Pseudofornicia gen. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a new Indo-Australian genus and one new species from Vietnam

Abstract Pseudofornicia gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) is described (type species: Pseudofornicia nigrisoma sp. n. from Vietnam) including three Oriental (type species, Pseudofornicia flavoabdominis (He & Chen, 1994), comb. n. and Pseudofornicia vanachterbergi Long, (nom. n. for Fornicia achterbergi Long, 2007; not Fornicia achterbergi Yang & Chen, 2006) and one Australian species (Pseudofornicia commoni (Austin & Dangerfield, 1992), comb. n.). Keys to genera with similar metasomal carapace and to species of the new genus are provided. The new genus shares the curved inner middle tibial spur, the comparatively small head, the median carina of the first metasomal tergite and the metasomal carapace with Fornicia Brullé, 1846, but has the first tergite movably joined to the second tergite and the third tergite 1.1–1.6 × as long as the second tergite medially and is flattened in lateral view. One of the included species is a primary homonym and is renamed in this paper.


Introduction
During the review of the genus Fornicia Brullé, 1846 (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) by the first two authors (van Achterberg and Long, in prep.), it was discovered that some of its Indo-Australian species and a new species from Vietnam did not fit in Fornicia because the first tergite of the carapace is movably connected to the second tergite. During the evolution of the Microgastrinae a carapace was independently developed several times in various ways (Mason 1981), but the exact phylogenetic history of this character and its states is still largely unknown. A new genus (Pseudofornicia gen. n.) is named herein to accommodate for these very similar but overall smaller species.

Material and methods
For identification of the subfamily Microgastrinae, see van Achterberg (1990Achterberg ( , 1993, for identification of the genus Fornicia, see Mason (1981), for references to the genus Fornicia and other genera mentioned in this paper, see Yu et al. (2012). Photographic images were made with the Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope and processed with Adobe Photoshop CS5, mostly to adjust the size and background. Morphological terminology follows van Achterberg (1988van Achterberg ( , 1993, including the abbreviations for the wing venation. Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988) for the length and the width of a body part the maximum length and width is taken, unless otherwise indicated. The length of the mesosoma is measured from the anterior border of the mesoscutum till the apex of the propodeum and of the first tergite from the posterior border of the adductor till the medio-posterior margin of the tergite.
The specimens are deposited in the following collections: Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University (ZJUH), Hangzhou; Institute of Ecology & Biological Resources (IEBR), Hanoi, Vietnam National Museum of Nature (VNMN), Hanoi, Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH), Leiden and Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC), Canberra. In the keys we use in some couplets "if", "then" or "and" in bold to be explicit that in those cases more than one character state has to be considered. Additional non-exclusive characters are between brackets.
Key to microgastrine genera with complete metasomal carapace (only to females of genera with carapace covering most of metasoma and having the dorsal face of the first tergite shorter than the second tergite) 1 Three anterior metasomal tergites forming a strongly convex carapace in lateral view, with first tergite immovably joined to second tergite and prepectal carina present behind fore coxae; outer aspect of scapus strongly concave apically; axilla of scutellum wide laterally, lamelliform and sub-vertically curved up above base Etymology. The specific name is derived from "pseudos" (Greek for "fallacy") and the generic name Fornicia Brullé, because it is similar to that genus. Gender: feminine.
Distribution. Indo-Australian. Biology. Unknown, but the species of the very similar genus Fornicia are koinobiont endoparasitoids of limacodid caterpillars (Yu et al. 2012).
Comments. The genus will run in the key to world genera of Microgastrinae by Mason (1981) to the genus Fornicia Brullé. The new genus can be separated as follows: 1 Third tergite 1.1-1.6 × as long as second tergite medially and flattened in lateral view; first tergite movably joined to second tergite; second tergite with wide and anteriorly widened medial area; second suture of metasoma curved and together with lateral grooves of medial area more or less X-shaped; head 0.  (Figs 3, 23) or vase-shaped (Fig. 13); fore wing without dark patches; scutellum without protuberance, at most with a more or less up curved subposterior rim; height of head 0.6-0.7 × height of mesosoma in lateral view (Figs 1, 11); median carina of first tergite nearly as long as dorsal face of tergite (Figs 3, 13,  Metasoma black dorsally and parallel-sided (Fig. 13); vein m-cu of fore wing about as long as vein 2-SR+M (Fig. 12); apical half of hind tibia dark brown (Figs 11,15); height of head 0.7 × height of mesosoma in lateral view (Fig.  11); propodeum without elevated medio-basal area (Fig. 13); medial area of second tergite vase-shaped (Fig. 13); median length of third tergite 1.2 × second tergite (Fig. 13); vein cu-a of hind wing nearly straight (Fig. 19) . Head 0.8 × as wide as mesoscutum; anterior half of medial area of second metasomal tergite largely sculptured (especially laterally) and more gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 3); first tergite near median carina hardly depressed and X-shaped groove superficial (Fig. 3, but posteriorly impressed); first discal cell nearly as setose as apical third of fore wing; apical rim of scutellum remaining far below upper level of scutellum; second and third tergites dark brown medially (Fig. 3); third tergite densely finely reticulate medially (Fig. 3) Head 0.9 × as wide as mesoscutum; anterior half of medial area of second metasomal tergite largely smooth, except some punctures laterally and more abruptly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 23); first tergite near median carina depressed because of distinctly impressed X-shaped groove (Fig. 23); first discal cell less setose than apical third of fore wing; apical rim of scutellum nearly reaching upper level of scutellum (Fig. 29); second and third tergites brownish yellow medially (Fig. 23); third tergite coarser reticulate medially (Fig. 23)  Diagnosis. Easily to recognize by having the second metasomal tergite with a large triangular medio-basal area (Fig. 46 in Austin and Dangerfield 1992), the fore wing with two dark patches, the scutellum with a slender (in lateral view tooth-like, but in dorsal view obtuse) protuberance and the median carina of the first tergite short. Diagnosis. Metasoma brownish yellow, at most second and third tergites medially dark brown; first tergite moderately coarsely reticulate (Fig. 3); medial area of second metasomal tergite gradually narrowed, largely sculptured and posteriorly narrower than medial area of third tergite anteriorly (Fig. 3); second tergite 0.6-0.7 × as long as third tergite and third tergite with moderately wide parallel-sided elevation and densely finely reticulate medially; scutellum in lateral view not protruding apically, with narrow curved lamella remaining far below upper level of scutellum, medially punctate or distinctly rugose; hind leg (except largely dark brown basitarsus) brownish-yellow.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 × its height; propleuron densely rugose; pronotum shiny, with some rugae and smooth posteriorly; mesopleuron densely rugosepunctate anteriorly and remainder largely smooth (Fig. 20); mesosternum shiny and moderately densely punctate; mesoscutum with satin sheen, densely punctate and notauli indicated by reticulate-punctate bands; scutellum rather convex, punctate, without protuberance, its subposterior rim slightly up curved and remaining far below upper level of scutellum; propodeum areolate and rather shiny, without elevated medio-basal area (only with small areola) or median carina (Fig. 13).  Legs. Hind coxa nearly up to apex of third tergite (Fig. 14), mainly rather sparsely punctate but dorso-apically densely punctate and with some striae; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.4, 5.2 and 4.0 × their width, respectively (Fig. 15); outer apical half of hind tibia and ventrally hind tarsus with dark brown spines; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 1.0 × middle basitarsus, respectively and inner spur curved (Fig. 11); length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.5 and 0.7 × hind basitarsus, respectively and inner spur straight; tarsal claws without lobe.
Distribution. Vietnam. Biology. Unknown. Adults collected in April-May. Etymology. Name derived from "nigro" (Latin for "blacken") and "soma" (Greek for "body") because of the mainly black body.
Distribution. Vietnam. Biology. Unknown, but reared from a host on a litchi tree. Notes. Dr Khuat Dang Long renames here his F. achterbergi Long, 2007, into P. vanachterbergi nom. n., because it is a primary homonym of F. achterbergi Yang & Chen, 2006.