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Corresponding author: Yusuke Miyazaki ( miyazaki@shiraume.ac.jp ) Academic editor: Nina Bogutskaya
© 2016 Yusuke Miyazaki, Akinori Teramura, Hiroshi Senou.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Miyazaki Y, Teramura A, Senou H (2016) Biodiversity data mining from Argus-eyed citizens: the first illegal introduction record of Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819 in Japan based on Twitter information. ZooKeys 569: 123-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.569.7577
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An apparent illegal introduction of Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus from Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, is reported based on a juvenile specimen and a photograph of two adults collected on 14 June 2015 and deposited in the Kangawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History. The specimens and photographs were initially reported on the internet-based social networking site, Twitter. Two specimens of Carassius auratus, including an aquarium form, were also reported at the same locality and date, suggesting that the illegal introductions originated from an aquarium release. Our report demonstrates an example of web data mining in the discipline of Citizen Science.
Biotope, Centrarchidae , environmental education, Invasive Alien Species Act, recreational fishing, tweet, voucher
Rapid biodiversity decline is a serious problem requiring a global response. The spread and resultant establishment of invasive non-native species is one of the most critical contributing factors to biodiversity decline (
Japan’s “Invasive Alien Species Act (IASA)” was established in 2005 under the Basic Biodiversity Act, within the Environmental Act (Oikawa 2010). The IASA prohibits the introduction and spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) as defined by the law in Japan. That is, the breeding, cultivation, storage (in either natural or artificial conditions), transportation, transfer, delivery, importing and releasing from an already established place to anywhere else including artificial habitats, planting and dispersing to outdoors of IAS are strictly prohibited. Any person who violates the IASA faces a fine of <3 million yen or <3 year of penal servitude, while a corporation that transgress faces a fine of <100 million yen (
The first suggested illegal introduction under the IASA was a report of the centrachid fish Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802), which remains, unfortunately, one of the most popular recreational fishing targets in Japan. The species was apparently illegally released into an irrigation pond in Ichinoseki City, Iwate Prefecture, during October 2007–May 2008 (
Another IAS, Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819, also belongs the family Centrarchidae. The first recorded introduction of the species in the natural waters of Japan was in 1963 (
Here, we detail the first apparent introduction of L. macrochirus macrochirus in Japan since the IASA was adopted.
On 14 June 2015, the second author (AT), an undergraduate student of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, tweeted a comment along with two images on a social networking service, Twitter, via the internet (Fig.
A tweet including two fish images posted by AT on 14 June 2015. The image on the left shows two adults of Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus, while the one on the right shows juveniles of L. macrochirus macrochirus and two young of Carassius auratus (however, the specimens in the latter image are not able to be identified even to family level from the image alone). The comments are translated into English as follows: “The results of a pool cleaning. I cannot believe the foolishness of the person who introduced these fish into the pool.” https://twitter.com/orca_lf/status/610088107476516864 [Accessed on 25 November 2015]
As a result, we deposited a juvenile specimen of L. macrochirus macrochirus collected from the artificial outdoor pool in Chigasaki Park, Yokohama City (35°32'20.8"N, 139°34'54.0"E; 40–50 m at middle latitudes), on 14 June 2015 in the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Japan (
Photographs of Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus collected from the outdoor pool of Chigasaki Park, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan on 14 June 2015. A voucher specimen, juvenile,
We also identified some of the gut contents of an adult L. macrochirus macrochirus as dragonfly nymphs of the genus Sympetrum (Fig.
In addition, we also deposited two specimens and photographs of the goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), which were collected and recorded along with the Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus specimens (Fig.
The voucher specimens and photographs of Carassius auratus collected from the outdoor pool of Chigasaki Park, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, on 14 June 2015. A voucher specimen,
We note, in passing, that C. auratus is native to China and the Korean Peninsula but not the Japanese archipelago (
In 2014, the public outdoor pool where the IAS and goldfish specimens were found operated between 12 July and 7 September; this suggests that L. macrochirus macrochirus and C. auratus were introduced sometime between 8 September 2014 and 14 June 2015. This report is the first circumstantial evidence of the illegal introduction of L. macrochirus macrochirus in Japan based on the IASA after it was enacted on 1 June 2005.
Generally, outdoor swimming pools that are not in operation during autumn and spring usually function as spawning and nursery habitats for native aquatic insects such as dragonflies and diving beetles (e.g.,
The discovery of C. auratus at the same locality and date as the IAS, suggests that the fishes might have originated from an aquarium fish release from a local shop or an aquarist who no longer wanted them. However, based on the IASA, keeping L. macrochirus macrochirus in a home aquarium is illegal, and of course its release is also strictly prohibited. Any specimens collected from Japanese waters should be destroyed. From a bioethical viewpoint, several groups (particularly bass-fishing fans) do not support such killings (e.g.,
More than 10 years have passed since the IASA was enacted, and the illegal introductions of M. salmoides and L. macrochirus macrochirus have possibly occurred mostly via the younger generation who are not aware of the law. It has been pointed out that they probably contribute to the wider distribution of invasive species such as those discussed here (e.g.,
Web data mining has been rapidly developing over recent years, and its potential continues to expand (
We thank S. Kameda (Midorinomachi, NPO), R. Takahashi (