Supplementary catalogue of the Anthomyiidae (Diptera) of China

Abstract The present catalogue of Anthomyiidae attempts to list all species (173) described or recorded from mainland China (165) and Taiwan (8) that for various reasons are not treated in “Flies of China” from 1998. The catalogue further lists Chinese species that are presently standing in new generic combinations compared to those of “Flies of China”, species that have changed name because of synonymy or misidentification, and species upgraded from subspecies to species. Regional distribution by province is specified for all species. Literature sources to descriptions or records of anthomyiid species from China are only given for those 173 species not covered by “Flies of China”. Four new combinations are proposed: Enneastigma fulva (Malloch, 1934), Enneastigma henanensis (Ge & Fan, 1982), Enneastigma lengshanensis (Xue, 2001) and Hylemya qinghaiensis (Fan, Chen & Ma, 1989). Eremomyia turbida Huckett, 1951 is revived from synonymy with Chortophila triticiperda Stein, 1900 (current name Eutrichota turbida). One subspecies is upgraded to species: Adia asiatica Fan, 1988. The following eight new synonymies are proposed: Delia pectinator fuscilateralis Fan in Fan & Zheng, 1992 with Delia pectinator Suwa, 1984; Eremomyia pilimana pilimarginata Fan & Qian in Fan, Chen, Ma & Ge, 1982 with Eremomyia turbida Huckett, 1951 (current name Eutrichota turbida); Lopesohylemya Fan, Chen & Ma, 1989 with Hylemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; Deliomyia Fan in Fan et al., 1988 with Subhylemyia Ringdahl, 1933; Hydrophoria disticrassa Xue & Bai, 2009 with Hydrophoria pullata Wu, Liu & Wei, 1995 (current name Zaphne pullata); Heteroterma Wei, 2006 with Scathophaga Meigen, 1803; Heteroterma fanjingensis Wei, 2006 with Scathophaga curtipilata Feng, 2002; Scatomyza fansipanicola Ozerov in Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2011 with Scathophaga curtipilata Feng, 2002. The genus Heteroterma Wei, 2006 and species Heteroterma fanjingensis Wei, 2006 are reassigned from Anthomyiidae to Scathophagidae.


Introduction
China is a huge country of 9.6 million square kilometres in eastern Asia supporting a rich Palaearctic biota supplemented with a smaller Oriental biota in the southern areas. The Anthomyiidae are a large and diverse family of muscoid Diptera with c. 2000 described species worldwide. Anthomyiid flies are most diverse under temperate to subarctic conditions in the Northern Hemisphere. Accordingly, the Chinese anthomyiid fauna is exceedingly rich, including about one-third of the known world fauna, but still far from exhaustively investigated despite the voluminous literature on the subject.
The first comprehensive revision of the Anthomyiidae in China is that of Fan et al. (1988) who recognized 352 named species/subspecies in 43 genera. A second, more summary treatment of the family was given by Wei et al. (1998a, b) in the monumental "Flies of China" issued in two volumes (Xue and Chao 1998a, b). They recognized 515 species/subspecies in 43 genera from mainland China (514) and Taiwan (1). This figure has presently been adjusted to 511 species because of subsequent synonymy proposals. After combining this number with the extra species from the present catalogue, the number of anthomyiid species recorded from China has now reached 684 species in 36 genera. This number includes 9 species recorded from Taiwan but not from mainland China. The lower number of genera reflects recent attempts toward a phylogeny-based classification of the family in terms of supposedly monophyletic genera.
The notable increase in number of anthomyiid species presently recognized from mainland China (675) compared to "Flies of China" (511) reflects on one hand the high activity level of taxonomic and faunistic investigation of anthomyiid flies that has taken place in China since 1992/93 (the approximate deadline for "Flies of China"). However, our catalogue includes 25 species described as new and 17 species recorded from China or Taiwan before 1992 that for unknown reasons are omitted from "Flies of China". These aspects emphasize the strong need of the present supplementary list.

Materials and methods
The following catalogue is primarily a compilation of all anthomyiid species recorded from mainland China and Taiwan but for various reasons omitted from consideration in "Flies of China" (Wei et al. 1998a, b). These species are marked with an asterisk. The catalogue further includes species that (1) are presently recognized in a different generic combination, (2) have changed name because of synonymy or misidentification, or (3) have been upgraded from subspecies to species rank. Michelsen in Michelsen & Báez, 1985 Craspedochoeta liturata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) [misidentification]. Wei et al. 1998a: 651. Distribution in China. Heilongjiang, Neimenggu, Shanxi, Xinjiang. Taxonomic note. Anthomyia liturata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) is known exclusively from Europe, whereas A. confusanea is a more widespread Palearctic species.

Genus Hylemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Syn.: Lopesohylemya Fan, Chen & Ma, 1989, syn. n. Taxonomic note. Fan et al. (1989) established a new genus Lopesohylemya with the new species L. qinghaiensis (see below) as type species. They further suggested that their new genus should also accommodate the histrio species group of the genus Eustalomyia Kowarz. As noted in the discussion by Griffiths (1996Griffiths ( : 1754, we disagree that Lopeshylemyia and Eustalomyia are closely related taxa. Instead, we propose that L. qinghaiensis is closely related to Hylemya flavicruralis Suwa, 1989 described from Nepal. The distal articles of both antennae are missing in the holotype and only known specimen of Lopesohylemya qinghaiensis. Accordingly, the authors were unable to observe the plumose condition of the arista, a prime characteristic of the genus Hylemya. *Hylemya teinosurstylia Xue & Zhang, 2004 Distribution. China: Guangxi, Yunnan (Xue and Zhang 2004: 546).

Genus Hyporites Pokorny, 1893
Syn.: Engyneura Stein, 1907 Taxonomic note. Species of Engyneura agree closely with those of Hyporites, and together they constitute a well defined, clearly monophyletic entity of anthomyiid flies. This was realized by Hennig (1966: 77), but he desisted from formally synonymizing these genera because no material of Engyneura was available to him. This synonymy was first proposed by Michelsen (2004).  Barták et al. (1990: 443).

Genus Subhylemyia Ringdahl, 1933
Syn.: Deliomyia Fan in Fan et al., 1988, syn. n. Taxonomic note. Deliomyia was proposed as a subgenus of Subhylemyia Ringdahl. The genus Subhylemyia is reasonably well defined and includes only two known species.
Thus we see no reason to split this taxon any further.

Valid species removed from the list of Chinese Anthomyiidae
Eutrichota schineri (Schnabl, 1910) A record from NE China by Suwa (1999: 224) is mistaken and refers to E. socculata (Zetterstedt).

Identity of Heteroterma fanjingensis Wei
Wei (2006b: 531) proposed in the family Anthomyiidae a new genus Heteroterma for a new species fanjingensis based on 1 male, 1 female from Guizhou, China. On inspection of the original illustrations of the male and female terminalia it occurred to one of us (VM) that they might belong to a species of Scathophagidae rather than Anthomyiidae. Dr AL Ozerov, Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, was consulted and he immediately identified this nominal species that he did not know about beforehand. The nomenclatorial implications are summarized below.  (Feng 2002: 365;Wei 2006b: 531;Ozerov and Krivosheina 2011: 5). Taxonomic note. Ozerov and Krivosheina (2011: 3) proposed a revival of the genus Scatomyza Fallén for a group of species previously recognized in Scathophaga Meigen. This is not followed here, as this may well result in a paraphyletic Scatophaga s. str.

Discussion
We have attempted to consult all relevant publications on Chinese Anthomyiidae in the preparation of the above supplementary catalogue of Anthomyiidae covering both mainland China and Taiwan. The anthomyiid fauna of mainland China comprises 675 species in 37 genera which corresponds to more than one-third of the known world fauna and 84% of the currently recognized anthomyiid genera. One genus (Sinophorbia Xue, 1997) and c. 425 species of Anthomyiidae are presently regarded as endemic to mainland China; other 6 species are endemic to Taiwan. However, a revisional study of the difficult and species rich genus Botanophila in North America is still pending and may expectedly show that a substantial number of the species currently listed as endemic to China in reality are more widespread, northern Holarctic species. As shown in the bar graph ( Fig. 1), species have been described or newly recorded from mainland China all years since the publication of the regional monograph by Fan et al. (1988). The bar graph suggests that the knowledge about anthomyiid species diversity in China is still far from exhaustive. Predictably, many new species await discovery and description, especially from inaccessible high altitude regions such as the Tibetan Plateau.

Acknowledgements
Wang, Li and Zhu thank Zide Fan, Xianwei Liu, and Li Dai (Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for help with literature.We all want to express our special gratitude to Michael Ackland (Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford) for his critical reading of an earlier version of the manuscript and invaluable corrections and suggestions that have significantly improved the content of this paper. This project was supported by key project of Science-technology basic condition platform from The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (Grant No. 2005DKA21402).