New distribution records for Canadian Aleocharinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), and new synonymies for Trichiusa

Abstract Fifty-four new Canadian provincial records of aleocharine beetles (Staphylinidae), including three new Canadian records and one new North American record, are presented. Of these, 33 are new provincial records for Saskatchewan, 14 for Alberta, two for British Columbia, three for Manitoba, two for the Northwest Territories and one for the Yukon Territory. The following are new Canadian records: Trichiusa pilosa Casey [formerly reported from Nova Scotia and Ontario as Trichiusa postica Casey], Acrotona recondita (Erichson) and the adventive Palaearctic Atheta nigra (Kraatz), which is also a new North American record. Bionomics information and new locality records are provided. The following new synonyms of Trichiusa pilosa Casey are established: Trichiusa atra Casey, Trichiusa monticola Casey, Trichiusa parviceps Casey, and Trichiusa postica Casey. The numbers of Aleocharinae remaining to be discovered in Canadian provinces and territories are discussed.


Introduction
Staphylinidae (the rove beetles) are the most species-rich family of beetles in Canada with 1652 species and subspecies recorded, 510 of which are in the Aleocharinae ). Aleocharinae are one of the poorest known subfamilies of rove beetles in Canada, although enormous strides have been made in understanding the taxonomy of this group in the last 20 years, especially in eastern Canada. Western and northern Canada (Manitoba to British Columbia, and the three territories), however, remain poorly studied except for a few localities in coastal British Columbia Winchester 2002, McLean et al. 2009a, b) and in the Yukon . Thus the full distribution of many species recorded for Canada is not known because of the large gaps in sampling intensity. Nonetheless, the fauna of these provincial and territorial jurisdictions is starting to receive more attention as many studies in recent years have sampled aleocharines in a large number of habitats, particularly in Alberta. Improved sampling of Staphylinidae and especially Aleocharinae are needed to establish baseline biodiversity composition in areas of the country where ecosystems are undergoing rapid change due to resource extraction and climate change. As well, this family and subfamily are known to be exceptionally good ecological indicators and are increasingly being used to assess ecosystem resistance and resilience in the wake of development and environmental changes (Pohl et al. 2007. This paper contributes to improved baseline knowledge of the Aleocharinae in the Canadian west and north by providing 54 new provincial and territorial records for 51 species.

Materials and methods
All specimens in this study were dissected to examine the genital structures. Extracted genital structures were dehydrated in absolute alcohol, mounted in Canada balsam on celluloid micro-slides, and pinned with the specimens from which they originated. Images of the entire body and the genital structures were taken using an image processing system (Nikon SMZ 1500 stereoscopic microscope; Nikon Digital Camera DXM 1200F, and Adobe Photoshop software).
Morphological terminology mainly follows that used by Seevers (1978) and . The ventral side of the median lobe of the aedeagus is considered to be the side of the bulbus containing the foramen mediale, the entrance of the ductus ejaculatorius, and the adjacent ventral side of the tubus of the median lobe with the internal sac and its structures (this part is referred to as the parameral side in some recent publications); the opposite side is referred to as the dorsal part. In the species descriptions, microsculpture refers to the surface of the upper forebody (head, pronotum and elytra). majority of central, western and northern Canada remains poorly studied. Large numbers of aleocharines (and other staphylinids) have been collected over the last 25 years as a result of numerous trapping studies in forests, native grasslands, agricultural lands, and wetlands, especially in Alberta. This has resulted in the collection of an estimated 50,000-70,000 specimens of Aleocharinae, especially in epigaeic and saproxylic habitats of forests, throughout much of the province. The vast majority of these specimens have not been prepared or identified. The identification of a few specimens from one small study in northwestern Alberta resulted in the 14 new provincial records reported herein. Similarly, dozens of other sites have been subjected to intensive insect trapping, especially in British Columbia, Quebec and northern Canada, resulting in collection of tens of thousands of aleocharine specimens, the vast majority of which remain undetermined. Virtually every insect collection in the country, and many in other countries, have hundreds to many thousands of undetermined aleocharine specimens. Thus, even modest efforts at determination are sure to reveal new provincial, territorial, national and North American records, and undescribed species. Thus it is not surprising nor unusual that examination of a relatively small number of specimens from a few sites in Saskatchewan resulted in 33 new provincial records, including two new Canadian records and one new North American record. This sampling effort more than doubled the previously known species for the province, now numbering 53 species (Table 1).
Estimating the expected number of species of aleocharines in Canada is challenging. One way to do this is to extrapolate based on the species richness patterns for the family Carabidae (ground beetles) that is very well known and surveyed throughout most of Canada. This family frequently co-occurs with aleocharines, especially in epigaeic and saproxylic habitats. The jurisdictions where the aleocharine fauna is best known are Yukon Territory, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador. For Carabidae, the fauna of these three jurisdictions represent 20.5%, 34.3%, and 19.5% of the total number (972) of carabid species/subspecies in Canada ). If it is assumed that the known aleocharine fauna of each of these jurisdictions represents a similar percent of the total Canadian fauna, then an extrapolation based on the currently known fauna of Yukon, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador estimates 630, 601 and 890 species in the Canadian fauna, respectively. It is likely that the actual number falls somewhere in the middle of this range. Thus, it is reasonable to use the average of these three estimates, 707, as the expected species richness for the Canadian fauna, meaning that at least 200 more aleocharine species are expected to be found in Canada. Likely a large proportion of these will be found in British Columbia and southern Ontario and Quebec.
The expected species richness of aleocharines for each jurisdiction can also be estimated using the proportion of the total Canadian carabid fauna in each territory and province and multiplying that against the expected total Canadian aleocharine species richness (707) ( Table 2). By comparing this estimated species richness to the actual one , the percent of each jurisdictional fauna documented to date can be calculated. In terms of the percent of fauna documented at the time Bousquet et al. (2013) was published, the most poorly known jurisdictions were Saskatchewan (11%) and Prince Edward  Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one female was captured on a sandy beach. In Labrador, adults were collected in carrion traps and flight intercept traps in sprucemoss forests . Elsewhere, adults were captured from animal carcasses and some from Carex and moss near a lake . The adults were collected from May to August. References , Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007 Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured in horse manure. Elsewhere, adults were collected from decaying organic matter, fungi, animal droppings, human feces, and carrion . Larvae are parasitic on fly pupae . The adults were collected from June to September.  Moore andLegner 1975: 371. Arisota umbrina Casey 1910: 136. Synonymized by Moore and Legner 1975: 371. Diagnosis. Body narrowly subparallel ( Fig. 1), length 1.7-1.8 mm, dark brown with two large reddish-brown spots on posterior sutural part of elytra and lighter colour tarsi (Fig. 1); head, pronotum and elytra coarsely and sparsely punctate, punctures large; pubescence sparse; integument strongly glossy; pronotum transverse, slightly narrower than elytra, pubescence directed laterad from median line; elytra at suture about as long as pronotum; abdomen subparallel. MALE. Median lobe of aedeagus with oval bulbus and narrowly elongate and rounded tubus in dorsal view (Fig. 3), in lateral view tubus slightly arcuate basally and straight apically (Fig. 2); internal sac structures not pronounced; tergite VIII truncate apically (Fig. 4); sternite VIII slightly emarginated at apex and with broad distance between base of disc and antecostal suture (Fig. 5). FEMALE. Tergite VIII truncate apically (Fig. 7); sternite VIII broadly arcuate apically (Fig. 8); spermatheca with narrowly elongate club-shaped capsule angularly connected to narrow and long stem, together forming L-shaped structure (Fig. 6).

Distribution.
Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one female was captured in dry litter on the banks of the Red River. In Newfoundland, adults were collected in mixedwood forest litter, in litter in riparian zones along forested streams, a sandy lakeshore and a marsh. Elsewhere, adults were recorded from organic debris, fungi and carrion, and often found in caves in the USA Peck 1986, Klimaszewski et al. 2011). The adults were collected from June to October.

Atheta (Datomicra) celata (Erichson)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Natural history. The single female in Saskatchewan was captured in horse manure. Remarks. This species was originally described by Erichson (1839) as Homalota recondita, from Pennsylvania. It clearly does not belong to Homalota and was subsequently listed by Moore and Legner (1975) as belonging to the subgenus Dimetrota of Atheta. Gusarov, V.I. identified types of H. recondita as Acrotona. The inclusion of this species in Acrotona needs confirmation because it has scarcly visible minute part of pronotal hypomeron visible in lateral view.

New records
New provincial records: Saskatchewan: Prince Albert, sandy beach, 53.9804°, -106.28°, 532 m, 4.VI.2013 (BGC, LFC) 2 males, 1 female: Meadow Lake, wet spruce litter, 54.4144°, -108.8897°, 486 m, 7.VI.2013 (BGC, LFC) 1 male, 1 female Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were captured on a sandy beach and in wet spruce litter. In Newfoundland, one specimen was collected in a carrion-baited pitfall trap in a forest . In Nova Scotia, adults were collected in nests of boreal and saw-whet owls . The adults were collected in July and August.
Natural history. This species is strongly associated with forests. The habitats of adults include bison faeces in British Columbia and wet spruce litter and poplar-spruce litter in Saskatchewan. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using carrion traps and flight intercept traps in various mixedwood and coniferous forest types . Some specimens were found in rotting mushrooms in forests and under the bark of decaying spruce logs . Elsewhere in North America it was collected from fungi and in pitfall traps in forests. The adults were collected from June to August.

Distribution.
Natural history. In British Columbia, adults were captured in willow-aspen litter. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using pitfall traps in fir forests . In Yukon Territory, adults were collected from sifted willow litter (Salix sp.) ). The adults were collected from May to July.  Lohse et al. 1990, Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007 Natural history. The single female in Saskatchewan was captured in horse manure in September.
Remarks. This species is similar to our native Atheta (D.) acadiensis Klimaszewski & Majka (2007) described from Nova Scotia but it is readily distinguishable by the morphology of genital structures. For illustrations of A. acadiensis, see Klimaszewski and Majka (2007).

Atheta (Bessobia) cryptica (Lohse)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, a female was captured in wet spruce litter, and one Newfoundland specimen was captured using a carrion-baited pitfall trap in a spruce/moss forest . In Alberta, one male was captured in an early decay stage of a white spruce log in spruce-aspen mixed forest. Elsewhere, adults were collected in the nests of several owl species, in maple forest, in oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sp.), and in organic material on standing trees ). The adults were collected from June to August.

Atheta (Atheta) graminicola (Gravenhorst)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were captured on a sandy beach. In Newfoundland, some adults were collected using a flight intercept trap in a mixed forest . Elsewhere, adults occur in forest leaf litter, at edges of streams and pools, in moss and in drift material ). The adults were collected from April to June.

Atheta (Pseudota) klagesi Bernhauer
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured from the riparian zone of a pond. In Newfoundland, most adults were collected in forests of various types (deciduous, coniferous, mixedwood, riparian) using carrion-baited pitfall traps and flight intercept traps, as well as on coastal barrens using pitfall traps and on rotting mushrooms . Elsewhere, adults were collected on gilled, polypore and coral fungi, in compost and other organic debris, and in rotten logs, and the usual habitat is forest, e.g., hardwoods, eastern white cedar swamps, red spruce/yellow birch, hemlock, mixedwood (Klimaszewski and Peck 1986, 2007b. The adults were collected from April to August.

Atheta (Chaetida) longicornis (Gravenhorst)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, specimens were captured in horse manure. Elsewhere, adults are usually associated with cow dung, carrion, compost, rotting mushrooms, and other rotting organic substrates ). The adults were collected from May to October.

Atheta (Microdota) platonoffi Brundin
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were found on ferns and scat, and in wet spruce litter. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using carrion-baited pitfall traps and flight intercept traps in various mixedwood and coniferous forest types (Klimaszews ki et al. 2011). In New Brunswick, adults were captured from litter in a red spruce forest . The adults were collected from June to August.

Atheta (Dimetrota) prudhoensis (Lohse)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were found in horse manure. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using carrion-baited pitfall traps and flight intercept traps in conifer-dominated forests, including upland and riparian habitats . Elsewhere, adults were collected from gilled mushrooms, compost, and leaf litter in various forest types, e.g., birch, maple, oak, hemlock mixed forests and spruce forest ). The adults were collected from June to September.

Atheta (Microdota) pseudosubtilis Klimaszewski & Langor
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Alberta, one female was found in a white spruce dominated aggregated retention patch (5.93 ha) surrounded by 10-year-old regenerating coniferous trees using a window trap attached to the trunk of white spruce snag. Elsewhere, adults were collected from unbaited and baited pitfall traps and flight intercept traps in various coniferous and mixedwood forest types ). The adults were collected from June to August.
Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured in the riparian zone of a pond. In Newfoundland, adults were collected in unbaited and carrion-baited pitfall traps and flight intercept traps in various coniferous and mixedwood forest types . Elsewhere, adults were found in coniferous forests and in organic litter in mixed forests (Klimaszewski et al. 2005, Majka and.The adults were collected from May to October.

Boreophilia davidgei Klimaszewski & Godin
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2012) Distribution.  Lohse et al. 1990, Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007 Natural history. In Alberta, adults were collected using window traps installed on the trunk of a recently girdled white spruce tree and on snags. The adults were found in white spruce dominated aggregated retention patches (> 1.43 ha) surrounded by 10-year-old coniferous regenerating matrix, small aggregated retention patch (0.20 ha) surrounded by 20% dispersed retention, 10-year-old regenerating aspen stand, and intact white spuce forest. In Yukon Territory, adults were collected using pitfall traps and sifting organic litters in various coniferous and mixedwood forest types (Klimaszewski et al. 2012). The adults were collected from May to September.

Boreophilia islandica (Kraatz)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Alberta, one female was collected in June in an aggregated retention patch (0.46 ha) surrounded by 20% dispersed retention of a white spruce dominated stand, using an emergence trap attached to the trunk of intermediate decay stage of white spruce log. The other female was captured in 10-year-old regenerating trembling aspen, using a window trap. This is the first habitat record of the species.

Boreostiba parvipennis (Bernhauer)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution.   Natural history. In the Northwest Territories, adults were found in aspen and birch-spruce litter. In Newfoundland, adults were collected mostly using pitfall traps in fir and spruce forests . One specimen was found in a rotting mushroom and another under detritus on a sandy beach ). The adults were collected from May to August.

Dinaraea pacei Klimaszewski & Langor
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. One female was captured in the Yukon using a Lindgren funnel trap in a white spruce stand. Adults in Newfoundland and Labrador were collected using pitfall traps and flight intercept traps in various coniferous forest types, and one specimen was collected under the bark of a dead red pine . In British Columbia, adults were caught in emergence traps attached to the trunks of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. latifolia Engelm.) infested by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (Langor, unpublished). In New Brunswick, adults were found: under the bark of large fallen spruce in an oldgrowth eastern white cedar swamp; under tight bark of American elm; in a silver maple forest; in fleshy polypore fungi at the base of a dead standing Populus sp. in a wet alder swamp; in a group of Pholiota sp. at the base of a dead Populus sp. in a mixed forest. In Quebec, adults were found in dead black spruce in a black spruce forest. Adults were also captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old-growth white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and balsam fir forest, an old mixed forest with red and white spruce, red and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and a rich Appalachian hardwood forest with some conifers . The adults were collected from March to September.

Dinaraea worki Klimaszewski & Jacobs
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution.   Natural history. In Alberta, adults were collected using window traps attached to a girdled white spruce tree and a snag, and were reared from white spruce logs in early and intermediate decay stages. In Quebec, adults were found in dead and dying black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. (BSP)) in black spruce dominated stands. The adults were collected from June to September.

Liogluta aloconotoides Lohse
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution.
Natural history. In Alberta, adults were reared from well-decayed white spruce logs. Elsewhere, adults were captured in various forest types including a recently burned forest. The adults were collected from July to October.

Lypoglossa franclemonti Hoebeke
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured on a sandy beach. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was collected in a pitfall trap in a balsam fir stand . Elsewhere, adults were captured in litter in spruce bogs, birch bogs, in moss and lichens, and in coniferous and deciduous forests (Gusarov 2004). The adults were collected from May to September.

Philhygra botanicarum (Muona)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured in wet willow stand. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using flight intercept traps in mixedwood and coniferous forests, and along the margins of streams . In New Brunswick, adults were found on muddy soil, near margins of water in alder swamps, in mixed forests, in drift material on a lakeshore, and in moist leaves under a sap flow from a yellow birch ). The adults were collected from May to August.

Philhygra clemens (Casey)
(for details and body image, see Klimaszewski et al. 2005, 2007b Distribution.  Casey 1910, Moore and Legner 1975, 2007b Origin Natural history. The Manitoba male was captured in litter on the bank of the Red River. In New Brunswick, it was found in red spruce (P. rubens) forests , whereas in Quebec it was found in yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis) forests (Klimaszewski et al. 2007b). The adults were collected from June to October.

Philhygra jarmilae Klimaszewski & Langor
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. The holotype was captured in a flight intercept trap in a mixedwood forest in Newfoundland . In Saskatchewan, adults were found in birch-alder litter, on a sandy beach, and in the riparian zone of a pond. The adults were collected from June to September.

Philhygra ripicoloides Lohse
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution.
Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured on a sandy beach. Adults were collected from May to August .

Philhygra rostrifera Lohse
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution.   Natural history. In Northwest Territories, one male was captured in birch/ spruce forest. In Saskatchewan, adults were found in wet willow thicket, sprucealder litter, ditch litter in a deciduous forest, and on ferns and in scat. In Newfoundland, a single adult was collected from treading vegetation and sphagnum moss in a boggy area . In Yukon Territory, the species was found in moss in a meadow ). The adults were collected from June to September.
Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured on a sandy beach. In Newfoundland, one specimen was collected amongst litter and stones on the sandy shore of a lake . The adults were collected in June and July.

Philhygra terrestris Klimaszewski & Godin
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2012) Distribution.  Klimaszewski et al. 2009a Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were captured in a wet willow stand and in birch-alder and birch-spruce litter. The Yukon specimen was collected from ground litter . The adults were collected from June to September.
Natural history. In Alberta, adults were captured in window traps attached to a recent white spruce snag. In British Columbia, adults were captured by treading Sphagnum and Carex at the edge of a marsh ). The adults were collected in July and August.

Schistoglossa carexiana Klimaszewski
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2009a) Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one female was captured on a sandy beach. In British Columbia, adults were captured by treading Sphagnum and Carex at the edge of a marsh ). The adults were collected from June to August.
Natural history. In Alberta, one female was captured in a window trap attached to a recently girdled white spruce tree. Elsewhere, adults were captured in Salix, Vaccinium and Chamaedaphne leaf litter . The adults were collected from June to September.

Seeversiella globicollis (Bernhauer)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one male was captured in an aspen stand. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using pitfall traps in fir and riparian forests . Elsewhere, adults were found in leaf litter near a body of water, in litter near the sea and in mountain forests  Diagnosis. Body broadly oval (Fig. 16), length 1.5-1.8 mm, dark brown with reddish tinge and slightly paler base of abdomen or uniformly black, appendages usually lighter than rest of body (Fig. 16); sparsely punctate and pubescent; setae straight and erect, particularly on pronotum; integument strongly glossy; head slightly narrower than pronotum; pronotum moderately transverse, rounded laterally and basally, distinctly narrower than elytra; elytra broad at suture about as long as pronotum; abdomen arcuate laterally and broadest at middle of its length. MALE. Median lobe of aedeagus with oval bulbus and triangularly shaped tubus in dorsal view (Fig. 18) slightly sinuate and narrow apically with apex narrowly rounded (Fig. 17); internal sac structures not pronounced; tergite VIII short and truncate apically (Fig. 19); sternite VIII slightly produced apically and rounded at apex and with narrow distance between base of disc and antecostal suture (Fig. 20). FEMALE. Tergite VIII short and truncate apically (Fig. 22); sternite VIII broadly arcuate apically (Fig. 23); spermatheca with broad and sac-shaped capsule with minute apical invagination, stem narrow, sinuate and narrowly twisted apically (Fig. 21).

Distribution.
Origin Natural history. In Alberta, one female was collected using a window trap deployed in a 10-year-old regenerating white spruce stand. The British Columbia specimens were found on bison scat. The adults were collected from June to September.
Comments. The two specimens from British Columbia agree with the type series in external morphology and shape of genitalia except for the entirely black body. It is well known that many aleocharine species exhibit darker colour at higher latitudes compared with more southern populations.

Gymnusa campbelli Klimaszewski
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski 1979 Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, one female was captured on a sandy beach. In Newfoundland, adults were collected in riparian areas . Elsewhere, adults were collected by treading wet moss on muddy shores of shallow lakes ). The adults were collected from June to August.

Gyrophaena criddlei Casey
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were captured on a mushroom in pine forest. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using flight intercept traps in sprucepoplar forest . Elsewhere, adults were collected from gilled mushrooms in pine, hardwood and mixedwood forests (Seevers 1951). The adults were collected in August and September.

Gyrophaena insolens Casey
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Seevers 1951 Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were collected from mushrooms in a pine forest. In Labrador, adults were collected using flight intercept traps in sprucebirch and spruce-poplar forests . Elsewhere, adults were collected from gilled mushrooms (Russula sp.) in mixed forests, white and red spruce forests, white cedar swamps, yellow birch and spruce forests, and oak and maple forests (Seevers 1951. The adults were collected in August and September.

Gyrophaena uteana Casey
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Seevers 1951 Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were captured in birch and alder litter in a forest. Elsewhere, the species appears to be riparian. Adults were collected from February to November from debris near streams and lakes, and from a beaver lodge .

Devia prospera (Erichson)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see  Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were collected from alder/spruce and wet spruce litter in forests. In Newfoundland, adults were collected in abundance using pitfall traps in a patch of mixedwood forest in an urban area but were uncommon in a disturbed field with forbs and grasses . Elsewhere, adults were collected in human settlements from stables, barns, heaps of straw, haystacks, rotting organic debris, mushrooms, and forest litter ). The adults were collected from June to August.

Origin
Nearctic Distribution Canada: NB, NF, ON, SK, YT; USA: AK Natural history. The Saskatchewan specimens were captured in a wet willow stand. Elsewhere, adults were collected at lake margins, on moist soil/gravel among sedges and by treading Carex and grasses (Klimaszewski et al. 2014). The adults were collected from June to September.

Oxypoda grandipennis (Casey)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2006 Distribution. Natural history. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using pitfall traps, carrion traps and flight intercept traps in various forest types (coniferous, deciduous, mixedwood and riparian) and on coastal limestone barrens of Labrador . Some specimens were collected from rotting mushrooms in forests . Elsewhere, adults were collected from leaf litter, moss, fungi, in natural and harvested deciduous and coniferous forests . It is a very adaptable and common Oxypoda species in Canada. The adults were collected from May to October. Natural history. In Alberta, a single female was collected in a white spruce dominated stand using a window trap installed on the trunk of a recently girdled white spruce. Elsewhere, adults were captured in various forest types, agricultural fields, a disturbed meadow with Salix shrubs, and vegetation on coastal sand dunes . The adults were collected from March to October.

Oxypoda lacustris Casey
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2006 Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan and Manitoba, specimens were found in alder/ spruce litter in a forest stand and in litter on river banks. In Newfoundland, adults were collected using pitfall traps in birch forests, burned forest, fir forest, coastal sand dunes and coastal barrens . Elsewhere, adults were collected in forest litter, moss, gopher burrows, and muskrat nests ). The adults were collected from June to September.

Oxypoda orbicollis Casey
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2006 Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, specimens were found on a mushroom in a pine forest. In Labrador, specimens were collected using pitfall traps in various coniferous, deciduous and mixedwood forest types . Elsewhere, adults were collected in forest litter in deciduous-dominated stands and in balsam fir forest, as well as in sphagnum moss . The adults were collected from June to September.

Oxypoda pseudolacustris Klimaszewski
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2006 Distribution. Natural history. In Saskatchewan, adults were captured in an aspen stand. In Newfoundland, adults were reared from the boles of dead balsam fir, collected with pitfall traps in fir forests and collected from coastal sand dunes . Elsewhere, adults were collected mostly from sphagnum moss near small bodies of water, other moss, forest litter in coniferous and deciduous forests and organic litter in alpine and subalpine habitats. Most adults were collected from May through October, with some records from November and December (details in Klimaszewski et al. 2006). Natural history. In Alberta, adults were collected from dead or dying white spruce in aggregated retention patches surrounded by different levels of dispersed retention, using window traps. Elsewhere, adults were found in mature coniferous forests, using pit-light traps and ethanol-baited Lindgren funnel traps . The adults were collected in July and August.

Placusa tachyporoides (Waltl)
(for diagnosis and illustrations, see Klimaszewski et al. 2001) Distribution. Origin Palaearctic, adventive in North America  Klimaszewski et al. 2001 Natural history. In Alberta, adults were reared from white spruce logs in early and intermediate decay stages in white spruce dominated stands. Elsewhere, adults were found in various deciduous and coniferous forests, using a flight intercept trap, ethanol-baited Lindgren funnel traps, pit-light traps, and pitfall traps.