Catalogue of the type material of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) deposited in the Instituto Evandro Chagas, Brazil

Abstract The available type material of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) deposited in the “Coleção de Flebotomíneos” of the Instituto Evandro Chagas (ColFleb IEC) is now presented in an annotated catalogue comprising a total of 121 type specimens belonging to 12 species as follow: Nyssomyia richardwardi (2 female paratypes), Nyssomyia shawi (9 male and 25 female paratypes), Nyssomyia umbratilis (female holotype and 1 female paratype), Nyssomyia yuilli yuilli (1 male and 1 female paratypes), Pintomyia gruta (1 male and 2 female paratypes), Psychodopygus lainsoni (2 male syntypes), Psychodopygus leonidasdeanei (male holotype, female “allotype” and 45 female paratypes), Psychodopygus llanosmartinsi (2 female paratypes), Psychodopygus wellcomei (1 male and 4 female “syntypes”), Trichophoromyia readyi (male holotype, female “allotype” and 1 male paratype), Trichophoromyia adelsonsouzai (male holotype, 13 male 5 female paratypes), and Trichophoromyia brachipyga (1 male paratype).


Introduction
In the Americas, more than 450 species of the subfamily Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840 (Diptera: Psychodidae) have been described (Galati 2003) and 267 of these have so far been recorded in Brazil (Andrade et al. 2013). Phlebotomine sand flies play an important role in the transmission of virus, bacteria and protozoa, mainly Leishmania species. In Brazil six and eleven species have been incriminated or suspected, respectively, in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (Ready 2013). On the other hand and also in Brazil, the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis is the psychodid Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) while L. cruzi (Mangabeira, 1942) and L. almerioi Galati & Nunes, 1999 have been indicated as suspected vectors (Santos et al. 1998, Savani et al. 2009).
Biological collections are an important source of information on the composition, distribution and biological degree of biodiversity (Suarez and Tsutsui 2004). In addition, the types (the specimens described in the first published account of a new taxonomic group) deposited in these collections are the most valuable material for this information and their maintenance thus depends on financial support and curatorial care (NPS 2005).
In Brazil, there are six depositary institutions with type-species of sand flies. One of these is the "Coleção de Flebotomíneos" in the Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), known by the acronym "ColFleb IEC", located in Ananindeua municipality, State of Pará. At present, this collection consists of approximately 140 taxa distributed in species and subspecies levels of Phlebotominae (Fraiha and Ryan 1986). Most of them were collected, mounted and deposited by previous researchers in the IEC during studies on the ecology and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Amazonian Brazil (Lainson and Shaw 2005).
Some glass slide labels of non-type material revealed that the oldest specimens of this collection belong to the 1960's (TVS, personal observation). Although a total of 55 valid species have been described by researchers directly related to the Instituto Evandro Chagas between 1945 and 2014 Ryan 1986, Santos et al. 2014), some of these type specimens seem to have been lost, such as Evandromyia carmelinoi (Ryan, Fraiha, Lainson & Shaw, 1986). According to original description, some paratypes of Bichromomyia olmeca nociva (Young & Arias, 1982) and Psychodopygus yucumensis (Le Pont, Caillard, Tibayrenc & Desjeux, 1986) should have been deposited in the Instituto Evandro Chagas collection, but not one of these has been found.
This study presents an annotated catalog of the type material of the Phlebotominae deposited at the ColFleb IEC to help entomologists searching for types.

Material and methods
Each type specimen was examined individually after checking the respective labels against original descriptions and additional bibliographical material. An active search for glass slides stored in boxes of nontype material was undertaken and the slides carefully analyzed to avoid excluding types which might have been mislaid.
After screening and comparison with original drawings, the type status of the specimens was confirmed and those identified were reorganized in horizontal slide cabinets with red labels for holotypes/"allotypes"; and green labels for paratypes/"syntypes". The list presents basic information directly from the original labels (species name, date, locality and collector/determinator). Although some types were originally classified using classical criteria (Lewis et al. 1977, Ready et al. 1980, this catalogue follows the phylogenetic classification proposed by Galati (1995). The article is presented in accordance with earlier lists of other insect groups (Zompro and Domenico 2005, Mello and Ziegler 2012, Reboleira et al. 2012. Image database and digitalization of information has been undertaken and the latter is available at Species Link Database (http://splink.cria.org.br).
The taxon and respective available data are listed below in alphabetical order of genus using the following format: Binomial name Author, publication date. Journal or Technical Bulletin, volume (number): pages.
Typology: Specimens' number and gender. Information for all specimens was a direct copy of the labels with no modification. Labels are indicated by quotation marks (" "), with each line in the label separated by a double slash (//), and handwriting information in labels indicated by italics.
Type-locality: locality or municipality (geographical coordinates), State or department, country.
Original name: as in the original description. Additional note: only Brazilian institutions were assessed. Characteristics of each type series were highlighted giving the number of slides and number of specimens mounted on them, mentioning if the specimens were dissected or remounted or the presence of a label on the slide.

Unusual abbreviations are listed below:
Coll. collector Method of capture sp. n.
new species rem.
Shannon trap Sp.
species name

List of type material
Original name: Psychodopygus lainsoni Additional note: one slide with two specimens. No label. Data written directly on the slide with white brush.

Conclusion
Until now, there are 12 sand fly species included as type specimens deposited in the COLFleb IEC. The type material of Ev. carmelinoi, including male holotype and the female described as allotype (= paratype), is lost. The other two species mentioned in the original description as deposited in the "Instituto Evandro Chagas", Bi. olmeca nociva and Ps. yucumensis were not found in the collection. According to original description the species described by Mangabeira during 1938 and 1942 were deposited in the "Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" and those by Damasceno andcollaborators andbetween 1944 and1950 in the Natural History Museum of the United States (Smithsonian Museum, Washington D.C.).
The ColFleb IEC is the only Institute in Brazil that holds type-species of Pi. gruta, Ps. leonidasdeanei and Th. readyi (AJA, personal observation). The male holotype and 2 male and three female paratypes of Ps. lainsoni are deposited at the "Coleção Padrão" of the "Departamento de Epidemiologia" of the "Faculdade de Saúde Pública" of the "Universidade de São Paulo" (FSP-USP). Three other type series of sand flies can be found in the same Institution: two female paratypes of Ny. umbratilis and a male and a female "topotypes" of Ny. yuilli yuilli. In the "Coleção de Flebotomíneos" of the "Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou" (FIOCRUZ-COLFLEB) another slide of a Ps. llanosmartinsi male, described as "plesiotype/paratype", was found in addition to two paratype males (n°44.38-44.39) and six paratype females (n°44.20-44.25) of Ny. richardwardi, and four paratype males (n°43.52, 43.54, 43.55, 43.56) and six paratype female (n°43.30-43.35) of Ny. shawi. With regards to Ps. wellcomei, one slide of a syntype female is deposited in the FIOCRUZ-COLFLEB, and one syntype male and two syntype females of the same species are found in the entomological collection named "Costa Lima" in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CEIOC). According to Fraiha and Ryan (1986) more than 20 valid species were described by Dr. Octavio Mangabeira Filho. Unfortunately, few specimens described by him have been found in Brazilian institutions (Andrey Andrade, personal communication). Of these, just one male paratype of Trichophoromyia brachipyga was located in the ColFleb IEC and another male paratype is deposited in the "John Lane Collection" of the FSP-USP. Finally, paratypes of Th. adelsonsouzai have been distributed to different collections in Brazil (Santos et al. 2014).
Depository institutions and natural history collections are very important to know and document biodiversity around the world. Unfortunately, these holdings of biodiversity information are often not easy to survey and it is common to observe that some type species are not deposited according to the original description. This may be due to the fact that the author does not always send them to the intended institution, or the specimens are later donated or sold to other institutions, or sadly they were destroyed or lost. Annotated catalogues are the first step to organize these invaluable collections and they may help in updating the deposited material. The authors hope that similar studies can be made by other institutions which have relevant collections, particularly those that hold type-species of Brazilian species.