Revision of the Afrotropical Phaeogenini (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species

Abstract We revise the 10 genera and 23 species of the tribe Phaeogenini (Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) known to occur in the Afrotropical region. We describe the following 13 new taxa: Kibalus Rousse, van Noort & Diller, gen. n.; K. toro Rousse, van Noort & Diller, sp. n.; K. mubfs Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Arearia oxymoron Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Chauvinia nyanga Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Dicaelotus asantesana Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; D. hoerikwaggoensis Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; D. tablemountainensis Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Heterischnus mfongosi Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; H. mkomazi Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Lusius flummox Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Tycherus amatola Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; and T. nardousberg Rousse & van Noort, sp. n. New distribution records: Heterischnus africanus (Heinrich, 1936) from South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda; H. krausi Schönitzer, 1999 from Rwanda; Lusius tenuissimus (Heinrich, 1938) from Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. A doubtful record of Aethecerus foveolatus Gregor, 1940 from Sao Tome is additionaly reported in the appendix. We provide illustrated diagnoses and identification notes. Online interactive dichotomous and matrix Lucid keys to genera and species are available at http://www.waspweb.org.


Introduction
The Phaeogenini Förster, 1869 is a small tribe that encompasses about 10% of the species in the Ichneumoninae (Yu et al. 2012). These species are among the smallest in the subfamily (Perkins 1959, Selfa andDiller 1994). Phaeogenini often exhibit unusual habitus, which makes them easily recognizable within Ichneumoninae. They are characterized by circular spiracles on the propodeum, a feature which is also present in some Platylabini (Tereshkin 2009). The latter tribe, however, differs by a depressed petiole and a convex and fully carinate scutellum; in Phaeogenini, the petiole is rarely wider than high, and the scutellum is flat and at most partially carinate (Tereshkin 2009). This tribe currently includes 32 genera and about 400 species. Like the remaining Ichneumoninae, they are endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera.
Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012) reports 11 species of Phaeogenini from the Afrotropical region. This low number obviously underestimates their actual diversity in the region, reflecting how little has been published on this tribe. Heinrich's review of African Ichneumoninae (1967) excludes the Phaeogenini. The only keys to genera currently available are those in Townes and Townes (1973) and Heinrich (1938), the latter dealing only with Malagasy species. Diller and Schönitzer (1999) provided a key to the species of Afrotropical Heterischnus Wesmael, 1845. The number of known Afrotropical species is here updated to 23, in 10 genera, of which one genus and 12 species are newly described. This revision encompasses predominantly the long-term collecting efforts undertaken in Madagascar (MNHN, ZMPA), Eastern and Southern Africa (SAMC, BMNH) and Democratic Republic of Congo (MRAC). It also includes the material collected during some occasional expeditions throughout Subsaharan Africa and stored in various museums in Europe and North America. Given the scarcity of these data (specimens are very rare in collections) and the high number of new taxa described here, we can, however, expect a significant number of additional species (and probably generic) discoveries in the future. The identification tools provided here and on www.waspweb.org are provided to facilitate the future documentation of this tribe in the region.

Photographs
Specimens were point mounted on black, acid-free cards for examination (using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope with LED light source), photography and long-term -Clypeus narrower, about one and a half times wider than high, weakly pointed apico-laterally (a); flagellum tri-coloured in both sexes: basally testaceous, medially white and apically black (b) .. Lusius tenuissimus (Heinrich, 1938) 4(2) Frons transversely striate (  Because of its strong and long sternaulus, this genus was first placed in the Cryptinae by Seyrig (1952), and subsequently moved to the Ichneumoninae by Townes (1971).
FEMALE. Unknown. Etymology. In line with Seyrig's derivation of his specific epithet paradoxa, the new species name refers to the rhetoric figure of speech pinpointing the apparent incompatibility between Ichneumoninae and strong sternauli.
Distribution. South Africa (Eastern Cape and Free State).

Chauvinia Heinrich, 1938
http://species-id.net/wiki/Chauvinia Heinrich, 1938: 125 Diagnosis. Chauvinia is a highly distinctive genus, mainly characterized by the conformation of the propodeum and the metasoma. Mandible bidentate; clypeus strongly transverse, its ventral margin sharp and more or less regularly rounded; flagellum of female enlarged from middle; temples moderately swollen behind eyes; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining above mandibular base; epomia present, moderate; notaulus indistinct; propodeum elongate, in profile slightly and regularly rounded to uniformly sloping backwards in a single plane; median areas of propodeum fused into a single mid-longitudinal area, lateral areas fully carinate; postpectal carina interrupted in front of mid coxae; fore wing with areolet pentagonal, closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present, unpigmented; tarsal claws simple; metasoma of female elongate to strongly elongate, ventral margins of apical tergites overlapping, hiding sternites; metasoma of male not so unusually modified; gastrocoelus and thyridium indistinct; ovipositor sheath wide, barely extending beyond metasomal apex. Species richness and distribution. Strictly Afrotropical genus, with three species of which one is newly described here. (Heinrich, 1938) http://species-id.net/wiki/Chauvinia_nitida Figs 5-6
Head. Entirely polished with few hairs but the strongly setose labral margin; face very short and strongly transverse, medially strongly bulging, sparsely punctate but sometimes distinctly smoother medially; clypeus highly transverse, smooth but some punctures dorso-laterally, ventral margin sharp and subtruncate; malar line short, finely granulate; frons, vertex and temple sparsely punctate; ocellar triangle wider than long; temple slightly then strongly rounded, head barely constricted behind eyes; antenna stout with 23 flagellomeres, flagellomeres of apical half distinctly wider than long.
Etymology. Named after the type locality. Noun in apposition. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo,Uganda, Zimbabwe.
Comments. The two specimens from Kivu (MRAC) differ significantly from the type series: they are about half the size with shorter antennae; the mesopleuron is more smoothly sculptured, transversely strigose; and the OT index is 0.3. The coloration and sculpture are otherwise similar. Whether or not they actually belong to the same species is currently unclear. We refrain from delimiting these specimens as a separate species until further material is at hand to assess the degree of intra-specific variation within this taxon. Diagnosis. Female: head more or less extensively yellowish-orange ventrally, remainder of head pale yellow with vertex and occiput black; remainder of body yellowish-orange, apex of metasoma sometimes infuscate; antenna short with 22 flagellomeres, basally dark testaceous, medially white and apically dark brown; upper tooth of mandible twice as long as lower tooth; head and body very faintly sculptured, mostly smooth and polished; propodeum strongly extending apically between hind coxae to their half-length; propodeum mid-longitudinally deeply concave, carination moderate; metasoma strongly elongate, distinctly longer than hind leg; tergite 3 and following ventrally overlapping. B 11.7; A 4.2; F 5.2. HdWi 1.9; HfWi 1.1; Ci 2.8; Mi 0.7; Di 1.9; IOi 1.2; OOi 0.8; Fli 1 4.0; Fli 15 1.1; Fli 21 0.8; OTi 0.1. Male: head without yellowish-orange ventral coloration; metasoma dark brown, tergites 2-3 basally yellow, all metasomal tergites apically yellow margined; flagellum entirely dark brown, slenderer; metasoma hardly reaching beyond apex of hind tibia; otherwise similar to female. B 7.2; A 3.8; F 4.8.

Diadromus (Thyraeella) Wesmael, 1845
Thyraella Holmgren, 1890 Diagnosis. Mandible bidentate, triangular and evenly narrowed towards apex, with a weak ventral flange, upper tooth twice as long as lower tooth; face transverse, wider than high; clypeus distinctly transverse, lenticular, hardly separated from face me-dially, its ventral margin somewhat impressed; occipital carina complete; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining at mandibular base; flagellum of female moderately enlarged and flattened beyond middle, flagellum of male without tyloids; epomia present and strong; mesoscutum steeply elevated above pronotum; postpectal carina complete and strong; propodeum moderately short, basal half about horizontal and apical half sloping down in lateral view; carination complete and strong, spiracle quite round; fore wing with areolet pentagonal, closed, 3Rs-m non-tubular and faintly pigmented; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 faint; gastrocoeli large and moder- ately deep; tarsal claws simple; thyridiae moderately weak but distinct, transverse and wide with interval narrow, distant from anterior margin by more than their width; hypopygium hiding base of ovipositor sheath; ovipositor very shortly projecting beyond metasomal apex. Species richness and distribution. Diadromus is a moderately large genus of 31 species, occurs almost worldwide, but has not been reported from South America or tropical Africa. The subgenus Thyraeella is highly unusual among the other species of the genus: it is mainly defined by the peculiar position of the junction between the hypostomal and occipital carinae, the complete postpectal carina and by having the ventral margin of the clypeus less impressed than in Diadromus s.s. The subgenus only includes the species D. collaris. Diagnosis. Head black, body usually reddish-orange with apex of mesosoma, and base and apex of metasoma black; body sometimes far more extensively black marked; face, frons, vertex and temple shallowly and densely to moderately densely punctate; malar line long; antenna with 23-30 flagellomeres, slightly widened from basal third; mesosoma entirely polished and moderately setose; pronotum moderately punctate with a large median smooth area; mesopleuron densely punctate, speculum smooth; metapleuron coarsely punctate-rugose; mesonotum moderately punctate; scuto-scutellar groove smooth; scutellum carinate to mid-length; propodeum shallowly punctate rugose, area petiolaris concave, carination complete with area superomedia hexagonal, slightly wider than long; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 discernible though faint; metasoma alutaceous but apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 2 longitudinally striate. B 4.5-5.3; A 3.1-3.2; F 3.3-3.7 (ranges measured on all observed material); HdWi 1.7; HfWi 1.2; Ci 1.8; Mi 0.9; Di 3.2; IOi 1.6; OOi 1.6; Fli 1 3.5; Fli 15 1.4; Fli 23 1.1; OTi 0.4 (indices measured on BMNH South African female specimen).

Diadromus collaris
Distribution. South Africa, Mexico. Otherwise widespread from Europe and the Middle East to the Indo-Australian region, China and Japan. Introduced into numerous countries in the Indo-Australian and West Indies regions for biocontrol purpose.
Ecology. Commonly used as a biological control agent of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on cultivated cruciferous crops (Brassica spp.). Also reared from Acrolepiopis assectella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (Kalmès and Rojas-Rousse 1980). The geographical origin of this species is not clear, neither is that of its host Plutella xylostella, which was originally considered to be European. Kfir (1998), based on an assessment of the origins of the moth's host plants and the complex of natural enemies attacking the diamondback moth, suggested that the host species is from southern Africa. Diadromus collaris is very common in South Africa, where it reproduces sexually (Kfir 1997(Kfir , 1998, and in Europe, where it was reported to be thelytokous with mainly females known. It hence was speculated to be of African origin (Kfir 1998). However, Liu et al. (2001) report that D. collaris is arrhenotokous in Australia, Malaysia, China, Taiwan and France, and suggested that the diamondback moth originates in China. Diadromus collaris is probably present throughout the Afrotropical region; however, it is not present in Reunion, where the diamondback moth is only a minor pest (Rousse pers. obs.).  Diagnosis. Mandible bidentate; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining close to or distinctly above mandibular base; area superomedia defined, receiving costula at or beyond middle; gastrocoelus indistinct, thyridium absent; fore wing with areolet closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present, hardly distinct to fully pigmented (Perkins 1959, Selfa andDiller 1994). Species richness and distribution. The genus is represented by 57 species, with a worldwide distribution with the exception of the Australasian and Antarctic regions. Dicaelotus cariniscutis (Cameron, 1906) was the only Afrotropical species previously known. We describe here three new species from South Africa. Diagnosis. Mostly black species with yellowish to pale yellow markings on head, mesosoma and legs (pale coloration more extensive in males); entire head densely setose; antenna short and stout with 22 flagellomeres, flagellomeres quadrate to shorter than wide in female, slightly longer in male; ocelli reduced, inter-ocellar distance twice as long as ocellar diameter; mesosoma of female distinctly depressed, more than twice as long as high in profile; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 weak; metasomal tergites deeply and regularly punctate-reticulate. HdWi 2.0; HfWi 1.3; Mi 1.0; Ci 2.6; Di 5.0; IOi 2.1; OOi 1.1; Fli 1 1.0, Fli 15 0.8; Fli 21 0.8; OTi 0.3.
Color. Head black with middle of face sometimes dark reddish, clypeus and mandible more or less extensively yellow, facial orbits often pale marked, palpi pale yellow, and antenna blackish brown; mesosoma black with upper margin of pronotum sometimes pale yellow; metasoma black fading apically to dark brown, apical margin of tergite 2 and following pale yellow; legs dark testaceous with fore and mid coxae and all trochanters more or less extensively yellow; wings hyaline, venation light brown. Head. Entirely densely setose, including eyes, setae long; face medially bulging, deeply and coarsely punctate-reticulate, punctation finer medially; clypeus dorsally punctate, almost smooth ventrally, strongly transverse, distinctly convex in profile, its ventral margin regularly convex; mandible slender, elongate, lower tooth strongly reduced; malar line long, subocular sulcus present as a granulate area; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina shortly but distinctly above mandibular base; frons, vertex and temple densely and regularly punctate; ocellar triangle wide, wider than long, ocelli reduced; antenna unusually short and stout, apically pointed, with 22 flagellomeres, all but the first ones shorter than wide. Mesosoma. Distinctly depressed, twice longer than high in profile view, polished, regularly, deeply and densely punctate if not otherwise specified; most of pronotum longitudinally striate, epomia moderate; speculum entirely punctate, punctation somewhat finer than on remainder of mesopleuron, sternaulus deep on anterior third of mesopleuron; mesonotum rather flat with finer punctation, notaulus indistinct; area petiolaris slightly concave with punctation shallower and coarser, carination complete, area superomedia heart-shaped, receiving costula a little posterior to middle. Wings. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 weak, emitted by 1/Cu&cu-a at its posterior fifth.
Etymology. Named after the type locality. Asante Sana is Swahili for "thank you very much". Noun in apposition.
Distribution. South Africa (Eastern and Western Cape). ( Comments. The holotype of D. cariniscutis is in relatively poor condition, with the antennae broken and legs either broken or covered in glue. The ventral third of the head is also hidden by glue, making most of the relative measurements impossible.

Dicaelotus cariniscutis
Distribution. South Africa (Cape Province). Color. Head yellow with black and brown parts; black: frons, vertex but two small triangles antero-posteriorly, occiput, temple and genae; brown: antenna and face around median protuberance; mesosoma mainly black with a yellow longitudinal stripe on lateral part of pronotum, another one on mesopleuron, propleuron and ventral part of pronotum and mesopleuron fading to reddish; wings hyaline, venation light brown; fore and middle legs testaceous with coxae and trochanters yellow, hind leg brownish with coxa and trochanter largely tinged with yellow; metasomal tergite 1 black, the following blackish brown and apically yellow.
MALE. Unknown. Etymology. Named in honour of the Table Mountain National Park, the conservation area encompassing the type locality. The original inhabitants of the Cape, the KhoiKhoi, called the Table Mountain Hoerikwaggo meaning"sea mountain" or "mountain in the sea".
Distribution. South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal and Western Cape).
Discussion. This species and the following one are sympatric and closely related. They share the same microsculpture, particularly the coarsely punctate and strigose mesosoma and the blunt median tubercle on the face. They are, however, distinct, and can be differentiated by the length of antennae, the pigmentation of the distal abscissa of Cu1 on the hind wing and the strikingly distinct coloration pattern. Description. FEMALE (2 specimens). B 5.8-6.1; A 3. 6-3.7; F 3.7-3.9 (Holotype B 5.8; A 3.6; F 3.7).

Dicaelotus tablemountainensis
Color. Head black with eye margin (except on temple) yellow, clypeus, mandible and palpi reddish, and flagellum tri-colored: basal half dark brown, apical half testa- ceous, flagellomeres 9-12 white; mesosoma reddish with a yellow longitudinal stripe on lateral part of pronotum, and black parts: remaining of pronotum, subtegular ridge and axillar furrows around scutellum and post-scutellum; wings hyaline, venation light brown; legs reddish with hind tibia and hind coxa largely infuscate; metasoma reddish with tergites 6-7 and extreme base of tergite 1 blackish.
MALE. Unknown. Etymology. Named in honour of the

Diagnosis.
Heterischnus is a very distinct genus of Phaeogenini and can be separated from other genera in the tribe by the combination of the following characters: mandible unidentate and falciform; clypeus separated from face laterally by a deep groove encompassing anterior tentorial pits; basal flagellar segments slender and long; vertex long and slightly convex behind ocelli; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina distinctly at or above mandibular base; epicnemial carina strongly raised ventrally and flexed over the base of the fore coxae; notaulus distinct anteriorly, deep and long; fore wing with areolet closed, hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present and connected to 1/Cu&cu-a; tarsal claws simple; gastrocoelus nearly indistinct to deep, thyridiae wide; ovipositor extending relatively strongly beyond apex of metasoma (Perkins 1959, Selfa andDiller 1994).
Color. Head black with lower face and clypeus tending to dark red, mouthparts dark yellowish, scape and pedicel pale yellow, flagellum fuscous with basal flagellomeres lighter and flagellomeres 7-10 white; mesosoma yellowish-orange with mesoscutum somewhat darker and dorsal margin of pronotum yellow; legs yellowish-orange with all trochanters, fore and middle coxae pale yellow; wings hyaline, venation light brown; metasomal tergites testaceous with median black maculae of variable extent on tergites 3-5.
Head. Hemispherical, entirely densely and coarsely punctate to puncto-striate; mandible regularly tapered toward apex; malar line moderately long; clypeus triangular, its apical margin convex with two strong blunt teeth apico-laterally; face slightly transverse with a very weak median tubercle between toruli; ocellar triangle distinctly wider than high; temple long, regularly rounded behind eyes; hypostomal carina join- ing occipital carina distinctly above mandibular base; antenna hardly enlarged medioapically, with 30-31 flagellomeres.

Heterischnus mkomazi
Head. Frons, face and clypeus densely and shallowly punctate; clypeus strongly transverse, its ventral margin sinuate with paired weak lateral protuberances and one strong and truncate submedian tooth; face hardly bulging medially; malar line moderate without distinct sculpture; vertex and temple smooth, polished; ocellar triangle barely wider than long; temple long and evenly rounded, head obviously swollen behind eyes; hypostomal carina joining occipital carina at mandibular base; antenna long and slender with 34-39 flagellomeres.
Mesosoma. Pronotum densely punctate with a large dorsal smooth area; mesopleuron densely and coarsely punctate, speculum smooth; metapleuron half similarly punctate to almost totally smooth; mesoscutum polished, deeply and moderately densely punctate grading toward apex to quite smooth; scutellum smooth to sparsely punctate; propodeum transversely punctate reticulate, mid-longitudinally concave; carination reduced to an incomplete apical transverse carina. Wings. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 joining 1/Cu&cu-a below its middle.
FEMALE. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the holotype locality. Noun in apposition. Distribution. Senegal, Tanzania. Comment. Two males of this species have been collected. Surprisingly, the two collection sites are located at the two lateral extremities of the African continent, both specimens showing only slight differences in the density of punctation and the length of antennae. However, both localities fall within the arid Sahel belt that extends from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia and Somalia in the east, paralleling the southern edge of the Sahara desert. From the horn of Africa this arid habitat extends south down the eastern side of Africa through Kenya to northern Tanzania where Mkomazi Game Reseve is situtated. It must then be presumed that this species is far more widespread than indicated by the known distribution. We predict that the species will likely occur throughout the Sahel zone.

Hoplophaeogenes amoenus
Comments. This species is very closely related to the following one. Heinrich (1938) considered H. curticornis to be a distinct species although both species are sympatric and the single known female specimen of H. curticornis differs from the two known females of H. amoenus only by its shorter antennae and darker face and metasomal apex. These differences being much slighter than the sexual dimorphism within the species. Heinrich could not attribute with certainty the three Hoplophaeo- genes males he examined to either of these species. Subsequently, he decided to allocate them arbitrarly to H. amoenus but did not include them in the type material. Lacking enough supplementary material, we decide here to follow Heinrich's choice and allocate the male collected at Fianarantsoa to H. amoenus. Compared to the type female of H. amoenus, these males differ by the entirely black flagellum, the more extensively black head, and the dark red metasoma. The only male with complete antennae (BMNH) has 26 flagellomeres. Diagnosis. Head pale yellow with occiput, genae and vertex black, and with face and facial orbits dark brown to black; mesosoma dark red interspersed with black and pale yellow markings; metasoma reddish with tergite 4 and following black; antenna with 23 flagellomeres basally testaceous, medially pale yellow, and apically black; otherwise entirely similar to H. amoenus. Distribution. Madagascar (Antsiranana province) (Heinrich 1938).
Kibalus Rousse, van Noort & Diller, gen. n. http://zoobank.org/1198C0DD-EB0E-42F0-A875-2C8018351791 http://species-id.net/wiki/Kibalus Diagnosis. Head hemispherical, coarsely sculptured; mandible bidentate, upper tooth much longer than lower tooth; mesoscutum steeply elevated above pronotum; postpectal carina complete and strong; propodeum elongate, regularly rounded without differentiated horizontal anterior part in profile view; propodeal carination weak, more or less complete; fore wing with areolet closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 absent; gastrocoelus long and shallow, thyridium indistinct; ovipositor very shortly projecting beyond metasomal apex. Description. Head. Hemispherical and coarsely sculptured; temple long and distinctly swollen behind eyes; vertex long and slightly convex behind ocelli; occipital carina complete; face subquadrate; clypeus separated from lower face by a deep groove, its ventral margin acute, rounded and finely serrate with blunt lateral protuberance; tentorial pit deep; mandible bidentate with upper tooth much longer than lower tooth, triangular and regularly narrowed to apex; malar line short to very short; palpi elongate; occipital and hypostomal carinae joined at mandibular base; flagellum long and slender, of female moderately flattened beyond middle, flagellum of male without tyloids.
Metasoma. Tergite 1 slender, spiracle near apex, its basal section slightly higher than wide, regularly widened from middle to apex, polished; tergite 2 with gastrocoelus long and shallow, thyridium near mid-length of tergite, transverse and wide; hypopygium hiding base of ovipositor sheath; ovipositor shortly projecting beyond metasomal apex.
Etymology. Named after the Kibale National Park where all specimens have been collected.
Distribution records. Uganda. Discussion. The general habitus of Kibalus gen. n., the hemispherical head with long vertex, the junction of the hypostomal and occipital carinaeat the mandibular base and the complete postpectal carina suggest that it is related to Lusius Tosquinet, 1903, from which it differs mainly by the bidentate mandible, the closed areolet and the absence of elongate male genitalia.
Head. Clypeus transverse, almost smooth with isolated punctures; face slightly transverse and produced forwards; face and frons deeply and densely punctate but finely transversely puncto-striate medially; vertex and temple deeply and densely punctate; gena quite smooth; ocellar triangle slightly wider than long; temple strongly and regularly rounded, head distinctly swollen behind eyes; antenna slender with 25 flagellomeres.
Metasoma. Tergite 1 smooth, following alutaceous. FEMALE. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the acronym of Makerere University Biological Field Station, where the holotype was collected. The field station is affectionately called "Mubfs" by those privileged to have experienced a stay there. Noun in apposition.

Kibalus toro
Color. Head black with clypeus somewhat dark testaceous, mandible, palpi, scape and pedicel yellow, flagellum basally yellowish and progressively infuscate, totally fuscous from flagellomere 4, one female specimen with a pale yellow ring on flagellomeres 4-8; mesosoma mostly light testaceous to reddish-testaceous, with black markings of variable extent dorsally, markings absent in one female; legs pale testaceous with tibiae and tarsi sometimes darker; wings hyaline with venation light brown; tergite 1 testaceous to dark brown, following tergites testaceous, more or less extensively dark brown medially, apical margins yellow; thyridium yellow.
Head. Shining, almost entirely densely and deeply punctate, punctures somewhat confluent into transverse striations on frons and upper face, punctation much finer and sparser on clypeus and mandible; vertex long and slightly convex behind ocelli; ocellar triangle slightly wider than high; antenna with 25-29 flagellomeres.
Etymology. Named after the Toro Kingdom, the region of western Uganda where this species was collected. Noun in apposition.
Lusius Tosquinet, 1903 http://species-id.net/wiki/Lusius Heinrich, 1938 Diagnosis. Lusius is also a very distinct genus of Phaeogenini, close to Heterischnus. It can be separated from other genera in the tribe by the combination of the following characters: head hemispherical; mandible unidentate and falcate; basal flagellar segments slender and long; vertex long and slightly convex behind ocelli; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining at mandibular base; notaulus complete, ending posteriorly in a median depression; fore wing with areolet open, hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 absent; gastrocoelus long with thyridium faint; ovipositor extending beyond apex of metasoma; male with gonoforceps mesochorine-like, i.e. expanded into elongate process (Tosquinet 1903, Baltazar 1964Diller 2006). Species richness and distribution. The genus is represented by seven species in the Afrotropical, Neotropical and Oriental regions, with one Afrotropical species. We describe here a new species from Uganda. Diagnosis. Head and metasoma mostly yellowish, metasoma with dorsal brown maculae; head mostly faintly sculptured but face densely punctate; clypeus very  Color. Head bright yellow with vertex, occiput, scape and pedicel infuscate, interocellar area and flagellum dark brown (but cf. comments); mesosoma bright yellow with mesoscutal lobes and propodeum brown; wings hyaline, venation light brown; legs yellow with tibiae infuscate, hind tibia and all tarsi brown; tergite 1 dark brown, the following brown and apically yellow, thyridium yellow.

Lusius flummox
Head. Face quadrate, densely punctate; clypeus smooth, very high, its apical margin straight, hardly rounded medially and strongly pointed laterally; malar line long with subocular sulcus deep; palpi elongate, maxillary palpus reaching beyond middle of mesosternum; frons hardly sculptured with a faint Y-shaped median carina; vertex sparsely punctate, ocellar triangle wider than long; temple smooth, distinctly swollen behind eyes; antenna very long and slender, slightly enlarged from middle, toruli distinctly protruding, apical truncation of scape and first flagellomeres strongly oblique, flagellum with 38 flagellomeres (paratype with antennae apically broken).
Metasoma. Tergite 1 slender, smooth with some isolated punctures, its apical third distinctly swollen; tergite 2 and following finely and densely reticulate; gastrocoelus moderately deep within anterior third of tergite 2, thyridium wide and oblique; ovipositor straight and moderately long.
MALE. Unknown. Etymology. Flummox: "be a mystery or bewildering" in reference to the atypical Ichneumoninae habitus of the genus, which originally flummoxed placement of this new species. Noun in apposition.
Comments. The CNCI specimen, from Nigeria, was not included in the type material. It indeed exhibits surprising differences: flagellum bi-colored, yellow from base to flagellomere 15, then with remaining flagellomeres black; overall coloration yellow without darker dorsal markings; and median carina of frons absent. The clypeus is, however, typical of L. flummox. Whether this specimen belongs to L. flummox, represents a distinct new species, or is an intermediate linking L. flummox and L. tenuissimus is currently unclear. We refrain from describing it as a new species until further material is available to enable an informed assessment of this species' variability. (Heinrich, 1938 and slender, apical half distinctly enlarged, apical truncation of scape strongly oblique; head mostly smooth but face densely and shallowly punctate; clypeus high, its ventral margin medially protruding; antenna with 32-37 flagellomeres; mesosoma laterally densely, shallowly and coarsely punctate, including speculum, but pronotum shallowly strigose; mesonotum nearly smooth, with notaulus long and crenulate and scuto-scutellar groove longitudinally striate; propodeum coarsely reticulate with apical transverse carina and some remnant of submedian longitudinal carinas present apically; epicnemial carina mid-ventrally highly raised and produced anteriorly into a sharp angle; metasoma finely and deeply reticulate but tergite 1 almost smooth; gastrocoelus large, oblique and shallow; gastrocoelus long, moderately deep, thyridium at basal fifth of tergite 2. B 6.4-8.2; A 4.5-5.4; F 3.8-4.8 (ranges measured on all observed females); HdWi 1.7; HfWi 1.  Habermehl, 1917;Micropa Schulz, 1906;Micrope Förster, 1869;Pro-scus Homgren, 1890.

Diagnosis.
Mandible bidentate; clypeus generally smooth with apical margin thin and finely sculptured; face and clypeus conspicuously short; clypeus clearly separated medially from lower face by a distinct groove; occipital carina meeting hypostomal carina before mandibular base; hind coxa simple or at most witha weak ventral spine; fore wing with areolet closed; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 present; gastrocoelus deep, thyridium large (Perkins 1959, Selfa andDiller 1994). Species richness and distribution. The genus is represented by about one hundred species in the Palaearctic, Neotropical and Oriental regions. The two species described below are the first species reported from the Afrotropical region. Color. Head yellow with upper clypeal margin, facial furrow, frons and antenna dark testaceous, vertex, occiput and temple black; mesosoma dorsally reddish with lateral lobe of mesoscutum slightly infuscate, laterally black with a yellow longitudinal stripe on lateral face of pronotum, another on mesopleuron, additional yellow markings on middle of mesoscutum and lateral sides of scutellum; wings hyaline, venation light brown; legs testaceous, coxae and trochanters largely interspersed with yellow; metasoma basally dark reddish-brown, progressively lighter toward apex, apical margins of tergites 3-7 yellow. Head. Head slightly transverse in dorsal view; face medially finely wrinkled, laterally delimited by wide, deep, and punctate-rugose sulci; clypeus short, transverse, smooth with some punctures along apical margin, apical margin medially slightly convex; mandible stout, regularly tapered toward apex; malar line with subocular sulcus present as a deep groove; frons and vertex punctate-granulate, ocellar triangle slightly wider than high; temple and occiput closely punctate; temple moderately long, regularly rounded behind eyes; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining distinctly above mandibular base; antenna with 26 flagellomeres. Description. FEMALE (4 specimens). B 4.6-4.9; A 2.3-2.4; F 2.9-3.1 (Holotype B 4.8; A 2.3; F 3.0).

Tycherus amatola
Color. Head black with inner orbits, middle of face, clypeus, mandible, palpi and lower gena whitish; antenna blackish, apical half somewhat lighter testaceous; mesosoma reddish-orange with most of pronotum, dorsal half of mesopleuron, axillary trough and metanotum black, scutellum, post-scutellum and ventral corner of pronotum lighter yellowish-orange, and upper margin of pronotum and tegula whitish; metasoma orange, sometimes fading to yellowish apically; legs testaceous with fore and Figure 47. Tycherus nardousberg Holotype female. A head, anterior view B propodeum dorsal view C tergites 1-4, dorsal view D wings E head, antennae, anterior view F data labels. mid coxae and trochanters and all trochantelli whitish, hind coxa and trochanter mottled with whitish and dark testaceous, all tarsi but last tarsomeres fading to yellowish; wings hyaline, venation brownish-orange.
MALE. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the type locality. Asante Sana Game Reserve includes aspects of the Nardousberg Mountain. Specimens were collected over an altitudinal range of 1354-2183 m on the south-eastern slopes of the Nardousberg. Noun in apposition.
Comments. A single male specimen of this species was found in MRAC collections. The island of Sao Tome and Principe being a former Portugese colony, we first suspected that the presence of A. foveolatus there was an accidental introduction. The label on the specimen unfortunately lacks further details about the collection locality, particularly we do not know whether or not it was collected in an anthropogenic habitat. Additionally, there are some other examples in MRAC collections of Hymenoptera labelled as collected in Sao Tome, but which are actually from Madagascar or even Belgium (A. Pauly, pers. comm.). The presence, accidental or not, of A. foveolatus in Sao Tome or even in the Afrotropical Region is highly doubtful. We, however, decided to keep the present description and illustrations in the publication because it provides useful and mostly original information for the identification of this widespread European species.