Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the Psychodinae moth-flies of North Africa (Diptera, Psychodidae)

Abstract All published records for the 49 species of moth flies known from North Africa are reviewed and discussed: Morocco (27 species), Algeria (33 species), Tunisia (18 species) and Egypt (five species). In addition, records of seven species of Psychodinae new to the fauna of Morocco are added, of which three are new mentions for North Africa (Table 1) and one is a new record for Egypt. Telmatoscopus squamifer Tonnoir, 1922 is transferred to the genus Iranotelmatoscopus Ježek, 1987, comb. n. Satchelliella reghayana Boumezzough & Vaillant, 1987 is transferred to the genus Pneumia Enderlein, 1935, comb. n. Pneumia aberrans Tonnoir, 1922 is transferred to the subgenus Logima.


Introduction
Within Psychodidae, the Psychodinae form a highly derived subfamily containing the majority of psychodid species diversity. The world fauna of Psychodinae consists at present of approximately 2000 recognized and described species belonging to approximately 100 genera. Their taxonomy is not yet satisfactory; a universally-agreed, stable classification is still lacking for the world fauna, since different generic and tribal concepts are still followed by several authors (Vaillant 1971(Vaillant -1983(Vaillant , 1990Duckhouse 1987;Wagner and Beuk 2002;Ježek and Van Harten 2005;Kvifte 2011).
Contributions to Psychodinae of Morocco are very fragmented and remain patchy; the first record in this area was by Tonnoir (1920) and the first study was that of Vaillant (1955). A few years later, the same author (Vaillant 1958) published on the Psychodinae in North Africa and their range in Europe. It took almost thirty years for another work on Psychodidae in southern Morocco; the survey in the High Atlas showed the presence of five species (Boumezzough and Vaillant 1986). As part of a national study on the biota of inland waters, Dakki (1997) conducted an initial inventory of Moroccan Psychodidae, in which ten species were listed as Psychodinae. A recent study (Ježek 2004) showed the presence of a new species of Psychodinae in Morocco; and in 2012 Omelková and Ježek described a new species from the High Atlas. For Algeria the study of Psychodinae started with Eaton (1894Eaton ( , 1896 who mentioned records on Algerian Psychodinae; in 1955 Satchell showed the presence of six new species for country. Later, Vaillant described many species from Algeria between 1971 and 1983. The only important Psychodinae reference from Tunisia is provided by Wagner (1987).

Collecting
Six techniques have been used to collect Psychodinae: rearing larvae and pupae in the laboratory from collected substrates in the field; adults were collected with sweep net, adhesive papers impregnated with Ricin oil, malaise traps, light traps and aspirators. The early stages of Psychodids were obtained from the lotic and lentic habitats where they may be abundant. Larvae or/and pupae were collected from running (rivers, springs, streams) and standing waters (ponds, lagoons). The substratum was transported to the laboratory and organized on steel gauze net. This is put over a shallow watered dish and left for several days (Wagner 1997).    (Eaton, 1904): A Daya Fifi, bog on siliceous sol, predominant vegetation: Quercus canariensis, Quercus pyrenaica, Cistus salviifolius, Euphorbia characias B Oued Zarka, waterfall and pool with the dominance of moss covering the rocks C Oued Aâyaden, river of the high course on a limestone sol with dominance of Pistachia lentiscus, Cistus sp., Nerium oleander and moss on the roc D Douar Kitane, farm with Arondo donax, Midicago sativa, Inula viscose and mosses. Photographs by BB.

A B D C
As the substratum dries out, larvae of Psychodidae fall down into the water and are extracted from the substrate and put into Petri dishes with some rewet substratum from their biotope. The top of the dishes is covered with fine gauze for aeration and the substratum is kept moist by regular water spraying, but not too wet. Larvae are difficult to control, because they bury into the substratum. However, they develop successfully into adults that can be collected by aspiring them from the dishes (pers. obs., approach modified from Wagner 1997). Adults were also collected with hand nets, sweeping through the vegetation preferably at sunset or directly with an aspirator below bridges at daylight. On the other hand, adults were also collected on sticky traps made of paper impregnated with Ricin, placed in different habitats: trees in the field, old urban and animal environments. Whatever the method used, all adult specimens were fixed in 70% ethanol in which they are left until identification. Some species were recognized at 40-80× magnification but for many species, it was necessary to prepare slides, mostly for the close identification of the male genitalia. The method followed was that used by Wagner (1997).
The authors sampled the Moroccan areas from March 2011 to May 2015 and BB captured the Egyptian material in the Nile River in April 2015.
All specimens collected and recorded are deposited in the collection of Diptera in the Laboratory of Ecology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tétouan.
The following checklist summarizes the species presently known from North Africa. Those species which are new records for North Africa are marked with three asterisks (***), those new for Morocco or Egypt are marked with two asterisks (**) and the species which represent the first record in the Rif Mountains are signalized with one asterisk (*) ( Table 1). Taxa are listed according to the classification scheme of Vaillant (1990), Wagner (1990) and Kvifte et al. (2011). Table 1. Species (in alphabetical order) of Psychodinae known from the North African countries. Libya has been omitted because no information exists in the literature from Libya. X Telmatoscopus advena (Eaton, 1893) X Thornburghiella quezeli (Vaillant, 1955) X X Tonnoiriella atlantica (Satchell, 1953) X X Tonnoiriella paveli Ježek, 1999 X Tonnoiriella pulchra (Eaton, 1893) X X Vaillantodes fraudulentus (Eaton, 1896) X X Vaillantodes malickyi (Wagner, 1987) X X***: new species for North Africa; X**: new species for Morocco or Egypt; X*: new species for the Rif Mountains.

Tonnoiriella atlantica
Comment. Male and female described by Satchell (1955: 112-113 Biology. Species reported, in central Europe in kitchens, bathrooms and hospitals (Oboňa and Ježek 2012). Full bionomies can be found in Boumans (2009) and Werner (1997. Collected in the present study in synanthropic habitats and on plants such as Oxalis.
Biology. Species found in wet rot-holes and in an oak branch-end (Withers 1989). Larvae found in rotting wood or hole trees (Oboňa and Ježek 2012).
The status of Panimerus maynei in North Africa is unclear. Vaillant (1954) described Mormia thienemanni from Algeria and later synonymized it with P. maynei (Vaillant 1972). However, Vaillant and Withers (1992) identified diagnostic differences between the type material of P. maynei and P. thienemanni and raised the latter species from synonymy. The records of P. maynei given by Satchell (1955), Boumezzough and Vaillant (1986) and Wagner (1987) are here assumed to represent P. thienemanni, although the material should ideally be revised.
Biology. Larva and pupa can live in habitats with different levels of salinity in seaweed-heaps or near salt springs. Larvae can be found in rivers, sea shores, thermal springs, in crust of limestone dust, beneath stones, in moss and in moist earth (Vaillant 1971(Vaillant , 1972. Specimens collected by Ježek (1990a) occupy a large variety of habitats like, banks of outflows of ponds, moist pastures, swamps, steams and pools on margins of forest, arms of rivers, in biotopes with Alnus, Salix, Populus, Aesculus, Pinus, Fraxinus and others.
Comment. Vaillant (1972) lists a single specimen that was captured and determined as Pericoma advena, but the identification must be considered as doubtful. A full synonymy is given in Kvifte (2014).
Comment. Detailed description of adult, pupae and larvae (Vaillant 1974: 135-139). Biology. In the present work, larvae were collected and reared by the authors at laboratory temperature; the emergence of the adult took 10 days. Wagner, 1987 Literature records. Tunisia: Oued Hammam Bourguiba Barbarian (Wagner 1987).
Biology. Authors of this paper collected the material in rivers, springs and brook with cedar forest and Rubus ulmifolius as the predominant vegetation.
Biology. According to Duckhouse (1962) and Vaillant (1976), the larvae of Pericoma blandula can live in different habitats: in mosses which cover, the dead leaves present in the banks of springs and rivers, as well as in sand, mud and stones on the edge of large and small courtyards water. They also can be found in different substrates: granite, basalt and slate. Vaillant (1979) described in detail the larva. Vaillant, 1978 Literature records. Morocco: High Atlas (Boumezzough and Vaillant 1986). Comment. Adults reared from larvae collected in the foam in the site Assif Reghaya (Boumezzough and Vaillant 1986: 237-238).

*Pericoma granadica
Biology. Larvae extremely abundant in the foam that cover the walls of irrigation canals and exterior walls; adults obtained by breeding (Vaillant 1978). In the present paper, the eclosion at the temperature laboratory of several adults was registered at 2 days from pupae and 60 days from larvae. Adults were also collected by sweeping the vegetation mostly constituted by Nerium oleander, Pistacia lentiscus and Rubus ulmifolius near springs, streams and waterfall habitats.
Biology. Larvae living on the banks of rivers; adults found on Crete and the islands of Evia in the Aegean (Vaillant 1978). Tonnoir, 1920 Literature record. Morocco: High Atlas (Vaillant 1978: 229).
Comment. Description of larva, pupa and male by Vaillant (1978: 229). Biology. Present in fast rivers, fit into the foams containing stones, in walls of natural or artificial waterfalls; as well as in bryophytes covering irrigation canals. In England, larvae were found at an altitude that does not exceed 1100 m; in Morocco it was collected at 2000 m (Vaillant 1978) and at 900 m in the present work.
Biology. Larvae particularly "petrimadicolous"; can be found also under the leaves soaked on the banks of sources. In the present work, the authors collected the larvae in diversified habitats, in streams, in arms of pounds and rivers, in waterfall. The reared adults were obtained at the temperature laboratory from larvae collected in a waterfall which abundant vegetation was: Olea oleaster, Ficus carica, Rubus ulmifolius, Eucalyptus, Nerium oleander, Hedera maroccana and Ricinus communis.
Comment. Species recorded from Tissaout in the High Atlas; it is endemic from Morocco.
Biology. The authors of the present paper collected the species on the branches of the vegetation around a waterfall and a streamlet. The localities with Olea oleaster, Ficus carica, Rubus ulmifolius, Eucalyptus, Nerium oleander, Hedera maroccana, Ricinus communis, Abies marocana, Pinus negra, Pinus pinaster, Cedrus atlantica and Berberis hispanica.

***Pericoma pseudexquisita Tonnoir, 1940
= Pericoma avicularia Tonnoir, 1940;Vaillant 1978: 233 New record. North Africa, Morocco, Rif: Oued Azila, 27.VI.2013, 7♂♂, 2♀♀, reared, coll. Afzan and Belqat. Biology. Larvae living on pure rocky soil, in the foam and between the leaves. Adults observed throughout the summer season (Vaillant 1978). In the present work, adults were reared at the laboratory and the hatchings were obtained at the 10th and the 20th days. At the unique locality, the most abundant vegetation was formed by Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus ulmifolius, and the rocky substrate was covered by some mosses.
Biology. The authors of the present work reared the species at temperature laboratory; the emergence of the adults was registered after 30 days. The abundant vegetation at the localities was: Olea oleaster, Ficus carica, Rubus ulmifolius, Eucalyptus, Nerium oleander, Hedera maroccana and Ricinus communis.
Comment. Adults reared from larvae, description, differential diagnosis (Boumezzough and Vaillant 1986: 238-239). The species was overlooked by Omelková and Ježek (2012)  Comment. Pneumia toubkalensis can be separated from P. reghayana on the presence of four digitiform sensilla laterosubapically and a microseta mediosubapically on the gonostyle.
Biology. The species was collected on a wall of a river of the higher course, on a limestone soil and mosses on the rock, and on a wall of a spring. The localities were dominated by Pistachia lentiscus, Cistus sp. and Nerium oleander.
Biology. Larvae living in various habitats: in the mud of tracks of both cattle and horses, dung, waste pipes drain devices out houses and on the trickling beds of sewage films, bathrooms (Wagner 1977).
Biology. Larvae found on the margins of polluted ponds or reservoirs (Nielsen 1961), on banks of streams and drainage canals, swamps, periphery of ponds (Vaillant and Botosaneanu 1966); adults have been collected in localities shaded by Alnus, Salix, Robinia, Sambucus, Pinus and Fraxinus, with undergrowth with mostly Geranium and Urtica (Ježek 1983).
Biology. Adults found in various habitats: banks of drainages, moist meadows, near arms of rivers, forest brooks pond, in dry bed of canal shaded by Alnus, Fraxinus, Crataegus and others (Ježek 1990b Biology. Larvae registered by several authors (in Ježek 1990b) in diversified habitats (in mud and moss, below stones and moist rock walls, in stagnant waters, in ducts of drainage machinery, on toilets, near banks, in food industry, cow excrements, hollows of trees, heaps of garden's rest, margins of periodical water reservoirs, etc.). Adults, also collected by several authors (in Ježek 1990b) in light traps, on branches of coniferous trees, in mixed forests, on banks of gutters, brooks, ponds, arms of rivers, in gardens, dirty toilets, etc. Authors of the present work collected the species in several habitats with predominant vegetation as: Eucalyptus, Olea oleaster, Rubus ulmifolius, Crataegus monogyna, Nerium oleander, Chamaerops sp., Phragmites australis, Ficus carica, Hedera maroccana and Ricinus communis. Biology. Larvae living in moist mud of paddocks, in manure, in waste pipes, on toilets, sewage work, water mains etc. (Jung 1956), among decayed leaves on the banks of pounds and near springs (Wagner 1977). Ježek (1990b) collected adults near mountain streams drainages, banks of river, inundated lowland forests, surroundings of sluices, moist places near dustbins, rills below railway bridges, spring areas with fallen trees, brooks in meadows, ponds and their outflows, swamps in forests, dry water reservoirs and dry cesspools.
In the present paper, the authors collected the species on both lotic and lentic habitats. The predominant vegetation in the localities were dominated by Quercus canariensis, Quercus pyrenaica, Cistus salviifolius, Euphorbia characias, Arondo donax, Midicago sativa, Inula viscose and mosses.