Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuxia Wang ( shxwang@nankai.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Erik J. van Nieukerken
© 2017 Tengteng Liu, Shuxia Wang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Liu T, Wang S (2017) First report of the leaf-mining genus Antispila Hübner, [1825] from mainland China, with the description of a new species feeding on Cornus (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae). ZooKeys 686: 95-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.13680
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The genus Antispila Hübner, [1825] is newly recorded from mainland China. Antispila sinensis sp. n., the first formally named Heliozelidae species in mainland China, is described. The host plant of the new species, Cornus walteri Wangerin (Cornaceae), is widespread through east Asia and is used as a shade tree in city parks in Jinan City, where the moth causes damage to foliage. Morphological and molecular analyses distinguish A. sinensis sp. n. from its close relatives. The adult, pupa, larva, host plant, leaf-mines, and the shield of the new species are illustrated, as are male and female genitalia, venation, and larval chaetotaxy. DNA barcodes of the new species are also provided.
Antispila , China, Cornus walteri , DNA barcode, Heliozelidae , Lepidoptera , new record, new species
Leaf-mining moths, small and large (
The family Heliozelidae comprises 125 described species in 12 genera, with the largest diversity in North America and Australia (
The genus Antispila Hübner, [1825], comprising some 40 species, is widely distributed worldwide, but most diverse and best studied in the Palaearctic and the Nearctic regions (
During collecting trips targeting leaf-mining moths, an abundant population of A. sinensis sp. n. was found in Mt. Fohui Park in Jinan City, Shandong Province, where it damaged its host plant Cornus walteri Wangerin (Cornaceae). Cornus walteri is native and is frequently planted in Mt. Fohui Park, and plays an important role as a shade tree along footpaths. Another population of A. sinensis sp. n. was found on Mt. Baxian, Tianjin City, where less damage to its host plant was observed.
In the present paper, the new species A. sinensis sp. n. is described and the moth’s morphology, life-history, hostplant, and DNA barcode is reported upon. The potential for this moth to damage its host plant Cornus walteri is described.
Leaves with active mines were placed in small plastic bags for rearing. After the shields had been exscinded and the larvae had left the mines, the larval shields were transferred into closed containers and leaves with vacant leaf-mines were dried in a plant press. The larval shields, the corresponding adults, and the vacant leaf-mines were identically coded.
Genitalia and wings were dissected and mounted according to the methods introduced by
DNA was extracted from adult specimens preserved in 95% ethanol in Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China (
Terminology of adult follows
The holotype of the new species is deposited in the Insect Collection of Nankai University (
This species can be easily separated from the two European Cornus feeding species, A. treitschkiella (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1843) and A. metallella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), by the forewing with the opposite basal spots separated and thus not forming a fascia, and by the vein Rs3+4 reaching costa near apex and the absence of the stem of vein M. Antispila treitschkiella has a basal fascia in the forewing, and A. metallella has the vein Rs3+4 reaching termen and has an M stem in the forewing. Specimens with the inner spots joined into a fascia, A. sinensis could be separated from A. treitschkiella reliably by genitalia. Although DNA Barcode distance analysis suggests A. tateshinensis Kuroko, 1987 and A. purplella Kuroko, 1961 to be the closest relatives (Fig.
China: Holotype ♂, Mt. Baxian, 40.18°N, 117.55°E, 300–600 m, Ji County, Tianjin, larva coll. 5.ix.2013, emerged 9.iii.2014 (indoors), leaf-mine on Cornus walteri, leg. Tengteng Liu, genitalia slide No. LIU12870 (deposited in
Paratypes. Tianjin: 2♂, 1♀, larva coll. 5.ix.2013, emerged 8, 9.iii.2014, 1♂, 1♀, larva coll. 6.ix.2013, emerged 6, 12.iii.2014, 3♂, 1♀, larva coll. 9.viii.2013, 20, 25.x.2013, 10, 11.iii.2014, 5♂, 5♀, larva coll. 24.vi.2014, emerged vii-2014, other data same as holotype, genitalia slide Nos. LTT12559♀, LTT12613–4♂, LTT12866♀, LTT12867–9♂, LTT12871–3♂, LTT12874–5♀, wing slide Nos. LTT12613–4W, LTT12874W (deposited in
Adult (Figs
Venation (Fig.
Male genitalia (Figs
Genitalia of Antispila sinensis sp. n. 4 Male genitalia in situ, slide No. LTT12873, paratype 5 Male genitalia unrolled, slide No. LTT12872, paratype, red arrow referring to the region of the vinculum adjacent to the triangular median protrusion 5a Close-up of comb teeth on pecten, slide No. LIU15003 6 Female genitalia, slide No. LTT12875, paratype 6a Close-up of ovipositor tip, same slide as in Fig.
Female genitalia (Fig.
Final instar larva in mine (Figs
Head (Figs
Thorax (Fig.
Abdomen (Figs
Pupa and shield (Figs
Leaf mine, host plant and shield of Antispila sinensis sp. n. 15 Leaf mines on Cornus walteri 16 A large blotch mine occupied by two larvae one of which has made a cut-out 17 piercing scar on the disc of a leaf indicated by a red arrow 18 piercing scar (red arrow) near margin of a leaf where callus also occurs (blue arrow) 19 Early linear mine with an active larva 20 Larva in freshly made shield, searching for a pupation site on the ground 21 Shield without spines along margin, pupal exuviae and exuviae of prepupa (red arrow) 22 Shield with several spines along margin, pupal exuviae.
Four DNA barcodes from individuals from each of the collecting sites have been submitted to BOLD under the public Dataset “DS-ANTISIN” (doi: 10.5883/DS-ANTISIN). The Barcode Identification Number is BOLD:ADG5043. A neighbor joining tree with barcodes of other Antispila species, particularly Cornus feeding species and Japanese species, is given in Fig.
Cornus walteri Wangerin (Cornaceae).
China (Shandong, Tianjin).
Egg is laid on the lower side of a leaf, usually close to leaf margin and occasionally near main vein, where a darker area of callus (piercing scar) caused by piercing of the ovipositor is invariably seen (Figs
The specific name is derived from the country where the new species represents the first formally named Heliozelidae species.
We thank Erik J. van Nieukerken for his kind permission to access the BOLD project under his management. Special thanks are indebted to the staff of the Baxian Mountain National Nature Reserves, for their continuous support during the field work. We gratefully acknowledge the comments and suggestions of reviewers Camiel Doorenweerd and Douglas Hilton and editor Erik J. van Nieukerken. This study is supported by the Special Foundation for Postdoc Innovative Project of Shandong Province (No. 201603050) and the Youth Breeding Foundation of Shandong Normal University (No. 2016013).