An annotated checklist of the chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) from China

Abstract An annotated checklist of the Chinese Chrysididae is provided. The list includes 188 species and subspecies in twenty three genera of five subfamilies. Four species are proposed as new combinations: Hedychridium cupreum asianum (Linsenmaier, 1997), Philoctetes deauratus (Mocsáry, 1914), Philoctetes mordvilkoi (Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1932), and Pseudomalus hypocritus (du Buysson, 1893). Two species are revalidated: Chrysis consobrina Mocsáry, 1889, and Philoctetes mongolicus (du Buysson, 1901). Historical data with comments on the current taxonomic position, and the pictures of sixty five types are also given.


Introduction
The Chrysididae, commonly known as cuckoo wasps or goldwasps, are a cosmopolitan family and have the greatest diversity in the Palaearctic Region (Morgan 1984). Based on the most recent investigation, 87 genera and 2509 species have been described worldwide in this family (Aguiar et al. 2013). Cuckoo wasps are parasitoids or cleptoparasites of stick insects, moths, and other wasps, bees and sawflies . Kimsey and Bohart (1991) divided this family into four subfamilies (Amiseginae, Chrysidinae, Cleptinae, and Loboscelidinae), while Mocsáry (1889), Linsenmaier (1959), Mingo (1994), and Rosa et al. (2013) considered also Parnopinae as a valid subfamily and we follow the latter taxonomic interpretation.
The aim of the present checklist is to summarize the taxa previously recorded for China as a base for further research.

Material and methods
The list follows the genera subdivision proposed by Kimsey and Bohart (1991), with few exceptions. The species are listed alphabetically. Type depositories are given mainly according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Types examined are asterisked (*) after the type depositories.
The Pictures of the types were taken with Nikon D-80 connected to the stereomicroscope Togal SCZ and stacked with the software Combine ZP.
Types and other specimens were deposited in the following institutions:  (Linsenmaier 1959).

Hedychrum gracile
Host. H. gerstaeckeri japonicum was observed flying around the nests of Cerceris spp., in particular those of C. hortivaga Kohl (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). For other host relationships observed in Europe see Rosa (2006).

Hedychrum manchurianum
Host. Cerceris arenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) (Tsuneki 1979). Remarks. Mocsáry examined at least two specimens of both sexes (see the simbols male and female in the first couplet). However, in the original description Mocsáry (in Radoszkowski) gave the description of H. simile (sub cyaneum Mocsáry nec Brullé) based only on the male housed in the Radoszkowski collection and dissected by the Russian entomologist, who drew the genitalia. The type locality given by Radoszkowski is "Siberia orientalis", and it has to be referred only to the male housed in the Radoszkowski collection. In the MNHM, we examined the rest of the type series listed by Mocsáry (1889): a female specimen collected in China (Ta-schian-sy). French (1986) designated this female as lectotype. However, this female belongs to a different species compared with the male collected in Siberia. The female lectotype is characterised by the very long pronotum (similar to H. longicolle) and sharp and pointing out propodeal angles, while the male has a short pronotum and wide and triangular propodeal angles. A revision of the blue Asian species of Hedychrum is missing and urgently needed. Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Guizhou). Widely distributed in the Palaearctic Region .

Hedychrum sinicum
Remarks. Linsenmaier (1959) dubiously considered the specimens from Harbin to be H. amoenula ssp. virideaurata. These specimens were still identified as virideaurata in his collection and seem to fit the current interpretation of the taxon. At present, H. amoenula amoenula is an endemism of the Mediterranean island of Rhodes, but some specimens may also be found in southern Greece. A re-evaluation of all the subspecies and taxa related to H. amoenula s. str. is urgently needed. ( (Förster, 1853). The two were later recognized as valid species by Linsenmaier (1959), who provided both a key and characteristics to distinguish them from one another. The specific name Chrysis gloriosa Fabricius (=Holopyga gloriosa) was suppressed by ICZN (1998). ( (Linsenmaier 1959).

Holopyga generosa
Remarks. Holopyga aureomaculata Abeille is recognized to be the male of H. ignicollis Dahlbom. This is a dubious identification, which can perhaps be referenced to H. chrysonota. In Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 230) H. ignicollis is synonym of H. chrysonota, but the two species are clearly distinct.  Kimsey and Bohart, 1991]. Tsuneki (1946) considered Ellampus potanini as synonym of sauteri.

Remarks.
Only two specimens erroneously labelled as paratypes and collected in the same place (Sichuan: river Sjao-tzhin-cho, leg. Potanin) are present in the Semenov collection. We don't know whether the lectotype label or the lectotype is lost.

Distribution. China (Tianjin) (Mocsáry 1914).
Remarks. After the examination of other specimens labeled as types of E. deauratus by Mocsáry in the HNHM, we have included this taxon in the genus Philoctetes Abeille, based on the characteristics given by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).

Distribution. China (Shanxi). Widely distributed from Mongolia to Central Asia and southern Russia to Volga (Trautmann 1927).
Remarks. P. mongolicus was often erroneously considered belonging to the genus Elampus (= Notozus) due to its elongated metanotal projection. However, the metanotal projection is also present in various Philoctetes species (e.g.: P. putoni (du Buysson)). Kimsey and Bohart (1991) placed P. mongolicus under P. horvathi, even if Tsuneki and Linsenmaier considered it as a valid species. Type examination has confirmed that P. mongolicus is indeed a valid species.

Distribution. China (Xinjiang).
Remarks. E. mordvilkoi shows the main characteristics of the genus Philoctetes sensu Kimsey and Bohart (1991). The gena is not bisected by the genal carina, the punctuation on the mesosoma is more distributed along the notauli and the anal margin of the last metasomal tergite has a distinct brownish transparent rim with a wide median notch. Therefore, we have moved this taxon into the genus Philoctetes Abeille.

Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia). Widely distributed in the Palaearctic Region
Remarks. The identification by Tsuneki (1953a) should be double-checked. The specimen may be related to P. bergi Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1932.

Distribution. China (Shanxi).
Remarks. The type of Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) carnifex shares most of the characteristics with the type of Chrysis keriensis Mocsáry, which is the male of Chrysis chrysochlora Mocsáry. The main difference is found in the punctuation on the mesosoma and on the first two metasomal tergites. Tsuneki ( , 1948b  Distribution. China (Guizhou). Korea (Tsuneki 1953b).

Distribution. China (Xinjiang).
Remarks. C. consobrina was considered a subspecies of C. scutellaris Fabricius by Semenov-Tian-Shanskij and Nikolskaja (1954), and later, a subspeceis of C. soror Dahlbom (Linsenmaier 1959), the eastern greenish form of C. scutellaris. For this reason Kimsey and Bohart (1991) placed it in synonym of C. soror. However the type examination of C. consobrina confirms that it is a valid species because it shares only a similar colour with C. scutellaris and C. soror.

Material examined.
Remarks. Some identification may be related to other species belonging to the ignita group. The species is traditionally subdivided in two forms, C. ignita A and B after Linsenmaier (1959), now recognized as two different species: C. terminata Dahlbom and C. ignita (Linnaeus). Distribution. China (Taiwan). Remarks. Tsuneki (1962Tsuneki ( , 1970b considered C. vicaria as a subspecies of C. fasciata Olivier, 1790.  . Remarks. Chrysis (Trichrysis) buyssoni Mocsáry was a replacement name for Trichrysis pellucida (du Buysson, 1887). However, after 1889, the name Brugmoia pellucida Radoszkowski was considered belonging to the genus Euchroeus Latreille and no longer congeneric. According to the Code (Art. 59), a junior secondary homonym replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid unless the substitute name is not in use and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric, in which case the junior homonym is not to be rejected on grounds of that replacement.