Italian Dermestidae: notes on some species and an updated checklist (Coleoptera)

Abstract An up-to-date checklist of the Italian Dermestidae is provided. The presence of 95 species in Italy is confirmed, while further 5 species (Dermestes (Dermestes) vorax Motschulsky, 1860, Thorictuspilosus Peyron, 1857, T. wasmanni Reitter, 1895, Attagenus (Attagenus) simonis Reitter, 1881 and Globicornis (G.) breviclavis (Reitter, 1878)) and 1 subspecies (A. (A.) tigrinus pulcher Faldermann, 1835) are excluded from the Italian fauna. Attagenus (Attagenus) calabricus Reitter, 1881 and A. (A.) lobatus Rosenhauer, 1856 are for the first time recorded from Abruzzi and Tuscany respectively; A. (A.) silvaticus Zhantiev, 1976 is recorded for the first time from mainland Italy (Apulia); Anthrenus (Anthrenus) angustefasciatus Ganglbauer, 1904 is new to northern Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), central Italy (Tuscany), Apulia and Basilicata; A. (A.) munroi Hinton, 1943 is new to central Italy (Elba Island); A. (A.) delicatus Kiesenwetter, 1851 is for the first time recorded from Apulia; Globicornis (Globicornis) fasciata (Fairmaire & Brisout de Barneville, 1859) is new to southern Italy (Basilicata); G. (Hadrotoma) sulcata (C.N.F. Brisout de Barneville, 1866) is for the first time recorded from central Italy (Abruzzi), Campania and Sicily, whileTrogoderma inclusum LeConte, 1854 is new to Apulia. Seven species (Dermestes (Dermestes) peruvianus Laporte de Castelnau, 1840, D. (Dermestinus) carnivorus Fabricius, 1775, D. (Dermestinus) hankae Háva, 1999, D. (Dermestinus) intermedius intermedius Kalík, 1951, D. (Dermestinus) szekessyi Kalík, 1950, Anthrenus (Anthrenops) coloratus Reitter, 1881 and Trogodermaangustum (Solier, 1849)) recently recorded from Italy (without further details) are discussed. The lectotype and a paralectotype are designated forAttagenus (A.) calabricus Reitter, 1881 from Calabria. Attagenus pellio (Linnaeus, 1758) var. pilosissimus Roubal, 1932 is removed from synonymy with A. (A.) pellio and recognized as a valid species (stat. prom.); it is known from Lombardy, Apulia and Calabria.


Introduction
The main purpose of the present paper is to enhance knowledge of the Dermestidae of Italy. It is chiefly based on material collected by the staff of the Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale "Bosco Fontana" di Verona (Italy), during entomological surveys in various Italian Protected Areas (e.g. Cerretti et al. 2003, Mason et al. 2006, Nardi and Vomero 2007, Cerretti et al. 2009). Moreover, this paper gives an opportunity to provide a new checklist of the Dermestidae of Italy: it updates the nomenclature, systematics and the faunistic of the previous (Audisio et al. 1995) chiefly according to recent capital works (Háva 2007, Zhantiev 2011a, Háva 2011a.

Material and methods
This paper is organized in three sections: "Notes on some species", "Literature records" and "A new checklist of the Dermestidae of Italy".
The first section is based chiefly on study of new material. With very few exceptions, identifications were made by J. Háva. The second section summarizes the literature data updating the Italian distribution of the species provided by Audisio et al. (1995) or by Háva and Nardi (2011).
In both sections, nomenclatural combinations and possible synonyms (listed chronologically-alphabetically) found in the literature that includes Italian records are provided below the valid name of each species or subspecies.
The first section concerns 25 species. As far as possible, the following data are provided for each record: region, province, general area and/or commune, locality of collection, altitude, UTM coordinates, date of collection, collector/s, collecting method, possible research project, number of specimens, and, in parentheses, abbreviation of depository. The labels of the examined specimens are generally written in Italian; hereunder, the regions and the collecting methods were translated into English. The label
Remarks. Species described from Peru (cf. Háva and Kalík 2005); the first precise record from Italy is shown above. Domenichini et al. (1993: 272) wrote that this species is common in food factories and was reared experimentally in an insectarium in Piacenza University (northern Italy), but the place of origin of this captive population is not mentioned. This species, and D. (Dermestinus) carnivorus Fabricius, 1775 (see below), are also considered in an Italian manual of applied entomology (Pollini 1998) (Háva 2007). Italian mainland (Zhantiev 2011a).
Remarks. New collecting sites from Tuscany and Apulia. In Tuscany, the species was formally recorded from a sole locality (Bordoni et al. 2006); it is also for the first time recorded here from a nature reserve, of which the beetle-fauna is well known (cf. Zinetti and Terzani 2009). The species was already known from Apulia, from various localities, including the Gargano National Park (see the references above). Sapuppo (2002) recorded Dermestes ater DeGeer, 1774 from two Sicilian localities based on specimens collected by A. Gulli and identified by A. Porta. The data from a locality are exactly the same as those of "Dermestes ater Oliv." provided by Gulli (1941), and thus, both sites are attributed here to D. (Montandonia) olivieri; the homonymy (D. ater DeGeer and D. ater Oliver) was very probably the cause of the error of Sapuppo (2002). Dermestes (Dermestes) ater DeGeer is a cosmopolitan species, but in Italy it is known from some northern regions only (Luigioni 1929: 537, as D. (Dermestes) cadaverinus Fabr. [= Fabricius, 1775, Negrisolo 1993: 92, as D. ater Degeer, Audisio et al. 1995: 12, as D. (Dermestes) ater Degeer).
Remarks. First record from the Abruzzi region; this new site (cf. Osella 1988) is at the northernmost limit of the species distribution, while the above record from the Brindisi province is at the easternmost limit. The southernmost site is the Pantelleria Island in the Sicilian Channel (Liebmann 1962).
Reitter (1881) described this species without giving any locality of collecting (see also Reitter 1887), but based on the specific name, the type locality is apparently in the Calabria region (southern peninsular Italy). The species was described based on an unspecified number of specimens without any type designation (Reitter 1881). The two type specimens above are thus syntypes and are designated here as lectotype and paralectotype, respectively; in this way "Calabria" becomes the type locality of the species (ICZN 1991, art. 76.2 (Roubal 1932, Porta 1934, Angelini 1986, 1991, Háva and Nardi 2007.
Remarks. Attagenus pellio var. pilosissimus from Apulia was listed as a synonym of A. (A.) pellio by Audisio et al. (1995), because Mroczkowski (1968) listed pilosissimus as a "variety". This means that this name was implicitly considered as a junior synonym as Mroczkowski also treated subspecific taxa in his paper. This opinion was confirmed by Háva and Nardi (2007: 122) through a study of the holotype, a female specimen which is very worn. A photo of this holotype is published at http://www.dermestidae.com/ Attagenuspelliopilosissimus.html. Nevertheless, based on the study of the above new material, this variety is resurrected as a valid species (stat. prom.). Attagenus (Attagenus) Chorotype. European (Czech Republic, Hungary, northwestern Russia, Sicily, Slovakia, Ukraine) with extension eastward to "Caucasus", Anatolia, Iran and West Siberia (Háva 2007, Háva and Nardi 2007, as A. silvaticus, Zhantiev 2011a.
Remarks. First detailed records from Apulia. About Sicily, Ragusa (1892) wrote Ne posseggo vari esemplari [= I have several specimens] without giving the collecting sites, so the sole known precise Sicilian localities were the Pantelleria and Lipari Islands (Liebmann 1962, Lo Cascio et al. 2006; the above new site is located in one of the most important forested areas of western Sicily, a zone of great value for environmental conservation (cf. Sabella and Sparacio 2004, Mason et al. 2006, La Mantia et al. 2010, Falci et al. 2012. Luigioni (1923a) also recorded A. (A.) delicatus from the environs of Rome; this record was overlooked by Nardi (1997). As stated by Audisio et al. (1995: 16), the Italian distribution of this species should be verified, because it was considered for a long time as a variety or aberration of A. (A.) pimpinellae. Moreover, the colour of elytral fasciae in four of the above Apulian specimens are visually very similar to those of A. (A.) mroczkowskii Kalík, 1954, nevertheless their identification was established by the examination of the structure of antennae, 9th sternite and male genitalia (cf. Kadej 2005, Kadej et al. 2007. In this framework, it will be better to revise the specimens of A. (A.) mroczkowskii recorded so far from Italy (Angelini 1986 Chorotype. Mediterranean (eastwards as far as Ukraine, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel), with extension to Hungary and Portugal (cf. Kadej et al. 2007, Háva and. Italian distribution. Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria (Angelini 1986, Angelini and Montemurro 1986, Angelini 1987 and Sardinia (Háva and Nardi 2011).
Remarks. First record for central Italy; this new site is the northernmost in Italy. The species also occurs in the facing Corsica (cf. Háva and Nardi 2011).
Remarks. This species described from Caucasus (Reitter 1878, as Hadrotoma breviclavis) is excluded here from the Italian fauna. Ganglbauer (1904) listed the paper by Baudi (1890), while Dalla Torre (1911) referred to Ganglbauer (1904). The Italian records were ignored by Mroczkowski (1968: 114), who recorded this species only from the Caucasus. No specimens of this species are present in the P. Luigioni collection (MCZR) (A. Zilli, pers. comm. 2013). The above Italian records probably concern the similar G. (G.) luckowi  which is known only from southern Switzerland, Piedmont and Liguria . Nevertheless, as discussed for Attagenus (A.) simonis, an escatomediterranean distributional pattern (Zilli 2000) could explain the occurrence of G. (G.) breviclavis in Italy.
Remarks. First record from southern Italy. Five species of this genus are now recorded from the Pollino National Park (cf. Angelini 1986).
Remarks. In Italy, this species and T. versicolor (Creutzer, 1799) have often been confused (cf. Nicoli Aldini 2003b, Háva and Nardi 2011); old Italian records in the literature must be thus considered with caution. Trogoderma inclusum is recorded here for the first time from Apulia and Venetia. This species is a stored product pest; it also develops in nests of social aculeate Hymenoptera, and is a predator of egg masses of Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae) (cf. Háva and Nardi 2011).

A new checklist of the Dermestidae of Italy
The present-day dermestid fauna of Italy is summarized in the checklist below (Table 1)

Discussion
The updated checklist of Italian Dermestidae includes 95 species, moreover Anthrenus (A.) pimpinellae occurs with two subspecies, but the taxonomic status of A. (A.) p. isabellinus needs to be clarified (cf. Háva and Nardi 2004). This total number is very probably still provisional since this family has been little studied in Italy, and the occurrence of further species recently described (e.g. Zhantiev 2001) or resurrected is possible. The previous checklist (Audisio et al. 1995), included only 81 species. Considering the four adopted geographic divisions, the relatively high species richness in the peninsular region (67) is unsurprising (cf. Minelli et al. 2002). Some of the above records come from the following two protected areas of southern peninsular Italy: the Gargano National Park (Apulia) and the Pollino National Park (Basilicata and Calabria). 24 species of Dermestidae are now known from the former Park, while 23 species are now known from the Pollino National Park, but only 15 species are common to both (cf. Holdhaus 1911, Panganetti-Hummler 1918, Angelini 1987, 1996b, Háva and Nardi 2004. 24 and 23 species represent 37% and 34% of those currently recorded with certainty from peninsular Italy. These values confirm the importance of these Parks for insects (cf. Holdhaus 1911, Palm 1939, Grandi 1956, Angelini 1986, Rusek and Stumpp 1988, Agostini and Scali 1989, Rivosecchi 1989, Merz 1993, Angelini 1996b, Ruffo and Stoch 2006 and for biodiversity conservation. Franco Mason (Verona, Italy) for his constructive comments on a previous version of this paper; to Ottó Merkl (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary) for the information on the types of Attagenus calabricus; to Miloslav Rakovič (Prague, Czech Republic) and to Jonathan Cooter (Oxford, England) for the linguistic revision of the manuscript. We thank Riaan Stals (Pretoria, South Africa) and an anonymous referee for their reviews.