Annotated type catalogue of the Orthalicoidea (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin

Abstract The type status is described of 96 taxa classified within the superfamily Orthalicoidea and present in the Mollusca collection of the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Lectotypes are designated for the following taxa: Orthalicus elegans Rolle, 1895; Bulimus maranhonensis Albers, 1854; Orthalicus nobilis Rolle, 1895; Orthalichus tricinctus Martens, 1893. Orthalicus sphinx tresmariae is introduced as new name for Zebra sphinx turrita Strebel, 1909, not Zebra quagga turrita Strebel, 1909. The following synonyms are established: Zebra crosseifischeri Strebel, 1909 = Orthalicus princeps fischeri Martens, 1893; Orthalicus isabellinus Martens, 1873 = Orthalicus bensoni (Reeve, 1849); Zebra zoniferus naesiotes Strebel, 1909 = Orthalicus undatus (Bruguière, 1789); Porphyrobaphe (Myiorthalicus) dennisoni pallida Strebel, 1909 = Hemibulimus dennisoni (Reeve, 1848); Zebra delphinus pumilio Strebel, 1909 = Orthalicus delphinus (Strebel, 1909); Orthalicus (Laeorthalicus) reginaeformis Strebel, 1909 = Corona perversa (Swainson, 1821); Bulimus (Eurytus) corticosus Sowerby III, 1895 = Plekocheilus (Eurytus) stuebeli Martens, 1885. The taxon Bulimus (Eudioptus) psidii Martens, 1877 is now placed within the family Sagdidae, tentatively in the genus Platysuccinea. Appendices are included with an index to all the types of Orthalicoidea extant (including those listed by Köhler 2007) and a partial list of letters present in the correspondence archives.


introduction
A steady stream of papers on type material of the superfamily Orthalicoidea in major museums has been published during recent years (Neubert and Janssen 2004, Köhler 2007, Breure 2011, Breure and Ablett 2011, Breure and Whisson 2012. For the Berlin museum only part of the extant type material was treated by Köhler (2007) due to limitations at that time. A recent visit to the Berlin museum under the SYNTHESYS programme made it possible to compile a list of all type material in that collection related to the superfamily.
The Orthalicoidea is a large and diverse superfamily distributed mainly in the Neotropics, but with an important Gondwanan element (Herbert 2007, Neubert et al. 2009, Delsaerdt 2010, Breure and Whisson 2012. The classification of the group at the family level has recently been revised by Breure and Romero (2012), who recognized in total seven families based on phylogenetic results: the Neotropical families Amphibulimidae, Bulimulidae, Megaspiridae, Odontostomidae, Orthalicidae, and Simpulopsidae; the family Bothriembryontidae has a Gondwana distribution (southern South America, South Africa, Australia, Melanesia; see also Breure and Romero 2012).

the collection
The Berlin museum (ZMB) has a history of nearly 200 years, which has resulted in a malacological collection of ca. 118000 registered lots and many unregistered ones. Some of the malacological curators had an active role in describing new orthalicoid species, viz. E. von Martens, B. Rensch, and J. Thiele (see below). However, as may be seen from the catalogue herein, these curators have been able to acquire a substantial amount of type material described by other authors, sometimes through intermediates like the shell dealer Krantz, but more relevant through the acquisition of private collections (e.g. Dunker, Albers) and the exchange of material with other institutions.
The material of H. Strebel is especially important in the context of this paper, since his own collection and the material in the Hamburg museum was destroyed during the 1940-45 war. Strebel made two major contributions to the orthalicoid literature. The first one was when he published, together with G. Pfeffer, his fifth and final volume on Mexican land shells (Strebel and Pfeffer 1882). Here he treated both (in our current understanding) Bulimulidae and Orthalicidae from that region and published ten new taxa. He also gave detailed anatomical data, something that only had started to be done recently at that time. His second contribution (Strebel 1909) was the revision of all the Orthalicidae known at that time. This work was following the treatment of this group by Pilsbry in the Manual of Conchology (Pilsbry 1899(Pilsbry , 1900; only a decade later he described eight new (sub)genera and 19 new species-level taxa. His very detailed and precise studies led him to recognize both 'Formen' and 'Heteromorphen', of which he additionally recognized 37 taxa. According to the index of Strebel (1909), the names of 'Hetromorphen' were sometimes not indicated as new names, but the combination of main text and index always makes it clear when these names were newly introduced by Strebel. Under ICZN Art. 10.2 and 45.6.4 these taxa have to be treated as infrasubspecific names (ICZN 1999). On one hand, the 'Formen' and 'Heteromorphen' point to Strebel as a 'splitter'; on the other hand, his meticulous works made him stand out ahead of his time.

handwritings and labels
The importance of handwriting recognition for the deciphering and authorship of labels in collections has recently been illustrated by Breure and Ablett (2011: 5-12). In the Berlin collection I found that often information from the original label has (partly) been copied on a new label, but sometimes the first label has not been kept. E.g., shells originating from the Albers collection are labelled 'Albers' on the modern label; on Albers' labels his source was always noted (e.g. Cuming), but in most cases he has not kept the original label ( Fig. 1). Labels were found in the collection that can be atrtibuted to the following authors (with references to biographical data, see also above): J.C. Albers ( Fig. 1A-B), W.F. Clapp (Clench 1953 ; Fig. 1F), A. Doering (Fig.  1E), W.B.R.H. Dunker (Tëmkin et al. 2009; Fig. 1C), H.C. Fulton (Fig. 1D), H. von Heimburg (Fig. 1G), S.H.F. Jaeckel (Fig. 2D), E. von Martens (Glaubrecht and Zorn 2012; Fig. 2B), L. Pfeiffer (Fig. 1B), B. Rensch (Fig. 2C), S.A.A. Petit de la Saussaye (Crosse and Fischer 1871; Fig. 1B), H. Strebel (Fig. 3), J. Thiele ( Fig. 2A). Positive identification of authorship was facilitated by the large collection of correspondence in ZMB archives. However, some could only be solved with the help of other sources (e.g. Zilch 1967: 35-37). It may be noted that (slight) differences in handwriting may occur with age, e.g. letters of H. Strebel from the 1870s and his labels from the first decade of the 20th century (Fig. 3). See also the Appendix for a selection of persons, relevant to Neotropical malacology, for which handwritten correspondence is present in the archives. Examples are presented for K.Th. Menke (Fig. 4), R.A. Philippi (Fig. 5), and W. Dunker (Fig. 6).
Finally, a special note may be made about the B. and I. Rensch material. They studied material obtained from E.M.M. Paravicini. He wrote to B. Rensch (letter d.d. 21.i.1931;Fig. 7) "Ich habe auf den südostlichen Salomonen (Malaita, San Christoval und Guadalcanar) eine grössere Sammlung von Land-und Süsswassermollusken angelegt. Ich hoffe in kommende Frühjahr mit der Bearbeitung derselben beginnen zu können. Ich werde mir dann erlauben, Sie anzufragen, ob Siue mir sicher bestimmter Vergleichsmaterial (Paratypen) leihweise überlassen könnten. Gerne sende ich Ihnen dann Doubletten. Auch habe ich etwas Alkoholmaterial für anatomische Untersuchung, falls Sie derselbe zubearbeiten wünschen, stelle ich es Ihnen gerne zur Verfügung". Paravicini probably never worked on his material, but trusted this to B. and I. Rensch. It led to their publication (Rensch and Rensch 1934), in which they provided brief diagnoses of new species (two named after Paravicini); a more detailed account based on all material collected by Paravicini was published the next year (Rensch and Rensch 1935). In their first paper they indicated a locality and "Typus", giving a range of dimensions, except when they had only one shell ("1 Schale = Typus"). In the latter case this is interpreted as a holotype designation, in all other cases their material is considered as syntypes or as paratypes. According to Delsaerdt (2010), who did not mention the ZMB material, the depository of the holotypes is the NMB collection.
The aim of this paper is to present a survey of the types of Orthalicoidea in the ZMB collection, supplementing the earlier paper of Köhler (2007). Therefore, the emphasis lies on the Bothriembryontidae (especially the Placostylinae), Odontostomidae and Orthalicidae, with additional notes on the type material of other families within the superfamily (sensu Breure and Romero 2012). It must be emphasized that the current systematic position under each taxon does not imply a revision, but generally follows the current understanding of recent authors (e.g. Miquel 1993Miquel , 1995Richardson 1993Richardson , 1995Simone 2006;Neubert et al. 2009;Delsaerdt 2010, Thompson 2011.

Methods
For each taxon, the original publication-in which the taxon was proposed-is mentioned, as well as papers in which reference is made to the type material. The type locality is quoted from the original publication in the original wording and language, with clarifying notes between square brackets. As far as possible, localities have been traced with the NGA gazetteer (http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/) or the Fuzzy gazetteer (http://isodp.hof-university.de/ fuzzyg/query/). The name of the collector, if given in the original paper, is only mentioned (in italics) if it might give a clue about the type status of material present in the collection. The text of the original, or oldest, label is quoted, together with information from subsequent labels if containing information necessary for a correct interpretation. All labels have been photographed and are figured for future historic reference. The dimensions of the type are quoted, as given in the original paper. Dimensions of the type specimens have been taken with a digital caliper; measurements up to 10 mm have an accuracy of 0.1 mm, those above 10 mm are accurate to 0.5 mm. Due to improvements in accuracy of Vernier calipers, the measurements given herein are in several cases slightly different from those originally report-ed. In the case of syntypes, only the largest specimen has been measured. Under type material the ZMB-registration numbers are given; if specimens from different localities are present, the order of the lots corresponds with the information of the different labels. The number of specimens originally available, if quoted by the original author, is mentioned under remarks. Further remarks are given to describe any individual characteristics of the type specimens or any other details of the type lot. The current systematic position is given, following the generic scheme of Breure (1979) and the familial arrangement of Breure and Romero (2012).
Publication dates of works which have been disputed in literature generally follow the collations of Coan et al. (2012aCoan et al. ( , 2012b. A special note may be made about the papers of Doering, who in the 1870s published a series on the land and freshwater shells of Argentina. The years in which his papers have been published are variously cited in literature (e.g., Zilch 1971, Neubert and Janssen 2004, Miquel and Aguirre 2011. Since a large number of taxa have been described in these papers, a separate paper has been prepared on the dates of publication of Doering's work; see Breure and Miquel (2012 Breure and Ablett (2012: fig. 1).

Data resources
The data underpinning the analyses reported in this paper are deposited in the Dryad Data Repository at doi: 10.5061/dryad.25g11 systematics

Systematic list of taxa arranged in generic order
This systematic list follows Breure (1979); the family classification amended as proposed by Breure and Romero (2012). The generic classification has been adapted from Breure (1979) and unpublished data from the author. It may be noted that ongoing phylogenetic research may alter the classification. Within the family, genus and species level taxa are presented in alphabetical order.

Remarks.
As Dohrn mentioned a range in his measurements, he must have based his description on several specimens. Only one shell is present in the ZMB collection. The current systematic position is after Simone (2006). Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Bahiensis albofilosus (Dohrn, 1883). Remarks. Pfeiffer described this species from "Mus. Cuming", without mentioning on how many specimens he based his description on. Type material of this taxon has not been found in the NHMUK collection (Breure and Ablett 2011). It is known that Albers received many shells from Cuming, either directly or indirectly; although a taxon label in Pfeiffer's handwriting is not present, there is hardly any doubt that this material is a syntype.

Bulimus bahamensis
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) bahamensis (Pfeiffer, 1862). Clench, 1929 http://species-id.net/wiki/Liguus_crenatus_barbouri Figs 19C, 19ii Liguus crenatus barbouri Remarks. The locality given on the label could not be found in modern gazetteers, but is likely in Prov. Córdoba. Doering did not mention on how many specimens his description was based upon, but the fact that he gave a range indicates that he had several specimens at hand. The lectotype and five other paralectotypes are in SMF (Neubert and Janssen 2004). The current systematic position is after Richardson (1993).
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Plagiodontes brackebushii (Doering, 1877). Remarks. The locality given on the label could not be found in modern gazetteers, but is likely in Prov. Córdoba. The specimens were directly received from Doering and are herein considered as type material. Doering did not mention on how many specimens his description was based upon, but the fact that he gave a range indicates that he had several specimens at hand. The lectotype and ten other paralectotypes are in SMF (Neubert and Janssen 2004). The current systematic position is after Richardson (1993).

Orthalicus meobambensis carnea
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Spixia champaquiana (Doering, 1877). Strebel, 1909 http://species-id.net/wiki/Corona_pfeifferi_cincta Figs 18A -B, 18i Corona pfeifferi cincta Strebel 1909: 135, pl. 21 fig. 337 Remarks. Doering did not mention on how many specimens his description was based; however, he gave a range in measurements indicating more than one specimen. The material was received directly from Doering and there is but little doubt about its type status. There are three localities with the name Orán in Argentina: two in Prov. Tucúman, both south of San Miguel de Tucumán, and one in Prov. Salta. The data on the label are thus more specific than the published locality in Doering's paper. The current systematic position is following Miquel (1993).

Corona pfeifferi cincta
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx stelzneri (Dohrn, 1875). Remarks. This species was described from material collected by Sallé in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London; type specimens of other species described in the same paper have been found in the NHMUK collection, but not of this taxon (Breure and Ablett, in preparation). Although the shell from the Albers collection is not accompanied by a label in Pfeiffer's handwriting, its type status is not disputed herein. It is likely a subadult shell. The current systematic position is after Thompson (2011).

Bulimus coriaceus
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bulimulus coriaceus (Pfeiffer, 1857).  Weyrauch (1958) based himself on material from the same collector and the same locality to describe his Lopesianus crenulatus, but did not include the ZMB specimens in his type series; they are considered as topotypes (see also page 6). Remarks. Rolle did not state on how many spcimens his description was based. The top of the specimen is damaged. There is no original label in Rolle's handwriting, but the measurements agree and Martens has marked the specimen as 'type' on the label. Neubert and Janssen (2004) correctly indicated that Rolle distributed more specimens under the same name, without it being clear if they were part of the original series. This being the case, I now designate the ZMB specimen as lectotype (design. n.) to define the taxon. The current systematic position is after Thompson (2011 Remarks. Martens (1893) and Strebel (1909) both based new species descriptions on material in the ZMB; Strebel had access to 14 additional specimens from the Hamburg museum when he described this taxon. The specimen figured corresponds to Strebel's pl. 9 figs 128-129. The current systematic position is following Richardson (1993 Remarks. Martens mentioned "nur ein Exemplar von Herrn Stübel gesammelt wurde"; the specimen in the ZMB collection is thus the holotype. The current systematic postion is after Richardson (1993).

Zebra crosseifischeri
Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Hemibulimus excisus (Martens, 1885). Remarks. Albers based his description on three specimens, of which one belonged to Mousson's collection. According to Neubert et al. (2009: 65) this specimen could not be found in the ZMZ collection. The dimensions of the smallest specimen correspond to those given by Albers (1857: 97) in his remarks. The current systematic position is after Neubert et al. (2009 (1864) did not mention the number of specimens his description was based upon. The (subadult) specimen found in the ZMB collection does not confirm to the original measurements; it corresponds to the figure given in Martens (1893Martens ( [1890Martens ( -1901), but not to the figure given in Martens (1873). The current systematic position follows Thompson (2011).

Bulimus eximius
Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Orthalicus ferussaci ferussaci Martens, 1864. Remarks. Martens did not mention the number of specimens his description was based upon. The specimens found in the ZMB collection do not confirm to the figure given in Martens (1893Martens ( [1890Martens ( -1901 fig. 17 as Z. crossei-fischeri. The latter taxon was introduced by Strebel (1909: 27) as a new species, but from his text it is clear that he based himself on the same specimen which Martens (1893Martens ( [1890Martens ( -1901) regarded as his Orthalichus fischeri. The name Zebra crosseifischeri Strebel, 1909 is thus an objective synonym of O. fischeri Martens, 1893 (syn. n.). See also under Zebra crosseifischeri Strebel, 1909, page 17. The current systematic position follows Thompson (2011 Remarks. The specimens are only accompanied by a label that states they belonged to the von Malsburg collection, which has been described by Menke (1829). The label gives three names, viz. "Bulimus liliaceus Fér.", "Bul. flavidus Mke", and "B. roseoflavus m"; the latter name is an unpublished name, in different ink and probably later added. The "m" may possibly refer to "mihi" and would indicate that Martens added this name. Since the specimens originate from the von Malsburg collection and bear Menke's name (who is known to have corresponded with the ZMB, see below), they are here regarded as probable syntypes.

Orthalicus princeps fischeri
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) flavidus (Menke, 1829). Remarks. Martens (1873) and Strebel (1909) both based themselves on material in the ZMB. Strebel mentioned "Das Stück stammt aus den Albersschen Sammlung und ist von Grüner in Maracaibo gefunden", thus he implicitly described this taxon from one shell. The specimen found corresponds to the figures given by Strebel, and is regarded the holotype. There is also a label indicating that Albers had two specimens ("37-38"), but only one specimen is present and was mentioned by Strebel (1909). The current systematic position is following Richardson (1993).

Zebra gruneri
Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Orthalicus gruneri (Strebel, 1909). Remarks. Petit did not mention on how many specimens his description was based upon; however, since he mentions a variety, he must have seen more than one specimen. Although the original label does not mention the published locality, Petit suggested explicitly New Caledonia in his paper. Therefore, the type status is not disputed. The current systematic position is after Neubert et al. (2009: 53), who considered the type material "very probably lost". Current systematic position. Bothriembryontidae, Placostylus fibratus fibratus (Martyn, 1784). Remarks. Strebel (1909: 35-36) mentioned two shells from ZMB with a label "Costa rica vPatten", one with a Martens' label "zoniferus var. crossei" [which Strebel held for "ein typischer Z. maracaibensis var. jamaicensis"]; the other was labelled "Orthalicus undatus Brug." and corresponds to the figured specimen by Strebel. As he implicitly described this taxon from one shell, this is thus the holotype.

Zebra delphinus intermedius
Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Orthalicus delphinus (Strebel, 1909). Remarks. Martens (1867) based his description on one shell with a damaged aperture ("Ein Exemplar mit verletzten Mündung im zoologischen Museum in Berlin"), which was said to have been collected by Kähne near Bahia. The label is lost, but the damaged specimen undoubtedly is the shell described by Martens and is thus the holotype. The current systematic position is after Simone (2006: 134), who has figured a non-type specimen from the ZMB collection.

Bulimus involutus
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Cochlorina involuta (Martens, 1867). Remarks. Martens writes "von Tschudi gesammelt, in der Albers'schen Sammlung: mehrere Exemplare vom Neuchateler Museum für das Berliner erhalten". Two subadult specimens, not corresponding to the original measurements; it may be possible that one or more specimens have been lost. There are no labels in the handwriting of neither Albers nor Martens, but the type status is herein not disputed. One of the shells corresponds to the figure given by Martens (1873: pl. 1 fig. 8), of which Strebel (1909: 29) remarked "nicht gerade sehr characteristisch"; this shell was refigured in his pl. 3 figs 33-34 and attributed to the Guatemalan taxon Orthalicus princeps fischeri Martens, 1893. However, assuming that the locality is correct, we cannot agree with Strebel's reidentification and assign this taxon to Orthalicus bensoni (Reeve, 1849) (syn. n.). Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Orthalicus bensoni (Reeve, 1849). Remarks. Strebel (1909: 35-36) mentioned two shells from ZMB with a label "Costa rica vPatten", one with a Martens' label "zoniferus var. crossei" [which Strebel held for "ein typischer Z. maracaibensis var. jamaicensis"]; this is one of the shells mentioned by Strebel (1909: 91) under his "Form jamaicensis". Only one specimen was found and this shell corresponds to Strebel's pl. 20 fig. 324. The locality of this specimen is probably erroneous. Strebel mentioned also several specimens from Jamaica, present in the ZMB collection and collected by Hoppe (ZMB 50676); these are the shells corresponding to Strebel pl. 20 figs 319-320. The current systematic position is after Richardson (1993).

Zebra maracaibensis jamaicensis
Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Orthalicus maracaibensis . Remarks. The current systematic position follows the generic classification of Schieleyko (1999) and the species status of Simone (2006). Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Odontostomus koenigswaldi (Thiele, 1906). Remarks. Two specimens were found in the ZMB collection labelled as "paratypes"; they are accompanied with a typewritten label and originate from the McGinty collection (now in UF; Slapcinsky, pers. commun.). The taxon name is one of the many manuscript names of Carlos de la Torre, most of which have been used by Clench, that may be found in several museums (González Guillén, pers. commun.). This taxon was published by Platt in a paper that does not fullfil the requirements of ICZN Art. 8, 11 nor 13; it is thus a nomen nudum. The name has only been cited in species catalogues by subsequent authors (Jaume 1952, Clench 1965, Breure and Schouten 1985. Remarks. The specimen has been received through Albers from the Cuming collection, and there is little doubt about its type status. For a clarification why type material described by G.B. Sowerby I found its way to the Cuming collection, see Breure and Ablett (2011: 3, 10, and 12). The type locality was restricted by Ramírez (2004: 41) to "Depto Lima, Las Salinas de Huacho, perto [sic, puerto] de Huacho", which seems contradicting to the locality on the label found. The current systematic position has been taken from the same author.

Bulinus laurentii
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx modestus  Remarks. Pfeiffer (1842) mentioned "Hegewisch in litt.", which points to Hegewisch as the collector of the material described by Pfeiffer. As Albers had the same source, and the dimensions closely match those given by Pfeiffer (given as "Long. 23, diam. 9 mill." in Pfeiffer 1848), there is little doubt about the type status. The shell is not fully grown. The current systematic position is after Thompson (2011).
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) livescens (Pfeiffer, 1842). Remarks. Martens did not specify on how many specimens his description was based. The specimen ZMB 4458 is broken in the last whorl due to the thiness of the shell; it corresponds to the figures of Strebel and Pfeffer (1882) and Martens 1893Martens [1890Martens -1901. The specimens ZMB 4461 are accompanied by labels referring to Strebel and Pfeffer's (1882) "Form A" and "Form B". The current systematic position is after Thompson (2011 Remarks. The material originates from the Cuming collection and has the locality nearly in the same wording; the type status of this specimen is not disputed herein. Further type material is in the NHMUK collection (Breure and Ablett, in preparation).

Orthalicus lividus
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) loxensis (Pfeiffer, 1846). Remarks. The locality on the label is more specific than the published type locality; "Santiago" possibly refers to a locality SW Pasto, just north of Tulcán across the Colmbian-Ecuadorian border. The top of the shell is slightly damaged, but it agrees otherwise well with Dunker's figures. His figures shows the vertical sculpture too pronounced and may thus be misleading. The shell identified as Plekocheilus (Eurytus) lugubris by Borrero and Breure (2011: 49, figs 15K-M) does not correspond to this species, but is a hitherto unknown species. However, their reclassification of Dunker's taxon with Plekocheilus (Eurytus) is supported.

Bulimus lugubris
Current systematic position. Amphibulimidae, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) lugubris (Dunker, 1882). Remarks. Pfeiffer did not state on how many specimens his description was based. The specimen was received from Cuming by Albers and is here considered type material; the lectotype is in NHMUK. The current systematic position follows Delsaerdt (2010).

Bulimus macgillivrayi
Current systematic position. Bothriembryontidae, Placocharis macgillivrayi . Remarks. Martens (1893Martens ( [1890Martens ( -1901) wrote "Owing to the kindness of Fr. Borcherding, Vegesack, Bremen, I have before me twenty-two specimens (...)". Of the three specimens ZMB 48202a, one correspond to Martens "var. a", and one to "var. b" (pl. 11 fig. 2); ZMB 48202b is one specimen, corresponding to pl. 11 fig. 1 ("var. c"). According to the register book these specimens have been acquired by exchange, but it is not known with whom or which institution. The current systematic position is following Thompson (2011 Remarks. Albers did not state on how many specimens his description was based. The largest specimen found (ZMB 101825) has the top damaged and a label '545' glued on the last whorl behind the lip. This specimen is here designated lectotype (design. n.) to define this still ill-understood taxon. One specimen from the Paetel collection (ZMB 101826) is labelled "Maranhon", without further data; there is no evidence that this specimen has been part of the original series and therefore it is not considered type material. This taxon is tentatively retained as a valid species.

Orthalichus maclurae
Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Sultana (Metorthalicus) maranhonensis (Albers, 1854 (2007) for a discussion of the distribution range and the type locality. Doering did not mention on how many specimens his description was based. The specimens were directly received from Doering and are here considered probable type material. The lectotype and one paralectotype are in SMF (Neubert and Janssen 2004). The current systematic position is after Salas Oroño (2007).
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Spixia martensii (Doering, 1875).  Strebel (1909: pl. 12 fig. 186). The current systematic position is following Thompson (2011 Remarks. This taxon was described from the Cuming collection and the type status of this specimen is herein not disputed. Other type material is in the NHMUK collection (Breure and Ablett, in preparation Remarks. Doering did not state on how many specimens he based his description, but the range in measurements indicates that it was more than one. Although the locality on the label cannot be deciphered completely, it is different from the published type locality. However, it is possible that this locality is more specific as Doering tended to give quite general areas as type locality (see under conospira Doering). The specimens were received directly from him and are considered syntypes. The current systematic position is according to Miquel (1995).

Zebra miles
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879). Remarks. The locality given on the label could not be found in modern gazetteers, but is likely in Prov. Córdoba. The specimen was directly received from Doering and is here considered probable type material. Doering did not mention the number of specimens his description was based upon, but the fact that he gave a range indicates that he had several specimens at hand. The lectotype and two other paralectotypes are in SMF (Neubert and Janssen 2004). The current systematic position is after Richardson (1993).

Bulimus moussoni
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Spixia multispirata (Doering, 1877). Remarks. Strebel (1909) based the original description on material from different sources; the ZMB specimens were apparently part of the material that is mentioned by Strebel (1909: 7) as received from "Inseln Barbados und Trinidad" through the shell dealer Umlauff. In total Strebel listed 19 specimens in his paper. The specimen figured is the largest in the lot, in which the different colour forms distinguished by Strebel are represented. The current systematic position is according to own unpublished data.
Label. "Brasilien". Dimensions. "Long. 30, diam. 9 (...) mm."; specimen found H 24.6, D 9.41, W 7.6. Material. ZMB 109741, one specimen; ex Linnaea. Remarks. This material was labelled as holotype, but does not comply with the data given by Martens (1885), who mentioned Hollerbach as collector. It is not considered as type material. Simone (2006) refers to a figure of the ZMB material which is missing; the shell height mentioned by him is not matching the specimen found. Remarks. Rolle did not state on how many specimens his description was based. The specimen, of which the top is damaged, corresponds to Rolle's measurements; the shell is here designated as lectotype (design. n.) to define this poorly known taxon. The classification of Thompson (2011)  Remarks. According to the typewritten label this specimen was identified by Weyrauch as Scutalus latecolumellaris ortizpuentei and distributed as "Paratypoide". The locality does not match the type locality and-since the taxon was based on a single specimen-no other localities were mentioned in the text. Moreover, the text stated that the holotype was collected by J. Ortiz de la Puente. Therefore, we must conclude that this specimen is not a paratype of this taxon. Presumably, Weyrauch collected this material during his Peruvian time in the 1940s or 1950s (Barbosa et al. 2008), identified it and distributed it as paratype well before he described the taxon in 1967 (see also Breure and Neubert 2008 Remarks. Strebel (1909: 116-117) listed in total six lots and mentioned "Nach dem mir vorliegenden Material aus der O. Semperschen und meiner alten Sammlung, dass wir beiden z. Z. [zur Zeit] von Schmeltz, der den Vertrieb des Wallisschen Material hatte, erwarben, ist die var. pallida mit der Etikette Frontino, Neu-Granada, versehen". This sentence makes clear that lot 2 and 3 (seven specimens in total) in Strebel's list refers to this material, of which he figured two and gave measurements of four specimens respectively. The shell height in his material (totally more than 15 specimens mentioned) varies between 34.5-83.3 mm. The taxon label in Strebel's hand makes it very probable that this specimen belonged to the original series. The provisional current systematic position is according to own unpublished data.

Remarks.
Doering did not state on how many specimens he based his description, but the range in measurements indicates that it was more than one. The specimen was received directly from him and is considered a syntype. The current systematic position is according to Miquel (1993).
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx stelzneri (Dohrn, 1875). Remarks. The locality matches the published type locality. The specimen was directly received from Doering and is here considered type material. There are 89 other syntypes in the SMF collection (Neubert and Janssen 2004). The current systematic position is after Richardson (1993).

Placostylus
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Spixia philipii (Doering, 1875). Remarks. Strebel (1909: 33-34) described this taxon, which he regarded as a form of his variety nebulosus, from eight specimens; the shell indicated from the ZMB corresponds to Strebel's plate 4 fig. 51. Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Orthalicus delphinus (Strebel, 1909). Remarks. Strebel had a single shell ("das sich im Berliner Museum (...) befindet"), thus this is the holotype although the shell height does not correspond to Strebel's data; the shell, however, fits his figure very well. It is not known where Staudinger collected this shell, but Brazil is likely given the many localities 'Rio Branco' in gazetteers;cf. also Schieleyko (1999: 359), who attributes this species to a specimen found in Brazil, Edo. Amazonas, Tabatinga. His classification of Laeorthalicus as a separate genus is herein considered as erroneous; left-and right handed specimens may occur in the same population of Orthalicid species (Breure, unpublished data;Simone 2006: fig. 543), and the description of a separate subgenus for the single, somewhat subadult, sinistral shell by Strebel may be interpreted as premature.

Orthalicus (Laeorthalicus) reginaeformis
This taxon is now placed within the genus Corona, which species list badly needs a revision; the current systematic position is therefore a provisional one.
Remarks. The locality given on the label could not be found in modern gazetteers, but is likely in Prov. Córdoba. The specimens were directly received from Doering and are herein considered type material. Doering did not mention the number of specimens his description was based upon, but the fact that he gave a range indicates he had several specimens at hand. The lectotype and four other paralectotypes are in SMF (Neubert and Janssen 2004).
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Spixia reticulata (Doering, 1877). Remarks. This taxon was described from the Cuming collection but Pfeiffer did not mention on how many specimens his description was based. Albers received this shell from Cuming, hence it type status is not disputed. No type material belonging to this species could be found in the NHMUK collection (Breure, unpublished data). This taxon is provisionally classified with Bostryx sensu lato (Breure 1979), for which a genus revision is overdue.

Bulimus rhodacme
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx rhodacme (Pfeiffer, 1842). Remarks. For an explication of the relation between material described by Reeve and the Cuming collection, see Breure and Ablett (2011: 10, 12). Since Albers received the specimen from Cuming, its type status is not disputed herein. It may be noted that the lectotype material in the NHMUK collection is also labelled "Andes of Peru" (Breure 1978); the published type locality is thus more detailed than the one found with the type material. The current systematic position is following Breure (1978), but see remarks under the previous taxon.

Zebra richardsoni
Current systematic position. Orthalicidae, Orthalicus richardsoni (Strebel, 1909). Remarks. Dunker did not mention on how many specimens his description was based upon. However, he mentioned "(Rarissimus teste Beschke)" which reveals that Beschke was the collector. The material is accompanied by a label that mentions this name, therefore eliminating any doubt about the type status of this specimen. The label also reveals a more specific locality than published by Dunker; "Macahe" could be Macaé in Edo. Rio de Janeiro. The current systematic position is after Simone (2006). Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Bahiensis ringens (Dunker in Dunker and Pfeiffer, 1847).  Zilch 1971: 203, pl. 12 fig. 31 (lectotype designation).
Remarks. The locality given on the label could not be found in modern gazetteers, but is likely in Prov. Córdoba. The specimens were directly received from Doering and are herein considered type material. The lectotype and three other paralectotypes are in SMF (Neubert and Janssen 2004).
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Spixia salinicola (Doering, 1877). Remarks. The status of this taxon has recently been revised by Neubert et al. (2009). The specimen ex Cuming they mentioned could not be found in the ZMB collection.

Bulimus scarabus
Current systematic position. Bothriembryontidae, Placostylus scarabus (Albers, 1854). Remarks. Strebel described this taxon from two specimens of very different localities. The shell in the ZMB collection corresponds to Strebel's figures 54 and 58. The current systematic position only reflects the status of this shell, as the Guatemala specimen was part of Strebel's own collection and may have been lost. Thompson (2011)  Remarks. Albers did not state on how many specimens his description was based. The largest specimen found has the top damaged and a label '544' glued on the last whorl behind the lip; moreover, the specimen has damage on the dorsal side of both (pen)ultimate whorls. The shells corresponds well to Pfeiffer's figure, who stated "Aus der Albers'schen und meiner Sammlung". One other lot (ZMB 210505, two specimens) is labelled "Oberes Maranhon", from the same collector, but not originating from the Albers collection. Since there is no evidence that these specimens have been part of the original series and the locality does not match the published one, they are not considered as type material. This taxon is tentatively retained as a valid species.
Remarks. Thiele described this taxon from two specimens in the ZMB collection. The paratype specimen (ZMB 55782) bears the label "Rio Grande do Sul". The current systematic position is modified after Simone (2006). Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Odontostomus simplex (Thiele, 1906). Type material. ZMB 101832, one syntype; W. Richardon leg. Remarks. Strebel described this taxon from five specimens from the same general region. The shell in the ZMB collection corresponds to Strebel's figures 181 and 185. The current systematic position follows Thompson (2011), who seems to have restricted the type locality to Mexico, Edo. Nayarit, Tepic (stating "known only from the type locality").
Type material. ZMB 34734, one possible syntype; ex Doering. Remarks. Dohrn did not mention on how many specimens his description was based, but the range of measurements indicate that he had several specimens at hand. Moreover, he mentioned "Ich erhielt dieselbe in einigen Exemplaren von meinem Freunde Dr. A. Stelzner mit einer grösseren Suite argentinischer, von ihm gesammelter Land-und Süsswasser-Conchylien. Da die andere unbeschriebenen Arten Manuscriptnamen von Herrn Dr. Doering in Cordova führen, so steht wohl deren Publikation in Bälde zu erwarten" (Dohrn 1875: 203). These sentences make clear that Stelzner, Doering and Dohrn were in regular contact and transfers of material (with unpublished names) did occur. The type locality is likely Cerro de Chepes, Prov. La Rioja (teste Miquel 1993: 164), although there is also a Cerro Chepe in Prov. San Juan. Doering's material has a very general locality that, however, falls within the distribution range of the species. It is therefore possible that Doering's material was part of the original series and the specimen is thus considered a possible syntype. The current systematic position is after Miquel (1993).
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx stelzneri (Dohrn, 1875). Remarks. There is no doubt that the specimen from the Albers collection may be considered from the type series, despite the fact there is no label in Pfeiffer's handwriting. The two specimens from the Dunker collection are very likely also from the same source and are considered probable type material. The lectotype is NHMUK 20100652 (see Breure and Ablett 2012), thus the ZMB material are paralectotypes.

Bulimus strangei
Current systematic position. Bothriembryontidae, Placocharis strangei . Remarks. In Pfeiffer's publication some mistakes have been made relating to the dimensions and figures. It seems likely that the dimensions of Bulimus stutchbury and the previous species (B. schomburgki) have been exchanged. The dimensions given by Pfeiffer suggest a ratio of nearly 5:1 of shell height / diameter, which is clearly not according to his figure; the dimensions given for B. schomburgki ("Long. 48, diam. 23 mill.") better suit B. stutchbury. The shell from the Dunker collection, which might have been erroneously labelled by him as he did not keep the original label after copying, closely matches Pfeiffer's Pl. 51 fig. 8 except the parietal tubercle is not showing well in that figure. The legend of the plate assigns also fig. 9 to B. stutchbury, but from the text on page 137 it is clear that this figure represents B. schomburgki. It may be noted that the type of B. stutchbury has not been found in the NHMUK collection. Delsaerdt (2010: 69) has corrected the type locality to Solomon Islands, Russell Islands; this group of small island lies between New Georgia archipelago and Guadalcanar.
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx terebralis (Pfeiffer, 1842). Remarks. Doering did not mentioned on how many specimens his description was based. The specimens were directly received from Doering. The locality on the label is not exact, but the published type locality falls within the area indicated (cf. Miquel 1995: 123). The current systematic position follows Miquel (1995).
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879). Remarks. According to Jaeckel "eine Insel Trahyra [sic] zwar unbekannt sei, aber zwei Inseln mit dem Nahmen Trauhyra in Brasilien legen, beiden Flußinseln, und zwar eine im Fluß Japurá (Staat Amazonas) und die andere im Rio San Francisco (Staat Bahia)" ["Trahyra Island is unknown in Brazil, but there are two islands named Trauhyra, both river islands, one in Río Japurá (Edo. Amazonas) und the second one in Río San Francisco (Edo. Bahia)"]. Given the classification within Cyclodontina, which also occurs around Bahia, the latter locality may be more probable; this is also the interpration of Simone (2006). It may be noted that both the NGA and the Fuzzy gazetteers had no matches for "Trauhyra". Furthermore, Jaeckel stated that his description was based upon "Holotypus und 9 Paratypoide"; only eight paratypes were found. The assignment of this taxon to Plagiodontes by Simone (2006) is erroneous; tentatively this taxon is retained in Cyclodontina.

Odontostomus (Cyclodontina) inflatus trahyrae
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Cyclodontina trahyrae (Jaeckel, 1950). Remarks. This specimen came from the Cuming collection via the German dealer Krantz (see Introduction) and has locality data matching the published one. The shell is not fully grown. Further type material is present in the NHMUK collection (Breure and Ablett, in preparation). The current systematic position is according to Thompson (2011).

Bulinus translucens Broderip in Broderip and
Current systematic position. Bulimulidae, Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) translucens translucens . Remarks. Martens introduced this name for a variety of references and figures from previous authors, resulting in 13 different localities mentioned, mainly from Central America. The type locality is now restricted to Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Térraba (restrict. n.). In total ten specimens have been found in the ZMB collection which are referred to this taxon and may be traced in Martens (1893Martens ( [1890Martens ( -1901); one specimen corresponds to his figure and is here selected lectotype (design. n.). The current systematic position follows Thompson (2011 Label. "Rödersberg / S. Brasil", with a second, taxon label also in Martens' handwriting.
Type material. ZMB 14543, three syntypes; R. Hensel leg. Remarks. Martens mentioned "drei mir vorliegenden Exemplaren", corresponding with the three specimens found in the ZMB collection. The largest specimen, of which the top is damaged, is here figured; it probably would have corresponded to the measurements given by Martens if it had remained undamaged. The current systematic position is after Simone (2006). Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Cyclodontina tudiculata (Martens, 1868 Zilch 1971: 203, pl. 12 fig. 32 (lectotype designation).
Remarks. The locality given on the label does not match the published type locality. However, the taxon label in Doering's handwriting leaves little doubt about the type status, as the specimens were received via Dohrn from Doering. The specimens are considered herein as paralectotypes. The lectotype and 24 other paralectotypes are in SMF (Neubert and Janssen 2004).
Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Spixia tumulorum (Doering, 1875). Remarks. Strebel described this form from three specimens, of which one is housed in the ZMB collection. The specimen has labels both in Martens' and Strebel's handwriting, and corresponds to the figured specimen by Martens. The current systematic position is following Thompson (2011). Note that Zebra maclurae turrita Strebel, 1909 is a junior homonym of Zebra quagga turrita Strebel, 1909, and a senior homonym of Zebra sphinx turrita Strebel, 1909 Type material. ZMB 117784, holotype; Forrer leg. Remarks. Strebel described this taxon from a single specimen in the "Berl. Museum". The shell corresponds to Strebel's figure 180, and is regarded as holotype.

Zebra maclurae turrita
The current systematic position follows Thompson (2011), who recognizes this taxon as subspecifically distinct from Orthalicus sphinx sphinx (Strebel, 1909). He also noticed that Strebel had introduced the name turrita three times under Zebra, but did not take any nomenclatorial actions. As the name [Zebra sphinx] turrita is preceded twice in Strebel's work and is a junior homonym of Zebra quagga turrita Strebel, 1909(Strebel 1909, I here introduce the replacement name tresmariae Breure nom. n.

Remarks.
Kobelt did not state on how many specimens his description was based. However, the specimen corresponds to the dimensions given by him and his Pl. 17 fig. 7; his plate was published in 1890, the text in 1891 (Coan et al. 2012b). Delsaerdt (2010: 49) has restricted the type locality to Mara Masike.
Label. "Sierra de Aconjigasta", with a second, taxon label also in Martens' handwriting.
Type material. ZMB 28501, two paralectotypes; ex Doering. Remarks. Doering did not mention on how many specimens his description was based. Zilch (1971) mentioned five specimens, of which he chose one as lectotype. The specimens in ZMB were received directly from Doering and are considered paralectotypes. Using modern gazetteers, the name 'Aconjigasta' could not be found; however, Quebrada de Mermela is in Prov. Córdoba. The current systematic position follows Richardson (1993). The correct spelling follows Pilsbry (1901Pilsbry ( [1901Pilsbry ( -1902: 101) as pointed out by Pizá and Cazzaniga (2012: 405).
Type locality. Not specifically given. From the title and introduction it may be concluded "östlichen Brasilien (...) Quellgebiet des Mucury".
Type material. ZMB 36423, one syntype; ex Dohrn. Remarks. As Dohrn mentioned a range in his measurements, he must have based his description on several specimens. Only one shell is present in the ZMB collection. The current systematic position is after Simone (2006). Current systematic position. Odontostomidae, Moricandia willi (Dohrn, 1883). ." and from "ein unausgewachsenes Stück". The shell, corresponding to Strebel's figure 108, is thus the holotype. It may be noted that the taxon name xanthus was introduced three times by Strebel (1909) for a "heteromorph"; the others were Zebra princeps xanthus (1909: 20) and Z. boucardi xanthus (1909: 74). The current systematic position follows Thompson (2011).