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Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the combined analysis from six genes (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, H3, CytB) aligned with MAFFT and then concatenated. Numbers next to nodes are ML bootstrap percentages from RAxML, Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probability, and maximum parsimony (MP) jackknife support values, separated by slashes. Key: * indicates 95% bootstrap/jackknife or greater and 0.95 posterior probability or greater. – indicates the node was not found. Branchiae drawings at terminals indicate presence of arborescent or plicate branchiae; ~ indicates that on segments with two groups of branchiae, the position in T. branchiata is split into anterior and posterior groups, as opposed to upper and lower groups in remaining taxa. The seven paraphyletic groups of Branchinotogluma are highlighted in a yellow-orange gradient.
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409272/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Haplotype networks from P. orphanae sp. nov. COI data, with small grey circles representing missing haplotypes A seventeen individuals with elytral color coding B twenty-four individuals with geographic locality coding, with twenty-three from the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, Mexico and one from Monterey Canyon, California.
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Haplotype networks from COI data with geographic locality coding; each colored circle represents a single individual A Peinaleopolynoe santacatalina network includes four individuals, three from the Rosebud Whalefall off San Diego, California and one from the Del Mar Seeps, California B Peinaleopolynoe mineoi sp. nov. network includes four individuals, three from Mound 12, Costa Rica and one from Mound 11, Costa Rica C Peinaleopolynoe elvisi sp. nov. includes five individuals, two from Jaco Scar, Costa Rica, two from Seamount 1, Costa Rica, and one from the Patrick Whalefall in Monterey Canyon, California. The small black circle represents a missing haplotype.
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409274/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Maximum likelihood tree topology from concatenated data (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, H3, CytB) for Peinaleopolynoe and its sister clade (B. bipapillata and B. sp. nov. 1), with the transformation for A ventral segmental papillae and/or lamellae and B elytral pairs. ‘Pie charts’ at the nodes represent probabilities for the relevant states.
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Peinaleopolynoe santacatalina specimens A
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In situ photos of the new Peinaleopolynoe spp. A–E Peinaleopolynoe orphanae sp. nov. observed in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, Mexico: C, E Peinaleopolynoe orphanae sp. nov. fighting behavior observed; the everted pharynx is used to bite off pieces of the opponent’s elytra F Peinaleopolynoe elvisi sp. nov. holotype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409277/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Live dorsal views of the new Peinaleopolynoe spp. A Peinaleopolynoe orphanae sp. nov. holotype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409278/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Macro photos and micrographs of P. orphanae sp. nov. holotype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409279/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Micrographs of P. orphanae sp. nov. holotype
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Micrographs of Peinaleopolynoe spp. jaws A Peinaleopolynoe orphanae sp. nov. paratype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409281/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Live dorsal views of P. orphanae sp. nov. Arrows indicate elytral bite marks from the fighting behavior A paratype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409282/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Macro photos and micrographs of P. elvisi sp. nov. holotype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409283/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Micrographs of P. elvisi sp. nov. holotype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409284/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Macro photos and micrographs of P. goffrediae sp. nov. holotype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409285/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Micrographs of P. goffrediae sp. nov. holotype
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Micrographs of P. mineoi sp. nov. holotype
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![](https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409287/singlefigmini/file.jpg)
Micrographs of P. mineoi sp. nov. holotype