An annotated catalogue of the types of Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, with brief historical notes

Abstract A critical and annotated catalogue of 72 types of Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) belonging to 53 species and subspecies housed in the Swedish Museum of Natural History is given. The lectotypes of Chrysis diversa Dahlbom, 1845, Chrysis soror Dahlbom, 1854, Chrysura sulcata Dahlbom, 1845 and Holopyga amoenula Dahlbom, 1845 are designated. The previous lectotype of Chrysis diversa Dahlbom, 1845 is set aside. Five new synonymies are proposed: Chrysis elegans var. smaragdula Trautmann, 1926 (currently Chrysis elegans ssp. interrogata Linsenmaier, 1959 repl. name for smaragdula Trautmann, nec Fabricius, 1775), syn. n. of Chrysis confluens (Dahlbom, 1845); Chrysis eximia Mocsáry, 1889, syn. n. of Chrysis poecila Mocsáry, 1889; Chrysis pyrrhina Dahlbom, 1845, syn. n. of Chrysis erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845; Chrysis separata Trautmann, 1926, syn. n. of Chrysis lateralis Dahlbom, 1845; Chrysis sicula Abeille de Perrin, 1877, syn. n. of Chrysis erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845. Chrysis serena Radoszkowski, 1891 is the first available name for Chrysis pyrrhina sensu auctorum. Chrysis erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845 is revaluated as valid species. The neotype of Chrysis inaequalis Dahlbom, 1845 is designated in the Linsenmaier collection (NMLS). Illustrations of 34 types are given.


Introduction
The Chrysididae collection in the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NHRS) is an important historical collection in Europe that includes several types described by Dahlbom and other authors. It is divided in three parts: the general collection, the Swedish collection and the type collection. A few specimens (294 specimens) of Chrysididae can be found in separate historical collections (Boheman's collection).
The general collection consists of 15 drawers that were reorganized by the first author in 2012 in taxonomical and alphabetical order sensu Kimsey and Bohart (1991) and it includes about 1700 specimens. The Swedish collection consists of 19 drawers and 1762 specimens belonging to about 50 taxa. All the type specimens were labelled with red type labels and transferred to the type collection, which currently includes 72 types belonging to 53 species and subspecies: 30 holotypes, 20 paratypes, 7 syntypes, 6 lectotypes and 9 paralectotypes. Unfortunately, the original identification labels by Dahlbom are lost, probably removed after a subsequent reorganization of the collection in the nineteenth century. For this reason we encountered some difficulties in identifying some original types (e.g. Platycelia ehrenbergi and Stilbum wesmaeli). Dahlbom (1845) did not list all the examined specimens, but he used different Latin words related to the frequency at which he encountered the examined species: vulgatissima (very common), vulgar (common), freq. (= frequentes, frequent), pl. min. freq. (plus or minus frequentes, more or less frequent), pass. (= passim, literally 'here and there'), rar. (= rarus, used when he examined few specimens) and rariss. (= rarissima, when he examined only one specimen). These characterisations were taken into consideration when studying the type material. At that time, the Code of Zoological Nomenclature was not yet published, and Dahlbom (1845Dahlbom ( , 1854 did not follow the "Principle of Priority". In some cases, he changed the priority of species previously described. These changes led to confusion among the following authors, as shown in the remarks (e.g. Chrysis mediocris, Hedychridium cupreum, Holopyga amoenula). In other cases he changed the original description, after the examination of further material (e.g. Chrysis sulcata).
The present paper is mainly focused on the type material described by Dahlbom, but also includes other Chrysidid types described by authors after Dahlbom and housed at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NHRS). Cameron (1910) and Hammer (1950) described some species and dedicated two new species to Yngve Sjöstedt, the professor and curator of the entomology department of the NHRS: Chrysis sjostedti Cameron and Cleptes sjostedti Hammer. Some paratypes were donated by Linsenmaier (1959a), who was in contact and exchanged several specimens with Stellan Erlandsson and the Gaunitz family. In the 1960s the museum loaned some exotic specimens to the Swiss entomologist Walter Linsenmaier, who described a new species (Chrysis tenuimediata Linsenmaier, 1968). A great part of that loan remained unidentified and was sent back to the Museum after Linsenmaier's death. The Finnish entomologist Erikki Valkeila (1971) deposited the holotype of Chrysis corusca and the paratype of C. scintillans here. Valkeila was very active and identified many specimens in the NHRS Chrysididae collection. In the 1980s Bohart borrowed some African types, and kindly deposited some paratypes of Nearctic species. It is unclear how two types by Balthasar (1957) arrived in the collection.
Anders Gustaf Dahlbom was born in Herrberga parish in Östergötland County on March 3, 1806. From his father, the surgeon Anders Dahlbom, he inherited a strong interest in insects (Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 2013). He matriculated at Lund University in 1825, studied natural history, medicine and pharmacology and completed his master's degree (Dahlbom 1829), with a thesis on Chrysididae (Monographia Chrysidum Sveciae). He became a docent of natural history in 1830 in Lund and from 1843 lecturer in entomology as well as curator of the entomological collections at the Museum of Zoology at Lund University. In 1857, two years before he died, Dahlbom was appointed professor (Dal 1996). Dahlbom was a pioneer in applied entomology and wrote a handbook for farmers and naturalists about common benefits and potential problems with the Scandinavian insects that can be found in and around a house or farm (Dahlbom 1838). However, most of his works are on systematic entomology and are characterized by careful descriptions and sharp-eyed observations (Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 2013). He took part in several entomological research journeys with his teacher Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt in northern Sweden and abroad.
Dahlbom had the opportunity to visit some of the museums that were the most important in Europe at that time: Berlin (MNHU), Copenhagen (ZMUC), London (BMNH), Paris (MNHN), and his types are currently found in Berlin (MNHU), Copenhagen (ZMUC), Lund (MZLU), Stockholm (NHRS), Turin (MRSN) and Vienna (MHNW). He published his observations and studies on Chrysididae in four publications: Exercitationes Hymenopterologicae, Monographia Chrysididum Sveciae (Dahlbom 1831), Dispositio Methodica Specierum Hymenopterorum. Particula II -Chrysis in sensu Linnaeano (Dahlbom 1845), Syd-Africanska Chrysides (Dahlbom 1850), Hymenoptera europaea praecipue borealia (Dahlbom 1854). The latter is considered a landmark in the study of Chrysididae. For the first time he provided keys to genera and species and an attempt to organize all the known information on Chrysidids at that time. In total he described 213 new species (Dahlbom 1854) of which more than 150 are still valid (Kimsey and Bohart 1991), and his descriptions were used as models for that time. Dahlbom examined Fabricius' types deposited at Kiel (ZMUC) and in Vienna (MHNW), Klug's types in Berlin (MNHU) and Spinola's types from his private collection (MRSN, . Dahlbom passed away on May 3, 1859, in Lund. Most of his large collection, his library, a rich archive of correspondence with international and national researchers, and a catalogue of the collections and their history were donated to the entomological collections in Lund (MZLU) (Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 2013).

Material and methods
Terminology and classification of the genera follows Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Classification of species follows Fauna Europaea (Rosa and Soon 2012), Linsenmaier (1959Linsenmaier ( , 1968Linsenmaier ( , 1987Linsenmaier ( , 1997aLinsenmaier ( , 1997bLinsenmaier ( , 1999, Rosa (2006), Van der Smissen (2010) and Móczár (1998a, b), for the genus Cleptes. These works have been taken in consideration also for the reorganization of the general collection. The 4 th edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), in effect since 1 st January 2000, has been applied to the present work.
The type list is arranged alphabetically and the following data are given: name of the species and of the author, the complete reference of the description, type locality, current systematic placement, category of the type, number and sex of specimens, complete label, in which handwritten text is given in italics; labels are separated from each other by square brackets; a stroke marks the end of a line. The state of preservation is given only in case of damaged types.
Only selected types were illustrated, such as the newly designated neotype and lectotypes. Pictures of the types were taken with Nikon D-80 connected to the stereomicroscope Togal SCZ and stacked with the software Combine ZP (by Paolo Rosa); the white calibration of the photocamera was applied to reduce the blue effect of the neon light of the Togal microscope. Two pictures were taken with Canon EOS 7D combined with the software Zerene Stacker ("HV" photos = by Hege Vårdal).
All the chrysidid types housed at the NHRS were labelled with NHRS-HEVA catalogue numbers and databased in the DINA-system used by several Swedish natural history collections. This data is presented on Naturarv which is the Search Portal for Natural History Collections in Sweden (www.naturarv.se). GBIF harvest data from this system on a regular basis. High resolution photographs of the types presented in this paper will be uploaded on the database of biological images Morphbank (www. morphbank.net).
Other specimens examined or discussed are deposited in the following institutions: Remarks. For a very long time Chrysis corusca remained an enigmatic species. Linsenmaier (1987Linsenmaier ( , 1997a did not even cite it in his revisional works on the European species. Also the most important European revisions or checklists published in the 1990s (Kunz 1994;Mingo 1994; did not include C. corusca. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 400) were the first authors to include C. corusca in a catalogue with the status of valid species. Diagnostic characteristics were cited in the original description, Niehuis (2000: 184) found other better and usable characteristics, and later listed C. corusca as a valid species widely distributed in Germany (Niehuis 2001: 120). A detailed morphological analysis of this species was finally provided by van der Smissen (2010: 69) in her monographical work on the Chrysis ignita group. Soon and Saarma (2011) included C. corusca in their molecular analysis. The distribution of this species is still poorly known and related to central and north European countries (Paukkunen et al. 2014). However we do believe that C. corusca could have a wide distributional range and that data are missing because of misidentifications with other species within the C. ignita species group (Rosa et al. 2013).
In the original description Valkeila listed 3 females (holotype and 2 paratypes) from Närke Lerbäck, Åsbro (leg. G. Hallin). At the moment only the holotype is present in the general collection. The two paratypes are in Gunnar Hallin's private collection, which is scheduled for donation to the NHRS (H. Vårdal, pers. comm.). Current status. Chrysis corusca Valkeila, 1971.

Chrysis diversa Dahlbom, 1845
Plate 5 Remarks. Dahlbom (1845: 13) described Chrysis diversa without any information on the type-series. Later Dahlbom (1854: 226) listed that he examined only two specimens: "Habitat in Aegypto, a D. Hedenborg detecta. Specimina duo e Museo R. Acad. Scient. Stockholm. communicavit D. Boheman." In the collection three female specimens are found. They bear red labels with the numbers 47, 48, 49 and they were all collected by Hedenborg in Egypt. Two specimens are equal and belong to the species C. palliditarsis Spinola, 1838; whereas the third specimen, although with similar colouration and habitus, is different and belongs to the species C. viridissima Klug, 1845. The latter specimen is not part of the original type-series and cannot be considered as syntype. The other two specimens, found in the collection with catalogue numbers 47 (NHRS-HEVA000001073) and 48 (NHRS-HEVA000001074) can be considered as syntypes. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 446) [NHRS-HEVA000001131]. This specimen must be excluded from the type-series because the anal margin is quite different from the anal margin of C. diversa as found in the original description: "Abdominis segmenti 3:tii series ante-apicalis e punctis modicis non confluentibus constituta; dentes apicales breves obtusi. Corpus 2 ½ lin. long". All three specimens share the same shape of the pit row of the third tergite, but only two specimens have apical teeth short and more or less obtuse and their body lenght is "2 ½ lin.". The female of C. viridissima has different anal teeth: the median ones are rounded and the lateral ones are spiniform; moreover it is longer than the other two specimens. More differences are found between the two species (e.g. the length of the malar space (Plate 5B)) but without relation to the original description. According to the ICZN (Art. 74.2) if it is demonstrated that a specimen designated as a lectotype was not a syntype, it loses its lectotype status.
We here designate one of the two female syntypes as the lectotype of C. diversa Dahlbom, 1845 to fix the synonym C. diversa Dahlbom = C. palliditarsis Spinola. If we would consider Bohart's lectotype designation as valid, then the synonym C. diversa Dahlbom = C. viridissima Dahlbom would generate confusion, since C. diversa has the priority over C. viridissima, which is currently in prevailing use.
Current status. Chrysis palliditarsis Spinola, 1838 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 446 Remarks. Dahlbom (1845: 11) described Chrysis zetterstedti based on a type series including male and female from Sweden and another specimen from Norway. Later Dahlbom (1854: 307) described the female as a separate species 'Specimen unicum e Collectione Paykulli Mus. R. Acad. Scient. Stockholm, communicavit D. Boheman'. This specimen is both syntype of C. zetterstedti Dahlbom, 1845 and holotype of C. equestris Dahlbom, 1854. Both types of C. zetterstedti and C. equestris have been examined by Linsenmaier (1959: 163); the other two males (not syntypes) of C. zetterstedti listed by Dahlbom (1854: 305) are housed in MZLU (Paukkunen et al. 2014 For a long time, C. erythromelas has been considered as a variety of C. viridula Linnaeus, 1761 by the most important authors (Mocsáry 1889: 444;Dalla Torre 1892: 108;Trautmann 1927: 165;Berland and Bernard 1938: 107). Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 424) synonymised it with C. integra Fabricius, 1787. Without following the Principle of Priority, Linsenmaier (1951: 101) considered C. erythromelas as a variety of C. cylindrica Eversmann, 1857. Later Linsenmaier (1959 placed C. erythromelas in relation with C. integra ssp. sicula Abeille de Perrin, 1877, but he was not sure about the correct relationship: "Der Name erythromelas Dahlbom 1845 bezieht sich auf diese Spezies, doch kann ich nicht beurteilen, ob er als Synonym zu integra Nominatform aufzufassen ist, oder ob er an Stelle von ssp. sicula zu treten hätte (er wurde nach einem ♀ ohne Patria aufgestellt, auch ohne sichere Geschlechts-Bestimmung)". Finally Linsenmaier (1997a: 277) synonymised C. sicula with C. ornata Smith, 1851; but this synonym is in error, since C. ornata is described from England and it is related to C. viridula Linnaeus s. str.. C. integra and related forms are distributed only in the Mediterranean area. The name C. erythromelas was even used to identify other species belonging to the C. viridula group. For example Invrea (1920: 417;1921: 344) identified the females of C. pulcherrima Lepeletier, 1806 as C. bidentata var. erythromelas. The examination of the holotype confirms that C. erythromelas is the first available name for the species named C. sicula Abeille de Perrin, 1877 or C. integra ssp. ornata Smith, 1851 sensu Linsenmaier (1997a) and widely distributed in northern Africa (see the material housed in the Linsenmaier collection) and in Sicily. The species is easily iden-tifiable from C. integra Fabricius by the deep and long frontal sulcus elongated between the fore ocellus and the facial scapal basin, halving the transversal frontal carina (TFC); punctation on metasoma with shining intervals between the punctures, with smaller dots between the larger punctures; last tergite with pit row deeply elongated (Plate 8).

Chrysis imperialis Dahlbom, 1845
Chrysis imperialis: Remarks. The two specimens do not bear the typical handwritten note ‚paratype' by Linsenmaier; but after the study of his collection in NMLS we can state that they are paratypes. Often Linsenmaier labelled only the holotype and the allotype, especially when describing subspecies with long series. These two specimens were donated by Linsenmaier and have the same handwritten locality and year of identification as the other specimens belonging to the type series in the Linsenmaier collection. This subspecies is clearly separated from the nominal form (Rosa 2003: 307 Remarks. This species belongs to the Chrysis elegans group and is conspecific with C. separata Trautmann, 1926. None of the most important authors (Dahlbom 1854;Mocsáry 1889;du Buysson (in André) 1891-1896Trautmann 1927;Berland and Bernard 1938;Linsenmaier 1951Linsenmaier , 1959Linsenmaier , 1968) mentioned this species. Only Dalla Torre (1892: 74) and later Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 431) listed it as a valid species in the comparata-scutellaris group, without type examination. The female syntype has all the typical characteristics of C. separata, species widespread from Zante (typical locality) to Middle East. A second syntype is housed in the Dahlbom collection in MZLU. We here propose Chrysis separata Trautmann, 1926, as a new synonym of Chrysis lateralis Dahlbom, 1845. A similar case was found studying Dahlbom's type of Chrysis confluens (Dahlbom, 1845). C. confluens was described from Rhodes and belongs to the C. elegans group. C. confluens was synonymised by Dahlbom himself (1854: 159, var gans Lepeletier, 1806 and remained in synonymy with C. elegans in all the most important works. However, nobody noticed that the description was perfectly matching the description of C. elegans var. smaragdula Trautmann, 1926nec Fabricius, 1775, also described from Rhodes. Linsenmaier (1959: 137) replaced the name C. elegans smaragdula Trautmann with C. interrogata Linsenmaier, 1959 without taking care of the possible synonymy with C. confluens (Dahlbom). There is no doubt about C. elegans var. smaragdula Trautmann, 1926 (currently C. elegans ssp. interrogata Linsenmaier) as a new synonym of Chrysis confluens (Dahlbom, 1845), because C. confluens is one of the most common species on the island and its peculiar colour is unique in this species group: "Corpus aeneo-aut subaurato-viride" and "Caput et thorax cyaneo-et viridi-variegata. Abdom. segmenti 3:tii series punctorum ante apicalis numerosorum orbiculatorum subconfluentium. Corpus 2 ½ lin. long.". This peculiar green or golden-green colouration is well emphasized by the name smaragdula, which in Latin means emerald green.
Both Remarks. The specimen is badly conserved. The metasoma was broken and glued using large quantity of glue, which now includes also part of the legs. All the European authors and Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 420) considered this small and slender specimen as synonym of Chrysis ignita (Linnaeus). The specimen clearly belongs to another species, probably C. angustula Schenck, 1856. Villu Soon (pers. comm.) confirmed that it possibly belongs to C. angustula but perhaps even C. solida Haupt, 1956. Since the name C. obsoleta Dahlbom has the priority on almost all the other names in the ignita group, we suggest considering it as a nomen oblitum, to maintain the prevailing usage of the names within this complicated Very likely Paykull received the male (described as pyrrhina) and the female (described as erythromelas) together, from the same locality, probably in north Africa. They both belong to the same species, C. erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845, even if the male shows some peculiar characteristics which are not found in other northern African or Sicilian specimens: short pronotum, lateral angles on T-III more acute. The metasoma is entirely reddish, but this unusual colour was found also in other specimens in the Linsenmaier collection.
After Linsenmaier (1959) the name C. pyrrhina was used to identify a common Mediterranean species (Mingo 1994;Mingo and Gayubo 1985, 1986a, 1986bMingo et al. 1988Mingo et al. , 1990Rosa 2004Rosa , 2005aRosa , 2005bStrumia , 1996Strumia , 2005Strumia , 2007aStrumia , 2007bStrumia and Pagliano 2010;. The type of C. pyrrhina does not match Linsenmaier's interpretation of the species and a new name must be given to this species. The first available name from among its synonyms is Chrysis serena Radoszkowski, 1891. The type of C. serena was checked and it is currently housed in the Radoszkowski collection in ISEA-PAS . Linsenmaier (1968: 82) considered C. serena as a subspecies of C. pyrrhina, with coarser and denser punctation on the metasoma, with micro-punctated intervals between the punctures and mesosoma greener in colour. The distribution given by Linsenmaier for C. serena is Persia, S Russia, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor and Manchuria. It is well known that in the Euro-Asiatic chrysidids, patterns in punctation have a gradient, becoming coarser from west to east. Similarly many common Chrysis are greener in the eastern area of their distribution in Europe. C. serena simply represents the eastern form with coarser punctation. Current status. Chrysis erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845.
According to the types, the two valid species and their synonymies are: (1) Chrysis poecila Mocsáry, 1889 replacement name for C. sinuata Dahlbom, 1845nec Brullé, 1833 (synonyms: C. eximia Mocsáry, 1889; C. westwoodi Mocsáry, 1912) (C. splendidula-senegalensis group); (2) Chrysis sinuosa Dahlbom, 1845  Remarks. Dahlbom (1854) described Chrysis soror based on more male specimens collected at Rhodes by Hedenborg and Loew. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 464)  the holotype in MNHU, but we could not find it with the help of the curator Frank Koch; Loew's Chrysididae are not conserved in MNHU, as well as in BMNH or NHRS. Since it is possible that one or more syntypes could be found in another collection, we select the male specimen housed at the NHRS as lectotype, which matches perfectly the current interpretation of the species.
The lectotype is partially damaged; it lacks the left flagellum, tarsi of the right midleg and the left hindleg except for the coxa. The metasoma is glued to the mesosoma. Current status. Chrysis soror Dahlbom, 1854.

Remarks. Lectotype designation by Bohart (in
In the general collection, under the name Ch. sulcata, two specimens were found. These are a specimen of Ch. sulcata and a second specimen (without head), which belongs to Chrysis aestiva Dahlbom, 1845, also described from Rhodes. It bears the same labels: [Rhodes] [Hedb.]. This specimen is obviously different, since it has two small teeth along the anal margin; but we noticed that the position of the ovipositor somehow hides the two small teeth. Perhaps it is possible that Dahlbom did not see these two small teeth and considered this specimen as a syntype. The latter has red sternites and green mesosoma.
Later Dahlbom (1854: 116), after the examination of a Sicilian specimen housed at the NHMW, gave a better and detailed description of the species, which was accepted by all the following authors and is currently recognised. The specimen examined at the NHMW is lost and was considered as a syntype by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Since the original description is ambiguous and the species could be described from several specimens, in accordance with the ICZN (Art. 73) we hereby designate the lectotype of Ch. sulcata on the male specimen bearing the label [Type] and characterised by the broken last tergite (Plate 26D). The designated lectotype matches the current interpretation of the species given by Dahlbom (1854) and Linsenmaier (1959).

Cleptes fasciata Dalman, 1823
Plate 27 Remarks. Hammer described Cleptes sjostedti based on two females, a holotype and a paratype. Móczár (1998a: 341) searched for the holotype in NHRS, but the senior curator, Fredrik Ronquist, could not find it. Consequently Móczár (1998a), according to the ICZN (Art. 75), designated the neotype based on the paratype housed in Hammer's collection in NHMW. The discovery of the original holotype automatically sets aside Móczár's neotype designation (Art. 75.8, status of rediscovered former name-bearing types). Pictures of the holotype are provided by Rosa et al. (2014).
The correct spelling of the name should be sjostedti and not sjoestedti as reported by Móczár (1998a: 325) and Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 435) in the following case of Chrysis sjostedti Cameron. These two species were dedicated to Yngve Sjöstedt, professor and curator of the NHRS; according to the ICZN (Art. 32.5.2.1); only in case of a German name the correct writing would be sjoestedti. Current status. Cleptes sjostedti Hammer, 1950.

Cymura splendida Dahlbom, 1845
Cymura splendida: Remarks. The type is badly damaged by dermestids. It lacks the antennae, the right part of the head, including mouthparts and occipitum and the right foreleg. Together with this type there are two other specimens ([NHRS-HEVA000001134] and [NHRS-HEVA000001135]) collected in the same locality by Sjöstedt and on Mount Meru, but to be excluded from the type-series because they were collected on different days. Cameron (1910)  collected on the 2 nd of November. The other two specimens have been collected the 6 th of September and in January. French identified all of them as H. massaicum but one of the specimens [175 85] collected in January belongs to a different species. Bohart (Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 216) examined the "holotype" deposited at the MZLU, but this specimen was not found, and all the material collected by Sjöstedt is deposited at the NHRS.

Hexachrysis sjostedti Cameron, 1910
Hexachrysis Sjöstedti: Remarks. The type is seriously damaged. It lacks great parts of the head; a small part is still connected to the mesosoma and includes TFC, ocelli, right part of the face, including mandibles and part of the antenna; all the legs, sternites and internal tergites and sternites are lost. We compared this specimen with the type of Chrysis malachitica Dahlbom, 1854 (deposited at the ZMUC). Small differences exist in colour, punctation and shape of the pronotum, probably due to the distances between the two populations.

Remarks.
Holopyga amoenula is the type species of Holopyga Dahlbom, 1845. In the general collection at the NHRS we found more similar specimens under the name "Holopyga amoenula Dahlbom" with the same labels: "Rhodus" and "Hedenborg". They belong to different species. Dahlbom (1845: 4) wrote: "Holopyga amoenula nob. ♂ Rhodus rar. Hedenborg". It is not possible to know how many specimens he examined, but we guess few specimens (rar.), as written in the introduction. Later Dahlbom (1854: 53) wrote: "Duo specimina ex Insula Rhodo vidi, unum a D. Hedenborg alterum a D. Loew lecta." The second specimen is not a type, because the material collected by Loew was not included in the original description.
The history of the name Ho. amoenula is rather confused, since it was used by many authors to identify almost all the European species of Holopyga. The synthesis of this confused situation can be found in Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 225), where many species belonging to different species groups are placed in synonym with Ho. amoenula (Rosa 2006: 136). More generally, the most common European species, currently known as Ho. generosa (Förster, 1853) (= ovata Dahlbom, 1854) is found in synonym with Ho. amoenula after Mocsáry's monograph (1889: 127). The same taxonomical overview was proposed by Mingo (1994: 73, 204) whereas in the other most important monographs (i.e. Trautmann 1927: 50, andBerland andBernard 1938: 42), Ho. amoenula was considered as variety of Ho. gloriosa. The name gloriosa Fabricius has been suppressed by the ICZN Commission (ICZN 1998, Opinion 1906 and the spe-Plate 29. Holopyga amoenula Dahlbom, 1845, lectotype (photo HV). A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C metasoma, lateral view. cies previously identified with this name sensu Linsenmaier are related with a different species-group, which includes Ho. lucida (Lepeletier), Ho. inflammata (Förster), Ho. caucasica Mocsáry, etc. Only after Linsenmaier's revision (1959) of the European species, Ho. amoenula was correctly identified and recognized as a distinct, valid species endemic to Rhodes. The discussion on the name amoenula originates in Dahlbom's monograph (1854: 53). Dahlbom considered Ho. amoenula as variety (var. d) of the new described species Ho. ovata, contrary to the Principle of Priority that was not yet applied at that time. Two subspecies of Ho. amoenula are present in southern Europe: Ho. amoenula ssp. oriensa Linsenmaier and ssp. occidenta Linsenmaier. The possibility that they could be valid species should be taken in consideration.
Since there are different specimens in the collection, and species collected by Hedenborg on Rhodes under the name Ho. amoenula, we hereby designate as the lectotype the specimen which match the current interpretation of the species. It is pinned, in perfect condition and we dissected the genitalia, glued with the specimen (Plate 29).

Holopyga dohrni Dahlbom, 1854
Plate 30 Remarks. Dahlbom (1854) described Holopyga dohrni based on a type-series including specimens from Cuba, received from Dohrn, and New York, received from Kriechbaumer. Mocsáry (1889: 122) without type examination placed Ho. dohrni Dahlbom in synonymy with of Ho. ventralis (Say). This synonym was accepted by several authors (Dalla Torre 1892: 30, Bodenstein 1951Krombein 1979Krombein : 1225. Bohart and Kimsey (1982: 28) listed type "unknown" and placed Ho. dohrni in synonymy with Ho. ventralis, with restricted distribution to New York; later Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 236) examined the syntype collected in New York and considered it as a holotype. With this assumption (locality restricted to N.Y.) and term (holotype), Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991) explicitly indicated that he was selecting from the type series that particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type (Art. 74.5). Therefore the syntype deposited at the MZLU must be considered as the lectotype.
The two Cuban paralectotypes collected by Dohrn are deposited at the NHRS and belong to a different species, probably to Ho. cyaniventris (Cresson, 1865 of the left foreleg, both hindlegs and the sternites and internal urites. Also the first metasomal tergite is partially damaged. Current status. Praestochrysis spina (Brullé, 1846) (synonymised and transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 535).

Platycelia ehrenbergi Dahlbom, 1845
Platycelia Ehrenbergi: Dahlbom 1845: 8. Remarks. Dahlbom (1845: 8) described "Platycelia Ehrenbergi nob. AEgypt. rariss. Hedenborg.". The use of "rariss." suggests that Dahlbom examined only one specimen. Confirmation is given by Dahlbom himself (1854: 220) "Habitat in Aegypto, a D. Hedenborg detecta. Unicum specimen vidi, e Museo Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockholm. a D. Boheman communicatum.". In the collection three specimens belonging to the same species were located bearing the same labels. Boheman sent only one specimen of this series to Dahlbom, who described the species. Later the specimen was reintroduced in the original series and the label handwritten by Dahlbom was destroyed. Currently the holotype is "lost" within the series, and a neotype could be designated by the first revisor. We do not select a neotype, because all the three specimens correspond to the current interpretation of the species and therefore the neotype designation seems to be unnecessary.
Linsenmaier always considered Platycelia Dahlbom as a valid and well-characterized subgenus; Linsenmaier (1997a: 285) observed that Kimsey and Bohart (1991) elevated some subgenera to generic level (e.g. Spintharina Semenow), whereas other subgenera equally or even more characteristic (e.g. Platycelia Dahlbom, Pyria Lepeletier, etc.) were downgraded to species-group even if clearly separated from the heterogeneous genus Chrysis Linnaeus. The generic status and placement of Platycelia should be checked in the future, with the help of molecular analysis.
Current status. Chrysis ehrenbergi (Dahlbom, 1845) -1138]. Hedenborg visited Rhodes more than once, and these three specimens should have been collected in two different journeys. We consider as holotype the one with a different label (NHRS-HEVA000001129).
The type and the other specimens of S. wesmaeli in NHRS are not related to S. calens (Fabricius), but belong to a different population of S. cyanurum (Forster) probably endemic to the island. Dahlbom (1845Dahlbom ( , 1854 descriptions are clear and this species is easily identifiable by the typical shape of the metanotal protrusion, which is deeply bilobed ("postscutelli processus emarginatus"). All the specimens from Rhodes show this special feature, and for this reason we consider this isolated population as a possible valid subspecies.

Missing types
During the revisional work in the general collection, the following types were not found, which should be deposited at the NHRS according to the literature.

Chrysis gloriosa Dahlbom, 1845
Chrysis gloriosa: Dahlbom 1845: 10, nec Fabricius, 1793 Type locality. unknown. Remarks. Dahlbom (1845) based the description of C. gloriosa on a specimen related to C. grohmanni Dahlbom, 1854, as written by the same author (Dahlbom 1854: 271). Since the locality is unknown and many subspecies of C. grohmanni have been described in the Mediterranean countries, it is impossible to comment this name. Remarks. Chrysis inaequalis is one of the most common species in Europe. It was described from Turkey (Bosfor), but the type is lost. In the general collection we could only find two females of C. inaequalis collected at Rhodes by Hedenborg. According to Linsenmaier the "typical" C. inaequalis is present only in central-, southern Europe and in northern Africa; in the rest of the distributional range, from Greece to central Asia, the subspecies C. inaequalis sapphirina Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1912 is present. C. sapphirina is the eastern form with green-coloured males and both sexes coarsely punctuated. Linsenmaier (1959) cited C. inaequalis s. str. in North China and Manchuria, but later, in his collection, he identifed all the eastern specimens as C. inaequalis ssp. sapphirina. Linsenmaier (1959) did not notice that the typical locality of C. inaequalis correspond with the distribution given for C. inaequalis ssp. sapphirina sensu auctorum.
For this reason a neotype designation of C. inaequalis is needed. We could not find any other specimen from Bosphor (Istanbul and adjacent areas), but in Linsenmaier's collection we found many specimens collected in western Turkey, both on the European and the Asiatic side. The closest localities are Edirne (on the European side) and Ayvalik (on the Asiatic side). Even if it is not required for a neotype designation, Ayvalik is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey, it is possible that Hedenborg visited this town moving from Rhodes or Egypt to Istanbul. In fact Hedenborg was the medical doctor of the Swedish Embassy at Istanbul, and not only a famous naturalist who published different papers on his journeys in Rhodes and Egypt.
However, since the name C. inaequalis is in prevailing use for the identification of the western European specimens for the last 100 years, we prefer to designate a neotype based on one specimen collected in central Europe, rather than on a specimen collected nearby the typical locality. If we designate a neotype on an eastern Mediterranean species, the name C. sapphirina would fall in synonymy with C. inaequalis and the western subspecies would be named: C. inaequalis ssp. taeniophrys Förster, 1853, which is the first available name. Moreover, if future examinations made with the help of molecular techniques will demonstrate that western and the eastern subspecies (sensu Linsenmaier) are separated and valid species, the valid name for C. inaequalis in Europe would become C. taeniophrys Förster, a name never used after the description given by Förster. In addition, the type of C. taeniophrys Förster is lost, and we could not check that it is truly the first available name for the western form of C. inaequalis. By designating a western European specimen, we keep the stability of name use. Therefore, the male specimen collected in Swtizerland at Roveredo on the 28 th of August 1948 by Linsenmaier (NML_ENT GBIF_Chr 00038702) is seleted, housed in the Linsenmaier collection at the NMLS. Current status. Chrysis inaequalis Dahlbom, 1845.

Specimens labelled as types but never described
In the general collection at the NHRS there is a specimen labelled: [J. Klapperich Sarekanda, 4100m 28.7.53, Gebirge Badakschan NO -Afghanistan] [Chrysis badakschensis n.sp ♀ Holotypus] <red label handwritten by Balthasar>. This species was never described by Balthasar and it belongs to the Chrysis comparata group, analis subgroup.

Conclusions
The study of the type material by Dahlbom is fundamental to further knowledge on the European and western Palaearctic fauna. While studying his works, some interesting observations on types were found that were overlooked in recent revisions, probably because they were written in Latin. After reading Dahlbom's main works (1845, 1854), we concluded that there is no correspondence between many descriptions and the current interpretation of the species. For this reason and in preparation of the volume on the Italian Fauna, a revisional work on the European types at the most important museums has been initiated by the first author (Rosa 2009;Paukkunen et al. 2014;, with multiple discoveries at different museums.