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Swiftia kofoidi, SBMNH 422965 (delicate orange “morph”). A Colony 7.5 cm at tallest point, 7.5 cm broad at widest point B Closer view of several branch tips showing distinctive placement of the calyces, creating zig-zag profile of each branch. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 1 cm (B).
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Swiftia kofoidi, SBMNH 422965, SEM image. A Potential anthocodial sclerites B Very elongated spindles, prevalent in species in CA and Mexican waters C Irregular spindles D Truncated, disk-spindle/capstan forms E Unusual quadri-radiate F Jagged torch-like form G Shorter, jagged spindles
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Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica] (thicker dark red “morph”), SBMNH 232036. A Colony measures 6.0 cm tall, 5.5 cm broad at widest point, demonstrating zig-zag appearance of branches due to calycular placement B Branch close-up, showing placement of prominent conical calyces on branches; calyces measure ~1.0 mm tall.
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Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica], SBMNH 232036, SEM image. A Truncated, jagged disk-spindle/capstan-like forms B Elongated spindles C Might be a typical “fingerbiscuit-rod” form typical of the genus; seen very rarely, if at all in this species D An irregular spindle.
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Swiftia pacifica, specimen 41-39-1 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska); looking in same form of that seen in Figure
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Swiftia pacifica, specimen 41-100A-2 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska, via Bob Stone), SEM image. A Long spindles B Jagged disk-spindle/capstan-like sclerites C Thick, elongated rod-like spindles D Anthocodial “fingerbiscuit-rod” forms characteristic of the genus E Irregular spindles F Odd irregular spindles.
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In situ shot, identified as Swiftia simplex. This is what one would expect to see of live colony. Notice strong similarity to that seen in Figure
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Swiftia simplex, SBMNH 422979. A Entire colony, ~21 cm long, diameter ≤3 cm, including calyx B Branch close-up showing calyx placement on branch. Scale bar: 3 cm (A).
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Swiftia simplex, specimen #81-99B-1 (Alaska Fisheries Service), light microscopy arrays. A 4× magnification, showing long, slender spindles and anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods B 10× magnification of sclerites, emphasizing fingerbiscuit-rods of anthocodium. These rods measure between 340–350 µm, while long, thin spindles measure between 430–500 µm. Specimen provided by Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service.
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Swiftia simplex, specimen #81-99B-1, SEM image. A Elongated spindles B Moderate-length spindles C Shorter spindles D Thick, elongated rod-like spindles E Less jagged double-disk/capstan-like forms F Tiny, odd spindle G Irregular spindles H Anthocodial “fingerbiscuit-rod” forms typical of genus. Alaska Fisheries Service.
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Swiftia spauldingi, CB#34806-455. Full colony height approximately 12 cm. Image taken by Carla Stehr, courtesy of Ewann Berntson, National Fisheries Science Center, Port Orchard, WA.
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Swiftia spauldingi, CB#34806-455, light microscopy arrays. A 4× magnification B10× magnification; anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods very obvious, measuring from 128–171 µm. The dense “ovals” measure between 100–115 µm; smallest sclerites are ~86 µm.
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Swiftia spauldingi, CB#34806-455, SEM image. A An array of coenenchymal sclerites (spindles) B An array of, primarily, “fingerbiscuit-rods,” the characteristic sclerites for the genus. Images prepared by Carla Stehr, courtesy of Ewann Berntson, National Fisheries Science Center, Port Orchard, WA.
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Geographic range of specimens utilized in this study; numbers shown reference Figures
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Colonies collected/examined from the southern end of the geographic continuum, identified as Swiftia kofoidi. A SBMNH 422965; scale bar 1 cm B SBMNH 422957; 7 cm H × 10.5 cm W C SBMNH 422959; 10 cm H × 10 cm W D SBMNH 232036, looking more like S. pacifica; 6.5 cm H × 5 cm W E SBMNH 422963; 7 cm H × 7.5 cm W.
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Common sclerite forms seen in colonies collected from the southern end of the geographic continuum, using standard light microscopy. A Sclerites taken from SBMNH 422965 B Sclerites from SBMNH 232036.
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Common sclerite forms seen in colonies collected from the southern end of the geographic continuum, using SEM. A, B Sclerites from SBMNH 422965 C Sclerites from SBMNH 232036.
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Colonies collected/examined from the central portion of the geographic continuum, ranging from roughly Monterey County, CA to southern Washington State. A LACoMNH (NOAA #CB 34019) B NOAA FRAM #100220840; scale bar 1 cm C MLML #C0072; size not determined D NOAA FRAM #100112080 (CB 34406-040); 11.5 cm H × 6.4 cm W E NOAA #CB 50003-008; 16.5 cm H × 12.6 cm W F LACoMNH (NOAA #CB 34010); 15 cm H × 19 cm W.
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Variation in common sclerite forms seen in colonies from the central portion of the continuum, in SEM. A Coenenchymal sclerites from NOAA FRAM #100112080 (CB 34406-040) B Polyp and tentacular sclerites from the same specimen. SEM images taken by Carla Stehr (NOAA), provided by Ewann Berntson (NOAA).
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Common sclerite forms seen in colonies collected from the central portion of the geographic continuum, using standard light microscopy. A, B NOAA FRAM #100112070 C NOAA FRAM #100220840 D NOAA #CB 50001-004 E OCNMS #EPI 202 F OCNMS #EPI/SUC 216.
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Colonies collected/examined from the northern end of the geographic continuum, confirmed identification as Swiftia pacifica. A OCNMS #OC06_0531, EPI 127 B NOAA 41-39-1 (AB17-0010). Image of specimen shown in A provided by Mary Brancato (OCNMS); specimen shown in B provided by Robert Stone (NOAA).
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Common sclerite forms seen in colonies of S. pacifica collected from the northern portion of the geographic continuum, using standard light microscopy. A NOAA #41-39-1 (AB17-0010) B NOAA #CB 50003-021 C, D NOAA #CB 50003-032.
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Sclerites from a specimen collected in the northern portion of the geographic continuum, in SEM. A, B From NOAA #41-100A-2 (AB17-0009).
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Colonies collected/examined from throughout the geographic continuum (shown A–D from south to north), identified as Swiftia simplex. A SBMNH 422979 B NOAA #CB 34013 C NOAA #CB 34212-039 D NOAA CRW_3636 8; 35 cm H × 17–20 cm W. Image C Courtesy of Ewann Berntson (NOAA, WA); image D Courtesy of Robert Stone (NOAA, AK).
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Sclerite arrays of S. simplex seen using light microscopy. A SBMNH 422979 B NOAA 81-99B-1 (AB12-0127).
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Sclerites of S. simplex in SEM. A NOAA #CB 34011; A1-sclerites from coenenchyme, A2-sclerites from polyp tentacles B NOAA #CB 34212-039, primarily coenenchymal sclerites C Also from #CB 34212-039, primarily sclerites from the polyp. All SEM images in this figure prepared by Carla Stehr (NOAA), provided by Ewann Berntson (NOAA).
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Further sclerite arrays in SEM, for a specimen from the far northern end of the continuum. A, B From NOAA #81-99B-1 (AB12-0127).
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Thesea, spp., SBMNH 422414. A Colony 23 cm from base attachment point on rock to tip (attachment was very tenuous; rock now separated from colony) B Closer view of branches, branch tip and pattern of calyces on branch surface.
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Thesea spp., SBMNH 422414. A Light microscopy sclerite array, 4× magnification, showing different sclerite forms seen in specimens of Thesea; large, dense sclerites characteristic for members of the genus B 10× magnification, illustrating not only dense sclerite form, but also common spindle form. Very densely warted sclerites range from 317–450 µm, slightly shorter, dense spindles ~220 µm, and those sclerites that are thinner, less warted measure 190–200 µm in length.
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Thesea spp., SBMNH 265941, light microscopy array. A 4× magnification, showing dense sclerites as typical “football (arrow),” a key characteristic of the genus B Same specimen, SBMNH 265941, 10× magnification C One additional array, 10× magnification; shows distinctly dense warting of “typical” sclerite. Sclerites in C extracted from specimen T0-61, provided by research/survey staff, Los Angeles County Sanitation District.
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Thesea spp., SBMNH 422352, SEM image. A Possible, small developing inner coenenchymal sclerites B, E Characteristic, large, spheroidal sclerites of outer coenenchyme C Tentacular sclerites D Inner coenenchymal sclerites
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Thesea spp., SBMNH 422344, SEM image. A Possible tentacular sclerites B Inner coenenchymal sclerites C Large spheroidal sclerites of outer coenenchyme, characteristic of genus.
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Callogorgia kinoshitai, SBMNH 422990. A Colony; height (base missing) ~30 cm B SBMNH 422982, branch close-up, illustrating arrangement of polyps in whorls, each polyp curving strongly upward and inward toward branch.
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Callogorgia kinoshitai, SBMNH 422982. A Light microscopy array, 4× magnification, showing variety of large scales (body wall, coenenchymal, opercular, etc.) as well as very small coenenchymal rod-like sclerites B Array of representative scales, 10× magnification, SBMNH 422982; a abaxial body wall scale, indicated by arrow b possible inner lateral or abaxial from polyp base c outer lateral scale d opercular scale. Opercular scales average 239 µm in length, body wall scales range in breadth from 117–217 µm and very small spindles ~28 µm in length.
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Callogorgia kinoshitai, SBMNH 422982, SEM image. A Small, developing coenenchymal rods B Very flattened, “odd” coenenchymal rods C Coenenchymal rods D Opercular scales E Highly ridged abaxials (polyp tip). Sclerite forms shown here correspond to figures shown in Cairn and Bayer 2002 for species in the genus.
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Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~15 cm × 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up.
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Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. Light microscopy arrays, scleritic scales. A An assortment a possible marginal scale b abaxial body wall scale c opercular scale B 10×-magnified image; marginal scale C 10×-magnified image; opercular scale.
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Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure
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Plumarella longispina, SBMNH 422394. A Colony, 14 cm tall × 15 cm wide B Branch tips. Scale bar: 2 cm (A).
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Plumarella longispina, SBMNH 422394, SEM image. A, B Body wall scales C Flatter coenenchymal scales D Marginal scales E Marginal spinous sclerites F–H Opercular scales (worn). Compare/contrast these images with those shown in
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Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980. A Branch fragment; coenenchyme thin, translucent yellow, easily coming off underlying axis; the fragment measures ~15 cm long B Close up of polyps and very thin coenenchyme on branch fragment.
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Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, light microscopy arrays. A 4× magnification, showing sclerites, most notably very long needle form B Array of shorter needles, 10× magnification C Image specifically highlights very long needles characteristic of species in genus Keratoisis. Long needle-like sclerites range from 620–775 µm in length, while very small spindles average ~80 µm.
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Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, SEM image. A, C–E Moderate-length spindles B Very long, fusiform spindles (needles) characteristic of genus.
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Distribution of species in genus Swiftia seen in, or immediately adjacent to, the California Bight. Range extensions are not definitive, but illustrative of the geographic distribution of specimens housed in SBMNH collection.