A new Pseudophoxinus (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) species from Southwestern Anatolia, with remarks on the distribution of the genus in western Anatolia

Abstract Pseudophoxinus burduricus sp. n. is described from drainages of Salda and Burdur lakes, southwestern Turkey. It is distinguished from other Anatolian Pseudophoxinus by a combination of characters: lateral line incomplete, with 21–39 (commonly 26–37) perforated scales and 47–57+1-2 scales in lateral series; 10½–12½ scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin origin, 3–4(5) scale rows between lateral line and the pelvic fin origin; dorsal fin commonly with 7½ branched rays; anal fin commonly with 6½ branched rays; 7–8(9) gill rakers on the first branchial arch; a faint and diffuse epidermal black stripe from eye to caudal fin base in alive and preserved individuals; mouth slightly subterminal, tip of mouth cleft on about level of lower margin of eye; snout rounded, its length greater than eye diameter. Comparison is given with all Pseudophoxinus species from western Anatolia.

Thus, it was not possible to explain diversification of Pseudophoxinus in southwestern Anatolia ( Fig.1) in its entirety. Furthermore, since its description by Ladiges (1960), sufficient information on distribution and taxonomy of P. maeandricus has not been given up to date. With regard to the above mentioned morphological and molecular data, it became apparent that the taxonomic position of Pseudophoxinus populations in Burdur and Salda lake basins needed clarification and this led to the present study.

Materials and methods
Fish specimens were caught by pulsed DC electrofishing equipment and killed by over anaesthetization, preserved in 5% formalin. Material is deposited in: IFC-ESUF, Inland Fishes Collection, Eğirdir Fisheries Faculty of Süleyman Demirel University. Counts and measurements follow Kottelat and Freyhof (2007), all measurements being point to point made with a digital calliper (0.01 mm sensitive). Standard length (SL) was measured from the tip of the upper lip to the end of the hypural complex. The length of the caudal peduncle was measured from behind the base of the last anal fin ray to the end of the hypural complex, at mid-height of the caudal fin base. Lateral line scales are counted from the anteriormost scale (the first one to touch the shoulder girdle) to the posteriormost one. Scales in lateral series are counted along the midlateral line from the first one to touch the shoulder girdle to the last scale at the end of the hypural complex. Scales on the caudal fin itself are indicated by "+" (Freyhof and Özuluğ 2009). The last two branched dorsal and anal fin rays articulating on a single pterygiophore were counted as 1½. Vertebral counts were obtained from radiographs and counted as total, predorsal, abdominal and caudal vertebrae following Naseka (1996). Abdominal vertebrae were counted from the first Weberian vertebra to the one just anterior the first caudal vertebra. The first caudal vertebra is that with its haemal spine fully developed. The count of total and caudal vertebrae includes the last complex vertebra bearing hypurals. Osteological characters were examined in cleared and stained with alizarin Red-S specimens and from radiographs (Bogutskaya 1996).
The morphometric characters of the two species of Pseudophoxinus from Turkey were compared by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using a covariance matrix on log-transformed measurements and counts with the software package PAST version 1.8 (Hammer et al. 2001 Diagnosis. Pseudophoxinus burduricus is distinguished from all other species of Anatolian Pseudophoxinus by the following unique combination of characters: head short, its length equal or slightly greater than body depth at dorsal fin origin; mouth slightly subterminal, the tip of the mouth cleft on approximately level of with lower margin of eye; snout rounded, its length greater than eye diameter; a faint and diffuse epidermal black stripe from eye to caudal fin base in alive and preserved individuals;  pared fins and caudal peduncle distinctly sexual dimorphic (male with longer pelvic and pectoral fins and slenderer caudal peduncle); lateral line incomplete, with 21-37 (commonly 26-37) perforated scales and 47-57+1-2 scales in lateral series (commonly 50-55); 10½-12½ scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin origin; 3-4 rarely 5 scale rows between lateral line and the pelvic fin origin; 7-8 (9) gill rakers on the first branchial arch; pharyngeal teeth 5-4 or 5-5, slightly serrated and hooked at tip; dorsal fin commonly with 7 (8)½ branched rays; anal fin with 6 (7)½ branched rays.
Description. See Figs 2-3 for general appearance and Tables 1-2 for morphometric and meristic data.
Sexual dimorphism. In Değirmendere population, there is no tubercules on snout and head in males, which have longer pelvic and pectoral fins and slender caudal peduncles than females. In Lake Salda population, on the other hand, tubercules present in males on entire body (concentrated on operculum) and all fins except for the caudal fin.
Coloration. Body silvery, dorsal light brown or olive green and scales irregular with small epidermal spots in specimens larger than 50 mm SL. There is a faint epidermal black or violet (in Sazak population) stripe along lateral midline from eye to caudal fin base in alive. The dark stripe indistinct or slightly distinct in anterior part of body but distinct in posterior part of body in preserved specimens. Lateral line scales with  Bogutskaya et al. 2007 small brown to black spots above and below pores in some individuals. Fin membranes whitish or light grey, rays with black-spotted. In individuals smaller than 50 mm SL: body silvery, dorsal dusty grey, ventral pearl grey. Distribution. Pseudophoxinus burduricus is known only from the lakes and their sources in Lake Burdur Endorheic Basin: Değirmendere Creek, Lake Karataş, Düğer and Sazak (or Kümbet) springs, Dereköy Stream, Lake Salda and Salda Stream (Fig.  1). Değirmendere Creek is a 5 km long creek flowing into the Karamanlı reservoir, which is connected with artificial reservoir Lake Karataş. Düğer spring is a source of Lake Burdur, while Sazak Spring is a source of Lake Yarışlı. Dereköy Stream is an approximately 5 km long rivulet formerly draining into Çorak (or Akgöl) Lake which, due to a small reservoir constructed in 1970, no more can reach the lake. The new species can be encountered in the shallow parts of the reservoir and the small stream flowing into it.
Etymology. The species is named after the Burdur Province where the type locality is located.

Discussion
Hrbek et al. (2004) stated that monophly of Anatolian Pseudophoxinus taxa was not well supported and these represented 6 distinct clades. Of these, Lakes Region populations (Lakes Salda and Karataş, Düğer Spring, Karapınar) identified as P. maeandri formed Clade IV, while the Avlan and Kırkpınar populations identified as P. fahirae (now P. evliyae) formed a separate clade (Clade VI). Perea et al. (2010) mentioned of two well defined monophyletic groups within Anatolian Pseudophoxinus taxa, though not discussion interrelationships of these two. A phylogenetic tree based on the cytb gene sequence, Hrbek et al. (2004: 299) showed presence of two different clade; (I) Lake Avlan and Kırkpınar (Lake Söğüt source) populations (P. evliyae) and (II) populations from Burdur and Salda basins.