The genus Scaphidium Olivier in East China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae)

Abstract A review of 21 species of Scaphidium Olivier from East China is presented, including 6 new species: S. jinmingi sp. n. (Zhejiang, Anhui, Chongqing), S. crypticum sp. n. (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi), S. varifasciatum sp. n. (Zhejiang, An’hui), S. robustum sp. n. (Fujian, Guizhou, Chongqing, Guangxi, Yunnan), S. connexum sp. n. (Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi), and S. bayibini sp. n. (An’hui). New province records for S. comes Löbl, S. grande Gestro, S. sauteri Miwa & Mitono, S. formosanum Pic, S. carinense Achard, S. sinense Pic, S. delatouchei Achard, S. biwenxuani He, Tang & Li, S. klapperichi Pic, S. stigmatinotum Löbl, S. wuyongxiangi He, Tang & Li, and S. direptum Tang & Li as well as some biological notes are reported. Habitus and diagnostic characters of all species are photographed and a key to Scaphidium species of East China is provided.

Prohypomera slightly uneven, with fine and very sparse punctures, without microsculpture.
Mesepisterna with very fine and sparse punctures.
Abdominal tergites with relatively coarse and dense punctures. Sternite III with dense micropunctures on basal half and lateral portions, remaining sternites with dense micropunctures only on lateral parts. Reticular microsculpture appearing rarely and irregularly on sternites.

Remarks.
The new species is unique within Chinese Scaphidium by the male metaventrite lacking a setiferous patch. The new species is very similar to S. jizuense Löbl, 1999 from Yunnan and S. cyanellum Oberthür, 1884 from Nepal and India in general appearance. It can be distinguished from S. jizuense by a stouter terminal antennal segment, less distinct blunt angle of the male protibiae, prohypomera without microsculpture, and with fine punctures (in S. jizuense prohypomera are microsculptured and without punctures), from S. cyanellum by the stouter terminal antennal segment and the coarser elytral punctation.
Frons finely and sparsely punctate, punctures of vertex coarser than those on remaining surface.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation similar to that of vertex, intervals as broad as 1.5 to 2 puncture diameter.
Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except that on apical impression which is very coarse and dense; each elytron with 3 long discal puncture rows consisting of very coarse punctures, 1 st row more or less indistinct, 2 nd and 3 rd rows distinct; basal stria row with punctures slightly coarser than those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven, with moderately coarse and very shallow punctures. Mesepisterna finely, sparsely and very shallowly punctate. Abdominal tergites with relatively fine and sparse punctures. Sternite III with distinct micropunctures on median portions, remaining sternites on basal half with dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures. Legs relatively long, mesotibiae and metatibiae moderately curved. Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 14) impressed at middle, with long and suberect pubescence. Protibiae (Fig. 81) almost straight with small tubercles along ventral sides.
Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi). Remarks. The species is similar to S. biwenxuani in its fascia pattern, but can be distinguished from the latter by the elytra lacking the inner basal black dot and the posterior portion of the head in having a black spot.
Etymology. The Latin adjective "crypticum" means mysterious.  (Fig. 18) to two pairs of black dots, the apical dots sometimes connected to basal dots by black stripe (Fig. 17). Inner halves of prohypomera blackish. Prosternum, mesoventrite and metaventrite black. Abdominal sternite III widely black on median portion. Trochanters more or less blackish. Femora varied from reddishbrown to blackish and tibia varied from reddish to dark brown.

Scaphidium varifasciatum
Frons finely and sparsely punctate, punctures on vertex coarser than those on remaining surface.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation similar to that of vertex, puncture intervals as broad as 1.5 to 3 puncture diameter.
Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except that on apical impression which is very coarse and dense; each elytron with 3 long discal puncture rows consisting of very coarse punctures, 1 st row short and more or less indistinct, 2 nd and 3 rd rows long and distinct, rarely the presence of an additional row between 1st row and sutural stria rows may be recognized; basal stria row with punctures slightly coarser than those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Abdominal tergites with relatively fine and sparse punctures. Sternite III with distinct micropunctures on median portions, remaining sternites on basal half with dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.
Remarks. The species is distinctive for its unique coloration. Etymology. The Latin adjective "varifasciatum" refers to the variable fasciae of the pronotum. Remarks. The type depository of the species is TARI and the photo of the type specimen was sent to us by Dr. Chi-Feng Lee. Each pronotal fascia of the type extends to lateral side basally along the antebasal puncture row, which is absent in specimens from mainland China; this is temporarily considered as intra-specific variability. In the habitus photo, there is a black spot on the vertex similar to that in Fig. 16, which is covered by the pronotum. Remarks. These are new province records to Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan. Specimens from Hainan (Figs 24, 25) have smaller black marks, especially on the ventral side and legs, the second inner black spot is absent in approximately half of the specimens. However, no differences are found in sexual characters, suggesting that the Hainan population may represent a new subspecies. The species is very similar to S. baconi Pic, 1915(see Pic 1915b) distributed in Nepal, India, Thailand, and Vietnam. Reliable distinguishing characters between them are unknown, and the validity of S. baconi is suspicious. The species is also similar to S. carinense Achard; for differences see remarks below. Remarks. This is a new province record to Hubei. The species is similar to S. formosanum Pic and can be distinguished from the latter by its elytra bearing two additional inner puncture rows between the long outer puncture rows and the sutural puncture row. Pic, 1954 http://species-id.net/wiki/Scaphidium_sinense [98][99][100][101]154 Scaphidium sinense Pic, 1954: 57;Löbl 1992: 583;Löbl 1999: 711;He et al. 2008b: 59.  entirely darkened in some individuals. The color pattern is related to geographical populations as suggested by following: approximately half of the specimens from Hunnan, Jiangxi and North Guangxi have the sub-basal and subapical fasciae of the elytra joined along the suture (Fig. 32); in specimens from Shiwandashan in South Guangxi (Fig. 33), the pronotal fasciae tends to indistinct, the sub-basal and subapical fasciae of elytra are round on their inner corners; the body size of the Guangxi population is larger on average (4.4-5.9mm) than that of other populations (4.1-5.3mm). The species is similar to S. harmandi Achard, 1920(see Achard 1920b) and differs in the bicolored legs which are entirely reddish in S. harmandi, and darkened terminal antennal segment which is entirely yellowish in S. harmandi.  Remarks. These are new records to Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan and Guangxi. Most specimens from Jizushan and Hutiaoxia of Central Yunnan have the subapical fascia of elytra reduced to a spot (Fig. 36). The species is distinctive by its coloration and body size.

Remarks.
These are new records to Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan. The pattern of the fasciae in this species is rather invariable though it is distinctly bold in the specimen from Yunnan (Fig. 37). The species is similar to S. robustum sp. n., for differences see remarks below. Description. BL: 5.7-6.4 mm. Body mostly reddish-brown with ventral side, except head and sternites, slightly darker. Antennal club (Fig. 112) blackish with terminal segment entirely yellowish. Pronotum with two longitudinal black fasciae, each fascia usually extends laterally basally along the antebasal puncture row, sometimes reduced to longitudinal fascia at middle and separated small lateral spot. Elytra blackish, each with two orange fasciae. Subhumeral fascia tridentate anteriorly and bidentate posteriorly. Subapical fascia curved towards base with apicolateral part extending to apicolateral corner of elytron.
Frons finely, sparsely and very shallowly punctate, punctures of vertex coarser than those of remaining portion.
Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, continuous in middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation similar to that of vertex, puncture intervals as broad as 1.5 to 4 puncture diameter.
Elytra with disc almost even apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except on coarser and more densely punctuated apical portion; each elytron with one indistinct discal puncture rows consisting of slightly coarser punctures; basal stria row with punctures similar to those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven and smooth. Mesepisterna finely, sparsely and very shallowly punctate. Abdominal tergites with relatively fine and sparse punctures and very dense micropunctures. Sternite III with distinct micropunctures especially on median portions, remaining sternites with dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.

Remarks.
The new species is similar to S. biwenxuani, but can be distinguished from the latter by its larger and broader body, the smaller inner black dot near scutellum, the slender antennal club and the terminal antennal segment entirely yellowish, while in S. biwenxuani it is yellowish in apical third.
Etymology. The Latin adjective "robustum" refers to the robust body form. Description. BL: 6.8-7.5 mm. Body black with antennal segments I-VI and tarsi brownish. Antennal club (Fig.  116) blackish with terminal segment slightly lighter in apical 1/3. Elytra each with two reddish fasciae. Basal fascia large, touching basal and lateral margins and suture of elytron, bidentate posteriorly. Two black dots entirely sealed in basal fascia with inner black dot smaller and separated from basal stria. Subapical fascia tridentate anteriorly and bidentate posteriorly.
Frons coarsely and densely punctate, punctures on vertex denser than those on remaining surface. Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, more or less interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and somewhat elongate; discal punctation coarser than that on vertex, puncture intervals mostly as broad as half puncture diameters.
Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed; discal punctation slightly sparser than that of pronotum except that on basal fascia which is distinctly finer and sparser; basal stria row with punctures similar to those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row relatively fine.
Prohypomera slightly uneven, with relatively fine and very shallow punctures, especially on outer half.
Abdominal tergites with relatively coarse and dense punctures and distinct microsculpture consisting of micropunctures. Sternites with fine and shallow punctures and relatively faint microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.

Remarks.
The new species is extremely similar to S. klapperichi and can be distinguished by the broader antennal club, the elytra with the inner black dot of basal fascia separated from basal stria, and the distinctive shape of the aedeagal sclerites.
Frons coarsely and densely punctate, punctures on vertex coarser and denser than those on remaining surface, puncture intervals of vertex mostly smaller than half puncture diameter. Pronotum slightly raised above elytra. Antebasal puncture row impressed, more or less interrupted at middle, with punctures coarse and regular; discal punctation coarser than that of vertex, puncture intervals as broad as 0.5 to 1.5 puncture diameters. Elytra with disc slightly impressed apically, basal and sutural stria rows impressed, without discal puncture row; discal punctation similar to that of pronotum except on slightly denser punctuated apical impression; basal stria row with punctures slightly coarser than those forming pronotal antebasal row, sutural stria puncture row very fine.
Abdominal tergites and sternites with relatively coarse and dense punctures. and dense microsculpture consisting of micropunctures.
Legs moderately long, mesotibiae and metatibiae moderately curved. Male. Metaventrite (Fig. 57) impressed at middle, with long and suberect pubescence. Profemur (Fig. 141) with ventral side roundly expanded in basal 1/5 to basal 3/5, forming two ridges. Protibia (Fig. 141) gradually wider starting from basal 1/3, without distinct protuberance at widest point, slightly narrowed toward apex. Median lobe of aedeagus ( Fig. 138) with sclerotized internal sac (Fig. 139)  found during night walking on exposed fungi. At that time, they are usually very calm, even under the flashlights and collectors are invisible to them. None was found to be attracted by lamp traps. Larvae are also sensitive to lights. They hide during the day in fecal retreats (see Leschen 1994), and exit to feed during the night. The reaction of adults towards threats is different between the species, and depends also on temperature. Generally, adults tend to catalepsy and drop into leaf litter below at lower temperatures while they rather more frequently fly away at higher temperature. The length of catalepsy also depends on temperature. Usually it lasts briefly, but can be much longer at lower temperature. Some species are more alert than others. Scaphidium grande can notice a collector from meters away and may rapidly fly away, like flies (Figs 145, 146). It is very common to find S. sinense and S. biwenxuani on the same log in Tianmushan, and individuals of S. sinense are always more active and fly away first while S. biwenxuani prefers to hide on the opposite side of the log or in cavities. Disturbed adults of Scaphidium usually fly for few meters only to rest on surrounding vegetation. They usually fly back to the host fungi after few minutes, if not further disturbed.
The occurrence of larvae is irregular in East China and they may be found consistently from late spring to earlier autumn. Prepupa and pupa of S. biwenxuani (Figs 161,162) were found under loose bark during summer. Several species were successfully reared from larvae to adults. Their photos (Figs 149,150,153,154,163) are provided in this paper as preliminary information. The adults overwinter usually hidden under bark. Several individuals of S. wuyongxiangi from Longwangshan (Zhejiang) were collected under bark in spring when they were still in hibernation. Many specimens of S. comes from Hunan were collected in January on fungi under the bark of a coniferous tree trunk (Fig. 142). Scaphidium biwenxuani was found in January, gathering in galleries of Cerambycidae (Figs 158, 159).