Eurhinoceros sondaicus. Holocene (11500 BCE to present) distribution map based on reports and suitable habitats across space and time. Map based on Groves (1967: 224, fig. 1) and Rookmaaker (1980: 261, fig. 2); sea levels after Kim et al. (2023). Free vector and raster map data CC0 1.0.

Rhinoceros unicornis. Holocene (11500 BCE to present) distribution map based on reports and suitable habitats across space and time. Yellow dots represent the current locations of R. unicornis. Map based on Rookmaaker (2000: 71, fig. 5). Free vector and raster map data CC0 1.0.

Palaeogeography, climate, and dispersals from the Early Miocene to the Late Pliocene. Adapted with permission from Morley (2018: 218).

Lower incisors of A Eurhinoceros sondaicus and B Rhinoceros unicornis. The images highlight a distinct difference in the angles and orientation of the incisors as they emerge from the mandible, reflecting specific characteristics. A Specimen no. 294 from the Museum of Natural History 'Giacomo Doria' of Genoa. Collected by G. B. Ferrari in 1873. Origin: Banten Province, Java. Photograph by Giuliano Doria B female specimen NHMUK ZD 1883•10•23•3 from the collections of the British Museum of Natural History, London. Collected by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales in 1883. Origin: Terai of Nepal. Photograph by Phaedra Kokkini.

A Upper teeth of the left maxilla in occlusal view of Eurhinoceros sondaicus, specimen no. 294, from the Museum of Natural History 'Giacomo Doria' of Genoa. Collected by G. B. Ferrari in 1873. Origin: Banten Province, Java. Photograph by Giuliano Doria B upper teeth of the left maxilla in occlusal view of Rhinoceros unicornis, specimen NHMUK ZD 1951•11•30•2, from the British Museum of Natural History, London. Collected by H. R. H. The Prince of Wales in 1883. Origin: Terai of Nepal. Photograph by Luca Pandolfi. Refer to Table 1 for numbered annotations.

A Upper teeth of the left maxilla in lingual view of Eurhinoceros sondaicus, specimen no. 294, from the Museum of Natural History 'Giacomo Doria' of Genoa. Collected by G. B. Ferrari in 1873. Origin: Banten Province, Java. Photograph by Giuliano Doria B upper teeth of the left maxilla in lingual view of Rhinoceros unicornis, specimen NHMUK ZD 1951•11•30•2, from the British Museum of Natural History Collections, London. Collected by H. R. H. The Prince of Wales in 1883. Origin: Terai of Nepal. Photograph by Phaedra Kokkini. Refer to Table 1 for numbered annotations.

A Left side view of the skull of Eurhinoceros sondaicus (juv.), specimen NHM-DMA-26801/1, collected in Java, 1838. Credit: Natural History Museum, Oslo. Adapted from Matschiner (2021: 4842), with permission from Elsevier Eds. Photograph by Lars Erik Johannessen B left side view of the skull of Rhinoceros unicornis (juv.), Smithsonian NMAH. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. The image has been modified by isolating the skull and inverting its position horizontally. Photograph by David J. Stang C partial ventral view of the cranium of Eurhinoceros sondaicus D partial ventral view of the cranium of Rhinoceros unicornis. Adapted from Flower (1876: 446, 447). Main cranial differences outlined following Colbert (1942). Refer to Table 2 for numbered annotations.

Polygonal surface model of A Eurhinoceros sondaicus skull (in yellow) and B Rhinoceros unicornis skull (in blue) with measured angles. Abbreviations: Iscp–angle between plane spanned between the lateral semicircular canals (LSC) of both inner ears and the palatal plane; o–angle of the occipital crest between the occipital plane and the parietal plane; po–angle between occipital plane and palatal plane. Skull drawings and colours have been maintained from the original. Adapted with permission from Schellhorn (2018: 53).