A survey of oonopid spiders in Taiwan with descriptions of three new species

Abstract The oonopid spiders of Taiwan are surveyed. Seven genera and 13 species are recognized, including 3 new species: Ischnothyreus kentingensis sp. n., Xyphinus hwangi sp. n. and Xestaspis shoushanensis sp. n. Seven species are newly recorded from this region: Brignolia parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Opopaea apicalis s (Simon, 1893), Opopaea cornuta Yin & Wang, 1984, Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891, Orchestina sinensis Xu, 1987, Pseudotriaeris karschi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) and Xestaspis loricata (L. Koch, 1873).


Introduction
Goblin spiders are small (1-4 mm), haplogyne, litter or canopy-dwelling, free hunting spiders. They are distributed nearly worldwide and are abundant in the tropics. Currently, the family includes 1325 described species in 97 genera (Platnick 2014).
The island of Taiwan is situated some 180 km off the southeastern coast of mainland China, and has an area of 35,883 km 2 . The oonopid spider fauna of this region has been poorly studied. To date, only four species, Gamasomorpha cataphracta Karsch, 1881, Ischnothyreus narutomii (Nakatsudi, 1942), I. peltifer (Simon, 1891) and Opopaea sauteri Brignoli, 1974, have been recorded from Taiwan (Brignoli 1974;Saaristo 2001). Our survey of the oonopid spiders of Taiwan was carried out from June 25 to July 3, 2013. The present paper expands the oonopid diversity of Taiwan to 8 genera and 14 species, including 3 new to science (described here) and 7 already-described species which are recorded from Taiwan for the first time. All the specimens were collected by sifting leaf litter.

Material and methods
The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied with the use of an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. All illustrations were made using a drawing tube and inked on ink jet plotter paper. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 550D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels). Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken with a Hitachi S-4800. Measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters.
The following abbreviations are used in the text: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes.
All specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS) and Shenyang Normal University in Shenyang (SYNU).   spiracles not connected by groove. Pedicel tube short, unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel. Dorsal scutum covering about 4/5 of abdomen, about equal to the abdomen width, not fused to epigastric scutum. Epigastric and postepigastric scutum well sclerotized, pale orange, fused. Leg spine formula: femur I with 2 prolateral and 1 small retrolateral spine, tibia I with 4 pairs, metatarsus I with 2 pairs of long ventral spines. Spination of leg II similar to leg I except femur with only one prolateral spine. Legs III and IV spineless. Genitalia: sperm pore situated at level of anterior spiracles. Palp strongly sclerotized, trochanter with ventral projection (vp); patella about as long as femur, not enlarged; cymbium brown, not fused with bulb, bulb brown, more than twice as long as cymbium, stout, tapering apically, with two small ventral protuberances (vpr), at the bending site with a membranous lobe (ml), distal part of bulb with membranous outgrowth (meo) (Figs 1I-K, 3A, B, D).
Ischnothyreus narutomii (Nakatsudi, 1942) http://species-id.net/wiki/Ischnothyreus_narutomii Comments. Lee (1966) recorded this species in Taichung City of Taiwan; this species has also been found in the Hainan Province of China and in Japan.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality.   strongly striated (Figs 8B, D, 9B, D), by the abdominal scuto-pedicel region with only one straight scutal ridge, without a second, upper, semicircular ridge (Fig. 8J, K), and by the male palp with strongly pointed conical extension (ce in Fig. 10A, B).
Distribution. Known only from the type locality.