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Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between Onchidium individuals based on mitochondrial COI and 16S DNA sequences. Numbers by the nodes are the bootstrap values (Maximum Likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis); only significant numbers (> 65% and > 0.9) are indicated. All other sequences serve as outgroups. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and Table
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Consensus tree showing relationships between Onchidium individuals based on concatenated nuclear ITS2 and 28S sequences. Numbers by the nodes are the bootstrap values (Maximum Parsimony analysis); only significant numbers (> 50%) are indicated. All other sequences serve as outgroups. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and Table
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Diagram to help visualize pairwise genetic distances between COI sequences within and between Onchidium species (Table
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Geographic distribution of the four known Onchidium species. Dots correspond to known records. The colors used for each Onchidium species are the same as those used in Figs
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Habitats, Onchidium melakense A type locality, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Sepatang, old forest with tall Rhizophora trees, high in the tidal zone (ferns), in educational mangrove preserve (st 258) B Sumatra, Pulau Sinaboi, mangrove forest with medium Rhizophora and Avicennia trees, dead logs, hard mud (st 73) C old log with crevices which O. melakense typically favors (st 73) D mangrove pit viper (arrow) resting by a log (st 73).
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Live animals, Onchidium melakense A dorsal view, holotype, 45 mm long [5979], Peninsular Malaysia (
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External morphology and digestive system, Onchidium melakense, Peninsular Malaysia A–C holotype [5979] (
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Radula, Onchidium melakense, Peninsular Malaysia, holotype [5979] (
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Radula, Onchidium melakense, Sumatra (UMIZ 00001) A left, half rows, [1720] B rachidian and innermost lateral teeth, [1720] C lateral teeth, [1723] D outermost, lateral teeth, [1723]. Abbreviations: 1llt first left lateral tooth, 1rlt first right lateral tooth, 2llt second left lateral tooth, 2rlt second right lateral tooth, hlt hook of lateral tooth, lc lateral cusp of rachidian tooth, mc median cusp of rachidian tooth, rt rachidian tooth. Scale bars: 200 μm (A), 10 μm (B), 60 μm (C), 20 μm (D).
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Reproductive system, Onchidium melakense A, B Peninsular Malaysia, holotype [5979] (
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Male, anterior, copulatory parts, Onchidium melakense A, C Sumatra, [1723] (UMIZ 00001) B, E, F Peninsular Malaysia, holotype [5979] (
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Name-bearing types of Onchidium multinotatum and Onchidium pallidipes A digestive system, type III with a transitional loop at 2 o’clock (based on marks left by the intestine in the digestive gland), dorsal view, holotype, O. multinotatum (ZMB/Moll 240117) B digestive system, type III with a transitional loop at 2 o’clock, dorsal view, lectotype, O. pallidipes (NMNH 127328) C anterior, male, copulatory parts, lectotype, O. pallidipes (NMNH 127328). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal lobe of digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior lobe of the digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rg rectal gland, rm penial retractor muscle, st stomach, v vestibule. Scale bars: 3 mm (A, B), 2 mm (C).
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Types of intestinal loops in the genus Onchidium. Small black arrows indicate the direction of the intestinal transport, which starts in the blue loop. A blue loop turns clockwise. A yellow loop turns counterclockwise. A green loop is transitional in between a blue loop and a yellow loop. The orientation of the transitional (green) loop is indicated with a red arrow. Details on individuals of O. reevesii, O. typhae, O. stuxbergi can be found in