The single most parsimonious tree retrieved in the cladistic analysis representing Sadocus relationships (182 steps, L = 182; C.I. = 45; R.I. = 53). Number at the nodes are Goodman-Bremer support. Black circles indicate unique transformations, while white circles indicate homoplastic transformations, the arrow indicates the position of the genus Sadocus. The character number is above each circle, and the character state is below. The characters are optimized in ACCTRAN. The character and character states are given in Table 1, and the data matrix is in Table 2.

Geographical records of distribution of Sadocus species.

Sadocus asperatus (Gervais). Male (CAS 9055035) A Habitus, dorsal view B–E right leg IV, Trochanter–tibia IV B dorsal view C prolateral view D ventral view E retro-lateral view. Scale: 1 mm.

Sadocus dilatatus Roewer. Male holotype (SMF 886) A habitus, dorsal view B–E male left trochanter–tibia IV B dorsal view C prolateral view D ventral view E retro-lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Sadocus funestus Butler. Male (CAS 9026265) A habitus, dorsal view B–E male right trochanter–tibia IV B dorsal view C prolateral view D ventral view E retro-lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Sadocus ingens (Mello-Leitão). Male (MZSP 36965) A habitus, dorsal view B–E male right trochanter–tibia IV B dorsal view C prolateral view D ventral view E retro-lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Sadocus polyacanthus (Gervais). Male (CAS 9055047) A habitus, dorsal view B–E male right trochanter–tibia IV B dorsal view C prolateral view D ventral view E retro-lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Female specimens of Sadocus A, B S. asperatus (CAS–9055035) A dorsal view B lateral view C, D S. dilatatus (MZSP–8022) C dorsal view D lateral view E, F S. funestus (AMNH) E dorsal view F lateral view G, H S. ingens (MZSP–36965) G dorsal view H lateral view I, J S. polyacanthus (AMNH) I dorsal view J lateral view K Drawing of species inquirenda Carampangue nigronotatum extracted from Mello-Leitão 1943.

Photographs of living specimens of Sadocus A S. asperatus (ma) B S. asperatus (fe) C S. asperatus (ma) D S. dilatatus (ma) E S. asperatus (fe) F S. funestus (ma). A, B taken by R. Pinto-da-Rocha, C–F taken by Pedro H. Martins.

Photographs of living specimens of Sadocus A S. ingens (ma) B S. ingens (fe) C S. polyacanthus (ma) D S. polyacanthus (fe) E S. polyacanthus (ma) F S. polyacanthus (fe). B, E taken by R. Pinto-da-Rocha; A, C, D, F taken by Pedro H. Martins.

Distal part of penis Sadocus and Discocyrtus, dorsal and ventral views, respectively A, B S. asperatus, macrosetae colorized and numbered C, D S. ingens E, F S. polyacanthus G, H S. dilatatus I, J S. funestus K, L D. catharinensis. Scale bar of drawings: 0.1mm.

Distal part of ovipositor of Sadocus A–C S. asperatus A upper view B villi C setae D–F S. funestus D upper view E lateral view F seta G–I S. ingens G upper view H, I setae J–L S. polyacanthus J upper view K lateral view L setae.