Annotated type catalogue of land snails collected from Taiwan (Formosa) in the Natural History Museum, London

Abstract The present catalogue lists the type specimens of land snail species, collected from Taiwan and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Thirty-seven nominal species described by Pfeiffer, Adams, Nevill, Moellendorff, Godwin-Austen and Gude were traced. I present here information on type status, collection data obtained from the registers and labels of each collection, and annotations on the current taxonomic affiliation. Lectotypes of 28 nominal (sub)species were newly designated. One holotype was fixed originally and two holotypes newly fixed by monotypy. Syntypes of two species and paralectotypes of three species were also discovered in the Museum. No specimen of the species Pupina adamsi Sowerby, 1878, which was supposed to be deposited in the NHM, was found. Pictures of the name-bearing types are provided for further research on biodiversity of the island.


Introduction
Taxonomic research on historic collections is essential for the modern study of taxonomy and biodiversity. Current taxonomic studies using morphological or molecular methods, e.g., Barcode of Life (Hebert et al. 2003), are among the important issues of organismal, as well as ecological and genetic diversity. However, these attempts will not achieve practical results without a correct identification of species. The most common challenge in current studies of land snail biodiversity in Taiwan is that the sampled specimens cannot be identified correctly and confidently, especially within microsnail taxa such as the diplommatinids. Researchers face similar problems concerning large snail groups such as the clausiliids (Hwang 2005). This situation is mainly due to a lack of type specimens for comparisons since most of the historic types are deposited abroad. The oversimplified descriptions and imprecise illustrations in the original publications from the 19th and early 20th centuries are not practical for modern research. Before complete systematic revisions of each group are possible, concise and updated reports on these types are urgently needed for biodiversity studies in Taiwan. Most of the types collected from Taiwan and deposited in the Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main have been reported and photographed in a series of publications by Zilch (e.g., 1953Zilch (e.g., , 1966aZilch (e.g., , 1966bZilch (e.g., , 1968. Types described in the 1940s and deposited in the Nishinomiya Shell Museum, Japan, have been catalogued and photographed by Habe and Inaba (1996), Ohara and Otani (2002) and Hwang et al. (2008). Determinations of Taiwanese holotypes and lectotypes deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, U.S.A., were accomplished by Baker (1963Baker ( , 1964. The Natural History Museum of London contains many specimens collected in Taiwan (Formosa). A major portion of these are housed in the type series which were previously in the collection of H. Cuming and H. Adams (Adams 1866;Pfeiffer 1866;Gray 1868). Most of these collections from the island were assembled by R. Swinhoe, a British consul and a pioneer of the study of the natural history in Taiwan (Swinhoe 1864(Swinhoe , 1865Fraser 1865Fraser , 1866. Pfeiffer (1866) described 13 species of land snails from Cuming's collection; H. Adams (1866Adams ( , 1867Adams ( , 1870Adams ( , 1872 described 16 species from the collections of the Natural History Museum of London and his own. Some of the types described by other researchers such as Sowerby (1878), Godwin-Austen (1907) and Gude (1907), who worked in or with the NHM, are also deposited in the NHM. These type lots have not been re-examined and catalogued since their original publication. The present report provides the first catalogue and photographs of these type specimens.

Methods
In preparing this catalogue, type specimens were recognized and verified by comparing information on the specimen labels, the original descriptions, NHM registers and curatorial records of the Mollusca Section, Natural History Museum, London.
The type specimens are listed using modern classifications (Vaught 1989;Bouchet and Rocroi 2005;Hsieh et al. 2013). The collection data obtained from the registers and labels of each collection is provided. The publication dates of those names described in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London are corrected according to Duncan (1937). Taxonomic annotations are made when required. Photographs of the types are provided when they have not previously been presented. Type localities are cited as in original descriptions. The modern locality names in Hanyu Pinyin Romanisation are provided in brackets. Dimensions of shells are given as: shell height × shell width. An updated and detailed description of these type materials will be presented elsewhere in systematic studies of their respective groups.

Results
I was able to find type specimens of 37 species in the NHM, including all 13 species identified by Pfeiffer (1866) and all 16 by Adams (1866Adams ( , 1867Adams ( , 1870Adams ( , 1872. These specimens are listed in a current taxonomic assignment of nine families including the Cyclophoridae, Diplommatinidae, Pupinidae, Clausiliidae, Streptaxidae, Trochomorphidae, Ariophantidae, Bradybaenidae and Camaenidae. Specimens of Pupina adamsi Sowerby, 1878, which are supposedly deposited in the NHM, were not found. Types of eight additional species described by Nevill (1881, two species), Moellendorff (1884, one species), Godwin-Austen (1907, two species), Gude (1907, one species) and Rolle (1911, two species) from various collections were found. Lectotypes of 28 species were newly designated. Paralectotypes of three species, the lectotype of each having already been designated, were found. A holotype of one species was fixed by original designation and holotypes of two species have been fixed by monotypy in the present catalogue. Syntypes of two species were discovered, but no lectotypes were designated as more suitable material for lectotype designation may be kept in the museum where the respective author worked.
Specimens from the collections of shell dealers B. Schmacker (Shanghai, China) and Y. Hirase (Kyoto, Japan) were also found. These species were described by Schmacker and Boettger (1891), Pilsbry (1905) and Pilsbry and Hirase (1905-1906, 1909. Boettger and Pilsbry were the major contributors for description and publication. Due to a lack of evidence, e.g. original labels, of proof of examination of these specimens by Boettger and Pilsbry, these materials were excluded from the type series until further evidence can be found. I noted the following features in the collection. (1) All specimens are cased in boxes having an originally handwritten label glued onto the bottom. The register information, if any, was also written on the bottoms of the cases. A concise locality, usually "Formosa" only, with or without a collector, was provided. (2) Some specimen lots are labelled "TYPE" using ink and handwriting different from the original labels. Such conditions are supposed to be determined as types and written by a curator or later researchers rather than by the original authors. (3) Ten species described by Adams (1866Adams ( , 1867Adams ( , 1870Adams ( , 1872 were deposited in two batches in the NHM. One batch consists of the specimens that Swinhoe presented to the NHM in 1866, being subsequently examined and named by Adams. The other batch is Adams' own collection purchased by the NHM in 1878 after his death. Since all specimens were examined by Adams, both are considered as being from the type series.
Remarks. It is possible that further syntypes may be housed in the Indian Museum, Kolkata (Calcutta), India, where Nevill worked. Due to the lack of definitive evidence that the two specimens in the NHM were actually examined by Nevill, no lectotype designation has been made in the present article.
Remarks. No specimen corresponds in size with the measurements and illustration of Adams (1872). The specimen similar to the measurements and in the best condition is designated as the lectotype. Remarks. The type specimen of P. adamsi, which was collected from Formosa and has been stated as being deposited in the NHM (Sowerby 1878), was not found.
The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Pfeiffer (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74). The specimen NHMUK 20040589/5 has similar shell dimensions, but it differs from the other four in having a thin and brownish corneous exterior, a shinier surface, finer striation, a less expanded peristome, a non-protruding aperture and a superior lamella not connected to the spiral lamella. This specimen is closely resembles E. aculus (Benson, 1842) allies but is not a true E. sheridani. Because this specimen was examined by Pfeiffer, it should be included in the type series (ICZN 1999: Art. 72.4, 73.2). This specimen is still designated as a paralectotype.

Remarks.
The specimen corresponding well in size with the measurements of Adams (1866) is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74). Adams (1866) described the locality as Takow, Formosa. This species has recently been recorded by Hsieh et al. (2013) in the Liu-gui and Mei-nong areas in eastern Kaohsiung City, which were visited by Swinhoe during his collection trip through southern Taiwan. This species was unlikely to have been collected in Takow (coastal areas of Kaohsiung City in 1866). Apparently, Swinhoe or Adams used Takow to represent an area approximating present-day Kaohsiung City. The same situation was also observed for the type locality of Platryhaphe swinhoi and Dioryx swinhoei.
Remarks. The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Adams (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

Remarks.
This name was first recommended by Pilsbry for specimens from Hirase's collection (Hirase 1908). However, Godwin-Austen (1907) received a specimen from Hirase, reported on its reproductive system and assigned it as the type species of the genus Petalochlamys. Hirase (1908: 16, published on 20 Jan. 1908) described his own specimens as a new variety of the same name in Japanese, on the basis of specimens collected from Hotawa; however, he also cited Godwin-Austen's study in a Japanese translation. Therefore, Godwin-Austen's 1907 publication unintentionally took precedence over Hirase's work, thereby claiming the authorship of this name. Being the type species of the genus, the name was thus elevated to the rank of species (ICZN 1999: Art. 61.4). (Pfeiffer, 1866) http://www.taibif.tw/en/catalogue_of_life/page/206a-098e-58ca-00df-95c8-1038-5142-b787-namecode-316694 Figure 2F Helix vesta Pfeiffer, 1866: 828, pl. 46  Remarks. Although only one specimen is found in the NHM, it should be designated as lectotype under ICZN (1999: Rec. 73F).
Remarks. Adams (1866) described the locality as Tamsui, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". The largest specimen mostly similar to the illustration in Adams (1866) is designated as the lectotype.
Remarks. The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Pfeiffer (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).
Remarks. The shell sizes of these four specimens do not agree with Pfeiffer's original measurements of 27-28 × 52-58 mm for the typical form and 25 × 46 mm for the minor form. I consider Pfeiffer's measurements to be incorrect. The largest specimen is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).
Remarks. The only mature shell with a red spot is designated as the lectotype.
Remarks. No holotype was originally fixed by Rolle (1911). Zilch (1966a) considered a specimen in SMF as the holotype, which here is accepted as a subsequent lectotype designation, and thus all other specimens from Rolle's original lot receive the status of paralectotypes under Art. 74.6, ICZN (1999).