Latest Articles from ZooKeys Latest 19 Articles from ZooKeys https://zookeys.pensoft.net/ Thu, 28 Mar 2024 22:03:03 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://zookeys.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from ZooKeys https://zookeys.pensoft.net/ The complete mitogenome of the potentially invasive flatworm Australopacifica atrata (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) displays unusual features common to other Rhynchodeminae https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/83228/ ZooKeys 1110: 121-133

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1110.83228

Authors: Romain Gastineau, Leigh Winsor, Jean-Lou Justine

Abstract: We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the flatworm Australopacifica atrata. The species, originally described from New South Wales, Australia, has been found in various locations in the British Isles, New Zealand and in the United States of America; it is thus potentially invasive. The genome is 16513 bp long, encodes for 12 protein coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and 20 tRNA genes, and is completely colinear with the other two available Rhynchodeminae. In addition, it shares with them some unusual characters discriminating them from members of the other subfamilies of Geoplanidae, the most noticeable being the extra length of its cox2 gene. The data allow a reliable multigene phylogeny to be derived, and also provide a means of accurate biomonitoring of possible invasiveness by A. atrata.

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Research Article Tue, 5 Jul 2022 18:15:17 +0300
Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/65633/ ZooKeys 1059: 89-116

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633

Authors: Lei Wang, Jin-zi Chen, Zi-mei Dong, Guang-wen Chen, Ronald Sluys, De-zeng Liu

Abstract: Two new species of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China are described on the basis of an integrative taxonomic study involving morphology, karyology, histology, and molecular analyses. The new species Dugesia circumcisa Chen & Dong, sp. nov. is characterised by asymmetrical openings of the oviducts; right vas deferens opening at anterior portion of the seminal vesicle and the left one opening at mid-lateral portion of the seminal vesicle; two diaphragms in ejaculatory duct, the latter being ventrally displaced and opening at the tip of the penis papilla, which is provided with a nozzle; wide duct connecting male atrium and common atrium; chromosome complement triploid with 24 metacentric chromosomes. The other new species, Dugesia verrucula Chen & Dong, sp. nov., is characterised by the large size of the living worm, usually exceeding 3.5 cm in length; asymmetrical openings of the oviducts; subterminal opening of ventrally displaced ejaculatory duct; vasa deferentia symmetrically opening into the postero-lateral portion of the seminal vesicle; well-developed duct between the seminal vesicle and diaphragm; single dorsal bump near the root of the penis papilla; bursal canal with pleated wall and spacious posterior section; unstalked cocoons; chromosome complement diploid with 16 metacentric chromosomes. Inter-specific molecular distances and their positions in the phylogenetic tree reveal that D. circumcisa and D. verrucula are clearly separated from their congeners.

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Research Article Wed, 8 Sep 2021 18:08:33 +0300
Integrative descriptions of two new species of Dugesia from Hainan Island, China (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/60838/ ZooKeys 1028: 1-28

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1028.60838

Authors: Lei Wang, Zi-mei Dong, Guang-wen Chen, Ronald Sluys, De-zeng Liu

Abstract: Two new species of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Hainan Island of China are described on the basis of morphological, karyological and molecular data. Dugesia semiglobosa Chen & Dong, sp. nov. is mainly characterized by a hemispherical, asymmetrical penis papilla with ventrally displaced ejaculatory duct opening terminally at tip of penis papilla; vasa deferentia separately opening into mid-dorsal portion of intrabulbar seminal vesicle; two diaphragms in the ejaculatory duct; copulatory bursa formed by expansion of bursal canal, lined with complex stratified epithelium, which projects through opening in bursa towards intestine, without having open communication with the gut; mixoploid chromosome complement diploid (2n = 16) and triploid (3n = 24), with metacentric chromosomes. Dugesia majuscula Chen & Dong, sp. nov. is mainly characterized by oviducts opening asymmetrically into female reproductive system; hyperplasic ovaries; expanded posterior section of bursal canal; vasa deferentia separately opening into mid-dorsal portion of seminal vesicle; asymmetrical penis papilla due to ventral course of ejaculatory duct, which has subterminal and dorsal opening at tip papilla; mixoploid chromosome complement diploid (2n = 16) and triploid (3n = 24); chromosomes metacentric. Apart from their anatomy, separate species status of the two new species is supported also by their genetic distances and by their positions in the phylogenetic tree. The sexualization process may have been induced by the lower temperatures, in comparison with their natural habitat, under which the worms were cultured in the laboratory.

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Research Article Mon, 5 Apr 2021 10:44:59 +0300
Revision and description of six species of Choeradoplana (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida), with an emendation to the genus https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/59617/ ZooKeys 1016: 1-48

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617

Authors: Domingo Lago-Barcia, Marcos Santos Silva, Fernando Carbayo

Abstract: Living representatives of the Neotropical genus Choeradoplana Graff, 1896 (Geoplaninae, Tricladida, Platyhelminthes) are easily recognized by the typical shape of the head which is laterally expanded, rolled-up, and ventrally provided with two glandular cushions. In this study, the morphology and phylogeny (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene) of several species of land planarians are taxonomically investigated. Four of the six species studied are new to science, namely: Ch. eudoxiae Silva & Carbayo, sp. nov., Ch. claudioi Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, sp. nov., Ch. onae Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, sp. nov., and Ch. riutortae Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, sp. nov. The species Choeradoplana albonigra and Ch. eudoxiae deviate from the usual body shape pattern in that the head does not present lateral expansions nor glandular cushions, becoming indistinguishable from its sister genus Cephaloflexa. Pseudogeoplana tristriata (Schultze & Müller, 1857) is also redescribed from a newly collected specimen and was discovered to be a member of Choeradoplana. Graff (1899) also studied another specimen that was considered to be conspecific with P. tristriata; however, in this new it is concluded that it is not conspecific but rather a new species. The name Pseudogeoplana aevipandemiae Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, sp. nov. is suggested for Graff’s specimen.

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Research Article Thu, 11 Feb 2021 17:57:27 +0200
A giant new species of Enchiridium (Polycladida, Prosthiostomidae) from southwestern Japan https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/47061/ ZooKeys 918: 15-28

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.918.47061

Authors: Aoi Tsuyuki, Hiroshi Kajihara

Abstract: We describe a new species of polyclad flatworm, Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., from the rocky subtidal zone in the East China Sea along the coasts of the Kyushu and Okinawa Islands, Japan. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov. is characterized by i) the entire periphery of the dorsal surface narrowly fringed with orange, ii) a marginal-eyespot band extending to the position of the mouth (about anterior one-eighth of body), and iii) two prostatic vesicles covered by a common muscle sheath, which is penetrated by the ejaculatory duct. We performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 945-bp 28S rDNA sequences of 16 species of Prosthiostomidae currently available in public databases in addition to those of E. daidai sp. nov. and Prosthiostomum torquatum Tsuyuki et al., 2019. In the resulting tree, our new species was nested in a clade composed of Enchiridium species. The tree topology was in favor of a taxonomic view that Enchiridium should be defined by having i) a common muscle sheath that encloses two prostatic vesicles and ii) marginal eyespots that may or may not surround the periphery of the dorsal surface.

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Research Article Thu, 12 Mar 2020 16:43:45 +0200
X-ray microcomputed tomography applied to the taxonomic study of rare material: redescriptions of seven of Schirch’s Brazilian species of land planarians (Geoplanidae, Platyhelminthes) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/39486/ ZooKeys 910: 1-42

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.910.39486

Authors: Marcos Santos Silva, Fernando Carbayo

Abstract: In 2016, the type-material of ten of the 15 Brazilian land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) described by Schirch (1929) was discovered deposited in the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). Schirch only described the external morphology of these species, all originally placed in the genus Geoplana. By the 1930s and 1950s Geoplana itatiayana, G. plana, and G. rezendei underwent taxonomic revision based on the study of non-type specimens. The remaining 12 species also underwent a taxonomic revision but only based on the literature. Current names of these species are Geoplana goettei, Pseudogeoplana arpi, Ps. blaseri, Ps. bonita, Ps. bresslaui, Ps. cardosi, Ps. doederleini, Ps. lumbricoides, Ps. obscura, Ps. riedeli, Ps. theresopolitana, and Ps. wetzeli. The species Geoplana maximiliani sensu Schirch (1929) was renamed as Ps. schirchi Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990. The present study reports a taxonomic revision of seven of Schirch’s species using type material, namely Obama itatiayana, Pasipha plana, Pseudogeoplana arpi, Ps. bresslaui, Ps. doederleini, Ps. schirchi and Ps. wetzeli. Additional specimens of some of these species were also examined. Morphological data from histological preparations and from virtual sections were obtained through a non-destructive technique of X-ray computed microtomography (µCT). This approach resulted in the preservation of the entire body of at least one type-specimen of each species, and the holotype of Ps. bresslaui. Conspecificity of O. itatiayana and P. plana was confirmed, as previously reported in the literature. It is also proposed that Ps. bresslaui belongs to the genus Paraba, while the other species should remain in Pseudogeoplana, since type-specimens are either immature, poorly preserved or simply lost.

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Research Article Mon, 10 Feb 2020 16:49:30 +0200
First record of the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) as an alien species in Hong Kong Island, China https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/36458/ ZooKeys 873: 1-7

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.873.36458

Authors: Junjie Hu, Muhua Yang, Elysia Ruoyan Ye, Yulong Ye, Yao Niu

Abstract: The New Guinea flatworm (Platydemus manokwari) caused extinction of the native land snails on several Pacific island in past decades, and therefore it has been listed among the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species. Using morphological and molecular methods, New Guinea flatworms were discovered and identified for the first time in Hong Kong Island during a field investigation in July and August 2018. The flatworms were 32–60 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, and 1–2 mm thick. The dorsal side of the flatworm was dark brown with a thin yellow central line, and its ventral side appeared pale grey. To further verify this species, both 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COX1) obtained from three specimens of P. manokwari were sequenced and analysed. While comparing these sequences with those previously deposited in GenBank, these 18S rDNA sequences shared 100% identity with the single available 18S rDNA sequence of P. manokwari; and the obtained COX1 sequences were identical to those of P. manokwari world genotype. Two native snails, Criptosoma imperator and Bradybaena similaris, have been found to be the prey of this predator during this investigation. Therefore, the invasive New Guinea flatworm certainly will cause a serious impact on the biodiversity of native snail populations, and an economic and environmental risk assessment for P. manokwari need to be completed in the near future in Hong Kong.

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Short Communication Thu, 29 Aug 2019 20:35:10 +0300
Description of a new species of Paraplehnia (Polycladida, Stylochoidea) from Japan, with inference on the phylogenetic position of Plehniidae https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33955/ ZooKeys 864: 1-13

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.864.33955

Authors: Yuki Oya, Taeko Kimura, Hiroshi Kajihara

Abstract: We describe a new species of polyclad flatworm, Paraplehnia seisuiae sp. nov., from 298–310 m depths in the Sea of Kumano, West Pacific, Japan. Paraplehnia seisuiae sp. nov. is characterized by i) a developed muscular wall proximally occupying about one-third of the prostatic vesicle, ii) no common duct between the spermiducal bulbs and the prostatic vesicle, and iii) a genital pit between the male and female gonopores. We provide a partial sequence (712 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene as a DNA barcode for the species. Our phylogenetic analyses based on 603-bp 28S rDNA sequences indicate that P. seisuiae sp. nov. is nested in a clade consisting of stylochoid species along with unidentified species of Stylochus. It suggests that Plehniidae belongs to Stylochoidea, although this should be confirmed by future studies that contain Plehnia arctica (Plehn, 1896), the type species of the type genus of the family. The interfamily relationship among the superfamily Stylochoidea remains poorly resolved.

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Research Article Mon, 15 Jul 2019 09:24:34 +0300
Why be original? Two new species of Choeradoplana resembling the type species of the genus in their external aspects (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/29565/ ZooKeys 813: 1-19

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.813.29565

Authors: Giuly Gouvêa Iturralde, Ana Leal-Zanchet

Abstract: The genus Choeradoplana Graff, 1896 encompasses 16 species, most of them found in Brazil. Herein two new species of this genus are described from remnants of Araucaria moist forests, located in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, south Brazil. Both species resemble the type-species of the genus, C. iheringi, showing brownish dorsal surface covered by dark-brown flecks. However, regarding their anatomy, the new species differ from C. iheringi and other congeners by a long and horizontal disposed permanent papilla. In such aspects, both species resemble C. benyai, but differ from this species, as well as from each other, in details of the prostatic vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and penis papilla.

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Research Article Mon, 7 Jan 2019 15:28:01 +0200
New molecular sequences for two genera of marine planarians facilitate determination of their position in the phylogenetic tree, with new records for two species (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/26324/ ZooKeys 781: 1-17

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.781.26324

Authors: Hee-Min Yang, Ronald Sluys, Masaharu Kawakatsu, Gi-Sik Min

Abstract: For the first time, molecular sequences of the 18S ribosomal DNA were generated for representatives of the genera Obrimoposthia Sluys & Ball, 1989 and Paucumara Sluys, 1989 of the suborder of the marine triclads, or Maricola, by analyzing the species Obrimoposthia wandeli (Hallez, 1906) and Paucumara trigonocephala (Ijima & Kaburaki, 1916). On the basis of this molecular data the phylogenetic position of these two genera in the phylogenetic tree of the Maricola was determined and compared with their position in the phylogeny based on the analysis of anatomical features. New records for these two species are documented and their taxonomic status is determined on the basis of histological studies.

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Research Article Thu, 9 Aug 2018 03:02:51 +0300
Searching for shelter in a ferruginous cave? A new species of Pasipha from a plateau in the Brazilian savanna (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/26308/ ZooKeys 776: 13-25

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.776.26308

Authors: Ana Leal-Zanchet, Alessandro Marques

Abstract: In a fauna survey in the eastern margin of Serra do Espinhaço Plateau, in an area belonging to the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado phytophysiognomy), a land flatworm was sampled in a ferruginous cave. Anatomical and histological analyses indicated that it belongs to a new species of the genus Pasipha, which is herein described. The new species shows an almost homogenous dark brown dorsal pigmentation, eyes spreading over the dorsal surface, a collar-shaped pharynx, and a prostatic vesicle with two portions separated by a canal. It differs from similar species mainly by anatomical and histological details of the ejaculatory duct, as well as male and female atria. The flatworm shows no troglomorphic traits and was collected once in the entrance zone of the cave. Hence, despite representing the first land flatworm species described from a Neotropical cave, we consider that its occurrence in the cave is probably occasional, using it as a shelter.

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Research Article Thu, 26 Jul 2018 12:36:27 +0300
The inland water macro-invertebrate occurrences in Flanders, Belgium https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24810/ ZooKeys 759: 117-136

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.759.24810

Authors: Rudy Vannevel, Dimitri Brosens, Ward De Cooman, Wim Gabriels, Frank Lavens, Joost Mertens, Bart Vervaeke

Abstract: The Flanders Environment Agency (VMM) has been performing biological water quality assessments on inland waters in Flanders (Belgium) since 1989 and sediment quality assessments since 2000. The water quality monitoring network is a combined physico-chemical and biological network, the biological component focusing on macro-invertebrates. The sediment monitoring programme produces biological data to assess the sediment quality. Both monitoring programmes aim to provide index values, applying a similar conceptual methodology based on the presence of macro-invertebrates. The biological data obtained from both monitoring networks are consolidated in the VMM macro-invertebrates database and include identifications at family and genus level of the freshwater phyla Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, and Arthropoda. This paper discusses the content of this database, and the dataset published thereof: 282,309 records of 210 observed taxa from 4,140 monitoring sites located on 657 different water bodies, collected during 22,663 events. This paper provides some background information on the methodology, temporal and spatial coverage, and taxonomy, and describes the content of the dataset. The data are distributed as open data under the Creative Commons CC-BY license.

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Data Paper Tue, 22 May 2018 01:13:59 +0300
A new species of the land planarian Issoca sheds light on the polyphyletic status of the genus (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplaninae) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24615/ ZooKeys 752: 1-15

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.752.24615

Authors: Ana Paula Goulart Araujo, Fernando Carbayo

Abstract: A new species of the genus Issoca (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplaninae) is described. Issoca assanga sp. n. presents the diagnostic features of the genus, with the exception of the relative position of the subneural parenchymal muscle layer with the cephalic retractor muscle, which are overlapped in the type species of the genus but are intersected in the new species. Rather than a polymorphic character, the relative position of these muscle layers might reflect the polyphyletic status of the genus.

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Research Article Mon, 23 Apr 2018 17:18:03 +0300
First report of the genus Cratera (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Argentina, with description of a new species and comments on the species of the genus https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/9465/ ZooKeys 610: 1-12

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.610.9465

Authors: Lisandro Negrete, Francisco Brusa

Abstract: A new species of land planarians of the genus Cratera is described. Cratera viridimaculata sp. n. was recorded in the Atlantic Forest Ecoregion, in north-eastern Argentina, and represents the first report of the genus Cratera outside Brazil. The new species is about 50 mm in length and externally characterized by a color pattern consisting of a light green olive pigmentation on the dorsum, stippled with dark gray fine spots, and dorsal eyes. Other features regarding the internal anatomy are the presence of a glandular margin, Cutaneous Muscular Index (CMI) of 10–13%, pharynx cylindrical, prostatic vesicle extrabulbar, tubular and C-shaped, with a proximal bifurcated portion, penis papilla protrusible with ejaculatory duct widened in its distal portion, and female atrium funnel-shaped. The new species is compared and discussed with its congeners.

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Research Article Thu, 11 Aug 2016 20:31:28 +0300
The taxonomic status of Dugesia biblica from Israel and Turkey (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/5364/ ZooKeys 506: 1-12

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.506.9663

Authors: Eduard Solà, Ronald Sluys, Ori Segev, Leon Blaustein, Marta Riutort

Abstract: The taxonomic status of Dugesia biblica (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Israel and Turkey is problematic due to its morphological similarity with D. sicula since these nominal species present overlapping characters. In this study we analyzed histological preparations of specimens of these two nominal species and also compared mitochondrial COI gene sequences from Israeli populations to the already known haplotype composition of D. sicula. We concluded that these animals belong to the same species and therefore we consider D. biblica to be a junior synonym of D. sicula. This implies that the distribution range of D. sicula is even wider than previously thought, and that the species is present all around the Mediterranean Basin and on many of its islands.

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Research Article Thu, 28 May 2015 00:00:00 +0300
The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/4478/ ZooKeys 470: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.470.8728

Authors: Stella Teles de Souza, Ana Laura Nunes Morais, Lívia Medeiros Cordeiro, Ana Maria Leal-Zanchet

Abstract: Brazilian cave diversity, especially of invertebrates, is poorly known. The Bodoquena Plateau, which is located in the Cerrado Biome in central Brazil, has approximately 200 recorded caves with a rich system of subterranean water resources and high troglobitic diversity. Herein we describe a new troglobitic species of Girardia that represents the first obligate cave-dwelling species of the suborder Continenticola in South America. Specimens of the new species, which occur in a limestone cave in the Bodoquena Plateau, in the Cerrado biome, are unpigmented and eyeless. Species recognition in the genus Girardia is difficult, due to their great morphological resemblance. However, the new species can be easily recognized by a unique feature in its copulatory apparatus, namely a large, branched bulbar cavity with multiple diverticula.

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Research Article Mon, 12 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0200
A new genus and species for the first recorded cave-dwelling Cavernicola (Platyhelminthes) from South America https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/4095/ ZooKeys 442: 1-15

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.442.8199

Authors: Ana Leal-Zanchet, Stella Souza, Rodrigo Ferreira

Abstract: Species diversity of Brazilian cave fauna has been seriously underestimated. A karst area located in Felipe Guerra, northeastern Brazil, which is a hotspot of subterranean diversity in Brazil, has revealed more than 20 troglobitic species, most of them still undescribed. Based on recent samplings in this karst area, we document the occurrence of the suborder Cavernicola (Platyhelminthes) in South American hypogean environments for the first time and describe a new genus and species for this suborder. Hausera Leal-Zanchet & Souza, gen. n. has features concordant with those defined for the family Dimarcusidae. The new genus is characterized by two unique features, viz. an intestine extending dorsally to the brain and ovovitelline ducts located dorsally to the nerve cords, which is complemented by a combination of other characters. The type-specimens of Hausera hauseri Leal-Zanchet & Souza, sp. n. are typical stygobionts, unpigmented and eyeless, and they may constitute an oceanic relict as is the case of other stygobiotic invertebrates found in this karst area in northeastern Brazil.

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Research Article Tue, 23 Sep 2014 00:00:00 +0300
First report of the exotic blue land planarian, Caenoplana coerulea (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae), on Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/2837/ ZooKeys 199: 91-105

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.199.3215

Authors: Karin Breugelmans, Josep Quintana Cardona, Tom Artois, Kurt Jordaens, Thierry Backeljau

Abstract: In April 2009 two specimens of a terrestrial flatworm were collected from under a rock in an orchard at Ciutadella de Menorca on the easternmost Balearic island of Menorca (Spain). Their external morphology suggested that both specimens belonged to the invasive blue planarian Caenoplana coerulea, a species which is native to eastern Australia. Sequence data of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the entire 18S ribosomal RNA confirm its identification. This is one of the first records of the species in Europe where it has only been found in one locality in the United Kingdom, France and NE Spain.

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Research Article Mon, 4 Jun 2012 00:00:00 +0300
First record of the family Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) from the Persian Gulf, Iran https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/2114/ ZooKeys 31: 39-51

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.31.136

Authors: Zahra Khalili, Hassan Rahimian, Jamile Pazooki

Abstract: In this paper, two species of cotylean Platyhelminthes are recorded for the first time from Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran. Pictures are taken from living specimens to illustrate shape and colour, and stained sections and drawings are used to describe shape and organisation of some organs. Morphological characters of Persian Gulf specimens of Tytthosoceros lizardensis Newman & Cannon, 1996 are compared to those of the type specimens of this species.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200