Revision of the subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Hunan (China), including thirty-six new species and two new genera

Abstract The species of the subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Hunan (Oriental China) are revised and illustrated. Thirty-six new species are described: Apodesmia bruniclypealis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Apodesmia melliclypealis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Areotetes albiferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Areotetes carinuliferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Areotetes striatiferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Coleopioides diversinotum Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Coleopioides postpectalis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Fopius dorsopiferus Li, van Achterberg & Tan, sp. n., Indiopius chenae Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opiognathus aulaciferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opiognathus brevibasalis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius crenuliferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius malarator Li, van Achterberg & Tan, sp. n., Opius monilipalpis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius pachymerus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius songi Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius youi Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius zengi Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma acuticlypeata Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma angiclypeata Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma antenervalis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma depressiclypealis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma flavisoma Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma nigrisoma Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma protuberator Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma rugulifera Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Li & van Achterberg,Phaedrotoma striatinota Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma vermiculifera Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis latipennis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis longicaudifera Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis maculosa Li, van Achterberg & Tan, sp. n., Rhogadopsis obliqua Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis sculpturator Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Utetes longicarinatus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n. and Xynobius notauliferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n. Areotetes van Achterberg & Li, gen. n. (type species: Areotetes carinuliferus sp. n.) and Coleopioides van Achterberg & Li, gen. n. (type species: Coleopioides postpectalis sp. n. are described. All species are illustrated and keyed. In total 30 species of Opiinae are sequenced and the cladograms are presented. Neopius Gahan, 1917, Opiognathus Fischer, 1972, Opiostomus Fischer, 1972, and Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913, are treated as a valid genera based on molecular and morphological differences. Opius vittata Chen & Weng, 2005 (not Opius vittatus Ruschka, 1915), Opius ambiguus Weng & Chen, 2005 (not Wesmael, 1835) and Opius mitis Chen & Weng, 2005 (not Fischer, 1963) are primary homonymsandarerenamed into Phaedrotoma depressa Li & van Achterberg, nom. n., Opius cheni Li & van Achterberg, nom. n. andOpius wengi Li & van Achterberg, nom. n., respectively. Phaedrotoma terga (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n.,Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) and Biosteres pavitita Chen & Weng, 2005, are reported new for Hunan, Opiostomus aureliae (Fischer, 1957) comb. n. is new for China and Hunan; Xynobius maculipennis(Enderlein, 1912) comb. n. is new for Hunan and continental China and Rhogadopsis longuria (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. is new for Hunan. The following new combinations are given: Apodesmia puncta (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Apodesmia tracta (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Areotetes laevigatus (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma dimidia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma improcera (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma amputata (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma larga (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma osculas (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma postuma (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma rugulosa (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma tabularis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis apii (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis dimidia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis diutia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis longuria (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis pratellae(Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis pratensis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis sculpta (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis sulcifer (Fischer, 1975) comb. n., Rhogadopsis tabidula(Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Xynobius complexus (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Xynobius indagatrix (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Xynobius multiarculatus (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. The following (sub)genera are synonymised: Snoflakopius Fischer, 1972, Jucundopius Fischer, 1984, Opiotenes Fischer, 1998, and Oetztalotenes Fischer, 1998, with Opiostomus Fischer, 1971; Xynobiotenes Fischer, 1998, with Xynobius Foerster, 1862; Allotypus Foerster, 1862, Lemnaphilopius Fischer, 1972, Agnopius Fischer, 1982, and Cryptognathopius Fischer, 1984, with Apodesmia Foerster, 1862; Nosopoea Foerster, 1862, Tolbia Cameron, 1907, Brachycentrus Szépligeti, 1907, Baeocentrum Schulz, 1911, Hexaulax Cameron, 1910, Coeloreuteus Roman, 1910, Neodiospilus Szépligeti, 1911, Euopius Fischer, 1967, Gerius Fischer, 1972, Grimnirus Fischer, 1972, Hoenirus Fischer, 1972, Mimirus Fischer, 1972, Gastrosema Fischer, 1972, Merotrachys Fischer, 1972, Phlebosema Fischer, 1972, Neoephedrus Samanta, Tamili, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 1983, Adontopius Fischer, 1984, Kainopaeopius Fischer, 1986, Millenniopius Fischer, 1996, and Neotropopius Fischer, 1999, with Phaedrotoma Foerster, 1862.


Introduction
The large subfamily Opiinae (Braconidae), with 1,981 valid species according to Yu et al. (2012), is a common group containing generally small (2-5 mm) parasitoid wasps of mainly mining or fruit-infesting dipterous larvae. It has a worldwide distribution and the world fauna has been reviewed by Fischer ( , 1977Fischer ( , 1987. Currently about 35 genera are used; Wharton ( , 1997, van Achterberg (1997bvan Achterberg ( , 2004avan Achterberg ( , 2004b, van Achterberg and Salvo (1997) and van Achterberg and Chen (2004) published updates or some additions for the existing keys to the genera of the Opiinae, but the number of genera and the limits of several genera is still a matter of discussion. Chen and Weng (2005) published an overview of the Opiinae from China, but no Opiinae were listed for the province of Hunan of the total of 121 species known from China. Also in the review of the Hymenoptera of Hunan (You and Wei 2006) no Opiinae were listed for Hunan. Therefore, in 2009-2011 the first two authors made several short surveys to collect Opiinae; mainly in Badagong Mountains in northern Hunan. The collected species proved to be nearly all new to science, indicating the primordial status of our knowledge of Chinese Opiinae and the incompleteness of the review by Chen and Weng (2005) for China.
Opiinae are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of cyclorraphous Diptera, but oviposition may take place in the egg of the host (ovo-larval parasitoids). They may play an important role in the control of dipterous pests such as fruit-infesting Tephritidae and mining Agromyzidae. The parasitoid larva has it final development when the host larva has made its puparium and the adult parasitoid emerges from this puparium.

Material and methods
Specimens of Opiinae from Hunan were collected and directly killed in 70% alcohol. A selection was made of presumably different species for molecular analyses. After DNA extraction (see below) the specimens were prepared after chemical treatment (AXA method; van Achterberg et al. 2010). The sequences have been uploaded to GenBank; the accession numbers of the analysed specimens are listed in Table 1.
For identification of the subfamily Opiinae, see van Achterberg ( , 1993Achterberg ( , and 1997a, for identification of the genera, see Chen and Weng (2005), Wharton ( , 1997, van Achterberg (1997bvan Achterberg ( , 2004a and the key below, for references to the Opiinae, see Yu et al. (2012) and for the terminology used in this paper, see van Achterberg (1988van Achterberg ( , 1993. Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988). Additional non-exclusive characters in the key are bracketed. For additional taxonomic information the reader is referred to the Taxapad interactive catalogue (Yu et al. 2012). The synonomies proposed in this paper are by the second author. Sequence and data alignment. After electrophoresis, an amplified fragment was purified by Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (PROMEGA). Sequences obtained were edited using Sequencher 4.2 and were aligned using Clustal X 1.8 (Thompson et al. 1997). Alignments were manually adjusted to minimize informative sites and ambiguously aligned regions were defined as character sets for possible exclusion using MacClade 4.08. DNA sequences were compared with sequences of the GenBank database using the BLAST algorithm to verify the amplification of the correct gene. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers in Table 1)

Phylogenetic analysis
After alignment, phylogenetic analyses were performed by neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods using PAUP*4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) and Bayesian Inference using MrBayes v3.2. The NJ method for obtaining a minimum-evolution tree with a bootstrap test was performed using the Clustal W progrom. The bootstrap values were based on 1,000 replicates. MP analyses were performed with gaps treated as missing data, heuristic parsimony search (Hillis et al. 1996) was performed using 100 replicates of random addition sequences and including the TBR (tree bisection reconnection) option for branch swapping. Statistical support was obtained by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replications (Felsenstein 1985). For the Bayesian analysis the same general models as identified by Modeltest were used. Analyses were initiated with random starting trees and run for 1.0 × 10 6 generations sampling the four Markov chains every 2500 generations resulting in 1000 sampled trees. Colastes braconius Haliday is used as an outgroup because it belongs to the subfamily Exothecinae which is probably the sistergroup of the Opiinae + Alysiinae (Gimeno et al. 1997) or even the sister of Opiinae in the Opiinae + Alysiinae clade with ≥ 0.95 posterior probability (Sharanowski et al. 2011); it has also a high morphological resemblance to the Opiinae. According to Gimeno et al. (1997) the bootstrap values for (Exothecinae (Opiinae + Alysiinae)) are 79-100 % and the genus Gnamptodon (Gnamptodontinae) is found to be more distantly related.

Results and discussion
Only nearly half of the new species could be sequenced because part of the material was too old and because of lack of time. Some European species were added of which Opius pactus Haliday is the type species of the subgenus Opiognathus Fischer, Opius testaceus Wesmael of the genus Utetes Foerster, Opius pallipes Wesmael of the genus Opius Wesmael, Opius carbonarius Nees of the genus Biosteres Foerster and Opius rudis Wesmael is the oldest name for the type species of the subgenus Neopius Gahan. The latest general keys to the genera of Opiinae are given by Fischer (1987) and Wharton (1997) and need updating; molecular data have not been used so far but should play a role here. Nevertheless, DNA sequences can never replace a sound morphological approach; it is an additional tool to check the outcome of the morphological analysis. Gimeno et al. (1997), Dowton et al. (1998Dowton et al. ( , 2002 and Shi et al. (2005) included a few genera in their molecular studies but no larger surveys have been made up to now. GenBank contains only few taxa of Opiinae (considering the size of the subfamily) and possibly some of them are misidentified. Pitz et al. (2007) showed by using GenBank sequences of 16S, 18S and 28S of four genera (Biosteres, Xynobius, Opius and Fopius) that Opiinae are the sistergroup of Alysiinae and that Biosteres is the most basal genus of the four genera. The bootstrap percentages were below 60 within the Opiinae, indicating that the results are at best provisional. The results of the combined DNA analysis of 11-13 (sub)generic groups  show several interesting results which largely agree with still unpublished results of Dr S. Yaakop (Bangi, Malaysia) obtained from Malaysian Opiinae. The parsimony results of the combined analyses of the three molecular markers (Figs 10-11) did not result in a well supported backbone of the cladogram; the confidence levels for the higher levels are acceptable. Bayesian analyses led to better supported results (Fig. 12) for most groups. Two species are always misplaced: Opius youi and Phaedrotoma protuberator, which may be the result of contamination and both species need to be re-sampled. This is the first study of Opiinae that includes molecular data for 13 (sub)genera for phylogenetic analysis. Compared to the study by Gimeno et al. (1997), this study includes the following seven additional (sub)genera: Coleopioides, Neopius, Apodesmia, Opiognathus, Rhogadopsis, Areotetes and Psyttoma. Due to the limited number of analysed taxa, the results of Gimeno et al. (1997) are difficult to compare with our study. Our results partly corroborate  view on the basal lineages of the Opiinae. Considering its morphology Biosteres is supposed to be one of the basal lineages of the Opiinae which we found in the combined Bayesian analysis (Fig. 12), but was the sistergroup of Opius s.s. in parsimony analysis . The group with the inner side of the hind tibia with a fine carinula baso-laterally (formerly the genus Utetes Foerster) is split in this paper because one group (here named Areotetes gen. n.) always came out distantly related to the other groups (Utetes s.s. and Opiognathus). The latter is not closely related to Utetes s.s. either (Fig. 3) and, therefore, this subgenus of the genus Opius is treated as a valid genus in this paper. The three groups are also morphologically different (see key below).

Individual molecular markers
Each individual dataset of a single gene resulted in a less resolved phylogeny of the Opiinae (Figs 1-9). Generally, the genus Phaedrotoma (formerly included in the genus Opius) is well separated from the genus Opius s.s. With 16S Fopius and Areotetes come out as basal groups if NJ and MP are used, but with Bayesian analysis Fopius groups with Psyttoma and is much less basal. With 28S Xynobius + Coleopioides and Fopius + Biosteres are the basal groups in NJ and parsimony analyses, but with Bayesian results Xynobius and Coleopioides group together and there are no distinct basal lineages. With COI and parsimony Utetes, Lissosema, Apodesmia and Xynobius are the basal groups (and with NJ also Opiognathus), but there are no distinct basal lineages in the Bayesian results. Only 28S gives basal groups having morphological character states corroborating a basal position (e.g., the included species of Xynobius, Fopius and Biosteres all have a dorsope on the first metasomal tergite). Coleopioides is, according to 28S, a derived group related to Fopius (grouping also recovered with COI, Fig. 9); having an elongate second submarginal cell of the fore wing. The type species of Coleopioides shares with the type species of Fopius the presence of a postpectal carina.

Combining data partitions
In this study, by combining datasets it was possible to obtain a better resolved phylogeny of the Opiinae (Figs 10-12). The results do not support the hypothesis that the Opiinae comprises two tribes: Opiini and Biosterini as suggested by Shi et al. (2005). In our study, the genus Biosteres has a variable position, compared to the Xynobiusgroup or the Opiini. Traditionally, the genus Biosteres is characterized by having a short second submarginal cell of the fore wing . This character state is not very helpful because it is also present in the genus Fopius and several other genera of the Opiini (as defined by exclusion of the Biosterini). Biosteres needs, therefore, as pointed out by , to be defined by a combination of characters. The Xynobiusgroup (consisting of Fopius, Coleopioides and Xynobius) is separated from Biosteres and Opiini in the Bayesian analysis (Fig. 12). However, no apomorphic character states were found to group these genera.
The short second submarginal cell of the fore wing is an apomorphy for the genera Fopius and Utetes, while the presence of the dorsope in the genus Xynobius is considered to be a plesiomorphy. The dorsope of the first tergite is absent in the Opiini. Xynobius contains parasitoids of leaf-mining larvae of Anthomyiidae and Scathophagidae as in Biosteres (Wharton 1997) and both have a dorsope. Wharton ( , 1997 abandoned the use of tribes and subtribes in the Opiinae, using informal genus groups, and considering our results this seems still the best solution.
Diagnosis. Prepectal carina absent (but partly developed in Ademon); posterior flange of propleuron present; maxillary palp with 6 segments and labial palp with 4 segments; hypoclypeal depression present or absent, if present then shallow, medioventral rim of clypeus near level of upper condyli of mandible; ventral part of clypeus not part of the hypoclypeal depression; labrum flat or weakly concave and glabrous, rarely distinctly concave; occipital carina usually present laterally, but nearly always widely interrupted medio-dorsally; notauli often largely absent on mesoscutal disc, often with a medio-posterior depression (or "mid-pit", but sometimes groove-like); pronope absent to very large, round or slit-like; vein M+CU1 of fore wing largely unsclerotized (only pigmented and not tubular); if completely tubular and fully sclerotized then laterope of first metasomal tergite distinct; fore tibia without row of pegs or spines, but sometimes bristly setose; dorsope of first metasomal tergite absent or present; first tergite with or without convex lateral parts and movably connected to second tergite; second tergite without transverse elevated area and usually with pair of oblique depressions basally and similarly or more strongly sclerotized than its epipleuron; ovipositor usually short (hardly or not protruding beyond apex of metasoma) in parasitoids of mining larvae and well protruding in parasitoids of larvae in fruits.
Notes. This Holarctic and Oriental genus has been used mostly as a subgenus (e.g., , Chen and Weng 2005and Tobias 1998) but Papp (2002) used it as a valid genus. The definition in these papers is different; its main character, the curvature of the occipital carina, is used here for the first time. The mainly plesiomorphic character states used by other authors result in a mixed group; the curved occipital carina seems to be the best apomorphic character state to separate this group from Opius Wesmael s.l.  . 20); clypeus dark brown; hind tibia completely pale yellowish or brownish-yellow basally; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 15); mesosoma slender ( Fig. 13); propodeum without a transverse carina subbasally (Fig. 16); vein m-cu of fore wing slightly postfurcal (Fig. 14).

Apodesmia bruniclypealis
Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 1.6 mm, of fore wing 2.2 mm. Head. Antenna with 26 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing (Fig. 13); length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment and without thyloids and shiny, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.3, 3.5, and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 21); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; labial palp segments rather short; occipital carina dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum absent; hypostomal carina narrow (Fig. 20); length of eye in dorsal view twice temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally distinctly convex and glabrous; face smooth, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 18); width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face, clypeus convex, smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and slightly concave (Fig. 18); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 18); malar suture indicated as slightly impressed narrow groove; mandible triangular, moderately convex and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 20).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.6, 9.5 and 7.2 times as long as wide, respectively; setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long (Fig. 17).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and with longitudinal (partly superficial) fine rugae and dorsal cari-  nae remain separated and up to middle of tergite (Fig. 16); basal quarter of second tergite with oblique striae medially (Fig. 16); second suture obsolescent; third and following tergites smooth.

Apodesmia melliclypealis
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.7 mm, of fore wing 2.2 mm. Head. Antenna with 28 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing (Fig. 22); length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment and with thyloids and matt, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.3, and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 30); length of maxillary palp 1.1 times height of head; labial palp segments rather short; occipital carina dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum absent; hypostomal carina narrow (Fig. 29); length of eye in dorsal view 3.0 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally distinctly convex and glabrous; face smooth, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 27); width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face, clypeus moderately convex, largely smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and straight medially (Fig. 27); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 27); malar suture absent; mandible triangular, moderately convex and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 29).
Notes. According to the molecular markers belongs to a clade with the Palaearctic A. incisula (Fischer, 1964) (DNA: CVA4257, sharing the indistinct pronope and a medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum) together with Neopius rudis (Wesmael). The new species has vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal as in the very common Palaearctic A. irregularis (Wesmael, 1835), but it has the second tergite smooth basally and rather dark brown, medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum minute and distinctly removed from the scutellar sulcus (more than diameter of depression from scutellar sulcus; less than length of depression in A. irregularis), the first tergite with distinct (but small) smooth knob medio-apically (absent or nearly so in A. irregularis).
It runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Apodesmia tracta (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. It differs by having the eye 3 times longer than temple (twice in A. tracta), the first tergite with finer sculpture between its coarse rugae (absent), the second tergite without distinct sculpture (longitudinally striate) and the base of the second tergite comparatively wide between the oblique depressions (base narrow). Etymology. From "areola" (Latin for "room") and the generic name Utetes Foerster, 1862, because it is similar but has an areolate propodeum. Gender: masculine.

Genus
Diagnosis. Hind tibia with a long nearly straight carinula basally (Figs 39, 47, 59); face without tubercles; in front of anterior ocellus without a distinct semi-circular or triangular depression; frons without a pair of distinct depressions above antennal sockets; occipital carina present laterally, not or slightly curved ventrally and remaining removed from hypostomal carina, near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and high (Fig. 48); labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; hypoclypeal depression distinct (Fig. 48); malar suture absent; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; mandible normal, triangular (Fig. 51); pronotum short and subvertical; pronope absent or obsolescent; side of pronotum anteriorly below groove with distinctly elevated area; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum rather small (Fig. 34) or absent (e.g. in A. carinuliferus); scutellar sulcus usually rather wide (Fig. 34); propodeum areolate and smooth between carinae, with medium-sized medio-longitudinal carina (Figs 35,44,56); precoxal sulcus smooth or finely crenulate; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 and short vein CU1b postero-apically (Figs 33,43,53); vein 1-M of fore wing straight or slightly curved and vein 1-SR short; vein cu-a of hind wing present and vein m-cu absent; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR (Figs 33,43,53); length of fore wing less than 3.5 mm; second tergite without sharp lateral crease, smooth or striate; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath about 0.1 times as long as fore wing. According to Fig. 6 not closely related to the genus Utetes Foerster, despite having carinulae of the hind tibia in common.
Biology. Unknown, but the related genus Utetes Foerster, 1862, contains parasitoids of fruit infesting Tephritidae and to a lesser degree of Agromyzidae and Anthomyiidae; at least some of the host records may be the result of misidentification of the host or parasitoid.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 8.0 and 4.3 times as long as wide, respectively; setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long (Fig. 37).
Molecular data. None. Distribution. *China (Hunan). Biology. Unknown. Etymology. Name derived from "albus" (Latin for "white") and "fero" (Latin for "carrying"), because of the whitish mandibles and the pale apex of the antenna.
Notes. Does not run in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to any species of the group with a carinula on the hind tibia. Diagnosis. Second metasomal tergite smooth or nearly so (Fig. 45); apical third of antenna of ♀ dark brown subapically; face dark brown; frons without depressions above or between antennal sockets; pronotum short and vertical; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 44); scutellar sulcus finely crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrowly crenulate; propodeum areolate and smooth between carinae (Fig. 44); vein 3-SR of fore wing slightly curved and twice as long as vein 2-SR (Fig. 43); vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into vein 2-CU1; first metasomal tergite partly smooth and shiny (Fig. 45).

Areotetes carinuliferus
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.7 mm, of fore wing 2.0 mm. Head. Antenna with 21 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.5, 4.5 and 3.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 46); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments elongate; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum obsolescent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 3.6 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally convex and largely glabrous; face smooth, medially elevated (Fig. 48); width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face, clypeus convex, smooth and its ventral margin not differentiated and straight medially (Fig. 48); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 48); mandible slightly convex and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 51).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.2, 10.7 and 8.0 times as long as wide, respectively; setae of hind femur long and of tibia moderately long (Fig. 50); hind tibia with a long nearly straight carinula basally (Fig. 47).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially, largely smooth, but with a few oblique weak carinae and dorsal carinae united in its anterior 0.3 and absent behind it (Fig. 45); second tergite smooth, but antero-medially with indistinct patch of sculpture; second suture smooth and shallowly impressed; third and following tergites smooth and partly desclerotized apically; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.1 times fore wing and 0.3 times hind tibia (Fig. 49).
Colour. Dark brown; antenna dark brown but 4 basal segments brownish-yellow; palpi, mandible, tegulae, legs, base of second tergite and apex of third tergite pale yellowish; clypeus and malar space mainly, side of pronotum ventrally, propleuron and area below precoxal sulcus yellowish-brown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Etymology. Name derived from "carinula" (Latin for small carina or crest) and "fero" (suffix in Latin meaning carrying or having), because of the carinula on the inner side of the hind tibia.
Notes. Does not run well in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to any species of the group with a carinula of the hind tibia. It is similar to Areotetes laevigatus (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., but it has the length of the mesosoma 1.5 times its height (1.7 times in A. laevigatus), the propodeum without a median carina posteriorly (present), vein 3-SR of fore wing about 2.4 times vein 2-SR (about twice) and length of the hind femur about 5 times as long as wide (4 times). Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; dorsal pronope absent; pronotal side smooth, but medial groove indistinctly crenulate, with ventral oblique carina posteriorly and posterior groove obsolescent (Fig. 52); epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed, with short crenulae (Fig.  52); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus narrow and finely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a short largely smooth part anteriorly ( Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.9, 11.4 and 6.3 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 60); setae of hind femur long and of tibia moderately long; hind tibia with a short nearly straight carinula basally (Fig. 59).  Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and with few oblique costae and dorsal carinae united in its anterior 0.3 and absent behind it (Fig. 56); second tergite medially longitudinally costate striate (Fig. 56); second suture finely crenulate and not impressed (Fig. 56); third and following tergites smooth and partly desclerotized; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.09 times fore wing and 0.25 times hind tibia (Figs 52, 57).
Variation. Male paratype has length of fore wing 2.0 mm, and of body 1.7 mm; antenna with 21 segments, 1.3 times as long as fore wing and dark brown except for yellowish scapus; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum comparatively large and elliptical.
Molecular data. None.
Notes. Does not run well in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to any species of the group with a carinula of the hind tibia. It is similar to Utetes acustratus (Fischer, 1988) from New Guinea, but it has the length of the mesosoma 1.5 times its height (1.8 times in U. acustratus), the apex of the antenna dark brown (white or ivory); length of the eye about 5 times temple in dorsal view (twice) and vein m-cu of fore wing angled with vein 2-M (linear) and length of the hind femur about 4 times as long as wide (3 times Cameron, 1903: 343;Fischer 1972b: 486. Type species (by monotypy): Celiestiella testaceipes Cameron, 1903 [examined].
Diagnosis. Hypoclypeal depression absent or narrow, and medially ventral margin of clypeus near upper level of condyli of mandibles ("mouth closed"); clypeus comparatively sparsely and short setose, if rather long and dense then clypeus flattened; mandible with ventro-basal carina, rarely obsolescent or on a small protuberance (resembling a small tooth); epistomal suture present; if suture is shallow then basal half of vein M+CU1 of fore wing largely unsclerotized; vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.3 times vein 2-SR or less, if rarely 1.4-1.5 times then pronope very large or pterostigma triangular; mesosternum normal, much longer than fore coxa; hind coxae normal, rounded ventrally; second-fourth tarsal segments comparatively slender; telotarsus and arolium not enlarged; dorsope usually large and close to lateral margin of first tergite; hypopygium of female at most slightly incised. Biology. Parasitoids of Anthomyiidae and Scathophagidae. Distribution. Holarctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Australian.

Distribution.
Oriental China: Hubei, Hunan. Notes. One female from Hunan is very similar to B. carbonarius (Nees, 1834) with vein r of fore wing about as long as width of pterostigma and much longer than wide; vein 2-M of fore wing 1.9-2.2 times vein 3-SR; second metasomal tergite black, at most anteriorly brownish and first tergite finely and densely sculptured medially.
Etymology. From the generic name "Coleopius" and the addition "oides", because it is superficially similar to the genus Coleopius Fischer.
Diagnosis. Face without tubercles; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; inner sides of antennal sockets normal, not protruding; labrum exposed; clypeus truncate ventrally and hypoclypeal depression present (Figs 68, 78); mandibles long and slender ( ; second and third metasomal tergites more or less enlarged, longer than following segments; dorsope absent; laterope distinct; second and third tergites enlarged, longer than following segments (Figs 66, 76); second metasomal suture absent or superficially impressed and smooth; third tergite more or less sculptured (but may be largely smooth); epipleuron of third metasomal tergite slightly differentiated from notum and without lateral crease; fourth metasomal tergite well exposed.

Notes.
Both new species are similar to Coleopius Fischer because of the presence of the hypoclypeal depression, the short metasoma and the shape of the clypeus. The long second submarginal cell (vein 3-SR 1.5-1.8 times vein 2-SR; shorter in Coleopius), the similar third epipleuron and notum (epipleuron distinctly less sclerotized in Coleopius), and the third tergite about as long as second tergite and without sharp lateral crease (lateral crease present in Coleopius) indicate that they do not belong in Coleopius.
The new species differ from the similar genus Bitomus Szépligeti by the same character states, except that the second submarginal cell is intermediate. The new genus Coleopioides belongs to a separate basal group in the tribe Opiini together with Areotetes gen. n., according to the molecular data of the nuclear 28S marker of both species. Areotetes gen. n. shares the medio-longitudinal carina and the areolate posterior part of the propodeum with Coleopioides, but differs by having the carinula of the hind tibia, the crenulate posterior groove of the pronotum and the absence of the malar suture and of the depressions behind the antennal sockets.  cell of fore wing less transverse than in C. postpectalis (Fig. 64); vein m-cu of fore wing twice longer than vein 2-SR+M; second tergite smooth (Fig. 66).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.8, 7.8 and 3.7 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with moderately long setae (Fig. 67).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, its surface strongly convex gradually medially, coarsely rugose and with dorsal carinae united near apical fifth of tergite (Fig. 66); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth; second and third tergites 0.6 times as long as metasoma after first tergite; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.05 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 63, 72).
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Xynobius indagatrix (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n.; C. diversinotum differs by lacking a dorsope (present in X. indagatrix), the length of the eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple (4.2 times in X. indagatrix), length of the first tergite about equal to its apical width (1.3 times) and the propodeum with strong transverse carina and carinate (densely rugose and without distinct transverse carina). Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.0 mm, of fore wing 2.1 mm.
Head. Antenna with 19 segments (incomplete; in paratypes 1.3 times as long as fore wing); length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third and fourth penultimate segments 2.3 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 81); length of maxillary palp equal to height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina finely crenulate (Fig. 84), rather close to hypostomal carina, absent dorsally and behind upper third of eye; with distinct groove behind stemmaticum; hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 3.0 times temple; frons medially narrowly convex between depressions behind antennal sockets, with depression between antennal sockets and laterally slightly convex, glabrous; face sparsely finely punctate, evenly convex (Fig. 78); width of clypeus 2.8 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face, clypeus rather flat, smooth except for some punctures and its ventral margin slightly differentiated, thin, straight and pointed downwards; hypoclypeal depression rather large (Fig. 78); malar suture present; mandible normal, slightly convex and sparsely punctate and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 79).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 0.9 times its apical width, its surface evenly gradually convex medially, longitudinally rugose and punctate posteriorly and with dorsal carinae separated and up to middle of tergite (Fig. 76); second suture obsolescent; second tergite as long as third tergite (Fig. 73) and densely and finely granulate-punctate with some fine striae (Fig. 76), its epipleuron slightly less sclerotized than notum; third tergite (except apically) superficially granulate and following tergites smooth; second and third tergites 0.7 times as long as metasoma after first tergite; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 73, 80).
Notes. The new species does not run well in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) because it has the second tergite granulate (the choices in the key are longitudinally striate or smooth), but if it is assumed that the sculpture is superficial and the tergite is nearly smooth then it runs to Xynobius indagatrix (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n.; C. postpectalis differs by having the length of the eye in dorsal view 3 times temple (4.2 times in X. indagatrix), no dorsope (present), length of the hind femur about 3 times its width (4.7 times), length of first tergite 0.9 times its apical width (1.3 times), the second tergite granulate-punctate with some fine striae (smooth) and the propodeum with a median carina and areolate (densely rugose and without carina).  (Cameron, 1912)]. Parasteres Fischer, 1967: 3. Type species (by original designation): Biosteres acidusae Fischer, 1967(= Opius tryoni Cameron, 1911. Diagnosis. Face without tubercles; antenna with 35-67 segments; clypeus evenly curved ventrally, at most widely triangularly protruding, usually narrower, or longer, not impressed; no distinct hypoclypeal depression, at most with a narrow slit; mandible usually comparatively short and wide; occipital carina near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and comparatively high; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; scutellar sulcus usually rather wide; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present, rarely absent; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present; vein 3-SR of fore wing shorter than vein 2-SR; if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing present as a weakly pigmented trace and precoxal sulcus absent; vein 1-M of fore wing more or less curved posteriorly, but sometimes nearly straight; vein m-cu of fore wing slightly postfurcal; length of fore wing usually more than 3 mm; fourth tergite (at least partly) exposed; third tergite (largely) smooth; ovipositor long, usually as long as fore wing or longer. Biology. Parasitoids of Tephritidae. Distribution. Cosmopolitan, but no species known from Northwest Europe.  Wharton, 1987 [examined].
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.2, 7.0 and 4.2 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with moderately long setae (Fig. 90).
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Fopius vandenboschi (Fullaway, 1952). Fopius dorsopiferus differs by having the length of the hind femur about 3 times its width (5 times in F. vandenboschi), length of first tergite equal to its apical width (0.8 times), the postpectal carina strongly developed (obsolescent or absent) and the first tergite with small dorsope (absent).  . 96); veins m-cu and r-m of fore wing absent (Fig. 96); vein 2-SR of fore wing absent (Fig. 96); first subdis-cal cell of fore wing open postero-apically; vein cu-a of hind wing absent (Fig. 96); clypeus wide, short and impressed (Fig. 101); mandible long and slender (Fig. 102); occipital carina entirely absent; first-third metasomal tergites more or less coriaceous or rugulose (Fig. 98) 97); vein 2-1A of fore wing pigmented; vein cu-a of fore wing postfurcal by its width or interstitial; vein 1-R1 of fore wing 1.0-1.3 times as long as pterostigma and vein 1-R1 of fore wing 1-4 times as long as distance between its apex and apex of fore wing; posterior margin of pterostigma straight; vein 1-SR present; vein 3-SR+SR1 pointing to apex of fore wing (Fig. 96); hind femur wider than middle femur (Fig. 99); fore femur about as wide as middle femur (Figs 99, 100); first tergite granulate or rugulose and about as long as wide apically.
Head. Antenna with 19 segments and 0.9 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.4 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.4, 2.2 and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 103); length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; labial palp segments slender (Fig. 101); short part of occipital carina far from hypostomal carina (Fig. 102), remainder largely absent; median depression behind stemmaticum absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 1.7 times temple (Fig. 97); frons medially with small pit, smooth and depressed near antennal sockets, glabrous (Fig. 97); face smooth except for some setiferous punctures (Fig. 101); width of clypeus 3.3 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face, clypeus flattened, largely smooth and its ventral margin not differentiated, thin and flat (Fig. 102); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 101); malar suture present as wide depression (Fig. 102); mandible large, hardly twisted, smooth and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 102).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, dorsope absent, its surface rather flat, longitudinally finely rugulose (but basally smooth) and with dorsal carinae separated and up to apex of tergite (Fig. 98); second tergite largely superficially granulate and shiny (Fig. 98); second suture absent; third and following tergites smooth; setose part of ovipositor sheath short (Fig. 104), 0.04 times as long as fore wing.
Molecular data. None.

Distribution. *China (Hunan).
Notes. Only one other species is known from China (Fujian): Indiopius alutacius Weng & Chen, 2001. It has the head yellowish-brown dorsally (with only the frons medially infuscate; dark brown in I. chenae), the scutellar sulcus is narrow (moderately wide) and the fore femur is moderately slender (robust).
Etymology. Named after its collector and well-known specialist of aquatic Hemiptera, Dr Ping-Ping Chen (Tiel). Notes. Small Holarctic genus that has not yet been found in Hunan, but likely occurs in northern China. The type species occurs in Far East Russia and Korea (Yu et al. 2012). Traditionally Neopius Gahan has been included as synonym in the subgenus Xynobius (e.g. Fischer 1972b) and recently (Papp 2005) as a subgenus of the genus Xynobius. Provisionally, Quicke et al. (1997) included Neopius as a subgenus in Phaedrotoma because it has no apomorphies in common with Xynobius or Opius s.s. and Phaedrotoma was the "taxonomic dustbin genus" where it was included on the basis of plesiomorphies. The molecular data presented here indicate that it is not closely related to Phaedrotoma and, consequently, it is treated as independent genus with its own apomorphies (occipital carina secondarily complete dorsally (sometimes irregular and weak medio-dorsally) and frons distinctly granulate).  . 112) or abruptly widened baso-ventrally and apical half abruptly narrowed ( Fig. 124) or not; pronotum short and subvertical; pronope absent (and with a deep slit-like depression in front of middle lobe of mesoscutum) or large; side of pronotum anteriorly below groove without a distinctly elevated area; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum large (Fig. 107) or absent (Fig. 117); scutellar sulcus rather wide to medium-sized; propodeum reticulate (Figs 108, 118) or largely smooth posteriorly, with a short or no medio-longitudinal carina and no posterior areola; precoxal sulcus coarsely or very finely crenulate; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 and comparatively long vein CU1b postero-apically (Figs 116, 127); vein 1-M of fore wing slightly to moderately curved and vein 1-SR medium-sized; vein cu-a of hind wing present and vein m-cu absent; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR; length of fore wing less than 3.5 mm; second tergite without sharp lateral crease, smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath about 0.1 times as long as fore wing. According to the molecular data, belongs at the base of a clade with Opius, Phaedrotoma and related genera. Biology. The type species has been reported as a parasitoid of leaf-mining Tephritidae.

Neopius
Notes. Unfortunately, Fischer designated thrice a type species of the subgenus Opiognathus , it is a nomen nudum in this paper because no type species was designated and more than one species was included (Int. Code Zool. Nom. Art. 13b)).  designated Opius pactus Haliday, 1837, which has the mandible only gradually widened basally, less than indicated in the general diagnosis. In 1978 Fischer designated a second type species for Opiognathus: Opius mokotoensis Fischer, 1968, which has indeed the mandible more distinctly widened basally, but this designation is invalid because in 1972 a valid type species was designated. In 1986 Fischer (p. 613) designated a third type species for the subgenus: Opius dewulfi Fischer, 1968, which is equally invalid. In this paper the original designation is accepted and the quotation about the widened mandible is considered to be a gradually widened mandible and Opiognathus is treated as a valid genus separate from the genus Utetes Foerster despite the presence of the carinula of the hind tibia because of morphological and molecular differences. Opiognathus can be separated as follows: Diagnosis. Mandible gradually widened basally (Fig. 112); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum deep and large (Fig.  107); first tergite sculptured and rather matt (Fig. 108); propodeum coarsely reticulate and without smooth areas (Fig. 108); posterior groove of pronotum widely crenulate; propleuron slightly concave.
Head. Antenna with 26 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.3, 2.4 and 2.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 109); length of maxillary palp equal to height of head; labial palp segments moderately elongate; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 112); median groove behind stemmaticum obsolescent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 2.4 times temple; frons flat and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally convex and setose; face smooth, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 111); width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face, clypeus convex, largely smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and slightly curved medially (Fig. 111); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 111); mandible slightly convex gradually widened ventrobasally and with fine ventral carina (Fig. 112).
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; dorsal pronope absent, but with deep slit-like depression in front of middle lobe of mesoscutum (as in type species); pronotal side smooth, no ventral oblique carina posteriorly and posterior groove widely crenulate (Fig. 105); propleuron slightly concave; epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed and moderately crenulate (Fig.  105); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus mediumsized and coarsely crenulate; notauli absent on disc, except for a pair of short crenulate impressions anteriorly; mesoscutum glabrous; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum large, deep and elliptical (Fig. 107); scutellar sulcus wide and coarsely crenulate (Fig. 107); scutellum smooth and slightly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum short and with a short medio-longitudinal carina connected to an irregular transverse carina and with a nearly triangular areola, without costulae and remaining far from mediolongitudinal carina (Fig. 108).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.1, 7.1 and 5.2 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 110); setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long; carinula of hind tibia long and distinctly curved (Fig. 113).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially and reticulate rugose, dorsal carinae remain separated from each other and reaching apex of tergite (Fig. 108); second and following tergites smooth; second suture absent; third and following tergites partly desclerotized apically; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.10 times fore wing and 0.35 times hind tibia (Figs 105, 114).
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Utetes antennbrevis Weng & . Opiognathus aulaciferus differs by having the length of the pleural sulcus smooth (crenulate in U. antennbrevis), the second submarginal cell of the fore wing comparatively narrow (wide), length of the antenna 1.1 times fore wing (about 0.8 times) and head and mesosoma mainly blackish-brown (reddish-brown). Diagnosis. Mandible abruptly widened basally (Fig. 122); hypoclypeal depression absent (Fig. 122); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; first tergite largely smooth and shiny (Fig. 118); propodeum largely smooth, with square areola posteriorly, remaining far removed from short medio-longitudinal carina and from transverse subbasal carina (Fig. 118); posterior groove of pronotum smooth; propleuron flattened.

Opiognathus brevibasalis
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.1 mm, of fore wing 2.0 mm. Head. Antenna with 24 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.2, 3.2 and 2.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 119); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments short, about twice as long as wide; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina (Fig. 124) and dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum obsolescent; hypostomal carina rather narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 1.8 times temple; frons glabrous medially and laterally, smooth; face smooth, medially slightly elevated; width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face, clypeus convex, largely smooth and its ventral margin differentiated and nearly straight medially (Fig. 122); hypoclypeal depression absent (Fig. 122); mandible slightly convex, abruptly widened ventro-basally and with a short ventral carina (Fig. 124).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.9, 8.8 and 4.7 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 120); setae of hind femur and tibia moderately long; carinula of hind tibia long and distinctly sinuate (Fig. 120).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially but posteriorly protuberant and largely smooth, dorsal carinae remain separated from each other (except for a short ruga) and end near middle of tergite (Fig.  118); second and following tergites smooth; second suture absent; third and following tergites partly desclerotized apically; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 115, 125).
Notes. The new species runs (with some difficulty) in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Rhogadopsis pratensis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. Opiognathus brevibasalis differs by having a sinuate carinula on the hind tibia (absent in R. pratensis), the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum absent (present), the first tergite yellowish-brown apically and similar to second tergite (reddish-brown and darker) and length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width (1.3 times). Diagnosis. Face without tubercles; in front of anterior ocellus without distinct depression; frons without pair of distinct depressions above antennal sockets, but whole frons may be depressed; occipital carina present laterally, not or slightly curved ventrally and remain removed from hypostomal carina (Figs 132,142,153,163,173,183,193), near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and higher, usually narrower, or longer, not impressed; labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; mandible asymmetrical and more or less abruptly widened basally (Figs 132,142,153,163,173,183,193), with rectangular or acute angle, rarely in males less developed (e.g. O. ochrogaster); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum variable; pronope round or wide elliptical, or pronotum only with a shallow transverse groove; scutellar sulcus usually rather wide; propodeum usually smooth or superficially sculptured; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present, rarely absent; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically (Figs 127,137,146,158,168,178,187); vein 1-M of fore wing usually straight; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR; if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing or precoxal sulcus (almost) absent; length of fore wing usually less than 3.5 mm; second and basal half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease, if sometimes weakly developed then second tergite smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath more or less setose basally. Biology. Parasitoids of mining larvae of Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Drosophilidae, Tephritidae, Ephydridae and Cecidomyiidae.
Notes. The asymmetrical (excluding ventro-basal carina) and more or less abruptly widened mandible is essential for the recognition of this group. Some opiine species may cause confusion because of a rather wide ventro-basal carina of the mandible but are excluded from Opius s.s. because the mandible itself (in ventro-lateral view) is gradually widened basally. Diagnosis. Oblique groove of pronotum largely crenulate; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times as long as fore wing and about 0.7 times as long as first tergite (Fig. 126); clypeus truncate ventrally; hypoclypeal depression narrow slit-shaped (Fig.  131); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 128); vein CU1b of fore wing short (Fig. 127); vein r of fore wing short (Fig. 127); vein m-cu of fore wing parallel to vein 1-M (Fig. 127); hind tibia apically and tarsus brownish.
Head. Antenna with 25 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.5 and 2.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 134); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments petiolate, rather moniliform; occipital carina rather close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 132); hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 2.1 times temple; frons flattened and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 1.6 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face; clypeus flattened, smooth except for some punctures and its ventral margin thin and straight (Fig. 131); hypoclypeal depression slit-like, narrow (Fig. 131); malar suture present; without punctures between malar suture and clypeus; mandible abruptly widened baso-ventrally, with mediumsized and weakly protruding ventral carina (Fig. 132).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.6, 9.6 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long and tibia with medium-sized setae. (Fig. 130) Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex medially and coarsely rugose (including basally between dorsal carinae) and dorsal carinae developed in basal 0.6 of tergite, straight (Fig. 129); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 126, 133).
Notes. A female from Tian Ping Mt. and sampled as CVA4253 is very similar but is according to the molecular data a different species. It has the crenulate oblique groove of the pronotum, but the propodeum is steep and the segments of the labial palp are less moniliform. Molecular data from COI place it near Opiognathus and from 28S near Opiognathus + Coleopioides.
The new species runs (with some difficulty) in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng & Chen, 2005. Opius crenuliferus differs by having the head roundly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed in O. clusilis), the dorsal pronope obsolescent (distinct), length of the first tergite 1.1 times its apical width (1.4 times) and length of the third antennal segment 4 times its width (2.6 times).   Diagnosis. Malar suture deep (Fig. 142); clypeus wide (Fig. 141); second submarginal cell of fore wing large (Fig. 137); hypoclypeal depression large and deep (Fig. 141).
Head. Antenna with 29 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.2 and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 143); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments normal; occipital carina far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 1.2 times temple; frons flattened anteriorly and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially elevated; width of clypeus 2.4 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face and semi-elliptical (Fig. 142); clypeus slightly convex, somewhat protruding forwards, smooth except for some punctures and its ventral margin thin and straight (Fig. 141); hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Fig. 141); labrum slanted backwards; malar suture deep (Fig. 142); mandible with tooth-like protrusion, with a narrow ventral carina and second tooth small (Fig. 142).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.2, 11.2 and 7.3 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 140).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface convex but medially flattened and coarsely rugose and dorsal carinae developed in basal 0.4 of tergite (Fig. 139); second suture obsolescent; second and following tergites smooth; third tergite distinctly wider than second tergite.
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Phaedrotoma tabularis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. Opius malarator differs by having vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.2 times vein 2-SR (1.8 times in P. tabularis), the malar suture deep and complete (absent), the antenna with about 29 segments (39) and the dorsal carinae absent on posterior half of the tergite (up to apex). Diagnosis. Antenna with 23-27 segments and 1.1-1.3 times as long as fore wing; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times as long as fore wing and about half as long as first tergite (Fig. 145); clypeus truncate ventrally with a lamelliform rim and hypoclypeal depression distinct but rather narrow clypeus ventrally (Fig. 151); segments of labial palp moniliform, strongly narrowed basally (Fig. 155); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; propodeum and mesopleuron black or dark brown; propodeum less steep posteriorly than of O. pallipes; vein r of fore wing distinct; second submarginal cell of fore wing more widened basally than in O. pallipes (Fig. 146); vein CU1b of fore wing narrowly developed (Fig. 146); hind femur yellowish-brown dorsoapically hind tibia apically and tarsus usually infuscate.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 9.6 and 4.8 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long setae and of tibia medium-sized (Fig. 150).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex medially and with some rugae, but largely smooth and dorsal carinae developed in its anterior 0.7, parallel or nearly so medially (Fig. 148); second and following tergites smooth; length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 145, 154).
Distribution. *China (Hunan). Biology. Unknown, but Wen et al. (2002) reported Liriomyza species (Agromyzidae) as hosts of their specimens that may belong to this species (see below).
Notes. Very similar to O. pallipes Wesmael, 1835 (Figs 413-416) but the new species has the third labial palp segment bead-like petiolate (gradually narrowed and normal shaped in O. pallipes), the hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (minute), the ventral margin of the clypeus straight (slightly convex), the propleuron usually yellowish-brown (black); the hind femur of female narrow and pale yellowish (moderately wide and yellowish-brown), the first subdiscal cell of fore wing rather robust (comparatively slender), the antenna of the male 1.2-1.3 times as long as body (1.4-1.6 times), the second metasomal tergite of female yellowish-brown (usually dark brown) and there are differences in DNA sequences (COI, 16S). Most likely the O. pallipes reported from South China (Wen et al. 2002, Fischer 2004) belongs to O. monilipalpis sp. n. We have seen a female from North China (RMNH: Shandong, Anqiu, Suotou Mt., 31.VII.2009, c. 120 m) with normal third segment of labial palp (as in O. pallipes) and third antennal segment about 4 times as long as wide, but with a mediumsized hypoclypeal depression and the propleuron entirely and the first tergite medioposteriorly brownish. It may be a species closely related to O. pallipes Wesmael and O. moniliformis sp. n. It is not the very similar East Palaearctic O. extusus Papp, 1981, because the female of O. extusus has the antenna twice as long as its body.
The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Phaedrotoma postuma (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. Opius monilipalpis differs by having the mandible abruptly narrowed subbasally and assymmetical (gradually narrowed and nearly symmetrical in P. postuma), length of the mesosoma 1.4 times its height (1.2 times), the width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height (3 times), the pterostigma comparatively wide elliptical (narrow elliptical) and the length of the maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head (1.1-1.2 times). Diagnosis. Hind femur robust (Fig. 157); third antennal segment of ♀ about 3.4 times as long as wide (Fig. 165); area between malar suture and clypeus with some distinct punctures (Fig. 163); setose part of ovipositor sheath about 0.16 times as long as fore wing and about 1.3 times as long as first tergite (Figs 157, 164); clypeus flattened; epistomal suture distinctly impressed; pronotum flattened and horizontal medio-anteriorly and with a minute round pronope; mesopleuron largely chestnut-brown.
Head. Antenna incomplete, with 21 segments remaining (paratype: with 30 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing); third segment as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.4 and 3.3 times their width, respectively (Fig.  165); length of maxillary palp equal to height of head; labial palp segments petiolate, rather moniliform (Fig. 157); occipital carina far removed from hypostomal carina (Fig. 163) and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 1.4 times temple; frons slightly convex and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face; clypeus flattened, largely smooth (except some dorsal punctures) and its ventral margin thin and straight (Fig. 162); hypoclypeal depression slit-like, rather narrow (Fig. 162); malar suture present; with some distinct punctures between malar suture and clypeus (Fig. 163); mandible gradually widened baso-ventrally, with mediumsized and weakly protruding ventral carina (Fig. 163).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.3, 8.8 and 7.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 161).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, its surface distinctly convex medially and largely smooth and dorsal carinae developed next to spiracles, straight (Fig. 160); second suture slightly impressed; second and following tergites smooth; length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.16 times fore wing, 1.3 times first tergite and 0.5 times hind tibia (Figs 157, 164).  Colour. Black; antenna (but scapus and pedicellus yellowish) and mesosternum dark brown; palpi, tegulae and legs pale yellowish, but apex hind tibia and hind tarsus and telotarsi slightly darkened; clypeus ventrally, mandible and metasoma largely (but basal 0.8 of first tergite dark brown) brownish-yellow; mesopleuron largely chestnutbrown; pterostigma and veins mainly brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng & . Opius pachymerus differs by having the head roundly narrowed behind the eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed in O. clusilis), the dorsal pronope minute (large), length of the first tergite equal times its apical width (1.4 times), the width of the clypeus 1.8 times its height (4 times) and length of the hind femur 3.3 times its width (4.6 times). Diagnosis. Setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times as long as fore wing and about half as long as first tergite (Figs 167, 174); clypeus truncate ventrally; hypoclypeal depression narrowly developed (Fig. 172); pronotum yellowish-brown; pronope medium-sized (Fig. 176); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; propodeum and mesopleuron orange-brown; propodeum steep posteriorly (Fig. 170); vein r of fore wing distinct; vein CU1b of fore wing narrowly developed; second submarginal cell of fore wing slightly widened basally (Fig. 168); hind femur yellowish-brown dorso-apically.

Opius songi
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.6 mm, of fore wing 1.9 mm. Head. Antenna with 27 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 3.2 and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 175); length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; labial palp segments petiolate, rather moniliform; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 2.4 times temple; frons flattened and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 1.7 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus flattened, smooth and its ventral margin thin and straight; hypoclypeal depression slit-like, rather narrow (Fig. 172); malar suture present; without punctures between malar suture and clypeus; mandible gradually widened baso-ventrally, with medium-sized and weakly protruding ventral carina (Fig. 173).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 9.6 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long and tibia with medium-sized setae. (Fig. 171) Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex medially, posteriorly distinctly angled and superficially rugulose and dorsal  carinae developed in basal half of tergite, curved (Fig. 170); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 167, 174).
Molecular data. None.

Distribution. *China (Hunan).
Biology. Unknown. Etymology. Named in honour of Prof. Dr Dong-Bao Song, for his encouragement and for his contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Microgastrinae (Braconidae).
Notes. The new species runs (with some difficulty) in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng & . Opius songi differs by having the head roundly narrowed behind the eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed in O. clusilis), length of the first tergite 1.1 times its apical width (1.4 times), the length of the penultimate antennal segment of female 2.7 times its width (1.4 times), the length of the antenna 1.4 times length of fore wing (about as long) and length of the third antennal segment 3.7 times its width (2.6 times). Diagnosis. Clypeus flattened and comparatively large (Fig. 182), slightly convex ventrally; hypoclypeal depression narrow, slit-shaped (Fig. 182); pronotum short, oblique and without distinct pronope (Fig. 184) ; notauli absent on disc; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; hind tarsus (except telotarsus) brownish-yellow.

Opius youi
Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 1.8 mm, of fore wing 2.0 mm. Head. Antenna with 25 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.5 and 2.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 185); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments short, slender; occipital carina far from hypostomal carina (Fig. 183) and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 1.4 times temple; frons flattened and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height and 0.55 times width of face; clypeus slightly convex, smooth except for a few fine punctures and its ventral margin thin and slightly curved (Fig. 182); hypoclypeal depression slit-like, narrow (Fig. 182); malar suture present; without punctures between malar suture and clypeus; mandible rather abruptly widened baso-ventrally, with medium-sized and weakly protruding ventral carina (Fig. 183).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times its apical width, its surface convex medially and sparsely rugulose, largely smooth and dorsal carinae developed in basal half of tergite, straight (Fig. 180); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth.

Distribution. *China (Hunan).
Biology. Unknown. Etymology. Named in honour of Prof. Dr Lan-Shao You, for his encouragement and for his contribution to the dissemination of knowledge about Braconidae in China.
Notes. Opius youi is, according to 28S data, near the base of the Phaedrotoma clade. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng & Chen, 2005. Opius youi differs by having the head roundly narrowed behind the eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed in O. clusilis), the dorsal pronope obsolescent (distinct), length of the first tergite 1.2 times its apical width (1.4 times) and length of the third antennal segment 3.8 (♂) times its width (2.6 times; ♀). It comes also near O. flavus Weng & Chen, 2005, but it has the hind femur distinctly widened apically, vein r of fore wing about 1.5 times as long as wide, vein m-cu of fore wing more postfurcal and fourth antennal segment of female less slender. Diagnosis. Hind femur slender (Fig. 190); third antennal segment of ♀ about 4.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 186); area between malar suture and clypeus without distinct punctures (Fig. 193); setose part of ovipositor sheath about 0.15 times as long as fore wing, half as long as hind tibia and 1.5 times as long as first tergite (Fig. 186); clypeus flattened; epistomal suture distinctly impressed; pronotum flattened and horizontal medio-anteriorly and with a minute round pronope (Fig. 194); mesopleuron largely chestnut-brown; first tergite comparatively slender (Fig. 189).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex medially and sparsely rugulose, largely smooth and dorsal carinae developed in basal half of tergite, straight (Fig. 189); second suture absent; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.15 times fore wing, 1.5 times first tergite and 0.5 times hind tibia (Figs 186, 195).
Molecular data. None.

Distribution. *China (Hunan).
Biology. Unknown. Etymology. Named in honour of Prof. Dr Ai-Ping Zeng, for his encouragement of and help to the first two authors.
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng & . Opius zengi differs by having the head roundly narrowed behind the eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed in O. clusilis), the setose part of the ovipositor sheath 1.5 times as long as the first tergite (0.6 times), length of the first tergite 1.2 times its apical width (1.4 times) and length of the third antennal segment 4.5 times its width (2.6 times). Orientopius Fischer, 1966: 147;van Achterberg et al. 2012avan Achterberg et al. : 125, 2012b. Type species (by original designation): Orientopius curiosigaster Fischer, 1966 [examined].

Biology. Parasitoids of species of
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.3 mm, of fore wing 2.5 mm.
Head. Antenna with 25 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.7, 2.5 and 1.8 times their width, respectively (Figs 423, 428); length of maxillary palp unknown, palp submerged in glue; occipital carina widely removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 3.3 times temple; temples directly narrowed (Fig. 420) and largely smooth; vertex finely punctate, with interspaces mostly wider than punctures; frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and with some curved rugulae, remainder slightly convex and setose, largely finely punctate, with interspaces wider than punctures; face medio-dorsally elevated, coarsely punctate, with interspaces slightly wider than punctures and some striae latero-dorsally; width of clypeus 2.8 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face (Fig. 424); clypeus flat, smooth and its ventral margin rather thin and medially straight; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Fig. 424); labrum flat (including ventral rim); malar suture complete; with punctures between malar suture and clypeus; length of malar space 1.5 times basal width of mandible (Fig. 425); mandible strongly constricted and twisted apically, without distinct ventral carina, second tooth medium-sized.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.8, 7.0 and 3.7 times as long as wide, respectively (Fig. 427); hind femur with long setae and tibia densely rather short setose; third and fourth segments of fore tarsus distinctly longer than wide and about as long as wide, respectively.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 0.8 times its apical width, its surface smooth in front of united dorsal carinae and coarsely punctate-reticulate behind carinae, convex and no median carina posteriorly (Fig. 421); second suture coarsely crenulate, nearly straight, slightly widened medially and distinctly impressed; second tergite with row of punctures between longitudinal striae; median length of second tergite 2.1 times median length of third tergite; third tergite mainly with rows of punctures, but medially and posteriorly smooth; following tergites smooth and largely retracted below carapace; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.22 times fore wing, 0.6 times first-third tergites combined and 0.8 times longer than hind tibia; hypopygium far retracted, truncate apically and about 0.2 times as long as metasomal carapace.
Colour. Dark brown, including pterostigma, veins and antenna (but scapus yellow); head and mandible yellow, but head medio-dorsally and posteriorly infuscate; ovipositor sheath blackish; wing membrane subhyaline.  Cameron, 1907. Syn. n. Brachycentrus Szépligeti, 1907: 37 (nec Taschenberg, 1865 ope round or wide elliptical, or pronotum only with a shallow transverse groove; scutellar sulcus usually rather wide; propodeum usually smooth or superficially sculptured; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present, rarely absent; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically (Fig.  197); vein 1-M of fore wing usually straight; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR; if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing or precoxal sulcus (almost) absent; length of fore wing usually less than 3.5 mm; second and basal half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease, if sometimes weakly developed then second tergite smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath more or less setose basally. Biology. Parasitoids of mining Agromyzidae, Tephritidae, Ephydridae, Anthomyiidae, Scathophagidae, and Drosophilidae.

Distribution. Oriental China (Hunan
Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Notes. "Taxonomic dustbin" genus of the Opiinae; if there are no obvious autapomorphies (except for the lack of a dorsope) species are included in this genus. The species share a straight occipital carina ventrally, the symmetrical and basally gradually widened mandibles, the lack of a dorsope, the gradually widened or parallel-sided first tergite and the vein m-cu of the fore wing angled with neighbouring veins. It is most likely that this is not a monophyletic assemblage and is in need of future study. Diagnosis. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; antenna of female 1.5-1.7 times as long as fore wing (male: 1.5-1.6 times); length of eye in dorsal view about 2.8 times temple; clypeus convex medially (Fig. 202); propodeum largely coarsely rugose except anteriorly (Fig. 199); pronotal side and mesopleuron superficially granulate; precoxal sulcus wide and comparatively shallow, densely finely sculptured (Fig. 196); hind tarsus slender and pale yellowish as femur (Fig. 200); vein SR1 of fore wing 2.9-3.4 times as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. 197).

Phaedrotoma acuticlypeata
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.6 mm, of fore wing 2.0 mm. Head. Antenna with 26 segments and 1.6 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate seg-ments 3.7, 3.5, and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 201); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments rather moniliform; occipital carina distinctly removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 2.8 times temple; frons glabrous, very superficially granulate and strongly shiny and with pit medially, slightly convex laterally and in front of anterior ocellus; face largely smooth but laterally superficially granulate, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 202); width of clypeus 2.5 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus weakly convex, ventrally protruding forwards, smooth and its ventral margin sharp and straight (Fig. 202); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 202); malar suture partly narrowly impressed (Fig. 203); mandible gradually widened basally, with narrow and non-protruding ventral carina (Fig. 203).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.2, 9.2 and 5.5 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long setae and of tibia medium-sized (Fig. 200).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface weakly and gradually convex and largely finely and densely rugulose, dorsal carinae developed in its anterior 0.6, straight (Fig. 199); second and third tergites superficially granulate, division of tergites slightly elevated; length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia; apex of hypopygium rather acute (Figs 196, 204).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 8.5 and 4.5 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long setae and of tibia medium-sized (Fig. 209).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex but flattened medially and largely finely rugose or rugulose, dorsal carinae developed in its anterior 0.6, curved (Fig. 208); second and following tergites largely smooth, but with some superficial granulation, division of tergites slightly elevated; length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.06 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 205, 213).
Molecular data. None.
Variation. Paratype has length of the fore wing 2.0 mm, the antenna with 27 segments, precoxal sulcus finely crenulate and the head largely brownish-yellow.
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng , if the second tergite is considered to be smooth. Phaedrotoma angiclypeata differs by having the head roundly narrowed behind the eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed in O. clusilis), the mandible hardly widened basally (mandible distinctly widened), length of the first tergite 1.2 times its apical width (1.4 times) and length of the third antennal segment 4.5 times its width (2.6 times). The new species is close to Phaedrotoma postuma (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., but P. postuma has the head (except usually dorsally) and mesosoma laterally yellowish-brown or brown, the third antennal segment comparatively slender, the fourth antennal segment largely yellowish-brown, the malar space slightly longer and the ovipositor sheath narrow. Diagnosis. Clypeus normal ventrally and semi-circular (Fig. 221); width of clypeus 2.8 times its maximum height; mesosoma yellowish-brown laterally and ventrally; pronotal side smooth; precoxal sulcus somewhat wider, in elliptical depression; anterior groove of metanotum crenulate (Fig. 215); propodeum usually largely rugose and medio-longitudinal carina absent (Fig. 217); vein SR1 of fore wing 2.6 times as long as vein 3-SR; vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal (Fig. 216); vein 1r-m of hind wing distinctly oblique and 0.4 times vein 1-M (Fig. 216); second tergite densely and finely granulate-punctate (Fig. 218); setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.45 times as long as hind tibia (Fig. 223).
Head. Antenna with 32 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.8, 3.8, and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 224); length of maxillary palp 0.5 times height of head; labial palp segments short; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina (Fig. 221) and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 2.0 times temple; frons glabrous, smooth, evenly flattened; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 2.8 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus convex, protruding forwards, superficially punctate dorsally and its ventral margin thin and slightly concave (Figs 220, 221); hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 220); malar suture absent; mandible gradually widened basally and with a narrow ventral carina (Fig. 221).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.8, 7.1 and 6.5 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long setae and of tibia medium-sized (Fig. 219).

Metasoma.
Length of first tergite about equal to its apical width, its surface evenly gradually convex medially, longitudinally rugose and with dorsal carinae remain separated from each other and reaching apex of tergite (Fig. 218); second tergite densely and finely granulate-punctate (Fig. 218); third and following tergites smooth; length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.11times fore wing and 0.45 times hind tibia (Figs 215, 223).

Notes.
The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Phaedrotoma osculas (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. Phaedrotoma antenervalis differs by having the setose part of ovipositor sheath distinctly longer than the first tergite (0.8 times in P. osculas), length of the maxillary palp about equal to height of head (1.2 times) and the propodeum densely rugulose anteriorly (smooth). Diagnosis. Vein SR1 of fore wing 3.4-4.0 times as long as vein 3-SR; clypeus depressed ventrally and narrow sickle-shaped (Fig. 233); mesosoma (except black mesoscutum) orange-brown; second and third metasomal tergite micro-sculptured and propodeum smooth; hypopygium of ♀ obtuse apically or nearly so and 0.1-0.2 times as long as metasoma; labrum normal, without large space below clypeus (Fig. 233); hind femur about 4.5 times as long as wide.
Head. Antenna with 23 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.5 and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 236); length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; labial palp segments moniliform; occipital carina moderately far removed from hypostomal carina (Fig. 234) and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 1.8 times temple; frons slightly evenly convex and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially hardly elevated (Fig. 233); width of clypeus 3.5 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face, depressed ventrally and sickle-shaped (Fig. 233); clypeus slightly convex, distinctly protruding forwards, smooth except for a few punctures and its ventral margin thick and slightly concave; hypoclypeal depression wide (Fig. 233); malar suture shallow, linear; mandible slender triangular and somewhat narrowed submedially, with a narrow ventral carina (Fig. 234).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.5, 7.3 and 4.5 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 232).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 0.9 times its apical width, its surface flattened and coriaceous, matt and dorsal carinae developed in basal 0.4 of tergite (Fig. 231); second suture obsolescent; second and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.07 times fore wing and 0.2 times length of hind tibia (Fig. 235).
Notes. Phaedrotoma depressa runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius clusilis Weng & Chen, 2005. Phaedrotoma depressa differs by having the mandible gradually narrowed and nearly symmetrical (abruptly narrowed and asymmetrical in O. clusilis), the head roundly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (directly narrowed), the mandible hardly widened basally (mandible distinctly widened), length of the first tergite 0.9 times its apical width (1.4 times) and length of the third antennal segment 3.8 times its width (2.6 times). Phaedrotoma rugulosa (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. comes very close but has a higher clypeus (narrower), slenderer third and fourth antennal segments of ♀, T3-6 membranous and depressed posteriorly. Examination of the holotype of Opius vittatus Chen & Weng, 2005 (a junior homonym) showed that this is the same species as P. depressa despite it is not keying out to it. Diagnosis. Malar suture partly shallowly impressed (Fig. 243); clypeus mediumsized (Fig. 242); second submarginal cell of fore wing medium-sized (Fig. 238); setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.1-0.2 times as long as hind tibia; pronope, sculpture of propodeum and second and third tergites variable; first tergite mainly rugose and granulate (Fig. 240); anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; apical half of first metasomal tergite subparallel (Fig. 240); occipital carina comparatively close to hypostomal carina; clypeus largely subparallel-sided, densely punctate and medially depressed (Fig.  242); length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; antenna of female about 1.3 times as long as fore wing; length of eye in dorsal view about 3.5 times temple; propodeum coarsely rugose (Fig. 240).
Head. Antenna with 29 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.0, and 3.0 times their width, respectively malar suture partly shallowly impressed (Fig. 244); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments normal, elongate; occipital carina moderately far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 243); hypostomal carina rather narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 3.5 times temple; frons glabrous, smooth and strongly shiny and with shallow longitudinal depression medially, slightly convex; face largely smooth, medially slightly elevated; width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus rather flattened and superficially sculptured, ventrally depressed, not protruding forwards and its ventral margin obtuse and slightly concave malar suture partly shallowly impressed (Fig. 242); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 242); malar suture partly superficially impressed near eye (Fig. 243); mandible gradually widened basally, with narrow and non-protruding ventral carina (Fig. 243).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.1, 10.6 and 7.1 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long setae and of tibia medium-sized (Fig. 241).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times its apical width, its surface weakly and gradually convex and with widely spaced rugae and with granulate interspaces, dorsal carinae irregular and up to its posterior fifth (Fig. 240); second and third tergites superficially granulate, division of tergites slightly elevated (Fig. 240); length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.10 times fore wing and 0.35 times hind tibia (Figs 237, 245); apex of hypopygium rather protruding (Fig. 245).

Phaedrotoma flavisoma
Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 1.7 mm, of fore wing 1.9 mm. Head. Antenna with 27 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.3, 3.0 and 2.8 times their width, respectively (Fig. 255); length of maxillary palp about equal to height of head; labial palp segments normal; occipital carina far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 4.0 times temple; frons smooth, glabrous, flattened (Fig.  254); face smooth, glabrous, medially weakly elevated (Fig. 252); width of clypeus 3.3 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face; clypeus comparatively narrow and truncate medially, normal ventrally and semi-circular, its ventral margin thin and straight (Figs 252, 253); hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 252); malar suture absent; length of malar space 0.3 times basal width of mandible gradually widened basally, with a ventral carina (Fig. 253).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width, its surface moderately convex and largely finely rugose, dorsal carinae united in its anterior 0.5 and absent behind it (Fig. 250); second and following tergites smooth.
Head. Antenna with 21 segments and about as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.2, 2.8, and 1.9 times their width, respectively (Fig. 257); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments normal; occipital carina removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; length of eye in dorsal view 1.6 times temple; frons glabrous, slightly convex laterally; face largely smooth but laterally superficially punctate, medially distinctly elevated (Fig. 260); width of clypeus 4.0 times its maximum height and 0.8 times width of face; clypeus distinctly convex, punctate and its ventral margin curved (Fig. 260); hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 260); malar suture present; malar space 0.3 times basal width of mandible; mandible gradually widened basally, with narrow and ventral carina (Fig. 261).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.6, 7.4 and 3.8 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 257).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 0.7 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex and largely smooth (Fig. 263); second and third tergites smooth.
Colour. Black; antenna, palpi and legs dark brown; pterostigma and veins dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Molecular data. None.
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 1.6 mm, of fore wing 1.9 mm. Head. Antenna with 30 segments and 1.7 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.3, 3.7 and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 269); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; labial palp segments normal; occipital carina close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 1.5 times temple; frons glabrous, smooth, flattened and with pit medially, slightly convex laterally; face smooth, medially weakly elevated; width of clypeus 2.2 times its maximum height and 0.45 times width of face; clypeus convex, protruding forwards, largely punctate and its ventral margin thin and straight (Fig. 270); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 270); malar suture entirely absent; mandible gradually widened basally, with short and non-protruding ventral carina (Fig. 271).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times its apical width, its surface distinctly convex but flattened medially and largely finely rugose or rugulose, dorsal carinae developed on its anterior 0.6, curved (Fig. 267); second and following tergites largely smooth, but with some superficial granulation, division of tergites slightly elevated (Fig.  267); length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.07 times fore wing and 0.2 times hind tibia (Figs 264,272); apex of hypopygium rather acute (Fig. 272).
Notes. Belongs morphologically to the genus Phaedrotoma Foerster, but according to the DNA analysis belongs to the genus Opius Wesmael. The DNA analysis should be re-done to be sure this is not a result of contamination.
Head. Antenna with 34 segments and 1.5 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.7, 3.7 and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 280); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; labial palp segments normal, elongate; occipital carina rather close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 282); hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 3.5 times temple; frons glabrous, smooth and strongly shiny and flattened medially, slightly convex laterally; face largely smooth between sparse punctures, but slightly micro-sculptured medio-ventrally and dorso-laterally, medially slightly elevated (Fig. 281); width of clypeus 2.9 times its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus moderately convex and punctate, ventrally not protruding forwards and its ventral margin rather sharp and straight (Fig. 281); hypoclypeal depression comparatively large (Fig. 281); malar suture largely absent, slightly impressed near eye (Fig. 282); malar space comparatively short (Fig. 282), half as long as basal width of mandible; mandible gradually widened basally, with narrow and non-protruding ventral carina (Fig. 282).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.7, 9.8 and 5.7 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long setae and of tibia medium-sized (Fig. 279).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 0.9 times its apical width, its surface weakly and gradually convex and with widely spaced rugae and with granulate interspaces, dorsal carinae irregular and up to its posterior fifth (Fig. 278); second and third tergites superficially granulate, division of tergites slightly elevated; length of ventrally visible setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.27 times fore wing, 2.5 times first tergite and 0.8 times hind tibia (Figs 275,284); apex of hypopygium acute (Fig. 283).
Notes. The new species does not run well in the key by Chen and Weng (2005), but if the length of the mesosoma is considered to be variable, it runs to Phaedrotoma abortiva (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. Phaedrotoma rugulifera differs by having the mesosoma 1.3 times as long as high (1.5-1.6 times in P. abortiva), the malar suture largely absent, only shallowly impressed near the eye (deep and almost complete) and the length of the maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head (equal).  Tian Ping Mt., 9-13.vii.2009, 550 m, Xi-Ying Li, RMNH'10", "CVA4256, sp. 22". Diagnosis. Vein 1r-m of hind wing about 0.4 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig.  287); posterior groove of pronotal side and anterior groove of metapleuron smooth (Fig. 286).
Head. Antenna with 23 segments and 1.2 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.5, 3.2 and 2.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 294); length of maxillary palp 1.1 times height of head; labial palp segments normal; occipital carina widely removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent (Fig. 292); hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 2.3 times temple; frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and in front of anterior ocellus and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially elevated; width of clypeus 2.7 times its maximum height and 0.45 times width of face; clypeus rather convex but slightly protruding forwards and largely smooth (except for some punctures) and its ventral margin slightly concave and sharp (Fig. 291); hypoclypeal depression rather large (Fig. 291); malar suture deep; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 292).  Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height; dorsal pronope large, deep and round (Fig. 293); pronotal side smooth and posterior groove largely absent (Fig. 286); epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus medially subvertical, deep and slightly finely crenulate (Fig. 286); rest of mesopleuron smooth; pleural sulcus smooth; mesosternal sulcus deep and moderately crenulate; anterior groove of metapleuron largely smooth; notauli absent on disc, only anteriorly with pair of short smooth impressions (Fig. 288); mesoscutum glabrous and strongly shiny; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; scutellar sulcus moderately crenulate; scutellum convex medially, smooth; propodeum with short medio-longitudinal carina and rugose anteriorly, surface posteriorly mainly superficially rugulose (Fig. 289).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 9.4 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 290).
Head. Antenna on unique specimen broken (only 7 segments remaining); third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 2.0 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 295); length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; labial palp segments short; occipital carina far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 0.9 times temple; frons depressed behind antennal sockets and glabrous, smooth (Fig. 302); face smooth, medially broadly elevated (Fig. 300); width of clypeus 3.0 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face, clypeus flattened, smooth except for some punctures and its ventral margin thick and distinctly concave (Fig.  301); hypoclypeal depression wide (Fig. 300); malar suture reduced; length of malar space slightly less than basal width of mandible; mandible large, gradually widened baso-ventrally and with a narrow ventral carina (Fig. 301).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.0, 6.2 and 4.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 299).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 0.9 times its apical width, its surface evenly convex medially, coarsely rugose and with dorsal carinae united near apical fifth of tergite (Fig. 298); second and following tergites smooth and normally sclerotized.
Colour. Body black; antenna dark brown; head, tegulae and legs (but hind coxa and hind tarsus brown) yellow; pterostigma and veins brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Head. Antenna with 34 segments and 1.5 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.2, and 2.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 312); length of maxillary palp 1.1 times height of head; labial palp segments normal, elongate; occipital carina remain far hypostomal carina, crenulate and dorsally absent (Fig. 310); hypostomal carina medium-sized; length of eye in dorsal view 2.8 times temple; frons glabrous, smooth, without pit medially, slightly convex laterally and in front of anterior ocellus; face smooth, rather convex, medially weakly elevated (Fig. 309); width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face; clypeus flattened, with some punctures and its ventral margin protruding forwards, thin and convex (Fig. 309); hypoclypeal depression rather large (Fig. 309); malar suture entirely absent and malar space comparatively short; mandible not widened basally, with long and non-protruding ventral carina (Fig. 310).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.1, 9.6 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with long setae (Fig. 308).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface rather convex but flattened medially and largely longitudinally costate-striate, dorsal carinae up to apex of tergite, slightly sinuate (Fig. 307); second and following tergites smooth, division of second with third tergite slightly elevated; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.11 times fore wing and 0.4 times hind tibia; apex of hypopygium rather acute (Figs 304, 311).
Variation. The paratype female is very similar to the holotype, length of body 1.9 mm, of fore wing 2.4 mm; antenna with more than 31 segments (apical segment(s) missing).
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Phaedrotoma osculas (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. Phaedrotoma vermiculifera differs by having the malar space comparatively short (Fig. 298), half as long as the basal width of the mandible (0.7 times in P. osculas), the surface of the propodeum largely finely vermiculate-rugose or -rugulose (Fig. 296), without distinct carinae (smooth anteriorly and with pair of carinae posteriorly), the length of the mesosoma 1.2 times its height (1.4 times) and the length of maxillary palp 1.1 times height of head (1.3 times).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.5, 7.0 and 4.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 323).
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) with some difficulty to Opius aquacaducus Chen & Weng, 2005, but R. latipennis has normal mandibles (asymmetrical in O. aquacaducus), the medio-posterior depression is round (droplet-shaped) and the scutellum is slightly convex (strongly tuberculate convex). Rhogadopsis tabidula (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. and R. pratellae (Weng  comb. n. are similar but have vein 1r-m of hind wing less enlarged (about as long as vein 1-M and about 1.3 times in R. latipennis) and the setose part of the ovipositor sheath is either shorter (0.3 times hind tibia in R. tabidula) or longer (0.6 times hind tibia in R. pratellae) than in R. latipennis (0.4 times hind tibia). Rhogadopsis tabidula has a droplet shaped medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum (round in R. latipennis) and the anterior half of the notauli present on the disc (as in R. latipennis; absent in R. tabidula).  Yuankou, 28.V.1988, Jian-Ping Liu, No. 181". Diagnosis. Posterior groove of pronotal side crenulate; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 327); anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly (Fig. 328); vein m-cu of fore wing postfurcal (Fig. 326); vein 1r-m of hind wing about 0.9 times as long as vein 1-M; vein CU1b of fore wing medium-sized (Fig. 326); first tergite normal and without median carina (Fig. 328); length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.5 times fore wing and twice as long as hind tibia (Fig. 333).
Head. Antenna with 27 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.4 and 1.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 332); length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; labial palp segments short; occipital carina close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 1.3 times temple; frons flat, smooth and glabrous; face smooth, medially elevated (Fig.  330); width of clypeus 1.8 times its maximum height and 0.4 times width of face; clypeus moderately convex, largely smooth, slightly concave and thin (Fig. 330); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 330); malar suture absent; length of malar space about equal to basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 331).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.0, 7.1 and 5.0 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 329). Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width, its surface evenly gradually convex medially, longitudinally rugose and with dorsal carinae separated and up to apex (Fig. 328); basal half of second tergite densely and finely granulate; third tergite and following tergites smooth; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.5 times fore wing and twice hind tibia (Figs 325, 333).

Notes.
The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Rhogadopsis dimidia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. or Xynobius complexus (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. The new species differs from the latter because of absence of the dorsope (present in X. complexus), no notauli on the mesoscutal disc (entirely impressed) and the normally sclerotized second and following tergites (partly desclerotized). The new species differs from R. dimidia by having the length of eye 1.3 times temple in dorsal view (about 7 times in R. dimidia), basal half of notauli absent on mesoscutal disc (present and crenulate), and second and third tergites granulate (longitudinally striate). Rhogadopsis diutia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. is similar, but R. longicaudifera has the ovipositor sheath about 4 times as long as the first tergite (about half as long in R. diutia), the pleural sulcus smooth (crenulate), length of the malar space about equal to basal width of mandible (0.6 times) and the pterostigma triangular (elliptical). ( Diagnosis. Vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.7-1.0 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 335); anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; posterior groove of pronotal side largely absent and remainder nearly smooth; first tergite elongate and with median carina (Fig.  337); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 336).

Rhogadopsis longuria
Description. Male from Bamaoxi, length of body 2.8 mm, of fore wing 2.9 mm. Head. Antenna with 32 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.3 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.0 and 2.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 338); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina rather close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 3.8 times temple; frons rather depressed anteriorly and glabrous, largely smooth; face largely coarsely punctate and with distinct smooth interspaces, medially elevated (Fig. 339); width of clypeus 2.9 times its maximum height and 0.65 times width of face; clypeus rather convex, distinctly protruding forwards and coarsely punctate and its ventral margin slightly concave and thin, acute (Fig. 339); hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 339); malar suture absent; length of malar space 0.3 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 340).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.5, 8.5 and 5.2 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 341).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width, its surface keel-like convex and largely smooth, its dorsal carinae united at basal 0.3 and with long median carina (Fig. 337); second suture slightly indicated; second and following tergites smooth.
Variation. Second male from Bamaoxi has 34 antennal segments, length of fore wing 3.0 mm and surroundings of medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum finely crenulate.

Biology. Unknown.
Notes. The males run in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Opius diutius Chen & Weng, 2005. Rhogadopsis longuria differs by having the propodeum with a nearly complete medio-longitudinal carina and remainder largely smooth (entirely reticulaterugose in O. diutius), the width of the clypeus about 3 times its height (about twice), the length of the malar space 0.3 times the basal width of mandible (0.6 times) and the first tergite with a keel-like convexity medially (flattened medially and without keel). Diagnosis. Length of body about 3.8 mm; antennal segments about 43; area below pterostigma slightly infuscate; length of eye in dorsal view about equal to temple in dorsal view; mesoscutum about as long as wide; anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate; precoxal sulcus widely crenulate (Fig. 349); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum elongate (Fig. 344); propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly (Fig. 345); vein CU1b of fore wing medium-sized; vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.6 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 343); second submarginal cell of fore wing narrowed apically; first tergite about as long as wide (Fig. 345).
Head. Antenna with 43 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.5 and 1.5 times their width, respectively (Figs 342, 350); length of maxillary palp 1.1 times height of head; labial palp segments slender; occipital carina moder- ately close to hypostomal carina and medio-dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view about equal to temple; frons medially convex, depressed behind antennal sockets, largely smooth and glabrous; face largely punctate, medially distinctly elevated (Fig. 347); width of clypeus 2.7 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face; clypeus rather convex, distinctly protruding forwards and coarsely punctate and its ventral margin concave and thick (Fig. 347); hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 347); malar suture absent; length of malar space 0.7 times basal width of mandible; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 348).
Head. Antenna with 28 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.3, 3.2 and 2.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 373); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; labial palp segments normal; occipital carina rather close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 4.0 times temple; frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and glabrous, smooth; face smooth, medially elevated (Fig. 369); width of clypeus twice its maximum height and 0.5 times width of face; clypeus rather convex, slightly protruding forwards and largely smooth (except for some punctures) and its ventral margin slightly concave and obtuse (Figs 369,370,371); hypoclypeal depression rather large (Fig. 369); malar suture deep; mandible triangular and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 369).
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.0, 7.4 and 5.2 times as long as wide, respectively; hind femur with long and tibia with medium-sized setae (Fig. 368).
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface convex and finely longitudinally rugose, its dorsal carinae united at basal 0.3 (Fig. 367); second suture slightly indicated; second and basal half of third tergite finely longitudinally aciculate (Fig. 367).
Notes. The new species runs in the key by Chen and Weng (2005) to Rhogadopsis sculpta (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. Rogadopsis sculpturator differs by having  the length of mesosoma 1.2 times its height (1.4 times in R. sculpta), the length of the third antennal segment about 4 times as long as wide (about twice) and the propodeum largely smooth posteriorly (reticulate). According to Fig. 206 in Chen and Weng (2005) the second tergite of R. sculpta is smooth. If this character is considered to be variable then also Apodesmia puncta (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. might be considered. This species has (besides the smooth second tergite and the curved occipital carina) 36 antennal segments, the first tergite 1.2 times as long as wide posteriorly and the propodeum with a large areola. Rhogadopsis apii (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. is similar but has the first tergite about 1.1 times as long as wide, the antenna 1.0-1.1 times as long as the body, the clypeus narrow semi-elliptical and second and third tergites striate.

Diagnosis.
Hind tibia with an oblique carina basally (Fig. 378) or with series of fine oblique striae; face without tubercles; in front of anterior ocellus with a distinct semicircular or triangular depression, rarely absent; frons with pair of distinct depressions above antennal sockets (Fig. 381); occipital carina present laterally not or slightly curved ventrally and remaining removed from hypostomal carina, near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest, or completely absent; clypeus more or less convex and high or usually narrow, or longer, not impressed; labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; hypoclypeal depression distinct; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions (Fig. 379); mandible usually shorter and wider, slender basally and twisted apically, with protruding carina (Fig. 380) or distinctly widened to a baso-ventral tooth or lobe; medioposterior depression of mesoscutum usually present (Fig. 376); pro-nope slit-like or elliptical, very large to large and deep (Fig. 381) or absent; scutellar sulcus usually rather wide; propodeum coarsely (reticulate-)rugose (Fig. 376); precoxal sulcus usually distinctly sculptured; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present, rarely absent; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically (Fig. 375); vein 1-M of fore wing more or less curved and in part of species vein 1-SR comparatively long; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR; if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing or precoxal sulcus (almost) absent; length of fore wing usually more than 3.5 mm; second and basal half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease, if sometimes weakly developed then second tergite smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath more or less setose basally, its length 0.1-0.7 times fore wing. Biology. Parasitoids of fruit infesting Tephritidae and to a lesser degree of Agromyzidae and Anthomyiidae; at least part of the records of latter families may be the result of misidentification of the hosts.
Head. Antenna with 35 segments and 0.9 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.5, 2.1and 1.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 382); length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; labial palp segments short; occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina wide; length of eye in dorsal view 1.3 times temple; frons depressed behind antennal sockets and glabrous, smooth, medially convex (Fig. 381); face smooth, medially broadly elevated; width of clypeus 3.0 times its maximum height and 0.6 times width of face, clypeus evenly convex, sparsely punctate and its ventral margin truncate and thick (Fig. 380); hypoclypeal depression medium-sized (Fig. 379); malar suture obsolescent; mandible slightly convex (Fig. 380).

Xynobius notauliferus
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.2 mm, of fore wing 2.7 mm. Head. Antenna with 26 segments and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; length of third segment 1.4 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.0, 3.6, and 3.2 times their width, respectively (Fig. 387); length of maxillary palp 1.4 times height of head; labial palp segments elongate (Fig. 384); occipital carina moderately close to hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; median groove behind stemmaticum present; hypostomal carina narrow; length of eye in dorsal view 4.4 times temple; frons with shallow median groove and pit, flattened and glabrous medially, smooth and laterally setose; face smooth, medially keel-shaped elevated (Fig.  388); width of clypeus 1.6 times its maximum height and 0.45 times width of face, clypeus convex, truncate ventrally, smooth and its ventral margin not differentiated and straight; hypoclypeal depression large (Fig. 388); malar suture absent; mandible normal, with medium-sized narrow ventral carina (Fig. 390).