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Timeline
Data type: Text report.
Explanation note: Timeline of the discovery for science of the Principe Scops-Owl Otus bikegila sp. nov.
Alignment
Data type: Docx file.
Explanation note: Concatenated sequences of the phylogenetic dataset.
Figure S1. Topography Owls
Data type: Image (pdf file).
Explanation note: Figure S1. Topography of owls, with the terms used for the description and diagnosis of the Principe Scops-Owl Otus bikegila sp. nov. Illustration by MNC.
Figure S2. Song oscillograms and spectrograms
Data type: Image (pdf file).
Explanation note: Figure S2. Oscillograms and spectrograms of 10s sections of the call of O. bikegila sp. nov.: (A) primary call of an individual, recorded on January 20, 2019, XC619448; (B) two different individuals duetting, recorded on July 28, 2018, XC619439; (C) cat-like “kee-a-u” call of one individual, recorded on January 15, 2019, XC619443; (D) two different individuals duetting, in which one emits a cat-like “kee-a-u” call, recorded on January 20, 2019, XC619448. Codes from Xeno-canto.org database.
Figure S3. Bikegila
Data type: Image (pdf file).
Explanation note: Figure S3. Photograph taken at Boca do Inferno, Príncipe Island, January 27, 2019, showing the Principe Scops-Owl Otus bikegila sp. nov., the two first authors of the paper (BF on the left and MM on the right), and Ceciliano do Bom Jesus, known as ‘Bikegila’ (centre), who started the 20-year saga that led to this discovery, and in honour of whom the new species was named (see ‘Etymology’).
Table S1. Description
Data type: Morphological.
Explanation note: Table S1. Plumage colour and pattern description of O. bikegila sp. nov., O. hartlaubi, O. scops scops, O. senegalensis senegalensis, O. senegalensis feae and O. pembaensis. Colour definition follow the colour standards of
Table S2. Details of song recordings
Data type: Database: song recordings
Explanation note: Table S2. Details of the recordings used for bioacoustic analyses. Recording codes - XC: Xeno-canto; IBC: The Internet Bird Collection (now under the Macaulay Library); AV: Avian Vocalizations Center (AVoCet). STP: São Tomé and Príncipe.
Table S3. Song measurements
Data type: Statistics: Bioaucoustics.
Explanation note: Table S3. Measures taken for the songs in each recording used for bioacoustic analyses. Bioacoustic parameters - F1: frequency at start; F2: frequency at end; F3: frequency at 25% of total duration; F4: frequency at midpoint; F5: frequency at 75% of total duration; F6: frequency at maximum amplitude; F7: maximum frequency; F8: minimum frequency; DT1: total duration; DT2: time to maximum amplitude; DT3: time to maximum frequency; DT4: internote interval; DF1: frequency drop from start to end; DF2: frequency range; DFT1: slope from 25% to 75% of total duration; DFT2: slope from midpoint to end.
Localities
Data type: excel file.
Explanation note: Coordinates of tissue sampling localities for Otus bikegila sp. nov. and O. hartlaubi.
Table S4. Genomic regions, primers and amplification conditions
Data type: Database: Genomic regions and primers.
Explanation note: Table S4. Gene name, primer name, sequence, source, and amplification conditions used in the present study. PCR conditions start with temperature (in °C) of each step followed by the time in seconds. * primers used to amplify internal fragments (used for the amplification of DNA from toe-pad extractions). # custom-made primers used to amplify CYTB and ND2 fragments from Otus cyprius, O. i. icterorhynchus, O. silvicola, O. spilocephalus vandewateri, O. s. vulpes, O. s. luciae, and O. s. hambroecki.
Table S5. PCA factor loadings of morphological variables
Data type: Statistics: Morphological.
Explanation note: Table S5. Factor loadings of morphological variables on the first two principal components for seven Otus taxa (O. bikegila sp. nov., O. hartlaubi, O. senegalensis senegalensis, O. senegalensis feae, O. pembaensis, O. scops, O. brucei). Eigenvalues and percentage of variance explained by the respective components are given at the bottom of the table. Morphological measurements – Bilen: bill length from bill tip to where culmen enters feathers; Binares: bill length from the anterior end of the nares to the tip; Biwid: bill width; Tarlen: tarsus length; Wilen: wing length; Tailen: tail length.
Table S6. Morphological differentiation
Data type: Statistics: Morphology.
Explanation note: Table S6. Results of Welch’s ANOVA and Games-Howell post-hoc comparisons performed with the morphometric variables of six Otus taxa (O. bikegila sp. nov., O. hartlaubi, O. senegalensis senegalensis, O. senegalensis feae, O. pembaensis, O. scops). Superscript values indicate significance levels (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.005; **** P < 0.001) and NA (Not Available, significance level not possible to obtain due to low sample size). Some individuals had missing data, not allowing for the test performance (indicated by -). Morphological measurements – Bilen: bill length from bill tip to where culmen enters feathers; Biwid: bill width; Bidepth: bill depth at the anterior end of nares; Binares: bill length from the anterior end of the nares to the tip; Hebi: head+bill, from the tip of the bill to the opposite point on the back of the skull; Midt: middle toe length; Tarlen: tarsus length; Wilen: wing length; Tailen: tail length; Bolen: body length; SP: shortfall in relation to tip of longest primary (P1 is the closest to the body), SP10: shortfall of P10; SP9: shortfall of P9; SP5: shortfall of P5; SP4: shortfall of P4.
Table S7. PCA factor loadings of bioacoustic variables
Data type: Statistics: Bioaucoustics.
Explanation note: Table S7. Factor loadings of bioacoustic variables on the four principal components in 10 Otus taxa (O. bikegila sp. nov., O. hartlaubi, O. senegalensis senegalensis, O. senegalensis feae, O. pembaensis, O. pamelae, O. scops, O. cyprius, O. brucei, O. ireneae). Eigenvalues and percentage of variance explained by the respective components are given at the bottom of the table. Bioacoustic parameters - F1: frequency at start; F2: frequency at end; F3: frequency at 25% of total duration; F4: frequency at midpoint; F5: frequency at 75% of total duration; F6: frequency at maximum amplitude; F7: maximum frequency; F8: minimum frequency; DT1: total duration; DT2: time to maximum amplitude; DT3: time to maximum frequency; DT4: internote interval; DF1: frequency drop from start to end; DF2: frequency range; DFT1: slope from 25% to 75% of total duration; DFT2: slope from midpoint to end.
Table S8. Bioacoustics differentiation
Data type: Statistics: Bioacoustics.
Explanation note: Table S8. Results of Welch’s ANOVA and Games-Howell post-hoc comparisons performed with the bioacoustic variables of 10 Otus taxa (O. bikegila sp. nov., O. hartlaubi, O. senegalensis senegalensis, O. senegalensis feae, O. pembaensis, O. pamelae, O. scops, O. cyprius, O. brucei, O. ireneae). Superscript values indicate significance levels that are indicated with asterisks (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.005; **** P < 0.001) and NA (Not Available, significance level not possible to obtain due to low sample size). Bioacoustic parameters - F1: frequency at start; F2: frequency at end; F3: frequency at 25% of total duration; F4: frequency at midpoint; F5: frequency at 75% of total duration; F6: frequency at maximum amplitude; F7: maximum frequency; F8: minimum frequency; DT1: total duration; DT2: time to maximum amplitude; DT3: time to maximum frequency; DT4: internote interval; DF1: frequency drop from start to end; DF2: frequency range; DFT1: slope from 25% to 75% of total duration; DFT2: slope from midpoint to end.
Table S9. Phylogeny: sequence partition and evolution models
Data type: Analysis: Partitioning scheme and selected models of evolution.
Explanation note: Table S9. Best-fitting partitioning scheme, and respective best model of sequence evolution, inferred with PartitionFinder2 for the dataset used to infer the phylogenetic affinities within the genus Otus (Suppl. material
Table S10. Divergence times: sequence evolution models
Data type: Analysis: Selected models of evolution for divergence times.
Explanation note: Table S10. Best models of sequence evolution, inferred with MEGA X, for the markers used in divergence time analyses of the genus Otus.