Glomeris marginata (Villers, 1789) colour morphs. A main coloration form, center immature specimens showing the perplexa colour pattern; Germany, Landskrone B strongly lightened adult perplexa pattern, France, Pays de la Loire C red mutant, Germany, Bonn D strongly red-banded form, from France, Montauroux E more weakly red-brown banded from, France, same population as D. A, D, E photographed by Jan Philip Oeyen B by ZFMK C by Dennis Rödder.

A G. marginata, brown and black form occurring in sympatry, Germany, Rügen, 2016. B–G Similar coloured species of Glomeris analyzed in this study B G. marginata, with a single specimen of G. intermedia in the upper left part, Germany, Landskrone, 2015 C G. intermedia Latzel, 1884, with sympatric G. marginata, Germany, Landskrone, 2015 D G. annulata Brandt, 1833, France, Gard, Courry, 2015 E G. cf. lugubris Attems, 1952, Spain, Cádiz/ Sierra de Grazalema, 2008, preserved specimenF G. cf. maerens Attems, 1927, Spain, Aragón/Teruel, 2010, preserved specimen G G. maerens, Spain, Tarragona/Montsià, 2017; B–D photographed by Jan Philip Oeyen.

Distribution map of all successfully sequenced samples of G. marginata (blue dots). Base map: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission elevation data of the Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (SRTM-3), accessed with GLOBALMAPPER v17.

Modified biogeographic regions of Germany, based on Naturräumliche Großregionen of Germany, Meynen and Schmithüsen (1953–1962) and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deutschland_Naturraeumliche_Grossregionen.png

Modified biogeographic regions of France, based on http://inpn.mnhn.fr/programme/rapportage-directives-nature/presentation.

Distribution of nucleotide differences in % between specimen pairs of Glomeris marginata and to outgroup specimens.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Glomeris species by the maximum likelihood method. Midpoint rooted. Bootstrap values in % at nodes. All collapsed nodes have a bootstrap value of 100%. Scale bar: 10 % genetic ML distance.

Mapped genetic p-distance to geographical distance of all analysed specimen-pairs (4,656) of Glomeris marginata. Solid line: linear trend line with linear function and coefficient of determination R². Circles: see text below and Table 5.

Maximum likelihood tree based on the mtDNA COI gene of 97 Glomeris marginata. Midpoint rooted. Roman numerals: Haplotype lineages I–V. Colour morphs of G. marginata: Common black = none; G = grey; R = red border; P = perplexa-markings. Scale bar = 1 % genetic ML distance.

TCS-Network of haplotypes of Glomeris marginata with distribution region. Numbers behind region = consecutive haplotype number of DNASP-output. Haplotype accumulations: Red oval = Haplotype lineage I; Yellow oval = Haplotype lineage II; Blue oval = Haplotype lineage III; Green circle = Haplotype lineage IV; Black oval = Haplotype lineage V. Dashes on node connecting lines are representing single nucleotide mutations.

Individual based rarefaction curve calculated with ESTIMATES and with 10,000 replicates (simulated collections) of the COI sequences of Glomeris marginata. Vertical lines indicating 95% lower and upper boundary.

Extrapolation of rarefaction curves with ESTIMATES of the COI sequences of Glomeris marginata. Blue line = estimation with premise of mean number (404 haplotypes); Horizontal yellow line = 95% satisfaction of mean number (384 haplotypes); Green and red line = curve at the 95% upper and lower boundary.