Research Article |
Katherine C. Nesheim‡, Lubomír Masner§, Norman F. Johnson‡
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Corresponding author: Norman F. Johnson ( baeus2@yahoo.com ) Academic editor: Michael Sharkey
© 2017 Katherine C. Nesheim, Lubomír Masner, Norman F. Johnson.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Nesheim KC, Masner L, Johnson NF (2017) The Phanuromyia galeata species group (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Telenominae): shining a lantern into an unexplored corner of Neotropical diversity. ZooKeys 663: 71-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.663.11554
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Abstract
The Phanuromyia galeata species group is delineated and its species richness explored for the first time (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Telenominae). Fifteen species are described, all of which are new: Phanuromyia comata Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Brazil), P. constellata Nesheim, sp. n. (Paraguay), P. corys Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Brazil), P. cranos Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana), P. cudo Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela), P. dissidens Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana), P. galeata Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Mexico, Peru), P. galerita Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana), P. hjalmr Nesheim, sp. n. (Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela), P. krossotos Nesheim, sp. n. (Ecuador), P. odo Nesheim, sp. n. (Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela), P. pauper Nesheim, sp. n. (Ecuador, Peru), P. princeps Nesheim, sp. n. (Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana), P. tonsura Nesheim, sp. n. (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru), P. tubulifer Nesheim & Masner, sp. n. (Brazil, Guyana).
Keywords
Platygastroidea , parasitoid, species description, key, Neotropical, new species
Introduction
The subfamily Telenominae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea, Platygastridae) is a large group of egg-parasitoid wasps, comprising 905 known species found throughout the world. Traditionally it has been thought to be composed of two major genera, Telenomus Haliday and Trissolcus Ashmead, and a number of small, morphologically distinctive satellite genera. This view of telenomine diversity was largely based on over 180 years of work on the Holarctic fauna, beginning with
The genus Phanuromyia Dodd was originally described in 1914 on the basis of a single species from southern coastal Queensland, distinguishing it on the basis of the presence of an extruded ovipositor. Dodd later (1916) added a second species from New South Wales. In the years that followed the concept of the genus largely fell into obscurity, being cited only five times in the taxonomic literature for the rest of the century, largely because Dodd's laconic description did little to distinguish the taxon from the many other species in the subfamily and because the original type material in Australia was not studied.
In the Neotropics Phanuromyia is often the most common telenomine genus to be encountered, even surpassing the abundance of Telenomus s.str. However, very few of the species have been formally described. One subset of this diversity is a group of large, elongate, and distinctive species initially recognized by LM as a discrete entity in the fauna of Central and South America: the galeata group. The goals of this paper are to document the diversity of the Phanuromyia galeata group. The contributions of the authors are as follows: K.C. Nesheim: character definition, species group concept development, species concept development, imaging, key development, manuscript preparation; L. Masner: species group concept development, species concept development, key development; N.F. Johnson: species concept development, manuscript preparation, database design and maintenance.
Materials and methods
This work is based upon specimens deposited in the following collections, with abbreviations used in the text:
Information management. Holotypes are unambiguously identifiable by means of the unique identifier or the red holotype label. The numbers prefixed with “OSUC ” are unique identifiers for the individual specimens. These unique identifiers are associated with their specimens' data in The Ohio State University's Hymenoptera Online database, which can be accessed at http://hol.osu.edu. Searching this database using a specimen's unique identifier will produce all data associated with the specimen. All new species have been prospectively registered with Zoobank as well as the Hymenoptera Name Server (http:// hns.osu.edu).
Tools. Images were created using AutoMontage and Combine ZP extended focus software. All images are archived within The Ohio State University's image database (http://specimage.osu.edu). Species descriptions were generated using a database application, vSysLab (http://vsyslab.osu.edu). This application facilitates the construction of taxon character data matrices, the integration of matrices with our existing taxonomic database, and the exportation of data in a variety of file types which can be used in other programs.
Species concept. We define species as populations with the potential to interbreed (
Results
Phanuromyia
Phanuromyia
Dodd, 1914: 121. Original description. Type: Phanuromyia rufobasalis Dodd, by monotypy and original designation.
Issidotelenomus
Pélov, 1975: 89. Original description. Type: Issidotelenomus obscuripes Pélov, by original designation.
Diagnosis
The three genera Phanuromyia, Telenomus and Trissolcus Ashmead cannot be distinguished on the basis of any single, easily recognized morphological character. Rather, they are recognized by the preponderance of evidence from several characters: presence or absence of sculpture on the medial portion of the frons, length of setation between the ommatidia of the compound eyes, shape of the head, number of clavomeres in the female antenna, presence or absence of notauli on the mesoscutum, presence or absence of sculpture on the disk of the mesoscutellum, form of the sternaulus, shape of the first and second metasomal tergites, and sculpture of the second metasomal tergite. To distinguish Phanuromyia, focus should first be placed on the sternaulus. In the large majority of species this is expressed as a line of pits, beginning anteriorly on the mesepisternum near the dorsal apex of the acetabular carina and extending dorsally and posteriorly toward the mesopleural pit. In Telenomus and Trissolcus the sternaulus may have a single irregularly shaped pit, and its course is otherwise represented by fold or crease in the cuticle. Small individuals of Phanuromyia, however, also may have merely a poorly defined line of impression. Supplemental characters to distinguish Phanuromyia are eye setation very short or seemingly absent; frontal depression weakly expressed so that the head appears semiglobose in shape; frontal sculpture highly variable, ranging from smooth to sculptured throughout; female antenna with five clavomeres (defined morphologically, see
Within Phanuromyia, we separate the galeata group purely as a practical grouping, and at this point we do not assert its monophyly. The group may be distinguished, first and foremost, by their unusually large body size: most specimens are greater than 2 mm in length. Beyond that, the body is distinctly elongate, T1 in the female is produced into a horn to house the ovipositor, T2 is strongly elongate, as often are the following tergites. The group is strictly Neotropical in distribution, extending from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the north to Misiones in southern Paraguay.
Key to assist recognition of Phanuromyia
| 1 | Notauli present | Trissolcus, Telenomus |
| – | Notauli absent | 2 |
| 2 | Sternaulus indicated by a distinct oblique line of foveolae on the mesepisternum | most Phanuromyia |
| – | Sternaulus indicated by a shallow fold or by 1 to 2 irregular pits near pro-mesothoracic suture | 3 |
| 3(2) | T2 reticulate beyond basal costae | Phanuromyia |
| – | T2 smooth beyond basal costae | 4 |
| 4(3) | Antennal scrobe absent or weakly impressed, head in lateral profile semiglobose | Phanuromyia |
| – | Antennal scrobe and lateral profile variable | Trissolcus, Telenomus |
Phanuromyia comata , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 2.36 mm (n=1).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with >6 transverse rugae medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: distinctly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 2 or 3. Setation on T2: consisting of thick patches of lateral setae; consisting of widespread scattered pilosity.
Phanuromyia comata ♀ (OSUC149413), 1 Lateral habitus 2 Dorsal habitus 3 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 4 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 5 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 6 T2–T4, dorsal view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia comata can be recognized by T2 setation consisting of thick patches of lateral setae combined with widespread scattered pilosity dorsally.
Etymology
The name comata is derived from the Latin word for having long hair because this species has diagnostic patches of setae. This name is to be used as a participle.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: BRAZIL: MT, 500m, 12°46'S, 55°30'W, Vila Vera, X-1973, M. Alvarenga, OSUC149413 (deposited in
Comments
Phanuromyia comata is the only species in the group with widespread pilosity across the entirety of T2, so this character can be used to identify a specimen very quickly.
Phanuromyia constellata , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.43–1.54 mm (n=3).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with 3–6 transverse rugae medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with two rows of setiferous punctures converging medially and then diverging ventrally.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: smooth. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: swollen in posterior half. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: straight; only slightly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 4 or 5. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Phanuromyia constellata ♀ (OSUC322906), 7 Lateral habitus 8 Dorsal habitus 9 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 10 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 11 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 12 Head, ventral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia constellate can be recognized by the swirling pattern of setiferous punctures on the frons.
Etymology
The name constellata is derived from the Latin word for constellation because the pattern of punctures on this species’ frons is reminiscent of stars in the sky. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Phanuromyia corys , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 2.80–3.05 mm (n=3).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with multiple transverse rugae. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with two rows of setiferous punctures converging ventrally.
Phanuromyia corys ♀ (OSUC149359), 13 Lateral habitus 14 Dorsal habitus 15 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 16 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 17 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 18 Frons, anteroventral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: straight; only slightly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 4 or 5. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia corys can be recognized by the two rows of setiferous punctures converging ventrally on the frons.
Etymology
The name corys is derived from a Greek word for helmet because this species has a large head evoking the image of a knight wearing a helmet. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Comments
This species is recognizable by its large size, only the largest specimens of P. odo reach over 2.7 mm in length. Phanuromyia corys may be distinguished from P. odo by the converging lines of setiferous punctures on the frons and the straight, transverse apical margin of T2.
Phanuromyia cranos , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 2.21–2.50 mm (n=20).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with multiple transverse rugae; with irregular rugosity. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: as large as adjacent teeth. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 perfectly parallel rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia cranos ♀ (OSUC550034), 19 Lateral habitus 20 Dorsal habitus 21 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 22 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 23 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 24 Frons, anteroventral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: straight; only slightly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 2 or 3. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia cranos can be recognized by the 2 perfectly parallel rows of setiferous punctures on the frons.
Etymology
The name cranos is derived from a Greek word for helmet because this species has a large head evoking the image of a knight wearing a helmet. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: ECUADOR: Sucumbíos Prov., Napo River, 270m, 00°30'S, 76°30'W, Sacha Lodge, 3.IV–13.IV.1994, Malaise trap, P. Hibbs, OSUC550028 (deposited in
Comments
Phanuromyia cranos can be identified most quickly by the distinctive pattern of setiferous punctures on its frons. The setiferous frontal puncture of P. odo may at times appear similar, but P. odo has the apical margin of T2 distinctly concave.
Phanuromyia cudo , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.33–1.82 mm (n=20).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with 3–6 transverse rugae medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia cudo ♀ (OSUC550006), 25 Lateral habitus 26 Dorsal habitus 27 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 28 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 29 Head, anteroventral view 30 T1–T2, lateral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: smooth. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: distinctly swollen throughout entire length. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: almost entirely smooth. Posterior margin of T2: straight. Number of visible terga past T2: 3 or 4. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia cudo can be recognized by the swelling of the entire T1 segment.
Etymology
The name cudo is derived from the Latin word for a helmet made of raw skin because this species has a large head evoking the image of a knight wearing a helmet. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: COSTA RICA: Heredia Prov., La Selva Biological Station, 100m, X-1992, Malaise trap, P. Hanson, OSUC549938 (deposited in
Comments
This species exhibits variation in several characters, but can be reliably diagnosed by the swollen appearance of the entirety of T2.
Phanuromyia dissidens , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.07–2.22 mm (n=4).
Median keel on frons: present. Sculpture of lower frons: with multiple transverse rugae. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: evenly covered with setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia dissidens ♀ (OSUC149412), 31 Lateral habitus 32 Dorsal habitus 33 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 34 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 35 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 36 Frons, anteroventral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: costate at sides, smooth medially; entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: straight; slightly convex. Number of visible terga past T2: 5. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia dissidens can be recognized by the even covering of setiferous punctures on the frons.
Etymology
The name dissidens is derived from the Latin word for differing because this species has an evenly punctured frons, differentiating it from the other species in the group. This name is to be used as a participle.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Comments
This species most closely resembles P. krossotos. Phanuromyia dissedens may be distinguished by the absence of patches of setae on laterally on T2.
Phanuromyia galeata , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 2.02–2.44 mm (n=15). Male body length: 1.84–2.10 mm (n=5).
Median keel on frons: present. Sculpture of lower frons: with multiple transverse rugae. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: without setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia galeata ♀ (OSUC555798), 37 Dorsal habitus 38 Lateral habitus 39 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 40 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 41 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 42 Frons, anteroventral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: with strong, parallel longitudinal keels. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: smooth. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: dark brown to black, contrasting with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: straight; slightly convex. Number of visible terga past T2: 5. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia galeata can be recognized by the median keel on the frons.
Etymology
The name galeata is derived from a Latin word for helmet because this species has a large head evoking the image of a knight wearing a helmet. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: COSTA RICA: Puntarenas Prov., road to Rincón, 24 km W Pan-American Highway, 200 m, III-1989 – V-1989, Hanson & Gauld, OSUC550198 (deposited in
Comments
This species most closely resembles P. galerita, but the two can be easily distinguished from each other by comparing the mandibles: P. galeata has a slender mandible with a small median tooth, while P. galerita has much broader mandibles and a median tooth as large as the outer teeth.
Phanuromyia galerita , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 2.31–2.55 mm (n=5).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with irregular rugosity. Shape of mandible: broad. Median tooth of mandible: as large as adjacent teeth. Frons below median ocellus: without setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia galerita ♀ (OSUC550202), 43 Lateral habitus 44 Dorsal habitus 45 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 46 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 47 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 48 Mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: with strong, parallel longitudinal keels. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: dark brown to black, contrasting with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: straight; slightly convex. Number of visible terga past T2: 5. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia galerita can be recognized by the median tooth of the mandible, which is as large as the adjacent teeth.
Etymology
The name galerita is derived from the Latin word for wearing a hood because this species has a large head evoking the image of a hooded figure. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition. This name is to be used as a participle.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: ECUADOR: Sucumbíos Prov., 270m, 00°30'S, 76°30'W, Sacha Lodge, 13.VI–23.VI.1994, Malaise trap, P. Hibbs, OSUC149327 (deposited in
Comments
This species most closely resembles P. galeata, but the two can be easily distinguished from each other by comparing the mandibles: P. galeata has a slender mandible with a small median tooth, while P. galerita has much broader mandibles and a median tooth as large as the outer teeth.
Phanuromyia hjalmr , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.19–1.99 mm (n=6).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with irregular rugosity; with 3–6 transverse rugae medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia hjalmr ♀ (OSUC550078), 49 Lateral habitus 50 Dorsal habitus 51 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 52 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 53 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 54 T1–T2, dorsal view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: evenly costate across anterior 1/3 to 1/2, smooth in remaining apical portion. Posterior margin of T2: distinctly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 2 or 3. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia hjalmr can be recognized by the sculpture of T1, which is evenly costate across the anterior 1/3 to 1/2 and smooth in remaining apical portion, combined with the distinctly concave posterior margin of T2.
Etymology
The name hjalmr is derived from the Old Norse word for helmet because this species has a large head evoking the image of a knight wearing a helmet. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: BOLIVIA: La Paz Dept., Nor Yungas Prov., Coroico, cloud forest, B-03, El Bagante, 1500m, 18.IV.1997, screen sweeping, L. Masner, OSUC149417 (deposited in
Comments
This species most closely resembles P. tonsura, but the two species can be distinguished by their T1 sculpture: P. tonsura has the medial portion of T1 smooth from its anterior to posterior margin, while P. hjalmr is sculptured across the entire anterior third of T1.
Phanuromyia krossotos , sp. n.
Description
Male body length: 1.46 mm (n=1).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: without rugosity. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with setiferous punctures only medially.
Phanuromyia krossotos ♂ (OSUC550046), 55 Lateral habitus 56 Dorsal habitus 57 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 58 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 59 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 60 Metasoma, lateral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: evenly costate across anterior 1/3 to 1/2, smooth in remaining apical portion. Posterior margin of T2: only slightly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 5. Setation on T2: consisting of thick patches of lateral setae.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia krossotos can be recognized by the thick lateral patches of setae on T2.
Etymology
The name krossotos is derived from the Greek word for fringed because this species has a distinctive fringe of lateral setae on T2. This name is to be used as an adjective.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, male: ECUADOR: Sucumbíos Prov., Napo River, 290m, 00°05'S, 76°05'W, Sacha Lodge, 14.III–24.III.1994, Malaise trap, P. Hibbs, OSUC550046 (deposited in
Comments
This species most closely resembles P. dissidens. This species most closely resembles P. dissidens. Phanuromyia krossotos may be distinguished by the presence of patches of setae on laterally on T2.
Phanuromyia odo , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.51–2.78 mm (n=22).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with 3–6 transverse rugae medially; with irregular rugosity medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia odo ♀ (OSUC550248), 61 Lateral habitus 62 Dorsal habitus 63 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 64 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 65 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 66 T2–T6, dorsal view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: distinctly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 2 or 3. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia odo can be recognized by the distinctly concave posterior margin of T2 combined with the entirely costate sculpture of T1.
Etymology
The name odo is derived from the name of the Changeling in the popular television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine because this species has variable morphology. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: COSTA RICA: Heredia Prov., La Selva Biological Station, 1.V–8.V.1989, Malaise trap, B. V. Brown, OSUC149335 (deposited in
Comments
The specimens here referred to as Phanuromyia odo were originally split into two provisional species. This was based upon differences in the relative length of the wings, specifically, whether the wings reached beyond the apex of the metasoma. Figure
The specimens identified as Phanuromyia odo were originally split into two separate species, here labeled “small” and “large.” The trend line is calculated based on data for all specimens combined. The continuity in both variables and the overlap in specimens divided a priori into small and large categories led to the conclusion that there is insufficient evidence to separate these specimens into two species.
Phanuromyia pauper , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.31–1.62 mm (n=19).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with irregular rugosity medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia pauper ♀ (OSUC550066), 68 Lateral habitus 69 Dorsal habitus 70 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 71 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 72 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 73 T1–T2, lateral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: medially without costae or foveolae. T2 sculpture: laterally scrobiculate, smooth medially. Sculpture of T1: evenly costate across anterior 1/3 to 1/2, smooth in remaining apical portion. Posterior margin of T2: straight. Number of visible terga past T2: 4 or 5. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia pauper can be recognized by the T2 sculpture, which is scrobiculate laterally and smooth medially.
Etymology
The name pauper refers to the lack of longitudinal costae on the base of T2. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Comments
This species very closely resembles P. princeps, although the two species can be distinguished easily by the sculpture of T2: P. princeps has a complete scrobiculate angled “belt” while P. pauper only has lateral costae.
Phanuromyia princeps , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.38–1.48 mm (n=10).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with 3–6 transverse rugae medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia princeps ♀ (OSUC151126), 74 Dorsal habitus 75 Lateral habitus 76 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 77 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 78 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 79 T1–T3, dorsal view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: medially without costae or foveolae. T2 sculpture: with transverse series of small punctures in shape of incurved chevron. Sculpture of T1: evenly costate across anterior 1/3 to 1/2, smooth in remaining apical portion. Posterior margin of T2: straight; slightly convex. Number of visible terga past T2: 4 or 5. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia princeps can be recognized by the T2 sculpture, which consists of a transverse series of small punctures in the shape of an incurved chevron.
Etymology
The name princeps is derived from the prince character in the book The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain in reference to its similarity to P. pauper. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: BRAZIL: BA, Sapiranga Reserve, sweeping 13, 12°33'27.3"S 38°03'05"W, Mata de São João, 24.VII.2001, sweeping, M. T. Tavares et al., OSUC150922 (deposited in OSUC). Paratypes: (9 females) BRAZIL: 4 females, OSUC150923, 151077, 151098, 151126 (OSUC). ECUADOR: 1 female, OSUC550068 (
Comments
This species very closely resembles P. pauper, although the two species can be distinguished easily by the sculpture on T2: P. princeps has a complete scrobiculate angled “belt,” while P. pauper only has lateral costae.
Phanuromyia tonsura , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 1.32–1.77 mm (n=20).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with irregular rugosity medially. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia tonsura ♀ (OSUC149418), 80 Dorsal habitus 81 Lateral habitus 82 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 83 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 84 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 85 T1–T2, dorsal view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: uncertain, smooth. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: absent.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: flat, at most slightly swollen. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: costate at sides, smooth medially. Posterior margin of T2: distinctly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 2 or 3. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia tonsura can be recognized by the sculpture of T1, which is costate laterally and smooth medially.
Etymology
The name tonsura is derived from the Latin word for a shearing and refers to the tonsure hairstyle often worn by monks, because this species has a smooth “bald” area in the middle of T1. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Holotype, female: ECUADOR: Sucumbíos Prov., Napo River, 270m, 00°30'S, 76°30'W, Sacha Lodge, 10.X–21.X.1994, Malaise trap, P. Hibbs, OSUC550269 (deposited in
Comments
This species most closely resembles P. hjalmr, but the two species can be easily distinguished by their T1 sculpture: P. tonsura has the medial portion of T1 smooth from its anterior to posterior margin, while P. hjalmr is sculptured across the entire anterior third of T1.
Phanuromyia tubulifer , sp. n.
Description
Female body length: 2.24–2.26 mm (n=2).
Median keel on frons: absent. Sculpture of lower frons: with multiple transverse rugae. Shape of mandible: slender. Median tooth of mandible: diminished. Frons below median ocellus: with 2 rows of setiferous punctures.
Phanuromyia tubulifer ♀ (OSUC149410), 86 Dorsal habitus 87 Lateral habitus 88 Head, mesosoma, dorsal view 89 Head, mesosoma, lateral view 90 Head, mouthparts, anteroventral view 91 Mesosoma, T1, lateral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum: coriaceous to rugulose, at most with fine irregular longitudinal sculpture. Sculpture of anterior half of mesoscutellum: uncertain, rugose-punctate. Thin median foliaceous lamella on propodeum: present.
Color of coxae: bright yellow, concolorous with legs.
T1: with distinct, tubular horn reaching higher than metascutellum. Anterior margin of T2: with costae or foveolae throughout its width. T2 sculpture: with neither transverse series of small punctures nor scrobiculate lateral areas. Sculpture of T1: entirely costate. Posterior margin of T2: straight; only slightly concave. Number of visible terga past T2: 3 or 4. Setation on T2: limited to at most 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally.
Diagnosis
Phanuromyia tubulifer can be recognized by the distinct, tubular horn on T1 and the thin foliaceous lamella present medially on the propodeum.
Etymology
The name tubulifer refers to the presence of the diagnostic tubular horn on T1 in this species. This name is to be used as a noun in apposition.
Link to distribution map
Material examined
Comments
This species is distinct due to its tubular horn, although it is unknown whether the males express this character to any significant degree.
Key to species of the Phanuromyia galeata group
| 1 | Posterior half to 2/3 of mesoscutum with strong parallel, longitudinal keels (best viewed from behind at 45-degree angle) (Figs |
2 |
| – | Posterior half of mesoscutum at most with fine, irregular longitudinal sculpture, usually coriaceous to rugulose (Fig. |
3 |
| 2(1) | Median keel present on frons; lower frons with multiple transverse rugae; disc of mesoscutellum smooth; mandible slender with median tooth smaller than anterior or posterior tooth (Figs |
P. galeata sp. n. ♂♀ |
| – | No median keel on frons; lower frons irregularly rugose; mesoscutellum rugose punctate at least in anterior half; mandible broad with middle tooth as large as adjacent teeth (Figs |
P. galerita sp. n. ♀ |
| 3(1) | Frons below median ocellus with an irregular pattern of setiferous punctures (Figs |
4 |
| – | Frons below median ocellus with 2 parallel or subparallel rows of setiferous punctures (Fig. |
5 |
| 4(3) | Frons below median ocellus evenly covered with setiferous punctures; no lateral patch of setae on T2; body length 1.0 to 2.3 mm (Figs |
P. dissidens sp. n. ♀♂ |
| – | Frons below median ocellus with setiferous punctures only medially; lateral patch of 15–20 setae present on T2; body length 1.5 mm (Figs |
P. krossotos sp. n. ♂ |
| 5(4) | Female T1 with distinct tubular horn; propodeum with foliaceous lamella anterior to T1 horn (Figs |
P. tubulifer sp. n. ♀ |
| – | Female T1 at most moderately swollen (Fig. |
6 |
| 6(5) | T2 with a line of foveae that begins at the anterolateral margin of the sclerite and extends obliquely toward the midline (Fig. |
7 |
| – | Anterior margin of T2 longitudinally costate or with fovea that extend transversely toward the midline (Fig. |
8 |
| 7(6) | T2 with series of small punctures in the shape of an incurved chevron (Figs |
P. princeps sp. n. ♀ |
| – | T2 smooth medially, with scrobiculate lines laterally (Figs |
P. pauper sp. n. ♀ |
| 8(6) | Basal ⅔ of T1 with at least a large smooth area medially, sometimes entirely smooth (Fig. |
9 |
| – | Basal ⅔ of T1 longitudinally costate across entire width (Fig. |
10 |
| 9(8) | Posterior margin of T2 straight; 3 or 4 terga visible beyond apex of T2 (Figs |
P. cudo sp. n. ♀ |
| – | Posterior margin of T2 distinctly concave (Fig. |
P. tonsura sp. n. ♀ |
| 10(8) | T2, including laterotergite, with widespread sparse pilosity (Figs |
P. comata sp. n. ♀ |
| – | T2 at most with 1 row of setae posteriorly and sparse setation laterally, elsewhere glabrous (Fig. |
11 |
| 11(10) | Posterior margin of T2 distinctly concave (Figs |
12 |
| – | Posterior margin of T2 straight or only slightly concave (Fig. |
13 |
| 12(11) | T1 costate throughout its length (Fig. |
P. odo sp. n. ♂♀ |
| – | T1 evenly costate across anterior 1/3 to 1/2, smooth posteriorly (Fig. |
P. hjalmr sp. n. ♀ |
| 13(12) | Metasoma with 2 or 3 terga visible beyond apex of T2; frons below median ocellus with two parallel rows of setiferous punctures (Figs |
P. cranos sp. n. ♀ |
| – | Metasoma with 4 or 5 terga visible beyond apex of T2 (Fig. |
14 |
| 14(13) | Two rows of setiferous punctures below median ocellus converging ventrally; T1 flat at margin with T2; large species, body length 2.8 to 3.0 mm (Figs |
P. corys sp. n. ♀ |
| – | Two rows of setiferous punctures below median ocellus converging medially and then diverging ventrally; T1 slightly swollen at margin with T2; body length 1.4 to 1.6 mm (Figs |
P. constellata sp. n. ♀ |
Acknowledgements
We thank Luciana Musetti and Sara Hemly for critical logistical support, and Huayan Chen for training on vSysLab and extended-focus imaging.
References
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Appendix 1
URI Table matching terms and concepts used in this revision with the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology database.
Supplementary material
Occurrences
Data type: DarwinCore Archive
Explanation note: Label data for specimens used in study.