangular, posterior elongation on the FSGPC anterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B).
Male: unknown.
Total length 2.33–2.38 (females; n=2); Carapace length 0.94–0.95 (females; n=2); Femur I 2.99–3.02 times the length of carapace in females (n=2). CtH divided by carapace length 2.44–2.47 in females (n=2). Average femur I length 2.84 (females; n=2).
The two known adult specimens were caught in montane rainforest through beating vegetation and general collection at night from 900 m in elevation.
Known only from the type locality in Parc National Andohahela in southeast Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Parcelle I, Manangotry, off Rte. 118, 34 km N Taolagnaro, 24°44'35.0"S, 46°51'23.3"E, 670 m, 23 Dec 2008 – 3 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, turning over dead palm frond bases on the ground, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (deposited in
Female paratype, 1 eggcase, same data as holotype (USNMENT01377188); 3M,11F,1 eggcase, same as previous (USNMENT01377189, USNMENT01377180, USNMENT01377181, USNMENT01377182, USNMENT01377183, USNMENT01377179, USNMENT01377171, USNMENT01377172); 2M3F, same as previous except turning over dead palm frond bases on the ground, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377176, USNMENT01377177); 1Juv, same as previous except general collecting day and night, beating vegetation (USNMENT01377178); 1M, Toliara, Foret Classee Tsikongambarika I, Ivolo forest, Andily, ca. Fort Dauphin, 24°56'13.5"S, 46°55'58.4"E, 20 m, 13 Mar 2003, rainforest, Ludd tree trunks/litter, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva et al. (CASENT9015862); 1Juv, Toliara, Foret Classee Tsitongambarika, Cascade trail hike, 7.5 km NW Taolagnaro, 24°59'11.9"S, 46°55'34.7"E, 100 m, 24 Dec 2008, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377184); 1Juv, Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Parcelle I, Manangotry, off Rte. 118, 32 km N Taolagnaro, 24°45'50.1"S, 46°51'23.5"E, 100 m, 25 Dec 2008, rainforest near stream surrounded by disturbed slash/burn forest, sifting and mini-winkler extraction of leaf litter, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377175).
The specific name is a patronym to honor Dr. Jacques Millot for his work describing Madagascan archaeids.
Males distinguished from other “bourgini group” species except E. pauliani and E. lukemacaulayi sp. n. (and presumably E. milajaneae sp. n., although the males are unknown) by the presence of a lateral process on the conductor, which is narrow in E. lukemacaulayi sp. n. and E. milloti (Figs
Male holotype (USNMENT01377187, from Parc National Andohahela, Madagascar). Total length 2.18, carapace 0.91 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 1.23 long, 1.31 high. Carapace tilt angle 69.58°, tilt height (CtH) 1.89, constriction 0.47, head length 0.81, neck length 0.92. CtH divided by carapace length 2.08. Cephalon with AME on large bulge. Cephalon with 4 short post-ocular spines at the crown, not on protrusions. Chelicerae 1.81 long, and with short spine 0.30 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward (Fig.
Female paratype (USNMENT01377188). Total length 2.33, carapace 0.97 long, 0.88 wide. Abdomen 1.33 long, 1.51 high. Carapace tilt angle 62.94°, tilt height (CtH) 1.99, constriction 0.48, head length 0.87, neck length 0.95. CtH divided by carapace length 2.05. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.89 long, and with short spine 0.33 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward. Femur I 2.48 long. Sternum 0.64 long, 0.41 wide. Colors as in male, although abdomen with a greater degree of dark brown. Female genitalia FSGP with a rounded posterior elongation (Fig.
Eriauchenius milloti sp. n. A male (USNMENT01377189) habitus, lateral view B–C female (USNMENT01377189) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view D–I male pedipalpal bulbs D–F right bulb, image reversed, (USNMENT01377189) G–I left bulb (USNMENT01377189) J–K left bulb (CASENT9015862) D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I, L retrolateral view. Asterisk (*) showing the narrow, small process on the conductor. Arrow showing constriction in the conductor. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 1.78–1.89 (males; n=5), 1.94–1.99 (females; n=5); Carapace length 0.88–0.91 (males; n=5), 0.94–0.99 (females; n=5); Femur I 2.73–2.82 times the length of carapace in males (n=5), 2.55–2.64 in females (n=5); CtH divided by carapace length 1.98–2.08 in males (n=5), 1.99–2.08 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 2.49 in both males (n=5) and females (n= 5).
In primary rainforest from 20–640 m in elevation. Collected day and night, turning over dead palm frond bases on the ground, in litter, and on tree trunks.
Known only from Parc National Andohahela and surroundings in the southeastern part of Madagascar (Fig.
Archaea pauliani Legendre, 1970: 21, figs 6–7, plate 3, fig. 4.
Male holotype: as Archaea pauliani Legendre, 1970: Madagascar, Andohahelo (Fort Dauphin), 1800 m., Jan /1954, R. Paulian (examined, deposited in
No other material examined.
Male is distinguished from other “bourgini group” species by the distinctly shaped cephalon, that is triangular with a post-ocular pointed “head” (Fig.
Male holotype (
Female: The female paratype at
Eriauchenius pauliani (Legendre, 1970), holotype,
No other known material.
Specimens collected at 1800 m elevation.
Known only from the type locality, Andohahelo, in southeast Madagascar (Fig.
In E. pauliani the sternum is fused to the carapace, so the sternum measurements were based on an approximation of where the sternum border would be if this fusion was absent. In the type specimen the embolus tip is broken off in the left pedipalp (Fig.
Archaea ratsirarsoni Lotz, 2003: 226, fig. 2A–C.
Male holotype: as Archaea ratsirarsoni (Lotz, 2003), from MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Forêt Clasée Sandranantitra, 18°2.9'S, 49°5.5'E, 450 m, 18–21 Jan 1999, rainforest, sifted litter, H.J. Ratsirarson (examined, deposited in
MADAGASCAR, Toamasina: female paratype and 1juv, Ambatovy, 12.4 km NE Moramanga, 18°50'22"S, 48°18'30"E, 1080 m, 4–7 Mar 2007, montane rainforest, sifted litter, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9028378); 1F,1juv, Parc National Mantadia, 18°47.5'S, 48°25.6'E, 895 m, 28 Nov – 1 Dec 1998, rainforest, sifted litter, H.J. Ratsirarson (CASENT9012338); 1M, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783’S, 48°24.696’E, 964m, 2 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, sifting litter around logs, dead fern fronds, and at base of traveler’s palm, H. Wood (USNMENT01377174); 1M,1F, Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambohibolakely, 18°45'41"S, 48°21'52"E, 983m, 23-28 Nov 2012, rainforest, sifting litter, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9062876).
Males and females are distinguished from other Eriauchenius, except E. mahariraensis and E. sama sp. n., by the presence of 4 small spines on the cephalon crown, and the cheliceral spine pointing perpendicular. Males of E. ratsirarsoni are distinguished from E. sama sp. n. and E. mahariraensis by lacking membranous tissue close to the conductor tip (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9012339, from Forêt Clasée Sandranantitra, Madagascar). Total length 1.67, carapace 0.80 long, 0.74 wide. Abdomen 0.81 long, 0.87 high. Carapace tilt angle 67.5°, tilt height (CtH) 1.35, constriction 0.46, head length 0.75, neck length 0.64. CtH divided by carapace length 1.69. Cephalon with AME on a very small bulge, and with 4 small post-ocular spines (anterior two are broken off, rudimentary or missing) on the crown of the cephalon, and 1 spine between the LE and median eyes (on each lateral side, for a total of 2; broken off on the right side). Chelicerae 1.34 long, and with a long spine 0.20 from base of chelicerae that projects perpendicular. Femur I 1.58 long. Sternum 0.55 long, 0.37 wide. Carapace, chelicerae, sternum, and legs reddish brown with white setae; patellas I–IV, legs II–III, tarsi and metatarsi I–IV pale yellow. Abdomen mostly dark brown with light circular patches, but with several light-yellow patches; abdomen with white and brown setae. Pedipalpal bulb with a membraneous sac above the base of the embolus, with a greatly exposed embolus that is encircled by the conductor (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9028378). Total length 1.89, carapace 0.86 long, 0.76 wide. Abdomen 0.87 long, 1.07 high. Carapace tilt angle 69.8°, tilt height (CtH) 1.44, constriction 0.54, head length 0.73, neck length 0.67. CtH divided by carapace length 1.68. Cephalon with AME on a small bulge, and with 4 small spines (anterior pair is rudimentary) on the crown of the cephalon, and missing spine between the LE and median eyes. Chelicerae 1.41 long, and with small spine 0.19 from base of chelicerae projecting perpendicular. Femur I 1.44 long. Sternum 0.56 long, 0.39 wide. Carapace and sternum orangeish brown; legs and chelicerae pale yellow. Abdomen mostly light yellow but with several dark brown areas with light circular patches; abdomen with white and brown setae. Female genitalia FSGP with two large lateral bulges (Fig.
Eriauchenius ratsirarsoni Lotz, 2003. A male (USNMENT01377174) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (CASENT9028378) internal genitalia B posterior-dorsal view, arrows showing the lateral bulges on the FSGPC anterior view D–L male pedipalpal bulbs D–F right bulb (USNMENT01377174), image reversed G–J left bulb (USNMENT01377174) K–L left bulb (CASENT9062876) D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I, L retrolateral view J arrow showing conductor variation, with a tapering tip K, L arrow showing conductor with a blunt tip. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 1.67–1.70 (males; n=3), 1.70–2.47 (females; n=3); Carapace length 0.75–0.80 (males; n=3), 0.82–0.87 (females; n=3); Femur I 1.82–1.98 times the length of carapace in males (n=3), 1.63–1.75 in females (n=3); CtH divided by carapace length 1.65–1.69 in males (n=3), 1.68–1.70 in females (n=3). Average femur I length 1.47 in males (n=3) and 1.43 in females (n= 3). In all males the anterior pair of spines on the cephalon are either rudimentary or broken off; in females, one with anterior pair rudimentary, one with all 4 spines present, one with one anterior spine present and the other absent.
In montane and primary rainforest from 450–1080 m in elevation, collected by sifting litter.
Known only from central-eastern Madagascar (Fig.
One male specimen (CASENT9062876) has a pedipalpal bulb that is more heavily sclerotized than the other specimens, and also has a blunt conductor tip (Fig.
Male holotype: Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, Piste Touristique, 21°13.6'S, 47°24.0'E, 1000 m, 19 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (deposited in
Female paratype, same data as holotype, except 12 and 14 Apr 1998 (CASENT9012346).
The specific name is a patronym to honor Dr. Michael Rix for his work describing Australian archaeids and examining their biogeographic patterns and evolutionary relationships.
Males are distinguished from other “bourgini group” species by having a sharp process at the base of the pedipalpal tegulum (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9012013, from Parc National Ranomafana, Madagascar). Total length 2.01, carapace 0.88 long, 0.79 wide. Abdomen 1.05 long, 1.23 high. Carapace tilt angle 64.8°, tilt height (CtH) 1.51, constriction 0.43, head length 0.80, neck length 0.71. CtH divided by carapace length 1.72. Cephalon with AME on large bulges, and with 4 short post-ocular spines on the crown, not on protrusions, and 1 short spine between the LE and median eyes (on each side, for a total of 2). Chelicerae 1.44 long, and with a short spine 0.34 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 1.99 long. Sternum 0.56 long, 0.34 wide. Carapace, chelicerae, and sternum dark reddish brown with white setae. Coxae and legs yellowish brown, with darker annulations on tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen mottled brown and beige, with tufts of white setae (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9012346). Total length 2.46, carapace 0.95 long, 0.86 wide. Abdomen 1.43 long, 1.82 wide. Carapace tilt angle 63.4°, tilt height (CtH) 1.82, constriction 0.50, head length 0.91, neck length 0.84. CtH divided by carapace length 1.92. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.62 long, and with short spine 0.37 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 2.06 long. Sternum 0.61 long, 0.37 wide. Colors as in male. Female genitalia FSGP with broad wings, a narrow, blunt posterior elongation (Fig.
Eriauchenius rixi sp. n. A male (holotype, CASENT9012013) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (CASENT9012346) internal genitalia B dorsal view, arrow showing the FSGP narrow posterior elongation C anterior view D–L male pedipalpal bulbs (holotype, CASENT9012013) D–F right bulb, image reversed G–L left bulb, arrow showing the sharp process on the tegulum base D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I, L retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
no other specimens known.
Specimens were collected at 1000 m in elevation, likely in rainforest, although not specified on the label.
Known only from Parc National Ranomafana in eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 19–30 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (deposited in
Female paratype, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, 29 km SSW Ambositra, Ankazomivady, 20°46.6'S, 47°09.9'E, 1700 m, 7 Jan 1998, forest, sifted leaf litter, B.L. Fisher (CASENT9012341).
Males and females are distinguished from other “bourgini group” species, except E. ratsirarsoni and E. mahariraensis, by having 4 spines on the cephalon, and the cheliceral spine pointing perpendicular. Males of E. sama sp. n. are also distinguished from other “bourgini group” species, by having a long process on the conductor that extends to the embolus tip (Fig.
The specific name is a noun in apposition; ‘sama’ means ‘pelican’ in Malagasy.
Male holotype (CASENT9012014, from Parc National Ranomafana, Madagascar). Total length 2.10, carapace 0.95 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 1.10 long, 1.26 high. Carapace tilt angle 72.5°, tilt height (CtH) 1.72, constriction 0.52, head length 0.82, neck length 0.81. CtH divided by carapace length 1.81. Cephalon with AME on a small bulge, and with 4 small post-ocular spines (although it is difficult to tell as the anterior pair is missing, rudimentary or broken off) on the crown of the cephalon, and 1 spine between the LE and AME (on each side, for a total of 2). Chelicerae 1.59 long, and with a spine 0.25 from base of chelicerae that projects perpendicular. Femur I 2.03 long. Sternum 0.63 long, 0.40 wide. Carapace, chelicerae, sternum, and legs reddish brown with white setae; patellas, tibias, and metatarsi light tan. Abdomen mottled with dark brown and light yellow patches, with light circular patches on the dark brown portions, with white setae. Pedipalpal bulb with a large membraneous sac above the base of the embolus, with a greatly exposed embolus that is encircled by the conductor (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT9012341). Total length 2.24, carapace 0.87 long, 0.80 wide. Abdomen 1.18 long, 1.48 high. Carapace tilt angle 67.5°, tilt height (CtH) 1.50, constriction 0.50, head length 0.78, neck length 0.73. CtH divided by carapace length 1.73. Cephalon with AME on a small bulge, and with 4 small post-ocular spines (one is broken off or missing) on the crown of the cephalon, and 1 spine between the LE and AME (on each side, for a total of 2). Chelicerae 1.54 long, and with small spine 0.29 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 1.82 long. Sternum 0.60 long, 0.40 wide. Cephalothorax colors as in male. Abdomen anterior light tan, and posterior dark brown with light circular patches; abdomen with white and brown setae. Female genitalia FSGP small and simple, with “wings” reduced (Fig.
Eriauchenius sama sp. n. A male (holotype, CASENT9012014) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (CASENT9012341) internal genitalia: B dorsal view C anterior view D–L male pedipalpal bulbs (holotype, CASENT9012014), arrow showing the change in direction in the curve of the conductor tip D–F right bulb, image reversed G–L left bulb D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I, L retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
no other known material.
Female specimen was collected at 1700 m in elevation in forest by sifting litter.
Known only from central-eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Nomenclatural remarks: The male holotype and female paratype of E. sama sp. n. occur in different areas. The male and female were associated based on body size and carapace shape. Future molecular work as well as additional collection of specimens from more localities can help resolve this issue.
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, 2 hour hike from Tompolo, 39 km SE Maroantsetra, 15°41'35.5"S, 49°58'22.5"E, 450 m, 15–17 Dec 2008, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (deposited in
MADGASCAR: Female paratype, Toamasina, Mikira forest, 2.5 hour hike from Andaparaty, 29 km N Maroantsetra, 15°12'2.95"S, 49°36'55.0"E, 195m, 10–12 Dec 2008, primary montane rainforest, beating vegetation: 5–10 feet above ground, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377190); 1M, same data as holotype (CASENT9028315); 1M,1J, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina, Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, 650–700 m, 26–27 Feb 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. DSD0007 (CASENT9015571).
The specific name is a noun in apposition; ‘zirafy’ means ‘giraffe’ in Malagasy.
E. bourgini and E. zirafy sp. n. are distinguished from other “bourgini group” species by having two large protrusions on the crown of the cephalon (Fig.
Male holotype (USNMENT01377199, from Parc National Masoala, Madagascar). Total length 1.79, carapace 0.75 long, 0.70 wide. Abdomen 0.97 long, 0.81 high. Carapace tilt angle 59.5°, tilt height (CtH) 1.72, constriction 0.32, head length 0.86, neck length 0.89 (Fig.
Female paratype (USNMENT01377190). This specimen is damaged due to fungus, rendering measurements and color descriptions of the abdomen impossible. Carapace 0.75 long, 0.70 wide. Carapace tilt angle 65.4°, tilt height (CtH) 1.72, constriction 0.31, head length 0.81, neck length 0.92. CtH divided by carapace length 2.29. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.66 long, and with small spine 0.73 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 1.90 long. Sternum 0.51 long, 0.33 wide. Carapace colors as in male. Female genitalia FSGP small and simple; unknown whether PB is present or absent due to specimen damage; bursa lacking poreplates and instead having a sclerotized invagination on each side of the bursa anterior (Fig.
Eriauchenius zirafy sp. n. A male (CASENT9015571) habitus, lateral view B–C female (USNMENT01377190) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view, arrows showing two sclerotized invaginations on the bursa D–L male pedipalpal bulbs (CASENT9015571), black arrow showing the small bumps on the conductor base D–F, L right bulb, image reversed G–K left bulb: D, G, J prolateral view E, H ventral view F, I, K retrolateral view L close-up of small bumps on conductor base, retrolateral view, white arrow showing small pores. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.125 mm (B); 0.25 mm (E).
Total length 1.79–1.80 (males; n=3); Carapace length 0.72–0.75 (males; n=3); Femur I 2.54–2.72 times the length of carapace in males (n=3) and 2.54 times the length of the carapace in females (n=1). CtH divided by carapace length 2.29–2.44 in males (n=3). Average femur I length 1.96 (males; n=3).
Specimens were collected from 195–700 m in elevation in rainforest by beating vegetation and general collecting.
Known only from areas around Parc National Masoala in northeastern Madagascar (Fig.
Archaea gracilicollis Millot, 1948
The name refers to the Madagascan distribution and is feminine in gender.
Distinguished from all other archaeids by the presence of six protrusions, each with a small spine, on the crown of the cephalon, and by the presence of a retrolateral apophysis on the male pedipalpal patella.
See
14 described species M. ambre (Wood, 2008), M. anabohazo (Wood, 2008), M. borimontsina (Wood, 2008), M. gracilicollis (Millot, 1948), M. griswoldi (Wood, 2008), M. halambohitra (Wood, 2008), M. jeanneli (Millot, 1948), M. lavatenda (Wood, 2008), M. legendrei (Platnick, 1991), M. namoroka (Wood, 2008), M. spiceri (Wood, 2008), M. tsingyensis (Lotz, 2003), M. vadoni (Millot, 1948), M. voronakely (Wood, 2008), and 4 new species described here: Madagascarchaea fohy sp. n., Madagascarchaea lotzi sp. n., Madagascarchaea moramora sp. n., Madagascarchaea rabesahala sp. n
Madagascar
We elevate the “gracilicollis group” (
Madagascarchaea gen. n. contains two main clades, the “vadoni group” and the “jeanneli group” (Fig.
M. jeanneli, M. ambre, M. lotzi sp. n., and M. moramora sp. n. belong to the “jeanneli group” and are part of a species complex distinguished from other Madagascarchaea by having an elongated and pointy head (Figs
When using the identification key from
1 | Embolus bifurcation shallow, both parts of bifurcation roughly equal thickness (Fig. |
M. lotzi |
– | Embolus with a deeper bifurcation, both parts of bifurcation different thickness (Figs |
2 |
2 | Anterior portion of embolus bifurcation thinner than the posterior part, and jutting out past the conductor in the ventral view (see fig. 21 in |
M. ambre |
– | Anterior portion of embolus bifurcation broad, posterior portion not extending past conductor, and posterior portion with a bifurcation (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Anterior portion of embolus bifurcation thick and blunt at tip (Fig. |
M. moramora |
– | Anterior portion of embolus bifurcation tapering off to a point (Fig. |
M. jeanneli |
When using the identification key from
1 | In males and females, cephalon crown rounded (Figs |
2 |
– | Cephalon crown not as round in both sexes (Fig. |
M. rabesahala |
2 | In males, pedipalpal bulb, with a sclerotized rod-shaped piece on embolus (Fig. |
M. fohy |
– | Embolus lacking heavily sclerotized rod-shaped piece (Figs |
M. legendrei |
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Ivoloina Parque Zoologique, 12 km from Tamatave, 18°03'21.6"S, 49°21'32.5"E, 26m, 19 Feb 2003, disturbed rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (deposited in
MADGASCAR: Female paratype, same data as holotype (CASENT9015766); 1F,1juv, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'19.5"S, 50°00'25"E, 900–950 m, 27 Feb 2003, rainforest, general collecting, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015493).
The specific name is a noun in apposition; ‘fohy’ means ‘shorty’ in Malagasy.
Distinguished from all other archaeids, except M. vadoni, M. legendrei, M. rabesahala sp. n., and M. borimontsina (likely, because the male is unknown) by having a retrolateral apophysis on the distal side of both the palpal femur and patella (fig. 12B from
Male holotype (CASENT9015766, from Ivoloina Parque Zoologique, Madagascar). Total length 1.61, carapace 0.68 long, 0.55 wide. Abdomen 0.85 long, 0.93 high. Carapace tilt angle 58.1°, tilt height (CtH) 1.29, constriction 0.33, head length 0.56, neck length 0.70. CtH divided by carapace length 1.91. Cephalon with AME on large bulge, and with 6 small post-ocular spines on the crown, not on protrusions, and 1 small spine between the LE and median eyes (on each side, for a total of 2). Chelicerae 1.40 long, and with a small spine 0.27 from base of chelicerae that projects downward (Fig.
Madagascarchaea fohy sp. n. A male (holotype, CASENT9015766) habitus, lateral view B female (CASENT9015766) internal genitalia, dorsal view C–L male pedipalpal bulbs (holotype, CASENT9015766) D–F right bulb, image reversed C, G–L left bulb C cymbium close-up, dorsal view, arrow showing the retrolateral cymbium protrusion that has setae D, G, J prolateral view, arrow showing rod-like piece on embolus E, H, K ventral view, arrow showing rod-like piece on embolus F, I, L retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Female paratype (CASENT9015766). Total length 1.97, carapace 0.75 long, 0.63 wide. Abdomen 1.10 long, 1.38 high. Carapace tilt angle 54.2°, tilt height (CtH) 1.55, constriction 0.41, head length 0.73, neck length 0.82. CtH divided by carapace length 2.07. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.55 long, and with a short spine 0.28 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward (Fig.
Total length 1.67–1.97 (females; n=2); Carapace length 0.71–0.75 (females; n=2); Left and right femur I missing in one female (CASENT9015493). Femur I 2.73 times the length of carapace in females (n=1); CtH divided by carapace length 1.92–2.07 in females (n=2).
Specimens were collected in disturbed and undisturbed rainforest from 26–950 m in elevation by general collecting.
Known only from northeastern and central-eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Archaea legendrei Platnick, 1991: 137, figs 7–14.
Eriauchenius
legendrei
(Platnick, 1991):
Male holotype: as Archaea legendrei Platnick, 1991: Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 1–7 Nov 1988, montane rainforest, pyrethrin fogging of dead leaves on fallen tree, W.E. Steiner (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: Female paratype, same data as holotype (USNMENT00879968); Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana: 2M,8F, 4 eggcases, Vohiparara, Sahamalaotra forest, 41.1 km 54° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°14'19.9"S, 47°23'39.2"E, 1200 m, 26 Dec 2005 – 14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation: in clumps of dead dry foliage, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison, V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377217, USNMENT01377218, USNMENT01377219, USNMENT01377210, USNMENT01377211); 2M,10F,16Juvs, 5 eggcases, Talatekely forest, 42.3 km 58° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°15'28.0"S, 47°25'21.8"E, 1050 m, 24 Dec 2005 – 14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison, V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377212, USNMENT01377213, USNMENT01377214, USNMENT01377205); 2M,4F,3Juvs,1 eggcase, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243’S, 47°23.842’E, 1150 m, 13–14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377206, USNMENT01377207, USNMENT01377208, USNMENT01377209); 1F, Talatakely, 21°14.9’S, 47°25.6’E, 5–18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012347); 1M, same data as previous except 19–30 Apr 1998 (CASENT9010075); 2M,4F,3Juv, Vatoharanana, 21°16.7’S, 47°26.1’E, 1200 m, 15 Apr 1998, primary forest, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012349, CASENT9010076); 1F,1juv, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8’S, 47°23.0’E, 1100 m, 18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012345); 1F, same data as previous except 10-11 Apr 1998 (CASENT9012348); 1M,2F, Vohiparara, Piste Touristique, 21°13.6’S, 47°24.0’E, 1000 m, 23 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012333); 1M, Talatakely, 21°15’S, 47°26’E, 915–1000 m, 30 Oct - 20 Nov 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo (CASENT9010074); 1M, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21°17'24"S, 47°26'00"E, 1100 m, 27–31 Mar 2003, montane rainforest, EB20 yellow pan trap, Griswold, Fisher et al (CASENT9018908); 1M,2F, Talatakely, 21°15’S, 47°25’E, 900 m, 5–7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9046586); 1M,1F,2juvs, Trail FF, 14 May 1992, sifting litter 1 hr sample, B. Roth (CASENT9012334); 1F,1juv, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 23–28 Feb 1990, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879971); 1F, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12’S, 47°27’E, 1000 m, 1–7 Mar 1990, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879987).
Distinguished from all other archaeids, except M. vadoni, M. rabesahala sp. n., M. fohy sp. n., and M. borimontsina (presumably, because the male is unknown) by having a retrolateral apophysis on the distal side of the male pedipalpal femur and patella (see fig. 12B in
Male (based on CASENT9012333, from Parc National Ranomafana, Madagascar). Total length 1.67, carapace 0.74 long, 0.58 wide. Abdomen 0.90 long, 1.13 high. Carapace tilt angle 61.9°, tilt height (CtH) 1.42, constriction 0.28, head length 0.58, neck length 0.84. CtH divided by carapace length 1.92. Cephalon with AME on large bulge, and with 6 short post-ocular spines at the crown, not on protrusions, and 1 short spine between the LE and AME (on each side, for a total of 2; see fig. 18A in
Female (based on CASENT9012333, from Parc National Ranomafana, Madagascar). Total length 1.92, carapace 0.79 long, 0.63 wide. Abdomen 1.13 long, 1.40 high. Carapace tilt angle 54.4°, tilt height (CtH) 1.63, constriction 0.36, head length 0.71, neck length 0.90. CtH divided by carapace length 2.06. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.61 long, and with short spine 0.34 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward (Fig.
Eriauchenius legendrei (Platnick, 1991). A male (USNMENT01377217) habitus, lateral view B female (CASENT9012333) internal genitalia, dorsal view. C–I male pedipalpal bulbs D–F left bulb (CASENT9012333) C left bulb (CASENT9010074) G–I left bulb (USNMENT01377217): C cymbium close-up, dorsal view, arrow showing the small retrolateral cymbium protrusion that lacks setae D, G prolateral view E, H ventral view F, I retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 1.46–1.67 (males; n=5), 1.81–2.02 (females; n=5); Carapace length 0.66–0.77 (males; n=5), 0.76–0.82 (females; n=5); Femur I 3.01–3.66 times the length of carapace in males (n=5), 2.71–3.05 in females (n=5); CtH divided by carapace length 1.93–2.24 in males (n=5), 2.01–2.21 in females (n=5); Average femur I length 2.32 in males (n=5), 2.29 in females (n= 5).
Specimens were collected in montane rainforest from 915–1200 m in elevation by beating clumps of dead, dry foliage, by sifting litter, in yellow pan traps, and by general collecting day and night.
Known only from Parc National Ranomafana in central eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, 3 km 41° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, 18°28'24"S, 47°57'36"E, 1300 m, 5–13 Dec 2000, montane rainforest, beating and sweeping, Fisher, Griswold et al. (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: Female paratype, same data as holotype except beating low vegetation (CASENT9003843); 1M, together with the holotype (CASENT9004011); 3M,3F,1juv, same data as holotype except general collecting (CASENT9004086); 1F,1juv,1 eggcase, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783’S, 48°24.696’E, 964m, 2 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, sifting litter around logs, dead fern fronds, and at base of traveler’s palm, H. Wood (USNMENT01377200).
The specific name is a noun in apposition and commemorates Gisèle Rabesahala, a Malagasy activist and politician.
Distinguished from all other archaeids, except M. vadoni, M. legendrei, M. fohy sp. n., and M. borimontsina (presumably, because the male is unknown) by having a retrolateral apophysis on the distal side of the male pedipalpal femur and patella (see fig. 12B in
Male holotype (CASENT9004011, from forest close to Andranomay, Madagascar). Total length 1.66, carapace 0.73 long, 0.61 wide. Abdomen 0.90 long, 1.07 high. Carapace tilt angle 62.4°, tilt height (CtH) 1.42, constriction 0.39, head length 0.63, neck length 0.71. CtH divided by carapace length 1.95. Cephalon with AME on large bulge, and with 6 short post-occular spines at the crown, not on protrusions, and lacking spine between the LE and AME. Chelicerae 1.44 long, and with a small spine 0.33 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward (Fig.
Female paratype (CASENT903843). Total length 1.91, carapace 0.80 long, 0.67 wide. Abdomen 1.11 long, 1.55 high. Carapace tilt angle 62.3°, tilt height (CtH) 1.55, constriction 0.42, head length 0.78, neck length 0.82. CtH divided by carapace length 1.94. Cephalon as in male, except spine between LE and AME present. Chelicerae 1.61 long, and with a small spine 0.34 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward (Fig.
Madagascarchaea rabesahala sp. n. A male (holotype, CASENT9004011) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B female (CASENT9004086) internal genitalia, dorsal view C–I male pedipalpal bulbs D–F right bulb (CASENT9004086), image reversed C, G–I left bulb (CASENT9004086): C cymbium close-up, dorsal view, arrow showing the absence of a retrolateral cymbium protrusion D, G prolateral view E, H ventral view F, I retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, D).
Total length 1.56–1.66 (males; n=5), 1.91–2.07 (females; n=4); Carapace length 0.72–0.75 (males; n=5), 0.74–0.81 (females; n=4); Femur I 2.69–2.86 times the length of carapace in males (n=5), 2.38–2.69 in females (n=4); CtH divided by carapace length 1.93–2.12 in males (n=5), 1.94–2.15 in females (n=4); Average femur I length 2.03 in males (n=5), 1.96 in females (n= 4). The spine between the LE and AME is present is 3 males out of 5, and 4 females out of 4.
Specimens were collected in montane rainforest from 960–1300 m in elevation by beating low vegetation, by sifting litter, by beating and sweeping, and by general collecting.
Known only from central eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Archaea jeanneli Millot, 1948: 12, figs 1A,2B,3F.
Eriauchenius
jeanneli
(Millot, 1948):
2 females, 1 juv: as Archaea jeanneli Millot, 1948: Madagascar, La Mandraka (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: 2M,1F, Toamasina, Res. Analamazaotra, Parc National Andasibe, 23 road km E Moramanga, 18°56'38.2"S, 48°25'03.2"E, 960 m, 16–18 Jan 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, C. Griswold, D. Silva, and D. Andriamalala (CASENT9005233, CASENT9018315); 7M,4F,1juv, Antananarivo, 3 km 41° NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147° SSE Anjozorobe, 18°28'24"S, 47°57'36"E, 1300 m, 5–13 Dec 2000, montane rainforest, general collecting, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9004085); 3M,4F,1juv, same data as previous except beating and sweeping (CASENT9004009); 6F, Toamasina, Parc National Perinet, nr Andasibe, 18°56’S, 48°24’E, 1000 m, 4–5 Nov 1993, J. Coddington, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana, and N. Scharff (CASENT9012329, CASENT9046592, CASENT9046601); 1M, Toamasina, Parc National Perinet, 18°55’S, 48°25’E, 1-3 Aug 1992, V. & B. Roth (CASENT9012003); 2F, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783’S, 48°24.696’ E, 964m, 31 Jan – 3 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected at night in vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377201, USNMENT01377202); 1F, Antananarivo, Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Forêt d’Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72° NE Ankazobe, 18°13'31"S, 47°17'13"E, 1410 m, 17–22 Apr 2001, montane rainforest, EB17 beating low vegetation, Fisher, Griswold et al. (CASENT9012336); 2M,2F,1juv, Antananarivo, 7 km SE Andasibe Parc National (=Perinet) 18°58’S, 48°27’E, 5 Sep 2001, montane forest, beating foliage, D. Ubick (CASENT9001265).
Distinguished from all Madagascarchaea, except other ‘pointy head’ species M. ambre, M. lotzi, and M. moramora sp. n., by having a conductor that is a concave triangular shape (Fig.
Male (based on CASENT9012003, from Parc National Perinet, Madagascar). Total length 1.55, carapace 0.64 long, 0.47 wide. Abdomen 0.79 long, 0.91 high. Carapace tilt angle 50.2°, tilt height (CtH) 1.19, constriction 0.35, head length 0.68, neck length 0.59. CtH divided by carapace length 1.85. Cephalon with AME on large bulge, and with 6 short post-occular spines at the crown, not on protrusions, and 1 short spine between and posterior to the LE and median eyes (see fig. 18B in
Female (based on CASENT9012336, from Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, Madagascar). Total length 2.00, carapace 0.78 long, 0.59 wide. Abdomen 1.18 long, 1.49 high. Carapace tilt angle 60.0°, tilt height (CtH) 1.53, constriction 0.41, head length 0.94, neck length 0.73. CtH divided by carapace length 1.97. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.48 long, and with a short spine 0.36 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward. Femur I 2.31 long. Sternum 0.51 long, 0.28 wide. Colors as in male. Posterior edge of abdomen invaginated. Genitalic bursa divided down the middle by sclerotized piece on the anterior-ventral side, with a few clusters of poreplates on either side; FSGP with two strong points arising from either side of anterior edge, having ‘wings’, and lacking posterior elongation (Fig.
Madagascarchaea jeanneli (Millot, 1948). A male (CASENT9004085) habitus, lateral view, image reversed B–C female (CASENT9012336) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view. D–L male pedipalpal bulbs D–I left bulb (CASENT9004085) J–L left bulb (CASENT9005233): D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I, L retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.125 mm (B, D).
Total length 1.54–1.83 (males; n=5), 1.82–2.00 (females; n=5); Carapace length 0.64–0.76 (males; n=5), 0.74–0.78 (females; n=5); Femur I 2.60–3.06 times the length of carapace in males (n=5), 2.88–3.12 in females (n=5); CtH divided by carapace length 1.72–1.85 in males (n=5), 1.75-2.01 in females (n=5); Average femur I length 2.01 in males (n=5), 2.23 in females (n= 5).
Specimens were collected in montane rainforest from 960–1300 m in elevation by beating low foliage, low vegetation, by beating and sweeping, by general collecting at night, and by hand collecting at night in vegetation.
Known only from central eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Previous work (
Eriauchenius
jeanneli
(Millot, 1948):
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8’S, 47°23.0’E, 1100 m, 18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (deposited in
MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana: 3M, 7F, including female paratype, Talatakely, 21°15’S, 47°25’E, 900 m, 5–7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9012330, CASENT9046572); 1F, same data as holotype (CASENT9012007); 1F, Vohiparara, Piste Touristique, 21°13.6’S, 47°24.0’E, 1000 m, 23 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012009); 1F, same data as previous except 19 Apr 1998 (CASENT9012008); 1F,1juv, same data as previous except 12,14 Apr 1998 (CASENT9012002); 3M, 4F, 1juv, 21°12’S, 47°27’E, Apr-May 1992, B Roth (CASENT9012005); 3M, 1F, 6juv Vohiparara, Sahamalaotra forest, 41.1 km 54° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°14'19.9"S, 47°23'39.2"E, 1200 m, 26 Dec – 14 Jan 2006 montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation – specifically clumps of dead dry foliage, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison, V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377203, USNMENT01377204, USNMENT01377195); 1M, Vatoharanana, 21°16.7’S, 47°26.1’E, 1200 m, 15 Apr 1998, primary forest, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012006); 1F, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21°17'24"S, 47°26'00"E, 1100 m, 27–31 Mar 2003, montane rainforest, general collecting, beating and puffing spiders, Griswold, Fisher et al. (CASENT9018921); 1M, Talatakely, 21°14.9’S, 47°25.6’E, 5–18 Apr 1998, at night, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012004); 1F,1juv, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243’S, 47°23.842’E, 1150 m, 13–14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, beating vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377196); 1M, 7 km SW Ranomafana, 1200 m, 22 Oct 1988, W. Steiner, C. Kremen, R. Van Epps (USNMENT00879969); 1F, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 1–7 Nov 1988, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879988).
The specific name is a patronym to honor Dr. Leon Lotz for his work in describing the South African and Madagascan archaeids.
Typically M. lotzi sp. n. can be distinguished from the northern species, M. ambre and M. moramora sp. n., by the presence of an invagination in the abdomen posteriorly (Fig.
Male holotype (CASENT9012000, from Parc National Ranomafana, Madagascar). Total length 1.61, carapace 0.72 long, 0.51 wide. Abdomen 0.88 long, 1.00 high. Carapace tilt angle 57.0°, tilt height (CtH) 1.24, constriction 0.40, head length 0.79, neck length 0.62. CtH divided by carapace length 1.74. Cephalon with AME on large bulge, and with 6 short post-occular spines at the apex, not on protrusions, and 1 short spine between and posterior to LE and median eyes (see fig. 18B of
Female paratype (CASENT9012330). Total length 1.96, carapace 0.75 long, 0.55 wide. Abdomen 1.13 long, 1.64 high. Carapace tilt angle 55.0°, tilt height (CtH) 1.35, constriction 0.37, head length 0.75, neck length 0.61. CtH divided by carapace length 1.80. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.31 long, and with a short spine 0.33 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward. Femur I 1.99 long. Sternum 0.49 long, 0.27 wide. Colors as in male. Posterior edge of abdomen invaginated. Genitalic bursa divided down middle by sclerotized piece on anterior-ventral side, with two main groups of poreplates on either side (Fig.
Madagascarchaea lotzi sp. n. A male (CASENT9018921) habitus, lateral view, arrow showing posterior invagination of abdomen B–C female (CASENT9012008) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view D–L male pedipalpal bulbs D–F right bulb (CASENT9012004), image reversed, G–L left bulb (CASENT9012330) D, G, J prolateral view E, H, K ventral view F, I, L retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.125 mm (B, D).
Total length 1.53–1.61 (males; n=5), 1.70–1.96 (females; n=5); Carapace length 0.68–0.74 (males; n=5), 0.73–0.80 (females; n=5); Femur I 2.64–2.71 times the length of carapace in males (n=5), 2.66–2.89 in females (n=5); CtH divided by carapace length 1.64–1.74 in males (n=5), 1.62–2.80 in females (n=5); Average femur I length 1.90 in males (n=5), 2.07 in females (n= 5).
Specimens were collected in montane rainforest from 900–1200 m in elevation by general collecting, beating and puffing, general collecting at night, beating vegetation, and beating clumps of dead, dry foliage.
Known only from Parc National Ranomafana in central eastern Madagascar (Fig.
Male holotype: MADAGASCAR, Toamasina, Mikira forest, 2.5 hour hike from Andaparaty, 29 km N Maroantsetra, 15°12'2.95"S, 49°36'55.0"E, 195m, 10–12 Dec 2008, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (deposited in
MADAGASCAR: female paratype, same data as holotype except beating vegetation 5–10 feet above ground (USNMENT01377198).
The specific name is a noun in apposition; ‘mora mora’ means ‘easy easy’ in Malagasy.
M. moramora sp. n. can be distinguished from the southern species, M. jeanneli and M. lotzi sp. n., by the abdomen being straight across the posterior (Fig.
Male holotype (USNMENT01377197, from Mikira Forest, Madagascar). Total length 1.53, carapace 0.67 long, 0.46 wide. Abdomen 0.83 long, 0.92 high. Carapace tilt angle 57.2°, tilt height (CtH) 1.25, constriction 0.35, head length 0.73, neck length 0.63. CtH divided by carapace length 1.86. Cephalon with AME on large bulge, and with 6 short post-occular spines at the apex, not on protrusions, and 1 short spine between and posterior to the LE and median eyes (see fig. 18B in
Female paratype (USNMENT01377198). Total length 1.98, carapace 0.79 long, 0.52 wide. Abdomen 1.09 long, 1.35 high. Carapace tilt angle 48.2°, tilt height (CtH) 1.48, constriction 0.35, head length 0.82, neck length 0.70. CtH divided by carapace length 1.87. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 1.42 long, and with a short spine 0.38 from base of chelicerae and projecting downward. Femur I 12.25 long. Sternum 0.49 long, 0.26 wide. Colors as in male. Posterior edge of abdomen straight and not invaginated. Genitalic bursa divided down middle by a sclerotized piece on the anterior-ventral side, with several groups of poreplates on either side; FSGP with two strong points arising from either side of anterior edge, having ‘wings’, and lacking posterior elongation (Fig.
Madagascarchaea moramora sp. n. A male (holotype, USNMENT01377197) habitus, lateral view, image reversed, arrow showing abdomen posterior is straight. B–C female (USNMENT01377198) internal genitalia B dorsal view C anterior view D–I male pedipalpal bulbs (holotype, USNMENT01377197): D–F left bulb, G–I right bulb, expanded, image reversed D, G prolateral view E, H ventral view; F, I retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.125 mm (B, D).
no other specimens known.
Specimens were collected in montane rainforest at 925 m in elevation by general collecting in the day and by beating vegetation 5–10 feet above ground.
Known only from Mikira Forest in northeastern Madagascar (Fig.
We could not determine whether several female specimens were M. ambre or M. moramora sp. n. (Fig.
Afrarchaea Forster & Platnick, 1984: 24.
Archaea godfreyi Hewitt, 1919: 196, figs 1–2 (by original designation).
Distinguished from all extant genera by the presence of a prominent keel on the FSGP (see fig. 58 of
See
12 described species, A. cornutus (Lotz, 2003), A. ansieae Lotz, 2015, A. bergae Lotz, 1996, A. entabeniensis Lotz, 2003, A. fernkloofensis Lotz, 1996, A. godfreyi (Hewitt, 1919), A. haddadi Lotz, 2006, A. harveyi Lotz, 2003, A. kranskopensis Lotz, 1996, A. lawrencei Lotz, 1996, A. ngomensis Lotz, 1996, A. royalensis Lotz, 2006, A. woodae Lotz, 2006. Two species originally described as Afrarchaea have been transferred: A. fisheri Lotz, 2003 and A. mahariraensis Lotz, 2003, both to Eriauchenus (new combinations).
South Africa.
Phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data recovered a monophylectic Afrarchaea with strong branch support (
Regarding Afrarchaea distribution,
This study was funded through a grant from the Danish National Research Foundation to the Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate (DNRF96), and through a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship (1202873). Access to and loan of specimens was made possible by Charles Griswold, Lauren Esposito and Darrel Ubick at