Revision of the Ceratocapsine Renodaeus group: Marinonicoris, Pilophoropsis, Renodaeus, and Zanchisme, with descriptions of four new genera (Heteroptera, Miridae, Orthotylinae)

Abstract The Renodaeus group, a monophyletic assemblage of genera within the New World orthotyline tribe Ceratocapsini, comprising eight genera, including four new ones, is defined; and 48 species are treated, including 26 described as new and 12 transferred from Ceratocapsus Reuter as new combinations. Ceratocapsidea gen. n. is described to accommodate the new species Ceratocapsidea bahamaensis sp. n., from the Bahamas; Ceratocapsidea baranowskii sp. n., from Jamaica; Ceratocapsidea dominicanensis sp. n., from the Dominican Republic; Ceratocapsidea rileyi sp. n., from Texas; Ceratocapsidea taeniola sp. n., from Jamaica; Ceratocapsidea texensis sp. n., from Texas; Ceratocapsidea transversa sp. n., from Mexico (Neuvo León); and Ceratocapsidea variabilis sp. n., from Jamaica; and Ceratocapsus balli Knight, comb. n., Ceratocapsus complicatus Knight, comb. n., Ceratocapsidea consimilis Reuter, comb. n., Ceratocapsus fusiformis Van Duzee, comb. n. (as the type species of the genus), Ceratocapsus nigropiceus Reuter, comb. n., and Ceratocapsus rufistigmus Blatchley, comb. n. [and a neotype designated], Ceratocapsus clavicornis Knight, syn. n. and Ceratocapsus divaricatus Knight, syn. n. are treated as junior synonyms of Ceratocapsus fusiformis Van Duzee. The genus Marininocoris Carvalho and the only included species Marinonicoris myrmecoides Carvalho are redescribed. The genus Pilophoropsis Poppius is redescribed and revised, Renodaeus texanus Knight, comb. n. is transferred into it and the three new species Pilophoropsis bejeanae sp. n., from Sonora, Mexico; Pilophoropsis cunealis sp. n., from Oaxaca, Mexico; Pilophoropsis quercicola sp. n., from Arizona, USA, are described. Pilophoropsidea gen. n. is described to accommodate the 12 new species Pilophoropsidea brailovskyi sp. n., from Federal District, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea cuneata sp. n., from Chiapas, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea dimidiata sp. n., from Durango, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea fuscata sp. n., from Durango, Mexico and Arizona and New Mexico, USA; Pilophoropsidea keltoni sp. n., from Durango, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea maxima sp. n., from Durango, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea pueblaensis sp. n., from Puebla, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea schaffneri sp. n., from Neuvo León and San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea serrata sp. n., from Michoacan, Mexico; Pilophoropsidea touchetae sp. n., from Mexico (Puebla); Pilophoropsidea truncata sp. n., from Mexico (Guerrero); Pilophoropsidea tuberculata sp. n., from Mexico (Guerrero); and Ceratocapsus barberi Knight, comb. n., Ceratocapsus camelus Knight, comb. n. (as the type species of the genus), and Ceratocapsus fascipennis Knight, comb. n. Pilophoropsita gen. n. is described to accommodate Pilophoropsidea schaffneri sp. n. from Costa Rica and Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca). The genus Renodaeus Distant is redescribed and the new species Renodaeus mimeticus sp. n. from Ecuador is described. The genus Zanchisme Kirkaldy is reviewed and the four known species are redescribed. Zanchismeopsidea gen. n. is described to accommodate Zanchismeopsidea diegoi sp. n. from Argentina (Santiago del Estero). Provided are habitus illustrations for certain adults (Pilophoropsidea camelus, Pilophoropsis brachyptera Poppius, Renodaeus mimeticus, and Zanchisme mexicanus Carvalho & Schaffner), male and female (when available) color digital images and figures of male genitalia of all species, electron photomicrographs of diagnostic characters for selected species, and keys to the genera and their included species. The taxa treated in this paper are arranged alphabetically by genus and species.


Introduction
The orthotyline tribe Ceratocapsini is a large, diverse New World group of Miridae, currently comprising more than 10 genera (Henry 1994) and nearly 200 species. The tribe has been widely accepted by nearly all early authors subsequent to its establishment (Van Duzee 1916a), including Van Duzee (1916b, 1917b, Knight (1923Knight ( , 1941Knight ( , 1966Knight ( , 1968, and Blatchley (1926). Carvalho (1958), however, in his world catalog, merged Ceratocapsini with the nominate tribe Orthotylini without explanation. Schuh (1974) followed Carvalho (1958) by placing many of the ceratocapsine genera, including Ceratocapsus Reuter and Pilophoropsis Poppius, and his Sericophanes group, a collection of genera he considered held together mostly by myrmecomorphic attributes. Since then, Carvalho et al. (1983) and Henry (1978Henry ( , 1979Henry ( , 1985Henry ( , 1994Henry ( , 2006 have offered additional support for the tribal status of the group, based largely on a combination of characters, including gentialia. More recently, Schuh (2014) recognized Ceratocapsini in his on-line catalog to include the five genera Ceratocapsus, Pamillia Uhler, Pilophoropsis, Renodaeus Distant, and Schaffneria Knight, explaining that further study was needed to better define monophyletic groups in the Orthotylinae.
In a preliminary cladistic analysis of the Orthotylinae now in preparation, a minimum of five tribes are recognised: Austromirini (Australian Region), Ceratocapsini (New World), Halticini (worldwide), Nichomachini (Afrotropical), and a paraphyletic Orthotylini (worldwide). The Ceratocapsini are defined by the truncate posterior margin of the head, with a sharp basal carina on the vertex; an endosoma lacking or having only one simple spicule; and the well-developed phallotheca that is visible externally when viewing the genital capsule caudally.
The reduction or lack of spicules in the endomsoma is unique within the subfamily; all other Orthotylinae have multiple endosomal sclerites, with the exception of Pseudopsallus tiquiliae Schwartz (2005) that also apparently lacks spicules. The Halticini have a reduced number of spicules (Tatarnic and Cassis 2012), usually with two or more, but they lack the characteristic phallotheca that protrudes externally, among numerous other differences. Several other genus-group taxa (e.g., certain Australian Austromirini and the Argentinian and Chilean genus Tuxenella Carvalho) have exposed phallothecae that are distally quadrate, a condition similar to the basal clades in Ceratocapsini. In all of these genera, however, the endosoma has multiple, complex spicules. Cassis (2008) documented that the austromirines are distinct from Tuxenella and other New World genera, including the Ceratocapsini, based on endosomal characteristics (e.g., numerous branched spicules) and the tumose peritreme of the metathoracic scent gland system.
In this paper, a monophyletic group of taxa within the Ceratocapsini is defined, herein referred to as the Renodaeus-genus group. Included are descriptions of seven genera, four of which are described as new, and 48 species, 26 of which are described as new. I describe the new genus Ceratocapsidea to accommodate eight new species and transfer into it Ceratocapsus balli Knight (as the type species), C. complicatus Knight, C. consimilis Reuter, C. fusiformis Van Duzee, C. nigropiceus Reuter, and C. rufistigmus Blatchley; treat Ceratocapsus clavicornis Knight Carvalho and Schaffner, dorsal adult color digital images and figures of male genitalia of all species, electron photomicrographs of certain diagnostic characters for selected species, and keys to the genera and all included species. The taxa in this paper are arranged alphabetically by genus and species.

Materials and methods
Male genital capsules were dissected and placed in room-temperature, 10% KOH solution for one to two days or until softened and cleared, after which they were rinsed in water and placed in a depression slide containing glycerol. The endosoma, right and left parameres, and phallotheca were dissected and pencil sketched using a Nikon E400 compound microscrope and drawing tube. Final illustrations were digitally rendered using Adobe Photoshop CS4.
Photomicrographs were taken using either an AMRAY 1810 or a Zeiss EVO/ MA15 scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specimens were glued to standard SEM stubs, sputter coated, and examined at 6-10 KV.
Color plates of adults were captured using an EntoVision Imaging Suite that included a JAI Technologies (AT-200GE) digital camera mounted to a Leica Z16 zoom lens via a Leica z-step microscope stand. Multiple focal planes were merged using Cartograph 8.0.6 (Microvision Instruments, France) software.
Color plates of adults (not to scale), SEM photomicrographs, and male genitalia were created using Adobe Photoshop CS4 and numbered in Adobe Illustrator CS4. left paramere, a variably branched right paramere, and an apically acute, often bifid or otherwise distally complex phallotheca (Fig. 160) The endosoma in all of these taxa has a simple ductus seminus, with a distinct secondary gonopore but otherwise lacks any diagnostic accessary structures (i.e., spicules). All members of the Ceratocapsini possess a well-developed phallotheca (Fig. 146) that protrudes from the genital capsule and is always visible externally when viewed caudally, though ceratocapsines outside the Renodaeus group lack the distinctive distal modifications.
The female genitalia are not treated in this study but will be included in a forthcoming phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Ceratocapsini and its position within the Othotylinae. Slater (1950) noted that it was impossible to distinguish members of the Lopidini (now a synonym of Orthotylini), Orthotylini, and Ceratocapsini, based on the female genitalia, though later in the same paper he indicated that Ceratocapsus modestus (Uhler) and Ceratocapsus fasciatus (Uhler) had specific differences but, apparently, little in the way of generic characters. Interestingly, I have determined that these two species are not congeneric, suggesting that the specific differences noted by Slater (1950) may translate into synapomorphies useful in distinguishing genus-group taxa within the Ceratocapsini, including the genera treated in this paper. Schaffner and Schwartz (2008) [Ficinus Distant and Jornandes Distant], Forero (2008) [Hadronema group], and Schwartz (2011) [Scalponotaus Kelton and Slaterocoris Wagner] provided additional evidence that female genitalic characters offer broad resolution at the generic level, further suggesting they may be helpful in resolving relationships within the Ceratocapsini.
Some genera belonging in the Renodaeus group exhibit considerable sexual dimorphism, with the females of Pilophoropsidea and Pilophoropsis always strongly brachypterous. Study of other generic groups within Ceratocapsini shows varying degrees of sexual dimorphism (with brachyptery occurring only in females) from the extreme found in Pilophoropsidea and Pilophoropsis to very little in species of Ceratocapsidea and Zanchisme. The combination of external characters shared by these taxa, particularly the sharply truncate, basally carinate head, the overall dark coloration, and often constricted hemelytra having patterns of white or silvery scalelike setae creates an overall antlike appearance that is impressive, even within the Miridae.   shaped processes and the left-most process usually forming a hammer-or beak-like process; and the phallotheca usually apically acute, bifid, or hooked. Description. Males and females macropterous. Length of males 2.82-3.71 mm; length of females 2.27-3.58 mm. Head: Broader than long; posterior margin truncate to slightly concave, narrowly carinate, posterior margin of eyes level with base of vertex; eye large, broadly rounded, coarsely faceted, dorsal width of one eye greater than interocular width, lateral height in males equal or subequal (0.90) to height of head, from about one half to slightly less than three fourths (0.70) height in females; frons broad, shiny to dull, smooth to transversely rugose; clypeus moderately acute, visible from dorsal aspect; scattered with semierect and erect, simple setae. Labium: Segment I long, extending posteriorly well beyond base of head, with only basal half enclosed within buccula; segment IV extending to middle or hind coxae. Antenna: Slender to weakly thickened, especially in males; segment I shortest; segment II longest, slender basally, gradually enlarging to apex, sometimes weakly clavate; segment III slightly longer than IV, both subequal to apical diameter of segment II. Pronotum: Trapeziform, lateral margins straight to weakly sulcate, posterior margin weakly rounded; dorsum dull to shiny, finely to coarsely punctate, sometimes alutaceous to weakly rugose; calli indistinct; set with scattered erect and semierect, simple setae, often intermixed with short, silvery, sericeous setae. Mesoscutum: Covered by posterior margin of pronotum. Scutellum: Equilateral; evenly punctate, mixed with simple and silvery sericeous setae. Hemelytra: Weakly rounded to subparallel, sometimes weakly constricted through middle, especially in males; distinctly punctate, shiny to more dull; thickly set with short recumbent simple and silvery sericeous setae, often intermixed with long, erect, sometimes nearly bristle-like setae; all known species fully macropterous. Ventral surface: Shiny; clothed with short, recumbent, simple setae; base of abdominal segment III (second visible segment) in most species with a distinct stridulatory patch ( Fig. 112) composed of tiny spicules or microspines. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale, knob at end of scent channel relatively small, sometimes more reddish. Legs: Slender, unmodified. Male genitalia: Aperture large, open, unarmed; stridulatory patch ventrally on abdominal segments II and/or III distinct in most species; generalized left paramere usually with a large hammer-or beak-like process distally and one or two more basal short acute processes; right paramere with a main trunk and one to three variously shaped lateral arms; phallotheca slender with apex broadly pointed or ending in a slender acute or bifid process; endosoma simple, unmodified.
Etymology. The name of this new genus is taken from the generic name Ceratocapsus Reuter and Latin suffix "idea", meaning form or appearance, and is used to reflect the overall resemblance of the two genera. The gender is feminine.
Discussion. Some members of this genus group are the least myrmecomorphic of the genera included in the Renodaeus group (e.g., C. complicata, C. rufistigma, C. texensis). Nevertheless, the male genitalia hold these less-ant-like species together as a group close to the other seven genera treated in this paper.
The following key includes external morphology when possible to help distinguish species, though male genitalia are necessary to identity very similar species. Left paramere ( Fig. 159) with two middle processes, beak-like process curved downward on each side; right paramere (Figs 161,162) with a deep subapical Diagnosis. C. alayoi (Fig. 24) is distinguished by the brownishyellow pronotum, redtinged vertex, and apically hammer-shaped left paramere (Fig. 148), with a bifid process at the middle, and the right paramere ( Fig. 151) with two long, recurving arms and a large crenulate inner process. Description. Holotype male (after Hernández and Henry 1999; abdomen and wings detached): Length about 3.30 mm. Head: Length 0.52 mm, width across eyes 0.82 mm, interocular width 0.22 mm. Labium: Length (measurement not given). Antenna: Segment I, length 0.30 mm; II, 1.05 mm; III, 0.45; IV, missing. Pronotum: Length 0.73 mm; basal width 1.06 mm.

Key to the species of Ceratocapsidea
Coloration: General coloration brownish yellow with dark brown areas on posterior margin of pronotum and hemelytron. Head: Castaneous. Antenna: Segment I yellow, II and III pale brown, IV missing. Labium: Segments I and II red, III and IV missing. Pronotum: Shiny, brown anteriorly and darker brown to lateral angles; calli obsolete. Scutellum: Yellow, finely punctate. Hemelytron: Basal half of corium yellow, clavus and remainder of corium brown, claval commissure brown, cuneus dark brown, membrane dark translucent gray or brown. Ventral surface: Mesosternum reddish brown, abdominal segments reddish brown mesally, brown laterally. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or white. Legs: Yellow, procoxae reddish brown. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Smooth, impunctate; clypeus weakly produced; eyes prominent, occupying entire lateral height of head. Labium: Extending to hind coxa. Scutellum: Finely punctate. Hemelytron: Punctate, lateral margins subparallel. Body covered with erect brown setae, intermixed with white sericeous or scale-like setae, especially on scutellum and hemelytron.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 148) slender with two stout, acute processes at middle and a hammer-shaped process at apex. Right paramere (Fig. 151) stout with two long, inward-curving arms and a large crenulate inner process. Phallotheca (Fig. 149): Elongate, gradually tapering to a slender point apically.
Discussion. The above information is based in part on Hernández and Henry's (1999) diagnosis and description. After preparation of the original description, the holotype was returned to IES in Cuba, where it is presently inaccessible for study. Based on the original description, Figures of male genitalia provided by Henry (1999, 2010), and study of two paratypes in the USNM collection, C. alayoi clearly belongs in Ceratocapsidea.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 156) elongate, with a well-developed beak-like distal process and two short, stout, apically acute processes at middle. Right paramere (Fig. 158) relatively slender, with a long, upward-curving and apically hooked lateral arm. Phallotheca (Fig. 157) relatively stout, weakly curved, and apically acute. Hosts. Most specimens studied are males that have been taken at light. Henry and Wheeler (1982) beat a specimen from Batis maritima L. [Bataceae] in Upper Key Largo. In Florida, three specimens were taken on live oak, Quercus virginiana Mill.
[Fagaceae], and three were swept from ferns.
Distribution. This species was described and previously known only from Florida (Knight 1927). New records are Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.
Discussion. Henry and Wheeler (1982) based their record of Ceratocapsus nigropiceus in Florida on comparison of the undissected holotype from Jamaica with locally collected material from South Florida. Re-examination of a male paratype and other specimens of C. nigropiceus from Jamaica shows that this species is similar to C. balli in overall size, general appearance, and the shape of the left (Fig. 186) and right parameres (Fig. 188). More detailed examination of dissected specimens, however, shows that the two species are quite distinct, especially in the stouter, apically acute phallotheca of C. balli (Fig. 157) as compared with a more slender and apically bifid phallotheca in C. nigropiceus. As a consequence, reference is made to Henry and Wheeler's (1982) Florida record of C. nigropiceus to C. balli.
In addition, a small series of specimens taken at lights in the Gainesville, Florida, area differ in details of the right and left parameres from the typical C. balli. The right paramere has a distinct elongate process at the base of the lateral arm, the apex of the lateral arm is less hooked, and the main trunk has a broad subapical flange. The left paramere has a broader beak-like apex and the two processes at the middle of the main trunk are longer, more slender, and sharply pointed apically. Examination of additional material to determine variability of these structures may eventually reveal that this population is distinct from C. balli.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Finely faceted, with scattered, short, recumbent simple setae. Antenna: Relatively thickened, segment IV and apical diameters of segments II and III subequal to diameter of segment I. Labium: Extending to bases of hind coxae. Pronotum: Shiny, evenly and finely punctate, except for finely granulate calli; with scattered, short, recumbent simple setae, intermixed with a few longer, erect, simple setae. Mesoscutum: Finely punctate. Scutellum: finely punctate and weakly transversely rugose, with scattered, small, white, scale-like setae, intermixed with a few long, erect, bristle-like setae. Hemelytron: Shiny, evenly punctate, with numerous small, white, scale-like setae especially on clavus and basal half of corium, intermixed with long, erect, bristle-like setae.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 159) elongate, with a beak-like distal process, and two middle processes, the basal one erect, apically acute and directed outward, and middle process prostrate, lying flat against the main body. Phallotheca (Fig. 160) elongate, tapering distally to a fine point; tapered point varying from relatively short to long and nearly thread-like. Right paramere (Figs 161,162) with one large and one small lateral arm arising from stout main stem in caudal aspect, and one short, apically rounded and one short slender process on anterior side.

Ceratocapsidea complicata (Knight), comb. n.
Diagnosis. This species (Figs 30,31) is distinguished by the overall yellowishbrown to orange-brown coloration with a pale embolium (costal margin) and red cuneus; two dark spots on the paler pronotal disc; the pale yellow antenna with only segment IV and the apex of III red; and the distinct male genitalia, especially the right paramere (Figs 165,166) with two lateral arms in the caudal aspect and one in the anterior aspect and the distally bifid phallotheca (Fig. 164 Coloration: Overall coloration yellowish to orange brown, some specimens becoming darker brown. Head: Yellowish brown to dark brown; eyes dark brown, often tinged with red around margins. Antenna: Pale yellow, segment I usually with a red streak on inner basal surface; segment II yellow, sometimes tinged with red at apex; segment III yellow, red on distal half to two thirds; segment IV red. Pronotum: Yellowish to orange brown, discal area with two small to large dark brown to nearly fuscous round spots just behind calli; scutellum concolorous with pronotum, often dark brown to fuscous at middle of base. Hemelytron: Orange brown to dark brown, costal margin (embolium), cuneus usually red or red tinged except for pale yellowishbrown outer margin and inner angle (paracuneus); membrane smoky brown, paler along basal margin bordering cuneus. Ventral surface: Thorax largely dark brown to fuscous, becoming paler ventrally; abdomen brown to darker reddish brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or whitish, often tinged with red through middle. Legs: Uniformly yellowish brown, hind femora usually red tinged on apical half.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Frons and vertex finely granulate, frons sometimes becoming weakly transversely rugose. Labium: Extending to bases on hind coxae. Pronotum: Finely punctate throughout except finely granulate area around calli. Scutellum: Finely punctate, weakly transversely rugose on basal half. Hemelytron: Finely and evenly punctate, except on costal margin and outer margin of cuneus. Ventral surface shiny, with only a few recumbent simple setae. Head and pronotum with numerous recumbent, simple setae, intermixed with a few longer semierect, simple setae; scutellum with three types of setae: short, recumbent and long erect, simple setae, intermixed with small, white, scale-like setae. Hemelytra with numerous short, recumbent simple setae, intermixed with long, erect and semierect simple setae, and numerous short, slender, white, scale-like setae.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 163) beak-like distally, with two processes at middle, one long, reclining or prostrate and directed apically and one short, tuberclelike basally. Right paramere (Figs 165,166) with two long, slender, curving arms in caudal aspect and a slightly shorter arm anteriorly. Phallotheca (Fig. 164)  [Asteraceae], most of which are probably incidental or represent sitting records. These numerous plant records indicate that C. complicata probably is a generalist predator, searching for prey on unrelated plants.
Distribution. Previously known in the United States from Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia (Henry and Wheeler 1988). New state records are Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 167) apically beak-like, with a trifid middle process on dorsal margin, one process prostrate and two recurved forming a C-shape. Right paramere  with two lateral arms in caudal view, the upper one shortest, bifid, and the lower one longer and flared apically; each arm crenulate distally along margins. Phallotheca (Fig. 168)  Host. Unknown. Distribution. Described and previously known only from the female holotype from Jamaica.
Discussion. The holotype female deposited at the California Academy of Sciences was examined and matched to a male (CNC) that compares closely with it. This is important because of the great amount of speciation that has occurred in Jamaica. Most of the Jamaican species treated in this paper can be distinguished with certainty only by the male genitalia. Fortunately, Ceratocapsidea consimilis is one of the more distinct species externally, with a paler brown dorsum having dark-stained punctures and two types of pubescence on the both the pronotum and hemelytra. Carvalho (1990) illustrated the feHolotype male and commented that this species has the appearance of a small Ceratocapus modestus Uhler [known from eastern United States], which is misleading and inaccurate. The dorsum of the eastern North American Ceratocapsus modestus is impunctate and nearly glabrous, whereas Ceratocapsidea consimilis is strongly and evenly punctate, with two types of pubscence on pronotum and hemelytra, and the male genitalia differ substantially (see Knight 1941or Henry 1979 for Figures of C. modestus genitalia).
The Nicaraguan record of C. consimilis reported by Cherot et al. (2007) undoubtedly is a misidentification of another ceratocapsine. Because their specimen is a female, it will be difficult to determine the species with certainty. Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 171): Slender, with beak-like apex somewhat blunt at tip, and middle processes prostrate against paramere body, forming a shal-low C-shaped structure. Right paramere (Figs 173,174) with three arms visible from caudal aspect, the two shorts arms marginally crenulate, the longer arm bent at a right angle distally. Phallotheca (Fig. 172): Relatively stout, with a peg-like apex.
Host. Unknown. Distribution. Described and known only from Cuba. Discussion. Hernández and Henry (1999) indicated that they had "searched the Helsinki collection for specimens of C. punctulatus without success, even though the type of Trichia punctulatus is present there (pers. comm., the late Antti Jansson)". As a consequence, they designated a neotype from "Pinares de Viñales, Cuba", which is deposited in the Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Ciudad Habana, Cuba (IES).
Since their work (Hernández and Henry 1999), I have visited the Helsinki and Stockholm (2006) museums. I was surprised to find that Stockholm has many of Reuter's syntypes sent by Reuter to Stål (Bert Viklund, pers. comm.). Although Helsinki does not have original material of C. punctulatus, a male and female syntype was found in Stockholm that clearly are part of the original series Reuter had before him when describing this species (Reuter did not indicate a number of specimens). These specimens, which agree with Hernández and Henry's (1999) interpretation of the species, now should become the name-bearing types, according to Article 75.8 of the ICZN (2000), which states that "if, after the designation of a neotype, the name-bearing types of the nominal species-group taxon that were presumed lost are found still to exist, on publication of that discovery the rediscovered material again becomes the name-bearing type and the neotype is set aside". Hernández and Henry (2010) followed their 1999 paper, deferring correction of the neotype/lectotype designation to the present work.
Type designation. The following male is designated as the lectotype of C. punctulatus: Lectotype ♂: label 1, "Cuba"; 2, "Stål"; 3, red label "Typus"; 4, (white, folded, handwritten label) "Ceratocapsus punctulatus Reut. typ."; 5 (printed red label here added) "Lectotype ♂ Ceratocapsus punctulatus Reuter, desig. by T. J. Henry (SMNH)." The second specimen, a ♀, with the same label data as for the lectotype, is labeled as a paralectotype (SMNH). Diagnosis. This species (Figs 34,35) is distinguished by the overall brown coloration, with the dark brown pronotum having a pale brown median line (pale line sometimes flaring wider on the anterior region around calli and area near posterior margin); the numerous, relatively long, simple setae on the dorsum, antennae, and legs; and the unique male genitalia, especially the left paramere ( Fig. 175) with a beak-like apex and two large, stout processes at middle, the strongly pubescent right paramere ( Fig. 177) with two lateral arms, and the phallotheca (Fig. 176)  Coloration: Overall brown with darker areas. Head: Brown to yellowish brown, with a few scattered brown-stained punctures; eyes dark brown. Antenna: Segments I and II yellowish brown, segment I with a short red streak at base on inner surface; segments III and IV becoming slightly dark brown. Pronotum: Dark brown, with median line pale yellowish brown, sometimes with posterior flared area around calli yellowish brown. Scutellum: Brown with a few scattered brown-stained punctures. Hemelytron: Brown, with costal area and outer margin of cuneus paler yellowish brown; evenly scattered with dark brown punctures; membrane uniformly smoky brown, veins darker brown. Ventral surface: Thorax and abdomen dark brown, becoming slightly paler ventrally. Ostiolar evaporative area: Evenly pale or whitish. Legs: Uniformly brown, hind femur darker brown on apical third, except for extreme apex.
Male genitalia: Aperture of male genital capsule with a long, slender tubercle at about 2:00 o'clock. Left paramere (Fig. 175) beak-like apically, with a distally truncate apical process and a small subapical spine, and with two stout, heavily setose, median processes, one much longer than other. Right paramere ( Fig. 177) with two slender lateral arms, one recurved at apex, and apical half of main trunk with long, extremely dense setae. Phallotheca (Fig. 176)   inner basal surface; segment III pale yellow, apex reddish brown; segments III and IV red to reddish brown. Pronotum: Brown, often with posterior margin and calli dark brown to fuscous. Scutellum: Brown, median line usually dark brown. Hemelytron: Yellowish brown, apical two thirds of corium and apical third of clavus darker brown; cuneus and often apical third of embolium (costal margin) red to dark reddish brown; membrane dark translucent brown, except around base bordering cuneus. Ventral surface: Brownish red, becoming darker brown to fuscous on abdomen. Ostiolar evaporative area: Uniformly pale or white. Legs: Forelegs uniformly pale yellow; middle legs pale yellow, apical third of femur and basal fourth of tibia brown; hind femur with only distal half dark brown to almost entirely dark brown to reddish brown, except for base and apex; hind tibia brown to reddish brown, sometime pale on distal half; all tarsi and claws pale yellow.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 178) almost S-shaped, apex beak-like, middle process relatively long and rectangular, with a slender spine at base. Right paramere (Figs 180,181) with one broad, stout, apically bifid arm, with the apex of the dorsal process Y-shaped and the lower process hooked. Phallotheca (Fig. 179) Distribution. This species was described from California and Colorado (Van Duzee 1917a) and later reported from Nevada (Knight 1968). It is also recorded from Arizona as Ceratocapsus clavicornis (Knight, 1925) and Florida and Kentucky as Ceratocapsus divaricatus (Knight 1927, Henry et al. 2005. Downes (1935) referred his earlier record of C. fusiformis from British Columbia (Downes 1924)  Discussion. Comparison of the male genitalia and external morphology of a paratype from Colorado and the holotypes of C. divaricatus Knight and C. clavicornis Knight indicates that these two species are clearly conspecific with C. fusiformis. The shape of the lower arm of the right paramere varies slightly over the entire range, but otherwise these bugs are indistinguishable.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 182) slender, S-shaped, apical beak-like process slender, weakly pointed distally, middle process broad and distally truncate (rectangular), with a slender basal spine on dorsal side. Right paramere (Figs 184,185) with two long, recurving arms visible from caudal aspect, the dorsal most arm having a stout, apically rounded, crenulate process at base; and with two processes anteriorly, one short and apically rounded and one long and slender. Phallotheca (Fig. 183): Evenly slender, becoming narrowed and infolded distally.
Female: Unknown. Etymology. This species was named for its occurrence in Holgüin Province, Cuba (Hernández and Henry 1999).
Host. Unknown. Most or all type material was taken at lights (L. Hernández, pers. comm.).
Distribution. Described and previously known only from Holgüin Province, Cuba. Cienfuegos is a new province record.
Additional specimen examined. CUBA [Cienfuegos Prov.]: Soledad nr.Cienfuegos, 6-20-VIII, N. Banks,1♂ (AMNH). ( Diagnosis. This species (Figs 39,40) is distinguished by the dark brown to fuscous head, pronotum, and scutellum; the paler brown corium and clavus with evenly spaced brownstained punctures, dark brown femora, the yellowish antenna with segments III and IV tinged with red, and the male genitalia, especially the apically bifid phallotheca ( Coloration: Overall yellowish brown to darker reddish brown. Head: Yellowish brown to dark brown; eyes black. Labium: Yellowish brown, sometimes tinged with red, segment IV often darker brown. Antenna: Yellowish brown, segment I with a red dash basally on inner surface, segment III and IV red tinged. Pronotum: Uniformly shiny reddish brown to dark brown; scutellum brown to dark brown, paler yellow apically. Scutellum: Fuscous to reddish brown, apex slightly paler. Hemelytron: Brown to yellowish brown, dark brown on costal area (embolium), cuneus and apical half of corium; membrane translucent brown, narrowly pale across basal margin. Ventral surface: Dark brown to dark reddish brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or white, central knob reddish. Legs: Coxae pale yellowish brown; fore femur pale yellowish brown, middle femur yellowish brown, dark brown on apical third, hind femur dark brown to dark reddish brown; fore and middle tibiae dark brown, yellowish brown on distal one fourth, hind tibia uniformly dark brown.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 186): Elongate, with a slender neck leading to beak-like apex, middle with two stout, apically acute processes, the longer one parallel with main stem, the basal one shorter and erect. Right paramere ( Fig. 188) with one stout, upward-curving arm, having the apex marginally crenulate, and with one short, recurved spine arising from anterior aspect of arm. Phallotheca ( Fig. 187) long, slender, with the apex bifid or Y-shaped.
Host. Unknown. Distribution. Described and known only from Jamaica (Reuter 1907). Henry and Wheeler's (1982) report of this species from Florida is a misidentification of C. balli (Knight) (which see).
Discussion. Carvalho (1990) designated a male lectotype deposited in the California Academy of Sciences from Mandeville, Jamaica; all other specimens from the original type series are considered paralectotypes. Although the lectotype was not examined, the paralectotypes listed below were studied.
Type Coloration: Overall coloration dark brown or fuscous to almost black. Head: black, eyes tinged with red. Labium: Dark brown, segments sometimes red tinged. Antenna uniformly fuscous. Pronotum and scutellum: Fuscous, nearly black. Hemelytron: Dark brown, clavus and cuneus slightly darker brown; membrane translucent smoky brown, becoming paler on basal third. Ventral surface: Thorax and propleura dark brown to fuscous; abdomen dark brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: Dirty white, tinged with some red; central knob red. Legs: Coxae, femora, and tibiae fuscous; tarsi and claws pale brown.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 189) relatively stout, distal beak-like process more bulbous with the apex narrowed and truncate and two, long processes at middle, one slender, apically acute, and lying flat against main body and one stouter and slightly extended outward. Right paramere (Fig. 191) relatively slender, with only a small, slender, upturned process near base. Phallotheca (Fig. 190)  Diagnosis. This species (Figs 42,43) is distinguished by the reddishbrown dorsum with only the costal margin or embolium paler; the evenly distributed brown-stained punctures on the hemelytra; the long, erect setae on the pronotum and hemelytra; the pale antenna with segment III and IV and the apex of II red or tinged with red; and the male genitalia, especially the left paramere ( Fig. 192) with the complex middle process with a long, tapering apex and the right paramere (Figs 194,195) with a broad, curving, apically flared arm and a shorter, crenulate process anteriorly. Coloration: Overall coloration reddish brown. Head: Reddish brown; eyes black, frequently tinged with red. Labium: pale yellowish brown, often tinged with red, apical half of segment IV dark brown. Antenna: Pale yellowish brown, with segment III and IV and apex of II red, segment I with a red mark or dash on inner surface near base. Pronotum: Dark reddish brown, with posterior one fourth to one third noticeably paler to almost uniformly Figures 60-71. Pilophoropsidea spp., dorsal aspects, except as noted (see Appendix I for locality information). 60 P. maxima, ♂ (holotype) 61 P. pueblaensis, ♂ (holotype) 62 P. schaffneri, ♂ (holotype) 63 P. schaffneri, ♂ (lateral aspect) 64 P. schaffneri (paratype) 65 P. schaffneri, ♀(lateral aspect) 66 P. serrata, ♂ (holotype) 67 P. touchetae, ♂ (holotype) 68 P. truncata, ♂ (holotype) 69 P. truncata, ♂ (lateral aspect) 70 P. tuberculata, ♂ (holotype) 71 P. tuberculata, ♀ (paratype).
reddish brown with only area around calli slightly infuscated; scutellum reddish brown, pale at apex. Hemelytron: Reddish brown, cuneus red, costal or embolar margin pale or pale yellowish brown, sometimes tinged with red; membrane translucent brown, narrowly clear or transparent along cuneal margin. Ventral surface: Reddish brown, thoracic pleural area and abdomen often becoming more fuscous. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or white to pinkish, with central knob deep red. Legs: Pale yellowish brown, frequently tinged with red, or pale with apices of fore and middle femora, basal one fourth to one half of fore and middle tibiae, and all of hind femur (except base) and tibia red.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 192) with a slender, beak-like apex and a complex middle process having a short basal and dorsal tubercles and a long, slender, tapering apex. Right paramere (Figs 194,195) relatively stout, with a brown, curving, apically flared arm and short, crenulate tubercle anterior to lateral arm. Phallotheca ( Fig. 193) evenly slender on basal half, flaring distally before gradually narrowing into a slender, abruptly curved apical process.
Female ( Host. One specimen examined was collected on Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour.
[Oleaceae], and two others were swept from "ferns". Both of these plants likely represent incidental occurrences.
Distribution. Previously known only from Florida (Blatchley 1926). North Carolina is a new state record. I note that two PBI database records, a female from Arizona in the AMNH collection and a male in the TAMU collection, were not examined but almost certainly are based on misidentifications.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 196) slender, with a well-developed, beak-like distal process coming to a point at each end and a stout apically acute middle process, with a short, slender dorsally directed tubercle arising at base. Right paramere (Figs 198,199) relatively stout, with two upturned, apically crenulate arms. Phallotheca (Fig. 197) evenly slender to trifid apex, ending in a long, apically acute, ribbon-like process and two shorter, more slender, nearly parallel processes just below.
Female: Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet taeniola is taken from the Latin "taenia", meaning ribbon, and the diminutive suffix "ola", in reference to the small ribbon-like apex of the phallotheca (Fig. 197).
Host. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from Jamaica. Diagnosis. This species (Figs 45,46) is distinguished by the small size, oval body form, the uniformly pale yellowishbrown appendages, and the male genitalia, especially the phallotheca (Fig. 201) with a long, slender apex and quadrate, marginally crenulate, subapical process.   Coloration: Overall coloration yellowish brown to pale reddish brown. Head: Yellowish brown to darker brown; eyes dark brown. Labium: Pale yellowish brown, segment IV darker brown. Antenna: Uniformly pale yellowish brown, except for a red dash on inner surface at base of segment I. Pronotum: Reddish brown to dark brown, with evenly spaced dark-stained punctures; scutellum reddish brown to brown, apex paler. Hemelytron: Yellowish or reddish brown to brown, clavus paler than corium; on paler reddish specimens costal margin and middle of cuneus becoming red, on darker specimens middle of cuneus dark brown; membrane translucent brown, except narrowly pale along cuneal border. Ventral surface: Reddish brown to dark brown, ventral area of abdomen sometimes paler brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or white with central knob red or darker than surrounding area. Legs: Uniformly pale yellowish brown.
Female ( Diagnosis. The species (Fig. 47) is recognized by the oval body form, brown to reddishbrown coloration, long setae on antennal segment II, the distinct transverse brown band on the pronotum, and the male genitalia, especially the left paramere (Fig. 204) with a "wing-like" middle process, the single stout lateral arm on the right paramere (Figs 206,207), and the relatively stout phallotheca (Fig. 205)  Coloration: Overall coloration brown, often tinged with red. Head: Uniformly yellowish brown; eyes dark brown to fuscous, tinged with red around margins. Labium: Yellowish brown, segment I and II tinged with red, segment IV darker brown. Antenna: Pale yellowish brown, with a narrow red band encircling dorsal half near base and distal half tinged with red; segment II yellowish brown, apex weakly red tinged; segments III and IV slightly darker brown or reddish. Pronotum: Brown to yellowish brown, more brown anteriorly, paler brown on posterior third, with a broad dark brown to fuscous band across middle and narrowly fuscous across anterior margin. Scutellum: Dark brown, with apex yellowish brown. Hemelytron: Brown to dark brown, corium and apical half of cuneus tinged with red; costal margin or embolium pale yellowish brown. Ventral surface: Shiny reddish brown; stridulatory area appearing paler or whitish. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or whitish, with central knob red. Legs: Coxae pale; fore and middle femora pale yellowish brown, hind femur yellowish brown with apical third reddish; fore and middle tibiae yellowish brown with a narrow red stripe on basal third to half of anterior face, hind tibiae brown to red on basal half to three fourths; tarsi and claws yellowish brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Finely granulate on frons and vertex; set with short, recumbent, simple setae, intermixed with 8-10 long, erect setae. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Antenna: Segment I with scattered short, recumbent and two long erect, simple setae; segments II-IV with numerous short recumbent and longer, semierect setae, some on segment II equal to or longer than the diameter of the segment. Pronotum: Shiny, evenly punctate, except granulate calli; thickly covered with long, semierect, simple setae. Scutellum: Evenly punctate, with scattered long, erect and semierect simple setae, intermixed with slender, silvery, scale-like setae. Hemelyron: Evenly distributed with numerous brown-stained punctures; set with numerous long, erect, almost bristle-like, simple setae, intermixed with slender silvery, scale-like setae.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 204): Beak-like apex distally blunt and with a wing-like process at middle. Right paramere (Fig. 206,207): Main trunk stout, apically tapered, with one stout lateral arm having a slender, upturned, crenulate apical process and a slender process midway between base and apex. Phallotheca Very similar to male in general coloration and texture, differing mainly in the more broadly oval body form, as well as the distinctive long setae (3× or more the diameter of the segment) on antennal segment II that are absent in males.
Etymology. This species is named "transversa" for the dark brown or black, transverse band across the middle of the pronotum.
Discussion. One paratype (CNC specimen with red label added: "SPECIMEN WITH TERATOLOGICAL RIGHT ANTENNA") of this species exhibits an aberrant right antenna, with segment II (length 0.88 mm) much longer than the same segment (length 0.78 mm) on the left antenna, and segments III and IV fused (length 0.40 mm) and tapered as in segment IV (missing on this individual) on the left antenna of other specimens. Although antennal abnormalities are not rare in insects, few such teratological cases have been reported in the Miridae. Also, see discussion under Pilophoropsidea brailovskyi sp. n.
Type material. Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 48) is distinguished by the overall dark, shiny dorsum, dark brown antennae and legs, evenly and finely punctate pronotum, silvery sericeous setae confined to the the scutellum, clavus, and inner margin of the corium, and the male genitalia with a very slender beak-like process on the left paramere (Fig. 208), two arms on the right paramere (Fig. 210), and the apically slender phallotheca (Fig. 209).
Description Coloration: Overall coloration dark brown to fuscous. Head: Dark brown; eyes dark brown, sometimes fading to silvery brown. Labium: Uniformly brown. Antenna: Uniformly dark brown. Pronotum: Uniformly shiny dark brown or fuscous; fuscous, paler yellowish brown at apex. Hemelytron: Uniformly dark brown to fuscous, sometimes paler dark brown on corium and clavus, leaving costal margin and cuneus darker or fuscous. Ventral surface: Evenly dark, shiny brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: Somewhat dark pinkish brown, central knob brown. Legs: Coxae pale or whitish, narrowly tinged with brown at bases; femora dark brown, except at bases; tibiae, tarsi, and claws uniformly brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Frons transversely rugose, vertex finely granulate, with scattered short, recumbent simple setae, intermixed with a few longer erect setae. Labium: Extending to hind coxae or base of abdomen. Antenna: Segment I sparsely scattered with short, recumbent setae and two longer, erect setae at middle of inner surface; remaining segments thickly set with very short, recumbent setae. Pronotum: Evenly punctate, except for finely granulate calli; with scattered short, recumbent simple setae, intermixed with longer, nearly bristle-like simple setae and silvery, scale-like setae. Scutellum: Very finely punctate and transversely rugose; thickly set with silvery scale-like setae, intermixed with long, erect setae. Hemelytra: Shiny, evenly punctate, with scattered short, recumbent simple setae, intermixed with long, erect, bristle-like setae and thickly set silvery scale-like setae along clavus and inner margin of corium.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 208): Elongate, with distal beak-like process very slender, two middle processes, one stout, lying flat against main body toward apex, one short, erect, and a down-curved acute spine at base. Right paramere (Fig.  210): Main stem stout, tapered at apex, with two lateral arms, upper one shortest, distally curved upward, lower one longest, stoutest, dorsally curved at apex, and a Tshaped process attached behind arms. Phallotheca (Fig. 209): Stout, tapered distally into a slender spine.

Female: Unknown.
Etymology. This species is given the name "variabilis" for the somewhat variable antennal and leg coloration, ranging from uniformly dark brown in the holotype to paler yellowish brown in some paratypes.
Host. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from Jamaica. Diagnosis. This ant mimetic genus is recognized by the convex, finely punctate, shiny pronotum, the shiny constricted hemelytron with a large patch of golden scale-like setae through the middle of the clavus and corium and bordered on either side by a narrow band of silvery scale-like setae, and the male genitalia, especially the parameres. All known males and females are macropterous. Description. Myrmecomorphic. Males and females macropterous. Length of males 2.98-3.36 mm, length of females 2.62-2.98 mm. Head broader than long, shiny, alutaceous, posterior margin weakly concave, base finely carinate, posterior margin of eyes level with base of vertex; eyes large, elongate oval, occupying more than half dorsal width of head, laterally occupying nearly 90♂ of height; eyes much smaller in females, occupying little more the one third dorsal width of head; front broadly rounded, clypeus acute. Labium extending to about middle coxae (imbedded in glue); segment I short, not extending beyond buccular sheath. Antennal somewhat thickened, subequal to two times diameter of tibiae; segment I shortest; segment II longest, gradually thickening to apex; segments III and IV subequal, fusiform. Pronotum similar in male and female; shiny, very finely punctate, calli more alutaceous; convex, raised above level of scutellum and hemelytra; lateral margin weakly sulcate, posterior angles flared; with a few short, recumbent simple setae. Mesoscutum hidden by posterior margin of pronotum. Scutellum equilateral, somewhat concave from base to apex; with a broad band of silvery scale-like setae through middle. Hemelytra shiny throughout, weakly constricted through middle; costal margin in males and females with a distinct row of small black spicules along costal margin; each hemelytron with two rows of silvery scale-like setae, one across base of corium and clavus and one through middle of corium and apex of clavus; area between silvery bands densely covered with golden silvery scale-like setae; membrane entire, with two areoles. Ventral surface shiny, impunctate; abdomen with long, semierect, simple setae; glaucous stridulatory patch distinct. Ostiolar evaporative area dark reddish brown, with a distinct shiny red knob on auricle. Legs unmodified; parempodia fleshy, convergent. Male aperture large, unarmed. Left paramere elongate, apical beak-like process slender, middle process short, slender, apically rounded. Right paramere stout with one slender, apically bifid arm. Phallotheca stout, with three comb-like processes.
Discussion. In the original description, Carvalho (1988) compared this genus with Renodaeus and said "differs from Renodaeus by the absence of long setae on the body". Marinonicoris is superficially similar to Renodaeus in overall appearance, including the somewhat swollen pronotum, the constricted hemelytra, dark, shiny brown coloration, and the large patches of golden, scale-like setae on the clavus and corium. It differs from Renodaeus, however, in lacking erect bristle-like setae on the hemelytra and the file-like spicules on the costal margin, as well as having quite different parameres, more closely resembling those found in Pilophoropsis. Coloration: Head: yellow brown to dark brown. Antenna: Segment I yellowish brown, with a red streak on inner margin; segments II-IV dark brown. Pronotum: Dark brown, area around calli sometimes slightly paler brown. Scutellum: Brown. Hemelytron: Dark brown, area on basal half of corium and clavus appearing paler brown because of setal coloration. Ventral surface: Thoracic area yellowish brown, mesopleural area with a glaucous sheen; abdomen dark brown to fuscous, glaucous stridulatory patch distinct. Ostiolar evaporative area: Dark brown, with a red knob at middle of auricle. Legs: Dark brown, apices of hind femora and tibiae and all of tarsi and claws pale yellowish brown.

Marinonicoris myrmecoides Carvalho
Structure, texture, and vestiture: As in generic description. Head, pronotum, and hemelytra shiny. Labium: Extending about to hind coxae or base of abdomen. Each hemelytron with two rows of silvery scale-like setae, one across the base of the corium and clavus, and one across the middle of the corium and apex of the clavus; area between densely covered with golden scale-like setae (but lacking erect, bristle-like setae).
Female ( (00175020)  Type species: Ceratocapsus camelus Knight, 1930. Diagnosis. Characterized by the relatively long labial segment I that extends beyond the gular sulcus by nearly half its length; the strongly convex pronotum, having nearly straight lateral margins that narrow anteriorly before ending to accentuate a distinct narrow collar; the hemelytra uniformly polished, subparallel to weakly contricted through middle (Figs 51,56,62), always having two loose bands of silvery scale-like setae, a narrow one at the base of the corium and clavus and a broader one through the middle of the corium onto the apical third of the clavus, and a single row of long, erect, often bristle-like, simple setae on the clavus; and a distinctive ostiolar area (Fig.  110) having a swollen, usually dull red area or knob at the apex of the scent channel.
Description. Myrmecomorphic. Males macropterous; females brachypterous. Length of males 3.60-5.40 mm. Head broader than long; posterior margin straight or truncate, distinctly carinate, posterior margin of eyes level with base of vertex, hypognathus; eyes large, elongate oval, occupying half or more of dorsal head width, laterally occupying more than 70♂ of height; front rounded, declivent, clypeus acute, visible from dorsal aspect. Labium extending to middle or hind coxae; segment I extending beyond gular sulcus by about half its length, basal half visible below buccula in lateral aspect. Antenna somewhat thickened, subequal to diameters of tibiae; segment I shortest; II longest, gradually enlarging apically to thickness of segments III and IV; III and IV fusiform. Pronotum in males trapeziform, wider at base than long, dull to polished, lateral margins straight or nearly so, anterior margin with a distinct narrow collar separated from calli by a transverse groove; posterior margin weakly rounded; mesoscutum partially visible to hidden by base of pronotum; scutellum equilateral. Pronotum in females more nearly quadrate, disc and calli strongly convex, with hind margin sharply sloping downward posteriorly. Hemelytra shiny to polished, lateral margins subparallel to weakly constricted near level with middle of corium, area at apex of corium and base of cuneus usually depressed; all species with two bands of loosely set, silvery, scale-like setae, one across base of clavus (and across scutellum, but usually disjunct at claval suture) and one through middle of corium and across apical third of clavus, intermixed with a row of long, erect, simple setae through middle of clavus and a few on inner corial margin bordering membrane. Cuneus and membrane fully developed in males. Claval suture absent and apex of cuneus at level across membrane abbreviated in females, exposing apical 3 or 4 abdominal segments, cuneus and membrane entirely wanting in some species. Ventral surface shiny; ostiolar area white, with a distinct knob or raised area at the end of scent channel; second visible abdominal segment with area of dense microsetae (Fig. 112), appearing as a dull or glaucous quadrate patch. Legs unmodified, except the hind tibiae in some species sometimes thickened, somewhat bowed, and laterally compressed; parempodia fleshy and convergent apically. Male aperture of genital capsule large, open, sometimes armed with small to large spines or processes around margins; left paramere variable from beak-like to more slender and apically truncate; right paramere usually with a slender main stem and various lateral arms or spines; phallotheca elongate, slender, variously apically hooked to sometimes more truncate.
Etymology. The name of this new genus is taken from the generic name Pilophoropsis Poppius and Latin suffix "idea", meaning form or appearance, and is used to reflect the resemblance of the two genera. The gender is feminine.

Discussion.
Twelve of the 15 species included in this new genus are described as new. Most are represented by only one or a few specimens, suggesting that numerous additional species likely will be discovered with more thorough collecting.
The following key includes some external characters to help distinguish species, but male genitalia (viewed caudally, usually without dissection) are required to identify members of this genus with certainty. Right paramere C-shaped (Fig. 219)  Ostiolar auricle uniformly white, right paramere (Fig. 233) with a spine at middle; left paramere, with a long apical process and a large, wing-shaped median process (Fig. 230); phallotheca (Fig. 232)  Right paramere (Fig. 213) forming a large open "C"; corium with relatively long, erect simple setae half or more times as long, erect setae on clavus; United States ( Dorsal edge of male genital aperture with 12 or 13 short setigerous tubercles; phallotheca (Fig. 248) with a recurved flap opposite apical process; right paramere (Fig. 249)  Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 49) is recognized by the overall reddishbrown color; the shiny pronotum with a fine, grainy surface; erect, relatively long, simple setae on the corium; and the shape of the male genitalia, particularly the right paramere. The right paramere (Fig. 213) is unique in having a globose base and a long arm forming a curved C-shaped structure. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Semishiny, finely granulate, frons weakly transversely striate, with scattered semierect pale yellowishbrown setae. Labium: extending to about middle coxae. Pronotum: Semishiny, finely granulate, with scattered, semierect and erect, pale yellowishbrown setae Scutellum: Shiny, finely transversely rugose, with scattered, long, erect, bristle-like, pale setae and a broad band of narrow, white, scale-like setae. Hemelytron: Polished, impunctate, except for an irregular double row of shallow, indistinct brown punctures on clavus; clavus with five long, erect, bristle-like pale setae lengthwise through middle; corium with a few short, pale, simple setae, intermixed with longer, erect, pale setae and two bands of silvery scale-like setae, a relatively narrow one across base of clavus (and through scutellum) and a broader one across middle of corium and apex of clavus. Ventral surface: Propleura dorsoventrally rugose, remainder of thorax and abdomen shiny, polished.

Key to the males of
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 211) elongate, with apex more slender and curved downward. Right paramere (Fig. 213) with a globose base and a long, slender lateral arm forming a broad C-shape. Phallotheca (Fig. 212)  Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 50) is recognized by the relatively large size, reddishbrown coloration, unique male genitalia, particularly the left paramere (Fig. 214) and phallotheca (Fig. 214), and the stout spine on the male genital aperture at about the 10 o'clock position above the left paramere.
Description. Hemelytron: Apical half fuscous, slightly paler or very dark brown on basal half; membrane smoky black, pale or whitish through areoles and between. Ventral surface: Shiny brown to reddish brown, abdomen more fuscous. Ostiolar evaporative area: White with large knob at end of scent channel dull red. Legs: Fore coxa brown, more reddish apically, middle and hind coxae pale or whitish, infuscated basally; femora brown to fuscous, with apices pale; tibiae brown, hind tibia more reddish brown, all becoming paler on apical 1/4; tarsi and claws brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Semishiny, vertex finely granulate with a narrow, smooth, shiny area extending between eyes just before base; frons transversely striate. Labium: Extending to bases of hind coxae. Pronotum: Disc shiny, smooth to very indistinctly roughened, calli granulate, slightly raised, narrowly shiny around in-ner margins; collar transversely striate. Scutellum: Weakly rugose, with silvery scale-like setae except at middle of base and at apex Hemelytron: Polished, smooth except for slightly roughened clavus; with typical bands of silvery scale-like setae, a narrow one at base of clavus and a broader one through middle of corium and apical third of clavus, intermixed with a row of long, erect, simple setae through middle of clavus and a few along inner corial margin near base of membrane.
Male genitalia: Aperture with a stout, apically acute tubercle above left paramere Left paramere (Fig. 214): Apex quadrate and extended distally into a long slender process; basally with three processes, the first and third short, apically rounded, the middle one longer, more pointed. Right paramere (Fig. 216) stout, elongate, narrowing apically, without lateral tubercles or processes. Phallotheca (Fig. 215) Discussion. The holotype (red label added: "SPECIMEN WITH TERATOLOGI-CAL LEFT ANTENNA") and only known specimen of this species exhibits the only case of teratological antennal development observed in Pilophoropsidea. The left second antennal segment is much longer than the right and segments III and IV of the same antenna are fused into one. Polhemus and Polhemus (1985) noted that antennal oligomery was not an uncommon phenomenon in the Heteroptera, citing Leston (1952), and described such examples as Pilophoropsis brachyptera Poppius treated in this paper and their new genus and species Phorodendrepulus myrmecomorphus (Phylinae). They speculated that flightlessness and extensive inbreeding accounted for a higher occurrence of antennal oligomery in P. myrmecomorphus than in Pilophoropsis bracyptera, which has fully macropterous, more mobile males [as do species of Pilophoropsidea] to increase interdeme gene flow. Diagnosis. This species (Figs 51-54) is recognized by the brown to reddishbrown coloration, usually with the anterior half of the hemelytron paler than the posterior half; the smooth, polished pronotum; the uniformly white ostiolar auricle, lacking a red knob; and the male genitalia, particularly the right paramere (Fig. 219) forming a stout C-shaped structure and the phallotheca (Fig. 218) with a long, slender, recurving, apical process. Coloration: Head: Brown. Antenna: Segment I, pale brown; segment II, dark brown, paler on basal half; segments III and IV dark brown to fuscous. Pronotum: Shiny dark brown, paler anteriorly; scutellum brown, paler along margins. Hemelytron: Uniformly polished, dark brown, paler brown on clavus and basal l/2 of corium; membrane smoky black beyond apex of cuneus, pale across and between areoles. Ventral surface: Shiny brown, abdomen becoming dark brown or black. Ostiolar evaporative area: Uniformly white. Legs: Coxae pale brown, apex of procoxa sometimes reddish, base of middle coxa sometimes infuscated; femora dark brown, hind femur pale at extreme apices; tibiae brown, becoming paler on apical halves; tarsi and claws pale.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, vertex weakly granulate, frons weakly transversely rugose, with numerous long, slender, simple, brown setae. Labium: Extending to bases of hind coxae. Antenna: Segment II slender basally, gradually enlarging to apex; setae short, recumbent. Pronotum: Strongly convex, disc smooth, polished, calli granulate, depressed collar transversely striate, sparsely set with very short, palebrown, recumbent setae; scutellum with a wide band of silvery scale-like setae through middle, intermixed with long, erect, pale brown, simple setae. Hemelytron: A band of silvery scale-like setae across base of clavus (and continuous with band on scutellum) and a wider band through middle of corium and across apical l/3 of clavus, sparsely intermixed with very long, pale brown setae on clavus and inner margin of corium. Ventral surface: Abdomen sparsely set with short, pale brown, simple setae and a few longer erect setae on genital capsule; second visible abdominal segment with dull alutaceous stridulatory patch on middle half.
Female (n=3): Coloration and structure similar to that of male, except as noted below. Length to apex of abdomen 2.96-3.05 mm, length to apex of hemelytron 2.25-2.50 mm, width across apex of hemelytra 1.24-1.28 mm. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Labium: Extending to hind coxae. Pronotum: Quadrate, shiny brown, strongly convex, sides rounded, disc and calli continuously rounded, disc shiny, not cleft, calli weakly rugose, anterior flattened, collar-like area short, but distinctly transversely striate, downward sloping posterior end of disc rugose, posterior margin flattened, posterior angles flared outward. Scutellum: Depressed through middle, apex with a patch of silvery scale-like setae. Hemelytron: Brachypterous, polished, narrow on basal half, flaring wider apically, strongly depressed across basal third to half, apical half of corium with a shiny, glabrous swelling, claval suture absent, fusing clavus and corium, cuneal fracture absent, apex truncate, apical margin cutting inward forming a shallow V with both hemelytra together; patch of silvery scale-like setae at base of corium and a semicircular band extending from middle of outer corial margin around inside of hump and back across apex to outer margin of cuneal area, claval area and inner corial margin with long, erect, pale brown setae; apical three abdominal segments exposed beyond hemelytra.
Distribution. Previously known in the United States from Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, and Wisconsin Wheeler 1988, Henry et al. 2005). New state records are Arkansas, Indiana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Hosts. Henry et al. (2005)  Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 55) is recognized by the overall very dark brown head and hemelytra, contrasting with the dull or, at most, satiny, black pronotum; the field of silvery, scale-like setae across the basal half of the cuneus, and the male genitalia, particularly the left paramere (Fig. 220)  Coloration: Head: Dark reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, basal half with an elongate red mark on inner side; segment II fuscous to black; segment III and IV black. Pronotum: Fuscous to black. Scutellum: Dark brown to fuscous, apex pale brown. Hemelytron: Uniformly dark brown to fuscous; membrane uniformly smoky black. Ventral surface: Shiny reddish brown to fuscous. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with knob at end of scent channel dull red. Legs: Fore coxa dark brown, middle and hind coxae white, narrowly fuscous at bases; femora uniformly dark reddish brown; tibiae dark reddish brown, hind tibiae noticeably flattened; tarsi and claws brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Granulate, frons with weak transverse striations. Labium: Extending just beyond bases of middle coxae. Pronotum: Evenly granulate, dull to weakly shiny, collar paler brown and transversely rugose. Scutellum: Finely granulate, smooth, with silvery scale-like setae across apical half except apex, intermixed with long, erect, simple setae. Hemelytron: Smooth, polished, with three bands or patches of silvery scale-like setae, one across base of clavus (and through scutellum), a broader one through middle of corium and apical third of clavus, and one across basal half of cuneus, intermixed with sparse, recumbent simple setae and a row of long, erect setae through middle of clavus and a few along inner corial margin at base of membrane. Ventral surface: Abdomen with numerous long, erect setae, especially on genital capsule.
Male genitalia: Aperture with a large tubercle along dorsal edge just left of center (approx. at 11 o'clock position) that is thickened on basal half, then abruptly slen-der apically. Left paramere (Fig. 220): Apex subtriangular or beak-like, middle with a relatively stout, erect process, and base with a very long, forward-curving, slender process. Right paramere (Fig. 222) elongate, with a short, slender process at middle. Phallotheca (Fig. 221)  Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 56) is recognized by the small size; the brown to reddishbrown coloration; the shiny to satiny brown pronotum having a finely granulate surface; and the male genitalia, particularly the stout left paramere (Fig. 223)  Coloration: Head: Reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a slender red to brown mark on basal third; segment II brown, darker apically; segment III and IV reddish brown. Pronotum: Reddish brown to fuscous. Scutellum: Reddish brown to dark brown. Hemelytron: Uniformly polished, orange brown on basal half, brown to fuscous on apical third, with a narrow band of silvery scale-like setae at base of clavus and a wider band through middle of corium and apical third of clavus, intermixed with a row of long, erect, pale, simple setae on clavus and inner corial margin bordering membrane; membrane smoky black beyond apex of cuneus, pale or whitish across areoles and between. Ventral surface: Shiny reddish brown, becoming fuscous on abdomen; ostiolar area white, with large anterior knob at end of scent channel dull red. Legs: Procoxa brown, red apically, middle and hind coxae whitish, base of middle coxa brown; femora brown, apex of hind femur pale on ventral aspect; tibiae reddish brown to dark brown, fore and middle tibiae pale on apical 1/4; tarsi and claws pale brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Finely granulate, transverse striations on frons absent or extremely vague, pubescence short, recumbent, with a few long, erect, pale setae across base of vertex and basal area around clypeus. Labium: Extending to bases of hind coxae or to posterior margin of metasternum. Antenna: Segment II slender, only slightly thickening to apex. Pronotum: Disc and calli finely granulate, satiny, anterior collar transversely rugose, setae short, sparse, and recumbent.
Male genitalia: Aperture with a short, stout spine along margin just above left paramere. Left paramere (Figs 223, 224): stout, truncate apex narrowed and decurved; middle with three processes, one thick and rounded apically and two acute apically (with anterior most one hidden from view in caudal aspect, i.e. in situ), and a central marginally crenulate triangular flange at widest part. Right paramere (Fig. 226): stout, with a lateral, hook-like process directed upward. Phallotheca (Fig. 225): stout, with a long, slender, sharply recurved hook.
Female: Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet dimidiata is used to denote the small size of this species.
Distribution. Durango, Mexico. Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 57) is recognized by the brown to reddishbrown coloration; shiny to satiny brown pronotum; and the male genitalia, particularly the left paramere ( Fig. 227) with an elongate beak-like apex, a long, curving basal process, and a stouter, apically acute, middle process. Coloration: Head: Reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with inner surface having a red line extending along entire length in most specimens; segment II dark brown, pale on basal third; segments III and IV dark brown to fuscous. Pronotum: Dark reddish brown to fuscous, sometimes paler on anterior third. Scutellum: Dark brown to fuscous. Hemelytron: Uniformly orange brown on basal half, cuneus and apical half of corium dark brown; membrane fuscous beyond apex of cuneus, clear whitish basally. Ventral surface: Shiny, thoracic sterna orange brown to brown, abdomen fuscous. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with large anterior knob dull reddish brown. Legs: Coxae whitish, base of middle coxae and apex of fore coxae brown to reddish brown; femora brown to reddish brown; tibiae brown to reddish brown, fore and middle tibiae becoming pale on apical third; claws and tarsi pale brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Frons weakly transversely rugose, with long, semierect and erect, pale-brown setae along midline and across vertex. Labium: Extending to middle coxae. Pronotum: Shiny, disc and calli finely granulate, nearly alutaceous, anterior collar granulate, weakly transversely striate; pubescence short, sparse. Scutellum: With loose band of silvery scale-like setae across apical third. Hemelytron: Polished; silvery scale-like setae set in a narrow band across base of clavus and a broad band through middle of corium and apical third of clavus. Ventral surface: Abdomen with numerous erect to semierect setae. Legs: Hind tibiae laterally flattened and weakly bowed and inner margin thickly set with long, erect setae.
Male genitalia: Aperture large, without marginal spines or processes. Left paramere (Fig. 227) elongate, with a large, apical, triangular, beak-like process truncated distally; a thickened, apically acute, recurved process at middle; and a long, slender, apically curved, basal process. Right paramere (Fig. 229): stout, thickest on basal half, without lateral arms or branches. Phallotheca (Fig. 228): uniformly slender, with a slender, recurved apical hook, and a short, decurved tubercle on opposite side. Coloration: Head: Shiny brown to reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a red mark on basal third; segment II brown to fuscous; segments III and IV brown to fuscous. Pronotum: Brown to fuscous. Scutellum: Brown to fuscous. Hemelytron: Uniformly dark orange brown on basal half, dark brown to fuscous on apical half; membrane smoky brown to black, with a pale spot near apex of cuneus and pale at base between areoles. Ventral surface: Shiny brown, becoming more fuscous on abdomen. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with enlarged anterior knob at end of scent channel dull red. Legs: Uniformly brown to reddish brown, tarsi slightly paler brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Frons finely transversely rugose, pubescence short, recumbent, with a few long, erect, pale setae along base of vertex and near basal area of clypeus. Labium: Extending to hind coxae. Antenna: Segment II slender, gradually enlarging to apex. Pronotum: Shiny, polished, disc smooth, calli granulate, weakly defined, collar transversely striate; pubescence short, recumbent, and very sparse. Scutellum: With silvery scale-like setae across apical half except apex, intermixed with long, erect, pale, simple setae. Hemelytron: Uniformly polished; with a narrow band of silvery scale-like setae across base of clavus and a wider one through middle of corium and across apical third of clavus, intermixed with a row of four long, erect, pale, simple setae on clavus and three or four on inner corial margin bordering membrane.
Male genitalia: Aperture with a distinct stout spine along margin just above left paramere. Left paramere (Figs 230, 231): Apex long and slender with a short, decurved, truncate apex; basal process stout, rounded apically; middle process wing-like, dorsally serrate arising from within base of V formed by basal and apical processes. Right paramere (Fig. 233): Somewhat stout, bulbous at middle, apical half forming a recurved C with a short spine arising from middle. Phallotheca (Fig. 232): Thickest basally, narrowing apically, with a stout, slightly curving, truncate apex.
Female: Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet "fuscata", is given to denote the overall dark brown to fuscous coloration.

Distribution. Known from Arizona and New Mexico in the United States and Durango in Mexico.
Host. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 59) is recognized by the large size; overall reddishbrown coloration; slender body form; the shiny, finely granulate pronotum; and male genitalia, particularly the left paramere (Fig. 234) with a long, slender, apically blunt basal process, and the phallotheca ( Coloration: Head: Brown to dark reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a narrow, sometime indistinct, reddish line on inner surface; segments II-IV dark brown. Pronotum: Shiny reddish brown to dark brown. Scutellum: Dark brown. Hemelytron: Shiny orange brown on basal half, shiny reddish brown to dark brown apically; membrane dark smoky brown beyond apex of cuneus, pale or white basally across and between areoles. Ventral surface: Shiny reddish brown, becoming fuscous on abdomen; ostiolar area white with anterior knob dull red. Legs: Coxae whitish, apex of procoxa and bases of middle and hind coxae reddish to reddish brown; femora brown to reddish brown; tibiae brown to reddish brown, fore and middle tibiae paler apically.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Frons and vertex with transverse, finely granulate striations, with long, erect and semierect, pale, simple setae. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Pronotum: Disc shiny but with fine scattered granulations, calli and narrow anterior collar more densely granulate, simple pubescence sparse, recumbent. Scutellum: Depressed at middle, granulate, with a wide band of silvery scale-like setae across apical third except apex, intermixed with long, erect, pale, simple setae. Hemelytron: With a narrow band of silvery scale-like setae across base of clavus and a wider band through middle of corium and across apical third of clavus, intermixed on clavus with a few erect, pale, simple setae. Ventral surface: Mesosternum and abdomen with relatively long, semierect, simple setae. Legs: Entire length of hind tibial posterior face with two dense rows of short erect setae.
Etymology. This species is named in honor of the late mirid specialist Dr. Leonard A. Kelton (retired from the Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa), friend, colleague, and collector of all known specimens of this species, as well as numerous other specimens used in this study.
Distribution. Durango, Mexico. Host. One of the type specimens was taken from mistletoe growing on pine. Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 60) is recognized by the large size; dark brown to reddishbrown coloration; shiny, finely granulate pronotum; and male genitalia, particularly the stout left paramere (Fig. 237) with two apically acute basal spines and a short, truncate, decurved apical process and the phallotheca (Fig. 238)  Coloration: Head: Dark brown to fuscous. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a broad stripe extending entire length on inner side; segments II-IV dark brown. Pronotum: Dark brown to fuscous. Scutellum: Dark brown to fuscous. Hemelytron: Orange brown on basal half, dark brown or fuscous on apical half; membrane mostly smoky dark brown; pale or white through and between areoles. Ventral surface: Brown to reddish brown, more fuscous on abdomen. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with anterior knob at end of scent channel dull red. Legs: Procoxa pale brown to brown, reddish brown apically, middle and hind coxae white, brown at bases; femora uniformly brown to reddish brown; tibiae brown to reddish brown; tarsi pale brown; claws brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, frons with fine transverse granulations. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Antenna: Segment II slender, gradually thickened to apex. Pronotum: Shiny, disc finely and sparsely granulate, entire surface of calli and collar granulate; pubescence short, sparse, and recumbent. Scutellum: Transversely rugose, with a band of silvery scale-like setae across apical half, intermixed with long, erect, pale, simple setae. Hemelytron: Uniformly polished; with a band of silvery scale-like setae across base of clavus and a wider band through middle of corium and apical third of clavus, intermixed with a short row of long, erect, pale, simple setae on apical half of clavus and a few along inner corial margin adjacent to membrane. Legs: Hind tibiae somewhat flattened, with entire length of inner side having two dense rows of long (subequal to diameter of segment), erect setae.
Male genitalia: Aperture with two short spines above left paramere, one simple and acute, one apically trispinose. Left paramere (Fig. 237) short, stout, enlarged apical half with a forward-curving crest and a recurved, truncate, apical process; base with two variable processes, longest one thickened apically, rounded, shorter one apically acute. Right paramere (Fig. 239) relatively slender, with a short, apically blunt process curved upward. Phallotheca (Fig. 238) slender, with a long, recurved apical hook and a subapical notch.
Female: Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet maxima is used to denote the large size of this species.
Distribution. Durango, Mexico. Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 61) is recognized by the dark brown to fuscous (almost black) coloration; shiny, finely granulate pronotum; and the male genitalia, particularly the simple, apically truncate right paramere (Fig. 242) and phallotheca (Fig. 241). Coloration: Head: Dark brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a dark reddish brown line extending entire length on inner side; segment II black, slightly paler dark brown near base; segments III and IV black. Pronotum: Fuscous. Hemelytron: Fuscous, slightly paler dark reddish brown on basal half; membrane dark smoky brown, paler inside areoles. Ventral surface: Shiny brown, abdomen becoming fuscous. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with knob at end of scent channel dull brown. Legs: Procoxa brown, middle and hind coxae pale or white with bases fuscous; femora uniformly dark brown, hind femur nearly black with extreme apex pale; tibiae dark reddish brown, hind tibia slender; tarsi and claws brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Granulate, frons transversely rugose. Labium: Extending just to bases of middle coxae. Pronotum: Semishiny, finely granulate, pubescence short, sparse, and recumbent; scutellum granulate, with a band of silvery scale-like setae through middle, intermixed with long, erect, simple setae. Hemelytron: Polished, smooth, with two bands of silvery scale-like setae, a narrow one across base of clavus and a broader one through middle of corium and across apical third of clavus, intermixed with a row of erect, simple setae through middle of clavus.
Male genitalia: Aperture unarmed except for a minute spine just above left paramere. Left paramere (Fig. 240): Apical half enlarged with apex extended and slender, basal half with two processes, the basal one short and acute, the middle one longer, rounded, and apically rounded, acute. Right paramere (Fig. 242): Stout, narrow toward truncate apex, without arms. Phallotheca (Fig. 241) Diagnosis. This species (Figs 62-65) is recognized by the large size; overall dark brown to fuscous coloration; shiny, finely granulate, fuscous pronotum; and male genitalia, particularly the left paramere (Fig. 243) with a quadrate dorsal process and the stout, C-shaped right paramere (Fig. 245).
Description Coloration: Head: Fuscous. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, slightly infuscated at base, red mark frequent in other species absent; segment II fuscous, slightly paler at base; segments II and III fuscous. Pronotum: Dark brown to fuscous. Scutellum: Fuscous. Hemelytron: Dark brown to fuscous, apical half slightly darker; membrane smoky black, paler through areoles and basal half of area between. Ventral surface: Shiny dark brown, abdomen fuscous or black. Ostiolar evaporative area: Uniformly white (one paratype with a tiny red dot at base of auricle). Legs: Procoxa brown, middle and hind coxae white to pale brown with fuscous bases; femora uniformly dark brown; tibiae dark brown, fore and middle tibiae paler apically.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Granulate, with a dull sheen; frons weakly transversely striate. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Pronotum: Shiny, finely granulate, collar with weak transverse striations, pubescence sparse and very short. Scutellum: Transversely rugose except for smooth apex, with a band of silvery scale-like setae across apical half except apex, intermixed with a few long, erect, pale, simple setae. Hemelytron: Smooth, polished, with two bands of silvery scale-like setae, a narrow one across base of clavus and a broader one through middle of corium and across apical third of clavus, intermixed on apical half of clavus and inner corial margin bordering membrane with long, erect, pale, simple setae. Legs: Hind tibiae straight, slender, diameter subequal to that of fore and middle tibiae, lacking dense row of erect setae along inner margin.
Female (n = 1): Length to apex of abdomen 3.12 mm, length to apex of cuneus 2.48 mm, width 1.24 mm. Head: Width 0.88 mm, interocular width 0.48 mm. Labium: Length 1.50 mm. Antenna: Segment I, length 0.28 mm; II, 0.86 mm; III, 0.50 mm; IV 0.48 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.76 mm, basal width 0.74 mm. Similar to male in coloration. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Labium: Extending to base of abdomen. Pronotum: More quadrate than in males, lateral margins subparallel, basal angles weakly flared. Hemelytron: Brachypterous, deeply depressed basally, abruptly lifted upward over abdomen beyond apex of scutellum, claval and cuneal sutures and membrane absent, apical four abdominal segments exposed beyond apices, apical half of corium tumid or with a glabrous hump; pubescence similar to that of male except tumid area surrounded by a semicircular band (modified broad band of males) of silvery scale-like setae beginning at middle of outer corial margin, continuing around toward clavus and across apex to outer margins of cuneus. Ventral surface and legs similar to those of male.
Etymology. This species named in honor of mirid specialist Dr. Joseph C. Schaffner, friend, colleague, and collector of all the known specimens of this species, as well as those for six other new species described in this paper. His collections of Mexican Miridae are unsurpassed. Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 66) is recognized by the large size; overall dark coloration; shiny, dark brown pronotum; male genitalia, particularly the left paramere (Figs 246, 247) with a long, slender, apically hooked basal process and a stouter, apically acute median process, and the phallotheca (Fig. 248)  Coloration: Head: Dark reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a dark brown streak extending entire length on inner side; segment II dark brown or fuscous; segments II and III fuscous. Pronotum: Fuscous, somewhat paler red brown across calli. Scutellum: Reddish brown. Hemelytron: Dark brown to fuscous on apical half, more pale reddish to orange brown on basal half; membrane smoky black, paler at base across proximal half of large areole. Ventral surface: Shiny dark reddish brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with knob at end of scent channel dull brown. Legs: Fore coxa brown, middle and hind coxae pale or whitish with bases infuscated; femora uniformly dark brown; tibiae uniformly dark brown.

Distribution. Nuevo León and San Luis
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, granulate, frons transversely rugose, an elongate, glabrous, smooth, shiny spot present on either side of vertex, with each touching inner margin of an eye. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Pronotum: Shiny, surface of disc finely granulate, calli and collar uniformly granulate; recumbent pubescence short and sparse. Scutellum: Transversely rugose except for smooth apex, with silvery scale-like setae across middle, intermixed with long, erect, pale, simple setae. Hemelytra: Polished, smooth, with two bands of silvery scale-like setae, a narrow one across base of clavus and a broader one through middle of corium and across apical third of clavus.
Male genitalia: Dorsal edge of aperture with 12 to 13 tiny setigerous tubercles giving a finely serrate appearance, with a slightly larger spine on left side before serrations. Left paramere (Figs 246, 247) relatively elongate, apical part extended and truncate, basal half with two erect, stout processes, the shortest having a small subapical tubercle. Right paramere (Fig. 249) stout, more slender on apical third, middle with a small quadrate flange. Phallotheca (Fig. 248)  Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 67) is recognized by the fuscous head and hemelytra, the dull black, granulate pronotum; and male genitalia, particularly the left paramere (Figs 250, 251) with a long, stout basal process and short lateral process (visible anteriorly only) and the right paramere (Fig. 253)  Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Finely granulate, satiny, clothed with short, simple recumbent setae, intermixed with longer, more erect, simple setae on frons and clypeus. Labium: Extending to middle coxae. Pronotum: Finely granulate, surface luster dull or at most satiny; mesoscutum hidden by base of pronotum. Scutellum: With 8 or more long, scattered, erect setae and a wide field of silvery, scale-like setae through middle. Hemelytron: Clavus, basal half of embolium, and corium dull to satiny, cuneus, apical half of embolium, and corium shiny; with two transverse fields of silvery, scale-like setae, one across base of clavus and one across middle of corium and apex of clavus, intermixed with a row of five or more long, erect, simple setae along middle of clavus and a row on corium bordering membrane.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Figs 250, 251) trifurcate, with a long apical process, a shorter dorsal process, and one short process extending anteriorly and hidden in caudal aspect (i.e., in situ). Right paremere (Fig. 253) with a slender, curved lateral arm with a marginally crenulate apex and a tiny subapical process. Phallotheca (Fig. 252) stout, with a short, curved apical process.
Etymology. This species is named in honor of Michele A. Touchet (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Washington, D. C.) for her enthusiastic and professional assistance, including her time-consuming specimen data entry and providing all color habitus photographs in this paper.
Distribution Diagnosis. This species (Figs 68, 69) is recognized by the overall fuscous coloration; black, granulate pronotum; uniformly white ostiolar auricle; male genitalia, particularly the basally globose and apically slender left paramere (Fig. 254) and quadrate right paramere (Fig. 256)  Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Weakly shining, granulate, frons transversely rugose, with a shiny spot on either side of vertex adjacent to eye. Labium: Extending to middle coxae. Pronotum: Dull to semishiny, strongly granulate, collar transversely rugose; pubescence short, sparse, and recumbent. Hemelytron: Polished, smooth, with two bands of silvery scale-like setae, a narrow one across base of clavus and continuing onto scutellum and a broader one through middle of corium and across apical third of clavus; also with a few scattered scales on clavus between bands, intermixed with a row of long, erect, simple setae through middle of clavus and a few along inner corial margin near base of membrane.
Male genitalia: Aperture with a short, wide, truncate process on dorsal edge just right of center (position about 1:00); dorsal edge also with numerous long, inwardly directed setae. Left paramere (Fig. 254): Simple, most thickened at base, apex extended into a long, slender, decurved process. Right paramere (Fig. 256): Stout, broad, with a thick, wide process arising from each side. Phallotheca (Fig. 255): Long, stout, with a short, pointed apical tubercle.
Female: Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet "truncata" is given to denote the truncate tergal process on the male aperture.
Distribution Diagnosis. This species (Figs 70-72) is recognized by the overall fuscous coloration; dull black, granulate pronotum; male genitalia, particularly the simple, C-shaped left paramere (Fig. 257), the right paramere (Fig. 259) with a stout, apically acute lateral arm, and the long, slender phallotheca (Fig. 258); and the large, stout spine on male genital aperture above the right paramere.
Description Coloration: Head: Fuscous to black. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a small red mark inside near base; segment II black; segments III and IV fuscous. Pronotum: Black. Scutellum: Fuscous to dull black, paler apically. Hemelytron: Uniformly black; membrane uniformly dark smoky brown, narrowly shiny around base bordering cuneus. Ventral surface: Uniformly shiny reddish brown to black. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with knob at end of scent channel dull red. Legs: Fore coxa dark reddish brown to black, middle and hind coxae pale or whitish, narrowly fuscous at bases; femora uniformly dark reddish brown to black; tibiae reddish brown to black; tarsi and claws brown to fuscous.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Uniformly granulate, weakly shiny. Labium: Extending to apices of middle coxae or bases of hind coxae. Antenna: Segment II gradually thickened to apex, apical width greater than diameter of segment I. Pronotum: Dull, strongly granulate, collar transversely striate, with scattered recumbent setae. Scutellum: Granulate, apex smooth and shiny, with a wide band of silvery scale-like setae across apical half, except shiny apex. Hemelytron: Rugose or roughened, shiny but not polished, with two bands of silvery scale-like setae, a narrow one across base of clavus and a broader one through middle of corium and apical third of clavus; thickly set with short, recumbent, pale, simple setae and a few longer, erect setae on clavus and inner corial margin bordering membrane. Legs: Hind tibia strongly flattened and bowed, broad side nearly two times diameter of fore tibia, inner side with two rows of long (0.04-0.06 mm), erect setae.
Male genitalia: Right side of aperture with a large stout spine or tubercle. Left paramere (Fig. 257) simple, slender, without flanges or basal processes. Right paramere (Fig. 259) somewhat C-shaped, apex blunt, with a stout, apically pointed, lateral process arising at middle. Phallotheca (Fig. 258) relatively stout, curving, apex blunt with a short spine on one side.
Female (n = 2): Length to apex of abdomen 3.04-3.14 mm, length to apex of cuneus 2.48-2.60 mm, width 1.30-1.32 mm. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Labium: Extending past hind coxae to base of abdomen. Pronotum: Much more quadrate than in males, lateral margins subparallel, humeral angles weakly flared. Scutellum: Basal half sloping downward posteriorly, apical half flattened, level with hemelytra. Hemelytron: Brachypterous; coloration and surface texture much as in males; claval and cuneal sutures and membrane absent, apex of cuneus cut inward, forming a deep apical V; last four or five abdominal segments exposed beyond hemelytra. Ventral surface and legs much as in males, including flattened and bowed hind tibiae.

Diagnosis.
Characterized by the recessed labial segment I that does not extend beyond the gular sulcus (Fig. 121); the shiny, strongly convex pronotum that narrows anteriorly and has the lateral margins sulcate, with the disc and calli evenly rounded; the mostly dull or satiny hemelytron having only the cuneus, embolium, and basal area of the membrane polished, distinct bands and patches of tightly arranged, silvery scalelike setae, and stout, erect, black, bristle-like setae on the clavus and corium. Males are fully macropterous. Females are always brachypterous, with the apex of the cuneus and membrane greatly abbreviated, and the hemelytral setal pattern modified; and the pronotum is more quadrate, with the convexity of disc sulcate through the middle. Description. Myrmecomorphic. Males macropterous; females brachypterous. Length of males 2.80-3.52 mm; length of females 2.36-3.12 mm. Head broader than long; posterior margin truncate, distinctly carinate, posterior margins of eyes level with base of vertex; eyes large, elongate oval, occupying more than half of dorsal head width, laterally occupying nearly three fourths of height; front broadly rounded at level from eye to eye, clypeus moderately acute, partially visible from dorsal aspect; segment I of labium arising from and completely enclosed within oval gular sulcus, segment not or hardly visible below buccula in lateral aspect; labium extending to middle or hind coxae. Antenna with segment I shortest, II longest, most slender on basal half, gradually enlarging to apex that is subequal to diameter of segment I, sometimes swollen or clavate apically; segments III and IV thickest, usually fusiform, III sometimes more slender on basal half. Pronotum trapeziform, lateral margins weakly sulcate, narrowing anteriorly to obscure narrow, transverse, collar-like area, posterior angles often broadly flared, posterior margin weakly rounded; mesoscutum covered by base of pronotum, scutellum equilateral, base sometimes covered by base of pronotum. Hemelytron dull or satiny, with cuneus, embolium, and basal area of membrane polished, lateral margins shallowly constricted between bases of cuneus and corium; with distinct patches and bands of tightly arranged silvery scale-like setae; intermixed on clavus and corium with stout, erect, black, bristle-like setae. Cuneus and membrane fully developed in males; claval suture absent and apex of membrane at that level across cuneus usually abbreviated in females, exposing apical 3 or 4 abdominal segments. Ventral surface shiny; ostiolar area white, without raised knob at end of scent channel; second visible abdominal segment with a dull or glaucous, quadrate patch ventrally. Legs unmodified; parempodia fleshy, convergent apically. Male aperture large, open, unarmed; generalized left paramere elongate, with a subtriangular, beak-like, apical process, with variable processes arising basally to about the middle of the main trunk; right paramere roughly C-shaped, main stem stout, with a large recurving, sometimes bifurcate, lateral arm; phallotheca generally slender, with a distinct apical hook; endosoma unmodified.
Discussion. Prior to this study, only three species of Pilophoropsis were recognized. Strong sexual dimorphism in this genus makes it difficult to associate males and females when collected separately. As a consequence, the male of P. brachyptera Poppius (1914), previously known only from the brachypterous female, was described by Knight (1968) as P. balli. Polhemus and Polhemus (1985), however, showed that these two species are synonyms based on a series of males, females, and nymphs they collected together in Arizona, thus emphasizing the importance of male genitalic characters for separating species in the Ceratocapsini. Females can be identified only by their association with males at this time.
The following key relies primarily on male genitalic structures, nearly all of which may be viewed caudally without dissecting specimens. Left paramere with a basally stout middle process (Fig. 266) extending outward into along slender, thread-like apex; main trunk of right paramere (Fig. 268)  Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 73) is distinguished by the small size and the male genitalia, particularly the left paramere ( Fig. 260) with two middle processes, the sharply C-shaped right paramere (Fig. 262) similar to that of P. brachyptera, and the short, stout, decurved apical process of the phallotheca (Fig. 261). Description. Male (n = 2; holotype measurements in parentheses): Length 3.08 mm (2.80 mm), width 0.96 mm ( Coloration: Head: Pale reddish brown to fuscous, holotype paler, with small red marks on vertex, frons, clypeus, and bucculae. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with two red marks, one across basal third extending distally and ending before apex and one short mark on opposite side of apical third; segment II slender, gradually enlarging apically, brown, paler on apical half to apical two thirds, pubescence short, pale, recumbent; segments III and IVreddish brown. Pronotum: Reddish brown to fuscous. Scutellum: Reddish brown to fuscous. Hemelytron: Pale brown, darker brown on outer two thirds of clavus and apical third of corium, cuneus red to reddish brown; membrane brown. Ventral surface: Reddish brown to fuscous. Ostiolar evaporative area: Uniformly white. Legs: Coxae whitish, bases of middle and hind coxae and apex of fore coxae reddish brown; femora brown, basal half of middle femur pale, base of remaining hind femur obscured by body and glue; tibiae brown to reddish brown, pale on apical half; tarsi and claws pale brown.

Key to the males of Pilophoropsis
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, frons weakly rugose. Labium: Extending to middle coxae. Pronotum: Anterior third narrowed nearly half as wide as base, convex, disc strongly shining, calli granulate, depressed and weakly punctate between, flattened anterior collar-like area seen in other species indistinct or absent; with only scattered, short, recumbent simple setae. Scutellum: Dull, with a broad band of silvery scale-like setae across middle. Hemelytron: Dull, cuneus and embolium polished; with bands of silvery, scale-like setae, one across base of clavus (and continuous with that on scutellum) and a broader one across apical third of corium, three narrow, short bands on apical third of clavus, and two short, narrow, somewhat broken patches on basal third of corium adjacent to embolium; intermixed with widely set, erect, stout, black, bristle-like setae on clavus and corium. Ventral surface: Shiny; abdomen with long erect and semierect pale setae.

Female: Unknown.
Etymology. I name this new species after my late mother, Betty Jean Vitello Walker, who always provided strong support for my interests in natural history that developed at an early age. The specific epithet comes from her affectionate account of my Italian grandfather's accented pronunciation of her name, "Be-Jean".
Distribution. Known only from Sonora, Mexico; also intercepted in commerce at Nogales, Arizona [a border city across from the Mexican state of Sonora], from an unspecified locality in Mexico.
Host. Unknown. Discussion. The male genitalia of this species are most similar to those of P. brachyptera, but they differ in the shape of the middle processes on the left paramere (Fig. 262), certain fine details in the right paramere (Fig. 262), and the much shorter, stouter, apical process on the phallotheca (Fig. 261).

Pilophoropsis balli
Diagnosis. This species (Figs 74, 75) is recognized by having the posterior silvery band on the hemelytra level with the apex of the clavus and well separated from the cuneal fracture, a comb-like basal process of the left paramere (Fig. 263), a long, recurving arm on the right paramere (Fig. 265), and a stout, decurved apical hook on the phallotheca (Fig. 264). Description. Male (n = 5; holotype measurements of P. balli in parentheses): Length 3.32-3.52 mm (3.46 mm), width 1.08-1.16 mm (1.12 mm). Coloration: Head: Dark shiny brown. Antenna: Segment I yellowish brown, with a red mark running dorsally across basal l/3, then distally along inside before ending subapically; segment II, brown to dark brown; segments III and IV dark brown. Pronotum: Dark brown to fuscous. Scutellum: Dark brown. Hemelytron: Dull, satiny tan to pale brown, outer half of clavus and apical fourth of corium darker dull brown; cuneus, inner margin of corium bordering membrane, and embolium polished, cuneus dark reddish brown; membrane dark brown, with a transparent area bordering cuneus. Ventral surface: Thorax dark brown; abdomen fuscous to nearly black. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or white. Legs: Coxae pale or whitish, all bases and apex of procoxae brown to reddish brown; femora brown to reddish brown, with basal l/3 of middle and hind femora pale; tibiae brown to reddish brown, pale on apical l/3 to l/2; tarsi and claws pale brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: Uniformly white.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, frons finely, transversely rugose. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Antenna: Segment I nearly glabrous, with a few long, erect setae; segment II slender basally, gradually enlarging toward apex to thickness equal with segment I, pubescence dense, short, and recumbent. Pronotum: Disc smooth, polished, strongly convex; calli rugose, narrowed anterior part transversely striate; clothed with sparsely set, recumbent, simple setae. Scutellum: Rugose, weakly convex, with a row of silvery scale-like setae across base. Hemelytron: Clothed with three bands of silvery, scale-like setae, a narrow one across base of clavus (and continuous onto scutellum), a short narrow one across apical third of clavus, and a broad one across apical half of corium near apex of clavus, intermixed with several irregular patches of silvery scale-like setae on basal half of corium along embolium and apical half of clavus, intermixed with scattered, stout, erect, black, bristle-like setae on clavus and corium. Ventral surface: Shiny dark brown to fuscous, with a dull, alutaceous patch across middle l/2 of 2nd visible abdominal segment; glabrous except for a few scattered, long, erect, simple setae on abdomen.
Male genitalia: Male aperture large, lacking spines or processes. Left paramere (Fig.  263) with apex twisted, beak-like; basal process three-pronged, comb-like process varying from that Figured to slightly longer and more slender. Right paramere (Fig. 265) with main stem stout, lateral arm long, slender, dorsally directed, apically crenulate, base a short, minor process arising near middle. Phallotheca (Fig. 264) with apex ending in a recurved hook.
Distribution. Described and known only from Arizona. Hosts. Polhemus and Polhemus (1985) associated P. brachyptera with the mistletoe Phoradendron californicum Nutt.
[Viscaceae] growing on Prosopis spp. [Fabaceae] in Arizona. A. G. Wheeler and I, however, have collected numerous specimens on mesquite (Prosopis sp.) lacking mistletoe. Our observations and the numerous other records given below, some with nymphs, indicate that Prosopis spp. are the primary hosts of P. brachyptera, rather than mistletoe. This species also has been taken on Acacia greggii A. Gray (Fabaceae), Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm. (Ulmaceae), Lycium pallidum Miers (Solanaceae), and Phoradendron californicum Nutt. (Santalaceae). Pilophoropsis brachyptera is frequently taken on the stouter twigs and branches of its host tree, where it probably preys on various soft-bodied arthropods.  Diagnosis. This species (Figs 76-78) is distinguished by the posterior band of silvery scale-like setae bordering the cuneal fracture and the male genitalia, particularly the long, slender middle process of the left paramere (Fig. 266), the expanded, T-shaped apex of the lateral arm on the right paramere (Fig. 268), and the long, slender apical process of the phallotheca (Fig. 267). Coloration: Head: Dark brown, clypeus, jugum, lorum, and area around base of antenna paler brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown with a dark reddishbrown band on anterior and inner surface near base; segments II-IV dark brown; apex of II, apical half of III, and IV swollen. Pronotum: dark brown, anterior area around collar more yellow or yellowish brown. Scutellum: Pale yellowish brown. Hemelytron: Brown, with inner margin of clavus and basal half of corium inside radial vein pale yellowish brown, cuneus reddish; membrane uniformly brown;. Legs: Coxae pale yellow or whitish, with a few red marks apically; femora reddish brown, middle and hind femora pale on basal fourth; tibiae reddish brown on basal third to half, pale yellow beyond; tarsi pale yellow; claws pale brown. Ventral surface: Uniformly reddish brown, abdominal patch paler brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, weakly tinged with red dorsally. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Labium: Extending to apices of middle coxae. Pronotum: Shiny, impunctate; narrowed anterior area around calli granulate, disk smooth. Scutellum: Base partially hidden by base of pronotum; lacking scale-like setae. Hemelytron: Embolium and cuneus polished, remainder of corium dull; corium and base of cuneus with numerous stout, black, bristle-like setae, clavus with six or more short, transverse bands of silvery scale-like setae, outer margin of corium bordering embolium with two short transverse bands, one on basal third and one at middle, apex of corium bordering cuneus with a large transverse band of silvery scale-like setae disjunct at middle (Figs 76, 77).
Male genitalia: Aperture of capsule smooth, lacking spines or processes. Left paramere ( Fig. 266) with beak-like process more quadrate; basal process with a long, slender apex. Right paramere (Fig. 268) with lateral arm T-shaped apically. Phallotheca (Fig. 267)  Color and structure much as in males, including the structure of the pronotum and hemelytra, with the membrane only slightly more abbreviated than fully developed males.
Etymology. Named "cunealis" to denote the posterior band of silvery scale-like setae along the cuneal fracture, a character unique among species of the genus.
Host. Acacia cochliacantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex. Willd. [Fabaceae]. Distribution. Known only from Oaxaca, Mexico. Discussion. Unlike the strongly modified females of other species in the genus, such as P. brachyptera, females of P. cunealis are almost fully macropterous as in males, except for the slightly abbreviated hemelytral membrane and, in one case, a slightly more shortened cuneus.
Diagnosis. This species (Figs 79-81) is recognized by a narrow band of silvery scalelike setae across the base of the clavus, the more irregular, scattered patches on the apical half of the clavus, and another broken, transverse band on the basal half of the corium about level with the apex of the scutellum; and the male genitalia, particularly the stout basal processes of the left paramere with an adjacent slender spine (Fig. 269), the three lateral arms of the right paramere (Fig. 271), and the long, recurved, somewhat flattened, apical process of the phallotheca (Fig. 270). Coloration: Head: Shiny dark brown to reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown, with a red U-shaped mark at base; segments II-IVdark brown. Pronotum: Shiny dark brown to reddish brown. Hemelytron: Corium dull yellowish brown, darker on distal half; clavus dark yellowish brown, paler along scutellar margin; cuneus and apex of embolium shiny reddish brown Ventral surface: Shiny reddish brown; glaucous abdominal stridulatory patch paler; nearly glabrous. Ostiolar evaporative area: Pale or white. Legs: Coxae whitish, fore coxae red apically, hind coxae brown at base; femora brown to reddish brown, middle and hind femora pale on basal halves; tibiae brown, fore and midddle tibiae pale on apical thirds; tarsi and claws pale brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, weakly rugose on frons. Labium: Extending to hind coxae. Antenna: Segment II slender, gradually thickening to apex, weakly pubescent on basal half, more thickly set with recumbent pale setae on apical half. Pronotum: Shiny, disc impunctate, calli weakly granulate and weakly depressed between, narrow anterior collar-like area weakly transversely striate; sparsely set with widely separated, recumbent, pale setae. Scutellum: Dark brown, with a narrow band of silvery scale-like setae through middle. Hemelytron: Clothed with bands and patches of silvery scale-like setae, including a band across base of clavus (and continuous onto scutellum), four short bands on apical half of clavus, three short patches on basal third of corium adjacent to embolium, and a large patch across apical third of corium ending before claval suture; intermixed on corium and clavus with widely set, stout, erect, black, bristle-like setae; membrane smoky brown, shiny along base (and beneath rubbed pubescent areas). Ventral surface: Thorax glabrous; abdomen with a few erect and semierect setae.
Male genitalia: Aperture large, without spines or processes. Left paramere (Fig.  269) with a triangular beak-like apical process and two basal processes, one stout and recurved (with a short basal spine) and the other long, slender, and needle-like. Right paramere (Fig. 271) with stout C-shaped trunk and three lateral arms, two relatively short, distally acute, and one larger, recurving behind main trunk. Phallotheca (Fig.  270) slender, ending in a long, slender, somewhat flattened, recurving spine.
Distribution. Described and previously known only from Arizona. Mexico (Jalisco) is a new country record.
Discussion. The genitalia illustrated for P. nicholi are based on a male from Jalisco, Mexico. Although these Figures are very similar to Knight's (1968) illustrations, they differ slightly because of the angle they were drawn. The left paramere in Knight's (1968) drawing shows the needle-like basal process appearing to originate from the main trunk, but it actually arises from the base of the stouter process, as in my illustration. Also, the right paramere in Knight's (1968) illustration shows only two lateral arms or spines. If the right paramere is turned up slightly and counter clockwise, three processes can be seen; the lowermost arm curls back behind the main trunk when viewed caudally, making it difficult to see. The apex of the phallotheca, as illustrated by Knight (1968), and my illustration are similar, though the recurved apex in the holotype appears even more flattened than shown in Knight's (1968) or my illustration. At this time, all of this material is considered conspecific.
Description Coloration: Head: Dark brown to fuscous, paler brown along inner margin of eyes and around antennal bases. Antenna: Segment I brown, with a narrow fuscous stripe and a red spot on inner surface, segments II-IV uniformly dark brown or fuscous. Pronotum: Dark brown. Scutellum: Dark brown to fuscous. Hemelytron: Clavus and corium dull yellowish brown, becoming darker posteriorly; embolium and cuneus shiny reddish brown. Ventral surface: Reddish brown to fuscous; glaucous abdominal stridulatory patch pale. Ostiolar evaporative area: Uniformly white. Legs: Fore coxa white with base narrowly infuscated and apex red tinged, middle coxa white with base infuscated, hind coxa uniformly white; fore femora dark brown, middle and hind femora dark brown with basal thirds whitish; tibiae dark brown, becoming paler on apical thirds; tarsi and claws brown. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Pronotum: Anterior third, granulate, narrowed, sloping toward head, calli indistinct, flattened; posterior two thirds strongly convex, polished, impunctate, basal angles flared. Scutellum: With a band of silvery scale-like setae across base. Hemelytra: Dull area with two distinct bands of silvery, scale-like setae, a narrow one across base of clavus and through scutellum and a broad one across corium at level with apex of clavus, also with 6 patches of silvery scale-like setae, two at emboliar margin on basal half of corium and four on clavus; intermixed with scattered, stout, erect, black, bristle-like setae on dull areas of clavus and corium. Ventral surface: Shiny, with scattered erect and semierect simple setae on abdomen.
Diagnosis. This species (Figs 84,85) is recognized by the band of silvery scale-like setae bordering the cuneal fracture and the male genitalia with the unique basal process of the left paramere (Fig. 276), the short, bifid lateral arm of the right paramere (Figs 278,279), and decurved apical hook on the phallotheca (Fig. 277 Coloration: Head: Brown, darker reddish brown across vertex and red on clypeus. Antenna: Segment I brown, with a large red blotch on basal third and a more narrow red mark on apical third touching apex; segment II reddish brown; segments III and IV reddish brown. Pronotum: Reddish brown. Hemelytron: Dull tan to brown, darker brown outside radial vein, on outer half of clavus, and apical third of corium, cuneus and apex of embolium reddish brown. Ventral surface: Reddish brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, with central knob at end of scent channel red tinged. Legs: Coxae pale to whitish, fore coxae red on apical half, bases of middle and hind coxae brown to reddish brown; all legs missing except one hind leg, femur reddish brown, pale at base; tibia reddish brown, pale on apical half; tarsus and claw pale brown. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, rugose on frons, with relatively, short pale, recumbent, brown setae. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Antenna: Segment II slender, only slightly thickened out to clavate apex, apex 2X diameter of base; segment III slender on basal half, thickened apically; segment IV uniformly thickened, fusiform, diameter equal to apical thickness of III. Pronotum: Disc polished, narrow anterior area across calli granulate, narrow anterior collar-like area merged with calli, posterior angles flared, with a small depressed area just inside posterior margin, setae pale, recumbent, sparse; scutellum dark brown, only two individual scale-like setae present. Hemelytron: Cuneus, embolium, and base of membrane polished; clothed with two bands of silvery scale-like setae, one across base of clavus and a broken one bordering cuneal fracture, and also with two patches on basal half of corium adjacent to embolium, and one narrow band and several (3-4) small patches on apical third of clavus, intermixed on clavus and corium with widely set, stout, erect, black, bristle-like setae. Ventral surface: Shiny, abdomen with long, erect and semierect pale brown setae.
Male genitalia: Genital aperture large, unarmed. Left paramere ( Fig. 276) with triangular, beak-like apical process and a broad basal process with long slender arm extending outward. Right paramere (Figs 278,279) with a slender mainstem and a large, apically flared, lateral arm. Phallotheca (Fig. 277) slender, with a short, sharply recurved, apical hook. Coloration and structure similar to that of male, except as noted below.
Coloration: Pronotum: Reddish brown, paler brown anteriorly. Scutellum: Dark brown to fuscous. Hemeytron: Dull tan to brown. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Labium: Extending to hind coxae. Pronotum: Much more quadrate than in male, disc convex, shiny, finely punctate or granulate, anterior half across calli narrowed into a thickened, rugose, neck-like area; pubescence on disc sparse and short, more thickly set and longer setae on anterior half. Scutellum: Scale-like pubescence absent or rubbed. Hemelytron: Apex extending to end of abdomen; silvery scale-like patches and bands, intermixed with stout, bristle-like setae as in male; cuneus shortened but appearing fully developed (triangular), membrane shortened, extending to apex of abdomen; cuneus, embolium, and membrane polished.
Discussion. Males and females in this genus are difficult to associate without fieldassociated specimens. Comparison of the holotype female's hemelytral setal pattern and distinctive antennal shape with a male intercepted from San Pedro [Coahuila or Vera Cruz?], Mexico, makes me reasonably certain they are conspecific. Оne male from Rio Hondo, Oaxaca (listed below), is in poor condition (hemelytra detached; one missing) and the genitalia are embedded in glue on a separate card. This specimen also is very similar externally to the feHolotype male, although there is some subtle vari-ation in the parameres. Nevertheless, I am tentatively labeling it as P. texana as well. Externally, P. texana is almost indistinguishable from P. cunealis, but the male genitalia are quite different, especially the basal process of the left paramere and the distinctive apex of the phallotheca.
Distribution. Described and previously known only from Brownsville, Texas (USA). Coahuila, Oaxaca, and Vera Cruz represent the first state records for Mexico.
Diagnosis. This new genus is distinguished by the large eyes occupying nearly 80% of the dorsal head width in males (and more than 50% in females), the short labial segment I extending only slightly beyond the base of the head, the modified pronotum having a shiny swollen disc and a short neck-like anterior lobe, and the mostly dull hemelytron having only the embolium and cuneus polished and evenly distributed, scale-like setae intermixed with long, erect, simple setae. Females, unlike those of Pilophoropsis and Pilophoropsidea, are fully macropterous.
Description. Male and females macropterous. Length of males 2.66-2.99 mm; length of females 2.56-2.88 mm. Head broader than long; posterior margin truncate, distinctly carinate, basal margin of vertex weakly indented medially; eyes large, grainy, more so in males, occupying more than 80♂ of dorsal width in males, more than 50♂ in females, laterally occupying 100♂ of height in males, nearly 100♂ in females with only vertex narrowly visible; frontal area relatively narrow and weakly rounded, clypeus moderately acute, short, partially visible in dorsal aspect; buccula narrow, labial segment I readily visible, extending very slightly beyond base of head, labium extending to posterior margin of sternum or bases of middle coxae. Antennal segment I shortest and thinnest, II longest, III and IV subequal, segment II-IV subequally thick. Pronotum narrowed anteriorly across area of calli into a slender, unarmed, neck-like area, calli smooth; posterior lobe trapeziform, shiny, impunctate or very finely and sparsely punctate to alutaceous, swollen above level of head and hemelytra, lateral margins and base weakly convex; mesoscutum hidden by base of pronotum; scutel-lum flat, equilateral, base narrowly covered by base of pronotum, with a thick band of silvery, scale-like setae across basal half, intermixed with long, erect, simple setae. Hemelytron generally dull or satiny, with the embolium and cuneus shiny or polished, lateral margins parallel, evenly clothed with silvery, scale-like setae, intermixed on clavus and corium with scattered, long, erect simple setae; membrane entire, with two closed cells. Ventral surface shiny; ostiolar auricle mostly red tinged, bordered by white, without raised knob on channel; second visible abdominal segment with a dull or glaucous patch ventrally. Legs unmodified; parempodia fleshy, convergent apically. Male genital aperture moderately large, round, unarmed around margins. Parameres complex as most members of Renodaeus group; left paramere with an elongate, beaklike apical process and a short, grooved process at middle; right paramere with a long, stout, lateral arm curved upward at apex; phallotheca elongate, with a long, slender, recurved, apical process; endosoma unmodified.
Etymology. The name of this new genus is formed from the combination of the generic name Pilophoropsis and the suffix "ita", meaning little or small one in Spanish, and is used to imply a close relationship of this new genus to members of the Pilophoropsis-Renodaeus group. The gender is feminine.
Discussion. This new genus superficially resembles members of the genus Zanchisme in having a narrow anterior neck-like area on the pronotum. In Pilophoropsita, the necklike area is short, smooth, and unarmed, whereas in Zanchisme it is more extensively raised, especially on the anterior margin and is armed with a pair of tubercles (though sometimes only weakly developed) or spines. Also, in Pilophoropsita, the head is broader than long, with proportionately large eyes, and the hemelytra have evenly scattered scalelike setae; in Zanchisme the head is elongate and rounded and the hemelytra have distinct transverse bands of scale-like setae. Pilophoropsita is most similar to Ceratocapsidea, Pilophoropsidea, and Renodaeus in having scattered scale-like setae on the hemelytra. Coloration: Overall coloration dark reddish brown. Head: Dark reddish brown. Labium: Brown, segment I more reddish brown. Antennae: Segment I pale brown, with a nearly U-shaped red mark arising from base; segments II-IV dark brown. Pronotum: Dark reddish brown. Scutellum: Dull reddish brown. Hemelytron: Dull yellowish brown on clavus and inner half of corium, shiny reddish brown on outer half of corium, embolium and cuneus; membrane smoky brown. Ventral surface: Shiny reddish brown; glaucous stridulatory patch on abdomen pale, with a bluish luster. Ostiolar evaporative area: Reddish, narrowly white along posterior margin. Legs: Fore coxa pale brown, tinged with red, middle and hind coxae pale or whitish; femora reddish brown, basal third of middle and hind femora pale; tibiae reddish brown, apical half of fore and middle tibiae pale; tarsi pale brown, claws darker brown.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 283) with an elongate beak-like apical process and a short, apically grooved or cupped middle process. Right paramere (Fig. 285) with an elongate main stem and straight lateral arm curving upward at apex. Phallotheca ( Fig. 284) elongate, with a long, slender, recurved, apical process.
Female ( Etymology. This new species is named after Dr. Joseph C. Schaffner (TAMU), who along with the late Dr. José C. M. Carvalho, first recognized it as probably representing a new genus.
Distribution. Described from Costa Rica and the Mexican states of Jalisco, Nayarit, and Oaxaca.
Host  (00286366) Diagnosis. This genus is recognized by the constricted, punctate hemelytron with patches of golden scale-like setae and bands of silvery scale-like setae on the clavus and corium, the punctate pronotum (at least on posterior half), the heavily punctate clavus and basal half of corium, the finely punctate cuneus, and the row of file-like, tiny black spicules (stridulitrum) along the edge of the costal margin in males and females.
Description. Length 2.60-3.30 mm. Myrmecomorphic. Males and females macropterous. Head declivent, subtriangular in dorsal aspect, ventrally flattened in lateral aspect, basal margin truncate, vertex with a distinct smooth carina, basal margin of eyes level with base of vertex, frons granulate or punctate, clypeus not or hardly visible in dorsal aspect; eyes moderately large, combined widths occupying about half dorsal width of head in males, about two thirds in females, oblong oval in lateral aspect; segment I of labium extending beyond gular sulcus by about half its length, visible below buccula in lateral aspect, extending to middle coxae or beyond. Antenna generally slender, segment I shortest, II longest, slender basally, gradually enlarging to apex which is sometimes clavate, apex subequal to diameter of segments III and IV; III and IV fusiform. Pronotum strongly convex, with a narrow but distinct collar, middle of disc higher than level of head in lateral aspect; in males trapeziform, lateral margins sulcate, humeral angles flared and depressed adjacent to posterior angles, basal margin rounded; in females subquadrate, lateral margins nearly straight, humeral angles weakly flared; scutellum equilateral, base covered by posterior margin of pronotum. Hemelytron: polished, constricted at middle of corium, widest across level of cuneus; corium and clavus with predominately golden, scale-like setae, sometimes with silvery and black scale-like setae, intermixed with long, erect, pale or black, bristle-like setae on clavus, corium, and along inner margin of cuneus; deeply punctured on clavus and middle area of corium, with very fine, scattered punctures on cuneus; costal edge in both sexes with a row of tiny black spicules, possibly serving as a stridulatory file (stridulitrum); membrane entire. Ventral surface shiny; ostiolar area pale to whitish, with a raised knob at end of scent channel; glue obscuring base of abdomen (i.e., cannot determine presence of dull or glaucous patch). Legs unmodified, except hind femur in female sometimes thickened on apical half and narrowed at apex; hind tibiae roughened and armed with two rows of tiny spicules, possibly serving as the plectrum during stridulation. Male aperture large, unarmed, genitalia as illustrated (Figs 286-291).
Discussion. As previously noted by Knight (1926), this genus was originally described by Distant (1893) as an aberrant pyrrhocorid. Knight's (1926) description of Renodaeus as having Ceratocapsus-like antennae and a head and pronotum like those of Pilophorus, convinced him that it did not belong in either Ceratocapsini or Pilophorini; thus, he established the new tribe Renodaeini. Carvalho (1952Carvalho ( , 1955Carvalho ( , 1958, however, treated Knight's tribe as a synonym of Pilophorini and Schuh (1995) listed it in synonymy under Orthotylini, along with Ceratocapsini. It is now clear that Renodaeus belongs in Ceratocapsini based on the male genitalia.
Renodaeus is similar to Marinonicoris in overall appearance, including the golden patches and silvery bands of scale-like setae on the hemelytra. It differs, however, in having erect, bristle-like setae on the hemelytra, a row of file-like spicules on the costal margin, and considerably different male genitalia. The left paramere (Figs 286,289) in species of Renodaeus is C-shaped, sometimes with a process arising from the middle, the right paramere (Figs 288, 291) is broad with two diverging lobes, and the phallotheca (Figs 287, 290) is relatively simple with the apex blunt or moderately pointed, whereas in M. myrmecoides, the left paramere (Fig. 280) is slender with an apical beaklike apex and a slender, apically rounded process at the middle, the right paramere ( Fig. 282) is stout and elongate, with a slender, apically bifid arm basally, and the phallotheca (Fig. 281) is broad with three, apical, comb-like processes.
The lack of males precludes positive identification of R. ficarius. Based on the examination of the lectototype and paralectotype females, R. ficarius has a more extensive covering of scale-like setae on the hemelytra, as noted in the key.  ;Schuh 1995: 190 (cat.).

Key to the species of Renodaeus
Diagnosis. This species (Fig. 89) Coloration: Head: Dark reddish brown. Antenna: Segment I pale brown (without indication of a red mark); segment II reddish brown. Pronotum: Dark reddish brown to nearly fuscous. Hemelytron: Brown; cuneus dark reddish brown; membrane translucent, dark, smoky brown. Ventral surface: Reddish brown to fuscous; ostiolar area white. Legs: Coxae pale, fore coxa more brown; femora dark reddish brown, hind femora pale at apex; tibiae dark reddish brown to fuscous; tarsi and claws brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Granulate, more transversely rugose along inner margin of eyes and on frons just above clypeus. Labium: Extending to ca. middle coxae (obscured under card on paralectotype). Antenna: Segment I slender to clavate apex. Pronotum: Shiny to semishiny, subquadrate, convex, basal angles weakly flared, basal margin weakly rounded, collar narrow, anterior half across calli granulate, posterior half thickly punctate, posterior angles becoming almost rugose; setae short, recumbent. Scutellum: Equilateral, depressed on basal half, apical half weakly convex. Hemelytron: Shiny, but obscured by heavy setal covering, strongly constricted on basal half, gradually flared to widest point across cuneus, costal margin with a row of fine, black spicules, clavus and corium densely covered (surface not showing) with tight-fitting, flattened, golden, scale-like setae with smaller patches of silvery scale-like setae at base of clavus, middle of corium (one inside and one outside radial vein), along cuneal fracture and inner corner of cuneus (paracuneus), intermixed with long, erect, bristle-like setae on clavus and corium; at least basal third of clavus and corium deeply punctate (obscured by heavy scale-like covering); cuneus with a few tiny, widely scattered punctures.

Distribution.
Known only from Guatemala. Discussion. The female types of this species have the scales on the outer edge of the corium (basal area outside radial vein) rubbed. This triangular area coincides with the position of the peculiar stridulatory spicules along the emboliar margin and may be the result of the hind tibiae rubbing against this surface. Because the male is unknown, I cannot be certain of the identity of this species. Study of males from or near the type locality in Guatemala should help determine if this species is distinct or the senior synonym of R. gibbicollis or R. mimeticus.

Diagnosis.
No reliable external characters have been found to distinguish R. gibbicollis from the other species of the genus. The left paramere (Fig. 286, after Carvalho and Becker 1959), lacking a hook at the apex of the right process, and the C-shaped right paramere (Fig. 288 Legs: Fore and middle coxa reddish brown, hind coxa pale; femora dark reddish brown, apex of hind femur pale; tibiae dark brown, with apical thirds pale yellowish brown; tarsi and claws pale yellowish brown. Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, smooth, impunctate. Labium: Extending to bases of middle coxae. Pronotum: Polished, impunctate; weakly swollen, hind margins flared; with scattered, short, recumbent simple setae. Scutellum: With a thick band of silvery, scale-like setae through middle, intermixed with a few long erect simple setae. Hemelytron: Shiny throughout; sparsely and finely punctate on apical half of corium; densely and coarsely punctate on clavus and basal half of corium; with two bands of silvery, scale-like setae, one across base of corium and clavus (and extending across scutellum) and one across middle or corium and apex of clavus; area between silvery bands densely covered with golden, scale-like setae; corium (one or two scattered) and clavus (one row of three or four) with few, pale, bristle-like setae. Ventral surface: Shiny, with a few scattered erect and semierect, simple setae.
Male genitalia (redrawn after Carvalho and Becker 1959): Left paramere (Fig. 286) with a broad quadrate main body with a curving right arm. Right paramere (Fig. 288) C-shaped, upper arm more slender than basal one. Phallotheca (Fig. 287)  Type specimens examined. The holotype of this species is missing from the USNM collection. Data as given by Carvalho and Becker (1959) (Fig. 289) has two diverging lobes, the left broader and marginally crenulate, the right paramere (Fig. 291) is C-shaped with a large marginally crenulate process arising from the middle, and the phallotheca (Fig. 290) is apically blunt, whereas in R. gibbicollis, the left paramere (Fig.  286) has a much broader left lobe, the right paramere (Fig. 288) is C-shaped without a process at the middle, and the phallotheca (Fig. 287)  with widely scattered, fine, black punctures, basal angles widely flared, somewhat turned upward and distinctly depressed posteriorly near outer angle, nearly glabrous, with a few scattered, erect, simple setae. Scutellum: punctate, with a thick patch of white scalelike setae through middle, intermixed with a thick bunch of long, erect, white, simple setae. Hemelytron: Distinctly constricted through middle, widest across cuneus, polished, deeply black punctured on clavus and middle of corium, with scattered, fine punctures on cuneus and apical area of corium; densely set with golden scale-like setae on clavus and middle of corium, with patches of white scale-like setae at base of clavus and through middle of corium (along posterior edge of golden setae) and across apical third of clavus, intermixed with several long, erect, nearly bristle-like setae on clavus and corium and along inner margin of cuneus, cuneus and apical third of corium glabrous.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 289) with a beak-like left process and a more slender, apically bent right process. Right paramere (Fig. 291) with three large, marginally crenulate processes, the right one most slender (in one specimen, this process is shorter than the stout middle process). Phallotheca (Fig. 290)  Diagnosis. Members of this genus are distinguished by the short labial segment I that does not extend beyond the posterior margin of the head; the round or bulbous head; the distinctly bilobed pronotum, with a distinct constriction separating the strongly convex posterior lobe and the greatly narrowed anterior lobe, latter lobe unarmed or with one to three tubercles; the distinct patches and/or bands of silver, scale-like setae on the hemelytra; and the male genitalia, particularly the left paramere with a distinct beak-like apex, the right paramere with one lateral arm or lobe, and the apically acute phallotheca.
Zanchisme is superficially similar to Zanchismeopsidea from Argentina in sharing a similarly bilobed pronotum. Zanchismeopsidea can be distinguished from Zanchisme by the broad, deep gular groove on the undersurface of the head, the distinctly conical scutellum, the proportionately longer posterior lobe of the pronotum (2 times length of anterior lobe versus 1.5 times as long in Zanchisme), the lack of a silvery scale-like band at the base of the clavus, and the male genitalia.
Description. Myrmecomorphic. Male and females macropterous. Length of male 3.10-3.78 mm, length of females 2.98-3.17 mm. Head broader than long; posterior margin truncate, distinctly carinate, posterior margins of eyes level with base of vertex; eyes proportionately large, elongate oval, occupying more than three fourths of dorsal head width in males, about half dorsal width in females, laterally occupying nearly entire height in males and about half the height in females; in males, frons flattened from eye to eye, clypeus weakly acute, slightly visible dorsally, in females frons broadly rounded, clypeus rounded, not visible dorsally. Labium extending to middle or hind coxae; segment I short, not extending beyond posterior margin of head, entirely enclosed within oval gular sulcus, buccula enclosing basal half of segment. Antenna with segment I shortest; segment II longest, slender basally, gradually enlarging to apex, diameter subequal to diameters of segments I, III, and IV; segments III and IV evenly thickened, fusiform. Pronotum strongly bilobed; posterior lobe strongly convex, shiny, impunctate, lateral margins straight, posterior margin evenly convex; anterior lobe greatly narrowed, separated from posterior lobe by a distinct constriction, anterior margin with a narrow but distinct collar, ranging from unarmed to armed with one, two, or three blunt to strongly pointed tubercles. Mesoscutum distinct, obliquely angled downward to scutellum; scutellum equilateral, flattened. Hemelytra weakly constricted or concave across middle, widening across apical half of corium and cuneus; dorsum either evenly shiny or shiny on cuneus and outer half of corium and dull on clavus and inner half of corium; with a tight band of silvery scale-like setae across base of corium and cuneus and through scutellum and a loose, wider band of scale-like setae through middle of corium and apex of clavus, intermixed with long, erect, bristle-like setae on scutellum, clavus, and corium; cuneus and membrane fully developed in males and females. Ventral surface shiny; ostiolar area dark with limited evaporative area surrounding auricle, most of metapleural area covered by tiny spicules giving a glaucous sheen; abdomen polished, side of second visible segment with a large, quadrate glaucous patch. Leg slender, unmodified. Male aperture large, open, unarmed; generalized left paramere slender, with a beak-like apex and with a single, sometimes apically bifid process at middle; right paramere stout, with one lateral process; and phallotheca with the apex hooked; endosoma simple, unmodifed.
Discussion. Only four species of this interesting genus are known. No new species were discovered even though numerous collections were examined. Nevertheless, the distribution of several species has been extended significantly. Males and females of the species in this genus are quite similar except for the head, which is much more rounded or bulbous in females. Specimens of Zanchisme typically are collected at light, and host associations and feeding habits are unknown.  (Figs 95-97) is distinguished by the three short tubercles across the anterior lobe of the pronotum, the uniformly shiny hemelytra, the golden scale-like setae on basal half of the corium, and apically pale antennal segment II. This is the only species of the genus with three tubercles on the anterior pronotal lobe.
Coloration: Overall yellowish brown. Head: Yellowish brown; eyes black. Pronotum: Anterior lobe yellowish brown; posterior lobe yellowish brown to dark brown. Mesoscutum: Dark brown. Scutellum: Dark brown. Hemelytron: Yellowish brown to slightly darker brown at base of corium and on cuneus; membrane smoky brown, paler at base and along apical cuneal margin. Ventral surface: Brown to reddish brown. Ostiolar evaporative area: Reddish brown. Legs: Femora reddish brown, basal fourth of hind femur pale; tibiae reddish brown, apical thirds of middle and hind femora becoming pale yellowish brown; tarsi and claws pale yellowish brown.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Impunctate; with scattered semierect simple setae. Labium: Extending to middle of mesosternum just before middle coxae. Pronotum: Bilobed, narrowed anterior lobe with three, short tubercles, the middle one most prominent; posterior lobe strongly convex; anterior lobe impunctate; posterior lobe very finely punctate, appearing impunctate in certain light; with only scattered semierect simple setae. Scutellum: Finely transversely rugose. Hemelytron: Shiny, finely punctate, punctures heavier across pubescent patches and on cuneus; with two loose bands of silvery, scale-like setae, one across base of clavus and through middle of scutellum and one across middle of corium and onto adjacent clavus, intermixed on clavus and apical margin of corium with long, erect and semierect pale, nearly bristle-like setae and more generally scattered, shorter, pale simple setae. Ventral surface: Shiny.
Male genitalia: Left paramere ( Fig. 292) with slender beak-like apex and a quadrate process at middle. Right paramere (Fig. 294) with main stem and primary arm forming a shallow C-shape, and with one accessory spine behind arm. Phallotheca (Fig. 293) with a relatively stout, right-curving apical process and a more narrow, leftcurving process on opposite side. Similar to male in overall shape and development of tubercles on anterior pronotal lobe, but slightly shorter and stouter, posterior pronotal lobe in lateral view more compressed from front to back, and hemelytral membrane slightly less elongate.
Host. Unknown.  Coloration: Head: Yellowish brown to dark brown; eyes silvery, tinged with red. Antenna: Segment I pale yellow, with a narrow red (sometimes brownish) line on ventral surface and a short line on apical half of dorsal surface; segment II yellowish brown, apex more whitish, dorsal surface at base dark brown; segment III brown, apex more whitish; segment IV uniformly brown. Pronotum: Posterior lobe reddish brown to dark brown; anterior lobe yellowish brown to dark brown. Mesoscutum: Yellowish brown. Scutellum: Dark brown, with apex yellowish. Hemelytron: Yellowish brown to brown; costal margin (embolium) and cuneus reddish brown to dark brown; membrane dark brown, pale within areoles. Ventral surface: Thoracic area yellowish brown; abdomen yellowish brown, becoming darker brown distally toward genital capsule. Ostiolar evaporative area: White, central knob slightly embrowned. Legs: Fore coxae brown, middle and hind coxae white; fore and middle femora yellowish brown, darker dorsally, hind femur dark brown, pale at base and extreme apex; tibiae brown to reddish brown, pale on apical one third to one fourth; tarsi and claws yellowish.
Diagnosis. This species (Figs 98, 99) is distinguished by the lack of tubercles on the anterior lobe of the pronotum, the uniformly shiny hemelytra, with a band of silvery, scale-like setae across the base of the clavus and corium and a loose patch of silvery scale-like setae through the middle of the corium and distal two thirds of the clavus, and the male genitalia, especially the left paramere (Fig. 298).
Description. Male (n = 2; holotype measurements in parentheses): Length to apex of membrane 3.42 mm (3.30 mm), width 0.98 mm ( Coloration: Head: Brown to fuscous. Antenna: Segment I yellowish brown, with a narrow red line on dorsal and ventral surface; segment I brown, with a short dark brown line dorsally at base; segment III and IV dark brown. Pronotum: Dark brown, base of anterior lobe sometimes slightly paler brown. Mesoscutum: Brown. Scutellum brown, apex slightly paler. Hemelytron: Uniformly dark brown. Ventral surface: Thoracic segments dark brown; abdomen dark brown, glaucous stridulatory patch pale. Ostiolar evaporative area: Dark reddish brown. Legs: Fore coxae brown, middle and hind coxae Diagnosis. Z. mexicanus (Figs 102-104) is recognized by the two well-developed, sharp spines on the anterior lobe of the pronotum, the partially dull and partially shiny hemelytra, the black bristle-like dorsal setae, and the male genitalia.
Description. Male (n = 5; holotype measurements in parentheses): Length to apex of membrane 3.20-3.62 mm (3.17 mm); width 0.98-1.17 mm ( Coloration: Head: Reddish brown to dark brown. Antenna: Pale yellowish brown, with a narrow red line along ventral surface and short, apical red line on dorsal surface; segment II yellowish brown to brown, with a short, narrow red to brown line dorsally at base; segments III and IV dark brown. Pronotum: Yellowish brown, dark brown, to dark reddish brown, anterior lobe sometimes paler than posterior lobe. Mesoscutum: Brown to dark reddish brown. Scutellum: Brown to dark reddish brown. Hemelytron: Corium inside radial vein and clavus yellowish brown; area outside radial vein and cuneus brown to dark brown; membrane dark smoky brown, paler or whitish inside areoles. Ventral surface: Thoracic area brown to reddish brown; abdomen dark reddish brown to fuscous. Ostiolar evaporative area: Largely white, with raised central area of auricle red. Legs: Fore coxa brown, middle and hind coxae pale or whitish; fore femur dark brown, middle and hind femora dark brown on apical half, pale or yellowish brown basally; tibiae dark brown, pale or yellow at apices; tarsi and claws pale yellow.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, impunctate. Labium: Extending to middle of mesosternum. Pronotum: Bilobed, narrowed anterior lobe with two, long, sharply pointed tubercles, one on either side, middle smooth, shiny; posterior lobe strongly convex; shiny, impunctate, polished; with scattered, short, recumbent, simple setae. Mesoscutum: Shiny, impunctate, with a few short, simple setae. Scutellum: Dull, narrowly shiny along base, impunctate; with a broad band of silvery scale-like setae across middle. Hemelytron: Dull on clavus and corium inside radial vein, shiny on cuneus and corium outside radial vein; with wide band of silvery, scale-like setae across base of clavus and a wider patch of less dense silvery scale-like setae across middle of corium and apical third of clavus, intermixed on dull surface, with evenly placed, long, erect, bristle-like setae. Ventral surface: Shiny; abdomen with scattered and irregular rows of short, recumbent, simple setae.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 301) with an elongate, beak-like process apically, and a smaller beak-like process at middle facing opposite direction. Right paramere (Fig. 303) with a slender main stem and one marginally crenulate lateral arm. Phallotheca (Fig. 302)   Diagnosis. Zanchismeopsidea is distinguished by the distinctly narrow anterior lobe of the pronotum, armed with two large, apically blunt tubercles; a distinct collar; strongly convex posterior pronotal lobe; conical scutellum; the polished hemelytron with a loose band of narrow, white, scale-like setae across the base of the corium and onto the middle of the clavus; and the male genitalia.
Description. Length 3.62 mm. Overall elongate, slender, subparallel, macropterous. Head triangular, 1.5 times broader than long; basal margin truncate; eyes prominent, coarsely faceted; frons flattened, transversely rugose. Pronotum bilobed, shiny; anterior lobe narrowed, width about half width of posterior lobe, armed with two, stout, bluntly pointed tubercles, collar wide, flattened; posterior lobe strongly convex, about two times wider than long, impunctate (or only very finely and indistinctly so). Mesoscutum broadly exposed, flat, shiny. Scutellum equilateral, shiny, bluntly conical. Hemelytron shiny, impunctate, with a broad loose band of silvery, scale-like setae across base of corium and clavus, intermixed with a few long, erect, bristle-like setae on clavus and apical margin of corium; membrane with two closed cells. Genitalia relatively simple; left paramere bilobed with left lobe apically truncate and right lobe more slender; right paramere with simple trunk and one slender, recurved arm and a small spine on backside; and phallotheca with a distinct beaklike apical process.
Etymology. The name of this new genus is formed from the combination of the generic name Zanchisme and the suffix from the generic name Pilophoropsidea, and is used to denote the close relationship of the three genera. The gender is feminine.
Discussion. This interesting new genus shares characteristics with both Zanchisme and Pilophoropsidea. The distinctly constricted anterior lobe of the pronotum is shared with Zanchisme, whereas the shiny hemelytron with a loose patch of white, scale-like setae across the base of the pronotum and through the middle of the clavus is most similar to the setal plan of species of Pilophoropsidea. It can be distinguished from both genera by the combination of characters listed above and the structure of the male genitalia.  (Figs 105, 106) is recognized by the elongate, subparallel body; bilobed pronotum with the anterior lobe narrowed and armed with two large tubercles, the strongly convex posterior lobe; the exposed mesoscutum, the prominent scutellum,